Active participle of the verb to be. Participle

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)

Signs of verb and adjective in participle

Verb signs	Signs of an adjective
1.View (imperfect and perfect): burning(nesov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(Soviet) forest(from burn).	1. General meaning (like an adjective, a participle names attribute of an object and answers the question Which?).
2. Transitivity/intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running.	2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle agrees with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruit.
3.Returnability/non-refundability: lifter- rising smoke.	3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf.: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc.
4. Active and passive meaning (voice): attacking enemy battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy.	4. Syntax function(both participles and adjectives in a sentence are modifiers or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate).
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - read(past tense).	5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed.

Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Participles are divided into active and passive.

Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).

Formation of participles

1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from verbs not perfect form(verbs do not have a perfect form participles present tense).

2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.

4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.

Some transitive verbs imperfect form passive participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (P rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Participles Verbs	Valid		Passive
	Present tense	Past tense	Present tense	Past tense
	*-ushch (-yushch)* from verbs of I conjugation; asch (box) from verbs II conjugation	-vsh ■ш	*-om, -eat* from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs of II conjugation	-nn, -enn, -t
Imperfective transitives	Reading	+ read	Readable	+ read
Perfective transitives		Read		Read
Imperfective intransitives	Sitting	sitting	-
Perfective intransitives		Blooming

Note. Most imperfective transitive verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only in numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change in cases).

Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives denote permanent characteristics of objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.

Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: reserved character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.

Participles used mainly in styles book speech and are almost never found in everyday life.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.

Scheme morphological analysis participles. I. Part of speech ( special shape verb). II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form (nominative case singular male). 2. Permanent signs: 1) active or passive; 3. Variable signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by the clouds. (A. Pushkin)	A sample of morphological analysis of a participle. I. Illuminated(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes the attribute of an object by action, derived from the verb illuminate. II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect appearance. 3. Variable signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine; 4) nominative case. III. Syntactic function. In a sentence it is an agreed definition (or: it is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase).

Russian language is rich big amount various parts speeches that help construct a literate and logical text. But it is impossible to imagine our native speech without participles, forms of the verb that contain its characteristics, and adjectives. Participles are synthesized parts of speech that have a large number of expressive capabilities and can perform different functions in a sentence. It must be studied as part of the school curriculum.

First of all, it is necessary to define participle as a part of speech. A participle is a verb form that combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb and answers the questions which? which? The participle characterizes an action and its sign at the same time. This is how you can briefly explain what a sacrament is. Examples of words related to this part of speech are leading, shouting, knowing, becoming, living, read and many others.

Since a participle is inseparable from an adjective, they have some common features. Thus, participles can change according to numbers, genders and cases. It is important to note that both short and full participles. Examples of words that have these features, bringing them closer to adjectives: dreaming - dreaming (change according to gender), recognized - recognized (single and plural), composed - composed - composed (change according to cases: nominative, genitive and dative, respectively).

Signs of a verb in a participle

Since the participle is one of the forms of the verb, these two parts of speech are closely interrelated and have a set common features. Among them, it is worth noting the aspect (perfect - said, imperfect - speaking), recurrence and irrevocability (laughing, removed), voice (passive - prepared, active - aging). Transitivity and intransitivity are another feature that characterizes the participle. Examples of words that are transitive are cleaning (room), reading (newspaper), and intransitive words are worn out, inspired.

A special point is the presence of tense in participles. It is necessary to remember that this part of speech has only past and present tenses. Participles do not have a future tense form.

Active participles

This group of participles names the action that the object itself performs. But what is it in practice? active participle? Examples of words in this category are frightening, whispering, living, screaming, flying, etc.

In a sentence, the active participle describes an action that develops simultaneously with the one that the predicate names (for example: A mother watches her child playing).

A special situation with active past participles. What action a particular participle describes can be judged after determining the type of verb from which it is derived. So, if the active participle is formed with the help of appropriate suffixes from a perfective verb, then the action occurred before the other one named by the verb. For example, a student sits in class and decides test. The participle is formed from the verb “decide” (what to do?) - perfect form. A student is sitting in the classroom solving a test. IN in this case The sentence uses an imperfect participle.

Passive participles

Another variety of this part of speech is passive participles. Examples of words that fall into this category could be: created, acquired, dressed, built, driven, etc.

This type of participle describes an action that is performed on an object. In turn, the process that the participle calls can occur either simultaneously with what the predicate is talking about, or end earlier, but nevertheless have a connection with the present moment.

Very often, both in speech and in literature, you can find a passive participle with a dependent word. Examples of such phrases: a work written by a composer, a music track listened to by a music lover, etc.

Connection with other parts of speech

The participle can be transformed into other parts of speech under the influence of various processes that contribute to the development of the Russian language. Thus, a participle can be substantivized into a noun (you need to pay attention to words such as commander, future, which answer questions Who? And What?).

Another important concept is the adjectivated participle. Examples of words that have been affected by this process are fried, ripe, hidden, innate, etc. A completely logical question arises: how to distinguish a participle from an adjective in each specific case? One of the main signs that will help you separate these parts of speech is to find a participle with a dependent word. Examples of such words: potatoes fried in a frying pan, an act causing indignation, etc.

Analysis of participles in the topic “Morphology”

In the course of studying each part of speech as in school curriculum, and in curriculum Any philological faculty contains tasks on analyzing a particular word in a sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the part of speech to which a given lexical unit belongs and competently perform the analysis. So, let's try to parse the participle. How to determine that a word is a representative of this particular part of speech? You just need to know the typical participle suffixes. Examples of words containing the suffixes -ush-, -yush (participating, thirsty), -ash-, -yash- (hurrying, sleeping), -vsh- (become), -t- (deceived), -enn-, -nn - (built-in, recognized), -om-, -em- (adored, driven), - all these are participles, active and passive, past or present tense.

So, parsing a participle consists of substituting a question to it (most often which one?), identifying it as a participle, indicating initial form masculine, singular in nominative case, definitions of the verb and the suffix with which it is formed from it. It is also necessary to indicate the type, presence of reflexivity and transitivity, voice, tense, form (short or full), gender, number, case and declension, syntactic role in this particular sentence.

Communion is special independent part speech in Russian, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from a verb, but answers questions characteristic of an adjective: which one?, what one does?, what one did?, what one did?. Schoolchildren and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of participle. This is a constant morphological feature of the participle; it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of participle and avoid mistakes, it is important to use advice and follow the algorithm.

Determine the type of participle. Recommendations

First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part of speech combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb. The view can be passive and active. Either an object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
- the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
- the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
You can determine the type of participle by asking the appropriate questions:
- what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of the actual participle;
- what's being done?- question of the passive participle.
remember, that this method checks must be combined with a more academic one: according to formal features indicating the appearance. However, this method will help you initially focus on a certain type, and then check whether the participle corresponds to it by highlighting the suffix in it.
Put the participle in full or short form. Note whether the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember an important sign of the type of this part of speech:
- the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
- the passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable - readable.
If your participle does not have a short form, it is valid. Sometimes the short form of the passive participle may seem archaic, but you will see that it is quite consistent with the norms of the language. For example: breakable - breakable.
Active participles are put into a short form only in some dialects, choosing separate words for this. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
Please note: short passive participles change in Russian according to numbers and genders. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
Parse the participle according to its composition. It is advisable to produce full analysis words by composition to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the participle that is its formal specific feature. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
- active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
- passive participles: suffixes –em-, -nn-, -enn-.
Draw your own summary table of characteristics of the type of participle. Bring it all in useful information O different methods determining the type of this part of speech: by questions, suffixes, the presence of short and long forms. Stock your table own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the species of the participle, and you will quickly remember all the information by using different types memory.
Please note that some participles have long since moved to another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be treated as adjectives.

Algorithm for determining the type of participle
How to determine the type of participle correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.

Write down on a separate piece of paper the participles whose type you need to determine.
Remember your table and start looking at the words in accordance with it. To begin, ask the communion question.
Check whether this participle has a short, full form.
Parse the word according to its composition. Select the suffix and find out what type it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
Test yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: are we talking about an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs on an object? Draw your final conclusions and write down the type of participle.

Follow the recommendations, determine the type of participle using the algorithm, then you will be able to do the job correctly.

1. The active participles of the present and past tenses do not have short forms. Passive participles have both a full and a short form. The most common form is the short form of passive past participles; heard, heard, heard, heard (heard); tied, tied, tied, tied (tied); fanned, fanned, fanned, fanned (fanned); sown, sown, sown, sown (sown); bought, bought, bought, purchased (bought); The vegetable gardens are empty, the huts are abandoned, the water meadows are not mowed (Es.); Where the poster was, ahno and ahano, it was deeply plowed by the Stalingrad tractor (Pr.). Short forms of present passive participles are used very rarely, as a rule, in book style: we love, we love, we love, we love (beloved). [Bashilov was respected by everyone, but loved by no one (Paust.).]

2. Short forms of participles should be distinguished from short forms of adjectives formed from verbs. Short forms of participles are written with one n, and short forms of adjectives retain as many ns as there are in long forms. For example: The girl is spoiled by her mother - a short form of the passive past participle of the perfect form, controls the noun in the form instrumental case; The girl is spoiled and stubborn ■ - short form of the adjective, denotes a character trait (‘capricious, wayward’), answers the question “what is the girl like?” and does not control a noun in the instrumental case. Wed. Also:

The girl was modest and well-mannered.

Her performance was emotional.

The dishes were delicious.

His answers were precise and thoughtful.

The guest was extremely stubborn and narrow-minded.

Natasha was distracted and inattentive.

All his actions were deft and focused.

The love of books was instilled in him since childhood.

The congregation was excited about what happened yesterday.

Funds for the purchase of books were found.

All the details of the operation were thought out.

The topic of the report was limited to one problem.

Through the efforts of his friends, mistrust in him was dispelled.

Troops were concentrated on the border.

3. It is necessary to distinguish short forms of the neuter singular participle from adverbs ending in -o. The short form of a participle always has one n in the suffix, and an adverb retains as many ns as there are in the participle or adjective from which it is formed. For example: The matter has been thought out from all sides - the short form of the participle acts as a predicate, therefore, it is written with one n; He answered deliberately - an adverb in the function of an adverb, therefore, two n are written in it, i.e., as many as there are in the word deliberate, from which the adverb is formed. Wed. Also:

He scolded him undeservedly.

Petrograd lived intensely during these January nights (A.T.).

He peered warily into the darkness.

From the first days of the occupation, the population was wary of the appearance of a large number of orders.

They don't deserve this kind of treatment.

The athlete’s body was tense to the extreme: he was ready to overcome the last obstacle.

The Russian language is rich in a large number of different parts of speech, which help to construct a literate and logical text. But it is impossible to imagine our native speech without participles, forms of the verb that contain its characteristics, and adjectives. Participles are synthesized parts of speech that have a large number of expressive capabilities and can perform different functions in a sentence. It must be studied as part of the school curriculum.

in participles

First of all, it is necessary to give a definition. A participle is a verb form that combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb and answers the questions what? which? The participle characterizes an action and its sign at the same time. So we can briefly explain what words related to this part of speech are: leading, shouting, knowing, becoming, living, read and many others.

Since a participle is inseparable from an adjective, they have some common features. Thus, participles can change according to numbers, genders and cases. It is important to note that both short and full participles have these features. Examples of words that have these features, bringing them closer to adjectives: dreaming - dreaming (change by gender), recognized - recognized (singular and plural), composed - composed - composed (change by case: nominative, genitive and dative, respectively).

Signs of a verb in a participle

Since the participle is one of the forms of the verb, these two parts of speech are closely interrelated and have a set of common features. Among them, it is worth noting the aspect (perfect - said, imperfect - speaking), recurrence and irrevocability (laughing, removed), voice (passive - prepared, active - aging). Transitivity and intransitivity are another feature that characterizes the participle. Examples of words that are transitive are cleaning (room), reading (newspaper), and intransitive words are worn out, inspired.

A special point is the presence of tense in participles. It is necessary to remember that this part of speech has only past and present tenses. Participles do not have a future tense form.

Active participles

This group of participles names the action that the object itself performs. But what is it in practice? Examples of words of this category are frightening, whispering, living, screaming, flying, etc.

In a sentence, the active participle describes an action that develops simultaneously with the one that the predicate names (for example: A mother watches her child playing).

A special situation with active past participles. What action a particular participle describes can be judged after the definition from which it is derived. So, if the active participle is formed with the help of appropriate suffixes from a perfective verb, then the action occurred before the other one named by the verb. For example, there is a student sitting in the classroom who has solved a test. The participle is formed from the verb “decide” (what to do?) - perfect form. A student is sitting in the classroom solving a test. In this case, the sentence uses an imperfect participle.

Passive participles

Another variety of this part of speech is passive participles. Examples of words that fall into this category could be: created, acquired, dressed, built, driven, etc.

Connection with other parts of speech

Another important concept is the adjectivated participle. Examples of words that have been affected by this process are fried, ripe, hidden, innate, etc. A completely logical question arises: how to distinguish a participle from an adjective in each specific case? One of the main signs that will help separate these parts of speech is to find a participle with a dependent word. Examples of such words: potatoes fried in a frying pan, an act causing indignation, etc.

Analysis of participles in the topic “Morphology”

In the course of studying each part of speech, both in the school curriculum and in the curriculum of any philological faculty, there are tasks for analyzing a particular word in a sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the part of speech to which a given lexical unit belongs and competently perform the analysis. So, let's try to parse the participle. How to determine that a word is a representative of this particular part of speech? You just need to know the typical participle suffixes. Examples of words containing the suffixes -ush-, -yush (participating, thirsty), -ash-, -yash- (hurrying, sleeping), -vsh- (become), -t- (deceived), -enn-, -nn - (built-in, recognized), -om-, -em- (adored, driven), - all these are participles, active and passive, past or present tense.

So, parsing a participle consists of substituting a question for it (most often which one?), identifying it as a participle, indicating the initial form of the masculine gender, the singular in the nominative case, the definition of the verb and the suffix with which it is formed from it. It is also necessary to indicate the type, presence of reflexivity and transitivity, voice, tense, form (short or full), gender, number, case and declension in this particular sentence.