The influence of a person’s appearance on the development of personality (according to L. Petranovskaya). Beauty is a gift or a curse Increased tendency to alcoholism

At the same time, there are a lot of stereotypes about beautiful people in society. It is believed that all beautiful women are fools, and beautiful men are spoiled and cannot be faithful husbands. Psychologists indirectly confirm such stereotypes; the fact is that beautiful people are usually spoiled by the attention of society, so they cannot always understand the feelings of others. At a young age, when people are just learning to interact with the world and society, handsome men often “travel” on attractiveness, getting practically for nothing what others win with perseverance, patience and perseverance. Moreover, beautiful people, despite their character, can remain the center of attention for many years, simply because they attract many people with their appearance.

The canons of beauty change greatly over the years under the influence of serious external circumstances and fashion. Beauties of the eighteenth century, for example, in our time seem like gray mice, and we are talking only about their faces, not even about their figures.

A curse in beauty

Of course, many beautiful, sophisticated people have an easier time in life than “ordinary” people, but this belief is only half true. Even now, in our time when both sexes have seemingly equal rights, women are often still perceived as property. Therefore, “possession” adds social weight to her companion. Beautiful women are often perceived as expensive, powerless goods. A rather cruel modern society can actually deny beautiful girls the right to have their own thoughts, feelings, experiences, considering them just beautiful dolls. In such a situation, it can be quite difficult to find your true, sincere love.

As for handsome men, many women prefer less brilliant gentlemen as life partners, because of the prevailing belief that a handsome husband will definitely cheat. Sometimes this can bring handsome men some trouble.

Cosmetics have a very strong influence on appearance these days, so if you are unhappy with something about your appearance, try to change it with the help of cosmetics.

Of course, there is no direct connection between happiness and appearance. Beauty is short-lived, aging always takes its toll. Therefore, like almost everything in life, using your own beauty for good or evil depends entirely on the individual. There is an interesting opinion that all actions, all deeds, moral decisions, thoughts over the years become layered on appearance. Therefore, many people become prettier over the years, while others, alas, lose their attractiveness.

LETTER FROM ELECTRONIC CART

(1) I'm leaving. (2) I hope forever. (3) I loved you, maybe I still love you. (4) This decision is not easy for me. (5) But this cannot continue. (6) And this is not a momentary decision, not an emotional outburst. (7) I thought about my choice for several months and all this time I hoped for a change in the relationship between us. (8) I recently met your first: a pathetic drunken man. (9) I saw myself in his situation and realized that the same thing could happen to me. (10) After this meeting I decided: enough is enough. (11) I began to understand those men who use excessively: there is nowhere to go, but I’m tired of being dictated to, and I don’t want to listen to unflattering reviews. (12) You’ll definitely drink!

(13) You cannot be changed, you are this way from birth. (14) This is character. (15) Remembering your stories about school and institute, I see what desire for championship you had. (16) And this remains with you forever: to be the best! (17) Over the five years of our life together, I have never managed to get used to your “feminine” characteristics, when only you are right, when only you do everything right, when no one will do anything better than you. (18) Our entire life together revolved around your “I”. (19) You took upon yourself all the worries in our family. (20) You decided where to spend the money, when to make repairs and where to go on vacation. (21) Without my participation, the question of what clothes I should wear, what I should eat in order to lose “extra” kilograms was decided, although my weight suited me. (22) You wanted me to be better than all the husbands. (23) You reacted to all my advice and suggestions in the same way: you curled your mouth dismissively and shrugged your shoulders - an adviser was found! (24) It was read on your face: (25) “Only I have experience in solving complex problems, so I don’t need outside advice!” (26) You said that I can’t even drive a nail into the wall. (27) You’re right, I couldn’t drive a nail without you, because I’ll drive it in the wrong place, and probably not the kind of nail you think.

(28) You live by two principles you love, the first is “whoever is not with me is against me!” (29) And the second - “there are two opinions: the wrong one and mine!” (30) On your life’s path you have not encountered examples worthy of your imitation. (31) You don’t understand how you can look up to someone, at least, for example, in the ability to dress or in culinary matters.

(32) And in your career (sacred to you!) you have had no equal. (33) Five years ago you were the best official, today you are a successful entrepreneur. (34) As an employee, you professionally learned to clear the way for yourself. (35) You hated all your colleagues who received praise from management, and then, as people say, “ate them up.” (36) Yes, today you are a successful businesswoman, and I am a “failed engineer,” as you say. (37) But at my work no one thinks so: they respect me. (38) It’s bad, of course, that they pay little for professional honesty and decency in our country. (39) But for me, now a lonely man, I hope that’s enough. (40) Maybe my loneliness will be brightened up by a woman who will agree with me in everything, but will do as she needs. (41) We men love women like this. (42) This is a joke, sorry. (43) The application for divorce will be from me. (44) Bye!

(V. Suslov)

“In our modern life, quite often you can meet women like the heroine from the story by V. Suslov: the best officials, successful businesswomen - those who should always be the first in everything. Describing an ordinary everyday situation, the author uses vivid means of expressiveness - such as lexical ones, for example (A)____ (“surely”, “men”, “women”), (B)____ (“life was spinning”, “life path”, “to clear road"), and syntactic: (B)____ (in sentences 2, 31, 38) and (D)____ (sentences 12, 16, 23, 25).”

List of terms:

homogeneous members of the sentence

parcellation

exclamation sentences

metaphor

introductory words
spoken words
oxymoron

(L. Petranovskaya)

List of terms:

hyperbola
personification
parcellation
phraseological units
exclamatory sentence
rows of homogeneous members
contextual antonyms

1) A paradoxical fact has long been noticed: especially beautiful people are often lonely and unhappy. (2) The life of such famous beauties as Helen - Queen of Sparta - and Cleopatra, Marilyn Monroe and Princess Diana cannot be called happy. (3) The ancients explained this by the jealousy and envy of the gods. (4) Many peoples believed that, having generously gifted a person in one respect, fate would certainly deprive him of something else. (5) Hence the widespread belief that a beautiful woman cannot be smart, and a handsome man is delicate, unreliable and also, most likely, stupid.

(6) From a psychological point of view, there are some reasons for this. (7) Beautiful people, spoiled from childhood by everyone’s attention and accustomed to easily getting their way, often turn out to be completely incapable of subtly understanding and feeling another. (8) When they are young and irresistible, they get away with callousness, selfishness, arrogance, they easily win hearts and have many fans. (9) But few people have the strength and desire to tolerate such a person next to them all their lives. (10) However, an evil disposition and dislike for people are not always behind the inability of an outwardly attractive person to build strong relationships. (11) This may simply be a kind of “uncouthness”, underdevelopment of qualities that are so necessary in communication, such as tact, sensitivity, flexibility. (12) After all, we truly effectively learn only what we really need. (13) It is natural that a person who does not hope to establish contacts with others, relying only on his appearance, will be more diligent and more successful in mastering the subtle science of interpersonal relationships. (14) It is here that we should look for the reasons for the situation that has been played out many times in literature and cinema: a man who was once madly in love with a beautiful bitch leaves her for a plain-looking “gray mouse” who understands him, or a girl prefers to a smug handsome man who is not endowed with a bright appearance, but with spirituality someone close to her.

(15) What is beauty - a gift or a curse? (16) It depends both on the culture of society and on the person himself. (17) After all, it has long been noticed that some people become more beautiful over the years, while others lose their attractiveness. (18) The face is imprinted by life experience, the sum of all the feelings, thoughts and moral decisions of a person. (19) If they were bright and worthy, the face becomes prettier; if they were evil and petty, it’s the opposite. (20) Many people think that beauty is what they lack to be happy. (21) “Don’t be born beautiful, but be born happy,” argues popular wisdom. (22) But it seems that both are exaggerations and, in fact, the relationship between happiness and beauty cannot be determined unambiguously.

(L. Petranovskaya)

Read a fragment of the review based on the text above. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

“With the help of such a syntactic device as (A)____ (sentences 15–16), the author invites the reader to jointly think about the problem. (B)____ (“gift” - “curse” in sentence 15) serves the same purpose. The expressiveness of the text is given by (B)___ (sentences 2, 5, 11), as well as (D)____ (“gets away with it”, “conquers hearts” in sentence 8)”

List of terms:

hyperbola
question-and-answer form of presentation
personification
parcellation
phraseological units
exclamatory sentence
rows of homogeneous members
contextual antonyms

(1) Later, the boys began to ask questions about the war: what was it like? (2) And it immediately became clear that Viktor Yulievich loves literature, but not war. (3) Strange man! (4) At that time, the entire young male population, who did not have time to shoot the Nazis, adored the war.

(5) “War is the greatest abomination that people have invented,” said the teacher and stopped all the questions that were smoking on the boy’s lips: where did you fight? what awards? how did you get hurt? how many fascists did you kill?

(6) Once said:

(7) – I finished my second year when the war began. (8) All the guys went immediately to the military registration and enlistment office and were sent to the front. (9) Of my group, I was the only one left alive. (10) Everyone died. (11) And two girls died. (12) Therefore, I am against war with both hands.

(13) University on Mokhovaya! (14) What happiness it was - for three full years he restored himself: he cleansed his blood with Pushkin, Tolstoy, Herzen...

(15) Everything in Kalinov was poor, only untouched timid nature was in abundance. (16) And, perhaps, the people were better than the city people, also almost untouched by the city’s spiritual depravity.

(17) Communication with the village children dispelled his student illusions: the good and eternal, of course, was not canceled, but the matter of everyday life was so rough, and for the girls, wrapped in mended scarves, who managed to tidy up the cattle and little brothers and sisters before school, and for the boys , who spent the summer doing all the men's hard work on earth - did they need all these cultural values? (18) Study on an empty stomach and waste time on knowledge that they will never need under any circumstances?

(19) Their childhood was long over, they were all undergrown men and women, and even those whom their mothers willingly sent to school, an undoubted minority, seemed to feel awkward that they were doing stupid things instead of real serious work. (20) Because of this, the young teacher also experienced some uncertainty - and indeed, is he not distracting them from the urgent matter of life for the sake of unnecessary luxury? (21) Which Radishchev? (22) Which Gogol? (23) What is Pushkin like, after all? (24) Teach them to read and write and let them go home as soon as possible - to work. (25) And that’s all they themselves wanted.

(26) Then he first thought about the phenomenon of childhood. (27) There were no questions when it started. (28) But when does it end? (29) Where is the line from which a person becomes an adult? (30) It is obvious that the village children ended their childhood earlier than the city children.

(31) The northern village always lived from hand to mouth, and after the war everyone became completely impoverished, women and boys worked. (32) Of the thirty local men who went to the front, two returned from the war, one legless, the second with tuberculosis, and he died a year later. (33) Children, little schoolboy men, began their working lives early, and their childhood was stolen from them.

(35) After a three-year period of semi-exile - the places were the same ones where, under tsarism, smart young people like him with a sense of self-esteem were exiled - having graduated from seventh graders, Viktor Yulievich returned to Moscow, to his mother, to Bolshevik Lane, to the house with knight in a niche at the entrance.

(36) The most interesting thing for Victor was communicating with thirteen-year-old boys. (37) They had nothing in common with their village peers. (38) These Moscow boys did not plow, did not sow, did not repair horse harnesses, and they did not know peasant responsibility for the family.

(39) They were normal children - they played around in class, threw balls of chewed paper, splashed water at each other, hid briefcases and textbooks, were greedy, fought, pushed like puppies, and then suddenly froze and asked real questions. (40) Unlike their village peers, they still had a childhood from which they inevitably emerged. (41) In addition to acne, there were other signs of their maturation associated with higher nervous activity: they asked “damned questions”, were tormented by the injustice of the world, listened to poetry, and two or three from the class even wrote something poetic.

(42) Why did they listen to him? (43) Why was he so interested in putting into their heads something that they did not need at all? (44) And the feeling of very subtle power was exciting - they were learning to think and feel before their eyes. (45) What an oasis in the middle of boring disgrace!

(According to L. Ulitskaya)

“The problem of growing up during the years of difficult military trials is very multifaceted, which is why L. Ulitskaya’s text contains so many questions, the answers to which were given by life itself. The author uses bright original (A) ________ (“the questions were smoking” in sentence 5, “cleaned the blood with Pushkin, Tolstoy...” in sentence 14, “childhood was stolen” in sentence 33), (B) _________ (“village - city” in sentence 30), (B) _________ (“kids” in sentence 30, “completely” in sentence 31, “men and women” in sentence 19) and numerous (D) ________ (sentences 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29)".

List of terms:

metaphors
parcellation
isolated members of the sentence
contextual antonyms
interrogative sentences
syntactic parallelism
context synonyms

SPRING IN SMALL FORESTS

(1) Many Russian words themselves radiate poetry, just as precious stones radiate a mysterious shine.

(2) It is relatively easy to explain the origin of the “poetic radiation” of many of our words. (3) Obviously, a word seems poetic to us when it conveys a concept that is filled with poetic content for us. (4) What is indisputable is that most of these poetic words are associated with our nature.

(5) The Russian language is fully revealed in its truly magical properties and wealth only to those who deeply love and know their people “to the bone” and feel the hidden charm of our land.

(6) For everything that exists in nature: water, air, sky, clouds, sun, rain, forests, swamps, rivers and lakes, meadows and fields, flowers and herbs - there are a great many good words and names in the Russian language .

(7) These thoughts became especially clear to me after meeting with a forester.

(8) This forester and I walked through the small forest. (9) In time immemorial, there was a large swamp here, then it dried up, became overgrown, and now only deep, centuries-old moss, small windows-wells in this moss and an abundance of wild rosemary reminded of it.

(10) We stopped at one such window and drank water.

(11) - Spring! - said the forester, watching as a frantically floundering beetle emerged from the window and immediately sank to the bottom. (12) - The Volga must also begin from such a window?

(13) “Yes, it must be,” I agreed.

(14) “I’m a big fan of parsing words,” the forester suddenly said and grinned embarrassedly.

(15) - And pray tell! (16) It happens that one word sticks to you and gives you no rest. (17) The forester paused, adjusted the hunting rifle on his shoulder and asked:

(18) - They say you are writing a book?

(19) - Yes, I’m writing.

(20) - This means that your choice of words must be deliberate. (21) But no matter how I figure it out, I rarely find an explanation for any word. (22) You walk through the forest, go over word by word in your head - and you can figure them out this way and that: where did they come from? (23) Nothing works. (24) I have no knowledge. (25) Not trained. (26) And sometimes you find an explanation for a word and rejoice. (27) Why be happy? (28) It’s not for me to teach the kids. (29) I am a forest person - a simple walker.

(30) - What word is attached to you now? - I asked.

(31) - Yes, this very “spring”. (32) I noticed this word a long time ago. (33) I keep courting him. (34) One must think that it happened because water originates here. (35) The spring gives birth to a river, and the river pours and flows through our entire mother earth, through our entire homeland, feeding the people. (36) You look how smoothly it comes out - a spring, a homeland, a people. (37) And all these words are kind of related to each other. (38) Like relatives! - he repeated and laughed. (39) These simple words revealed to me the deepest roots of our language. (40) The entire centuries-old experience of the people, the entire poetic side of their character was contained in these words.

(K. Paustovsky)

“K. Paustovsky’s story is included in the collection “Golden Rose”, dedicated to creativity, the basis of which for writers is language. The widespread use of (A) _____ (sentences 11–31) and (B) _____ (“to the bone”, “stick”, “you’ll figure it out”, “that way”, “I’m courting”, “mother earth”) makes this story accessible to perception and allows you to talk about complex things simply. The story is also characterized by (B) _____ (for example, in sentences 6, 9, 40) and (D) _____ (“poetic radiation of words”, “words radiate poetry”; “the Russian language opens up to that”, “words opened the roots”, etc. .), which give the text a special uplifting tone."

List of terms:

colloquial vocabulary

rows of homogeneous members
a rhetorical question
phraseological unit
syntactic parallelism
metaphors

(1) We live in a time when conflicts and disagreements occur every day between different countries and nations. (2) The reason for this is the lack of mutual understanding and compliance. (3) This applies to both the whole people and each of its representatives. (4) After all, interethnic conflicts are often preceded by a lack of mutual understanding between individuals. (5) This means that we all need, first of all, to learn to understand another person, forgive other people’s mistakes, get rid of our own grievances, remembering that the most important law of life is the ability to forgive.

(6) Human life is amazing and... unpredictable. (7) There will always be a place for joy and sadness, understanding and resentment, praise and criticism, loyalty and betrayal. (8) A person often has to endure insults and humiliation. (9) But is it worth holding a grudge against people who have offended us? (10) All of us, of course, in the heat of the moment, think that it is simply necessary to take revenge on our offenders. (11) But what will we achieve as a result of this? (12) Exacerbation of contradictions - that’s all. (13) UNFORGIVENESS can cause more serious contradictions: deception, insult, humiliation, betrayal or even crime. (14) Aggression and anger prevent you from focusing on something more important. (15) Every day a person walks and thinks that he was offended. (16) Negative thoughts begin to destroy him, he becomes nervous, irritated, stops smiling and may even get sick. (17) After all, it has been proven that as a result of strong resentment the most terrible diseases can develop. (18) Is this necessary? (19) No. (20) No. (21) No.

(22) Every insult is a kind of test of a person’s strength. (23) If a person is able to forgive, it means that he was able to withstand this difficult test and show his moral superiority. (24) What a pity that we do not understand this right away, but only after some time, when it becomes much more difficult to correct our mistakes.

(25) All of us at a certain stage of our lives can hurt someone, but we all expect forgiveness, understanding, and kind attitude from others. (26) So let's get rid of our own grievances and accept this difficult law: FORGIVE. (27) Forgiveness is necessary in order not to get sick in the future and not to feel worthless, superfluous, unnecessary. (28) After all, it is by learning to forgive that we will be able to solve many of our problems, we will have the opportunity to enjoy the love of family and friends, to love ourselves, to give joy. (29) And then in our heart there will be room only for bright and cheerful thoughts, for good plans for the future, for a feeling of the fullness of life. (30) In a word, having learned to forgive, we will be able to live our lives with dignity.

(Based on materials from periodicals)

“When discussing the contradictions that a person faces, the author uses the lexical device (A)_____ (“joy” - “sadness”, “loyalty” - “betrayal”) and invites the reader to think together using (B)_____ (sentences 11 –12, 18–21). The logic of the presentation of thoughts is emphasized (B)_____ (in sentences 5, 10, 30). Expressiveness of the text is given by such a syntactic device as (G)_____ (sentences 5, 13, 16, 27).”

List of terms:

metaphor

metonymy

antonyms

parcellation
rows of homogeneous members
question-and-answer form of presentation
introductory words

(1) Let's talk about disgust. (2) This topic is especially relevant in today's Russia. (3)Where did she even come from?

(4) Disgust is the fruit of civilization and culture. (5) This is easily confirmed by the example of a child. (6) A small child in a state of semi-reason, like a little savage, pulls into his mouth everything that comes to hand. (7) Later, taught by the people around him, he learns the level of disgust of his time.

(8) How clearly it is that human physical disgust develops along with civilization, and what a drama of humanity that moral disgust develops much more slowly, although its very development may seem controversial to many.

(9) But I assume that moral disgust in man developed along with religion and culture. (10) Don’t we owe most of all to the Gospel for the disgust we feel for betrayal? (11) The image of Judas has become a household name. (12) And although the flow of denunciations is still quite powerful, wouldn’t it be even more powerful if people did not shudder, likening themselves to Judas?

(13) A real work of art cannot do without ethical tension. (14) By reading real literature, we not only enjoy beauty, but also involuntarily develop moral muscles. (15) And this, roughly speaking, is the practical benefit of culture.

(16) But culture is fraught with its own tragedy. (17) It reaches those who need it most, the broad masses of the people, slowly, too slowly. (18) It seems that the smallest dose of culture creates a saturated solution among the people and everything else precipitates. (19) Culture is mainly used by cultured people, and it turns out that culture devours itself. (20) This is her tragedy.

(21) How to overcome it is a question of enormous complexity that society as a whole and the state must try to resolve. (22) The technical development of the human mind has rushed forward, has become detached from culture and threatens humanity with death either at the hands of terrorists or at the hands of an insane dictator who has mastered atomic weapons. (23) Or simply from the new barbarism of the permissiveness of pseudoculture, which the people are fed with stupid books and the media and which the people are actively absorbing both because it is primitive and because it encourages base human instincts. (24) Showing moral disgust, we must fight this pseudo-culture more mercilessly today.

(25) The situation of the people is even more dramatic than the situation of the culture itself. (26) The peoples of the world are losing the moral norms of their traditions, developed over thousands of years, and, as I have already said, they have hardly assimilated a real universal human culture. (27) It is no coincidence that terrorism in the world has acquired an international character. (28) I am sure that the dashing militants played a role in this. (29) Peoples are moving away from their folk culture and are not coming to a universal culture. (30) To the question: “Can you read?” - one of Faulkner’s heroes replies: (31) “I can do it in print. (32) But no.”

(According to F. Iskander)

"F. Iskander invites us to talk about such a moral category as disgust, using the form of the verb let's talk. Moral disgust develops in society, according to the author, along with religion and culture. And for today's Russia, the problems of culture and pseudoculture are especially relevant. Therefore, the text is characterized by many features of a journalistic style, including (A) _______ (“permissiveness,” “morality,” “pseudoculture,” “mass media,” etc.), adjacent to (B) _______ (“stuffed”), and also abundance (B) _______ (for example, sentences 3, 10, 12). Another interesting syntactic device is (D) _______ (sentences 22–23).”

List of terms:

interrogative sentences

metaphors

rows of homogeneous members
colloquial vocabulary
journalistic vocabulary
antithesis
parcellation
hyperbola

FEED THE BIRDS!

(1) I somehow came across an orange book of poems by Alexander Yashin with a memorable rowan branch on the cover. (2) This branch served as a semantic sign of all his bitter and naked poetry. (3) He opened the book at random, in a random place, and then the lines opened, as if (...) by a departed poet:

(4)Feed the birds in winter,

Let it come from all over

They will flock to you like home,

Flocks on the porch.

(5) And below it sounds even more pleading:

(6) It’s impossible to count how many of them die...

(7) It’s hard to see.

(8) But in our heart there is

And it's warm for the birds.

(9) Really, Yashin bothered me with this anxiety of his, as if he had painfully kicked my conscience, which had been pacified on a quiet September day.

(10) The tits appeared in public only with the first coolness. (11) They were not seen all last summer, and their subtly jingling voices were not even heard. (12) In the summer, absorbed in family troubles, they completely disappeared from view and led a secretive, silent life in the crowns of the surrounding trees, sometimes right above their heads. (13) And will all ten, or even fifteen, bare-bellied squeakers even care about singing, or about idle flickering, until they fledge, grow wiser, and learn what a cat is?

(14) And yet the question arises: why should the tit strain so hard, exhaust itself with all its might? (15) Why have such a lot of fosterlings? (16) What is the meaning of such self-sacrifice? (17) And the reason is that too many of these cute, cheerful, never despondent birds die in the hard winters. (18) Out of a dozen chicks raised, barely two or three tits survive the cold. (19) They pay such a cruel tribute in order not to leave their homeland, not to seek someone else’s warmth and satiety, as others do, and also in order to notify the surrounding area with the first breath of spring with their cheerful, inspired jingling. (20) Overcoming adversity and meeting the desired spring - the hope of all things in the world - is truly worth a lot!

(21) And so, no matter how hard you try, no matter how much you look around the places you have already examined many times, that fateful time finally comes when, having found nothing, completely exhausted, a hungry, finely trembling bird hides in its nest, or even just in some kind of stuck or woodpile, where it’s just as fierce as outside, where, in our opinion, you can’t turn on the light, you can’t light the stove, you can’t pour hot water into a bottle and put it under your chilled side, and where, having picked up stiff, disobedient paws and covering his head with frosty rustling wings, he is forgotten in a dangerous unconsciousness, behind which there may be nothing... (22) So, barely alive - every long night, which in the dead of night begins at five o'clock in the evening and lasts , tormenting the bird with ferocity, until nine in the morning of the next day. (23) And each time - without hope that this shelter of hers will be illuminated for her by a new coming day... (24) Just in this winter adversity, simply tailless tits appear, none other than those who have been in the clutches of our equally hungry and destitute the old sofa purrs, once washed with shampoo and combed down with a comb.

(25) Please do not bring our winged coterie planets to this humiliating stage and start making feeders. (26) It is better to do this at the height of leaf fall.

(27) The feeder is a simple thing. (28) Sometimes even an ordinary milk carton is used for it. (29) This one will do too. (30) But in general, all kinds of feeders are important, all kinds of feeders are needed... (31) Just don’t confuse them with bird houses for living, which are made by numerous societies and organizations, organizing interregional exhibitions and competitions on the subject “Whose design is better? » with the presentation of prizes and certificates of honor. (32) True, this always happens in the spring, when the haze warmth comes and the birch trees ooze with sap, when everyone feels good - both the birds that survived the winter and especially the designers themselves, because it’s spring! (33) It’s time to throw off your boring coat and have plenty of fun climbing trees, in some groups even with beer and music. (34) After such an inspired housing campaign, there are undoubtedly many more birds in our gardens and groves. (35) Happy birds, having acquired offspring, do not especially calculate what will happen to them in winter. (36) The organizers of the fun Bird Day also don’t think much about this sad matter...

(37) It is not customary to hang the feeder while listening to music. (38) This act is in many ways personal, similar to confession. (39) It is as necessary for the birds as it is for ourselves, for it brings cleansing of conscience and benefit of the soul through action. (40) Therefore, after waiting until there is no one left in the house, I begin to tinker, knowingly experiencing a feeling of internal cleansing and self-respect.

(According to E. Nosov)

“An inspired and subtle connoisseur and singer of nature, Evgeny Nosov in the story “Feed the Birds!” addresses the reader with a piercing appeal to support the birds in the harsh winter. A confidential, relaxed style of narration is created not only by using verbs in the imperative mood (“feed”, “don’t let me in”, but also by using such lexical means of expressiveness as numerous (A)____ (“kicked”, “hollow-bellied”, “jangling”, “bird”, “night shelter”, “purrs”, etc.), (B)____ (“caught the eye”, “with all my might”, “worth a lot”), (C)____ (“ bitterish And naked poetry", " dashing winter", " sad count"), (G)____ (“our winged uniplanetaries”).”

List of terms:

paraphrase

homogeneous members of the sentence

parcellation

exclamation sentences

phraseological units
interrogative sentences
spoken words

(1) What is art? (2) Why does a person need it? (3) The first question seems to be more or less easy to answer. (4) For example, if you open an encyclopedic dictionary, then art is defined as artistic creativity in general. (5) This is literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, as well as music, theater, cinema and other types of human activity that reflect the surrounding reality in artistic images.

(6) Also, the word “art” defines a high degree of skill in any field of activity.

(7) The famous sculptor N.V. wrote more poetically about art. Tomsky, calling him “the soul of the people.”

(13) How is art born? (14) In Antiquity, Plato’s theory that the artist is possessed by an otherworldly principle - a divine “mania”, which tears him out of his everyday state and fills him with an unknown force, under the power of which he creates a work, became widespread. (15) And the philosopher Schelling believed that “the artist involuntarily and even contrary to his inner desire is involved in the creative process, just as a doomed person does not do what he wants, but here he fulfills what is inscrutably prescribed by fate.”

(16) Many considered scientific knowledge to be the main engine of art. (17) Indeed, many outstanding masters were widely educated people. (18) However, education alone is not enough. (19) The artist’s culture absorbs much more; it cannot be conceived outside of his ideological convictions and high moral qualities. (20) An artist cannot create if his soul is dead and his heart is cold or cruel. (21) Remember the lines of A.S. Pushkin: (22) “Genius and villainy are two incompatible things.” (23) Art is very powerful in that it influences a person’s thoughts and feelings, so it should not be evil and destructive. (24) His task is to satisfy the spiritual needs of people by creating works that can give a person joy, pleasure, make him sympathize and empathize, and even awaken the artist in him. (25) After all, there is an artist in the soul of each of us, even if we do not know how to draw, sing or play musical instruments professionally. (26) And this “inner artist” makes us reach for the beautiful: books, music, theater, painting. (27) Think about this - and you yourself will find the answer to the question “Why does a person need art?”

(E. Amfilokhieva)

“E. Amfilokhieva’s reasoning about the nature of art combines the rigor of scientific presentation with emotionality. The entire text is based on a technique such as (A) _____ (sentences 1–2 and 3–10; 13 and 14–20). To substantiate his opinion, the author resorts to (B) ____ (sentences 7, 15, 22). Frequent syntactic devices in the text are (B) _____ (sentences 5, 12, 26, etc.), and (D) _____ (“the soul is dead”, “the heart is cold”), which give the text imagery and brightness.”

List of terms:

antonyms

metaphors

citation

parcellation

opposition

question-and-answer form of presentation

hyperbola

syntactic parallelism

homogeneous members of the sentence

MESSAGE TO THE UNKNOWN

(1) One day in the fall I was walking through the courtyards to attend to some of my needs, and the road ran not far from an ordinary trash can. (2) Trying not to “step in” and not inhale specific aromas, I came across an old album lying between the trash container and the path. (3) Its pages stood like a fan, and the wind flipped through them, now opening them, now slamming them shut. (4) There were photographs! (5) I was dumbfounded. (6) What is this? (7) Lord, what is this?

(8) Who threw it away? (9) Children, grandchildren of deceased old people? (10) Well, not the owners themselves. (11) Maybe the new owners of the apartment did this, throwing out the trash of the previous residents...

(12) In any case, the most likely version seemed to me that the owners were no longer alive, and the album was thrown away, after all, not by descendants, but by strangers. (13) It is simply impossible to agree that the heirs can do this. (14) For some time, in a complete stupor, I forgot where and why I was going. (15) I don’t know why I didn’t pick up this album - was I afraid to get into a dirty puddle? (16) Now I regret that I didn’t do this. (17) And then, turning back towards the house, I couldn’t get rid of the imaginary picture: albums, photographs of my family were lying somewhere near the trash heap, they were blown away by the wind, throwing them into dirty puddles. (18) And people walk by and walk by...

(19) I began to feverishly think about how to make sure this didn’t happen. (20) And, sinner, I thought that no one would guarantee against such a death the memory, collected and preserved for decades in every family, about relatives and friends, unless some measures, I don’t yet know what, are taken. (21) The fact is that life has changed so much over the past fifteen to twenty years - its forms, so-called artifacts, have moved from physical to virtual, which do not take up much space, do not violate modern style or anything else. (22) Much has simply become unfashionable - it seems that this is exactly what happened with old family albums. (23) Someone hid them away in the closets. (24) But it seems to me that it’s too early to throw them away, and these items do not deserve such a fate. (25) You can throw away an old wardrobe, sofa, chairs, but memory?

(26) Well, why talk in vain; It is necessary, before it is too late, to think through your own measures so that nothing and no one can mock the sacred things (neither time, nor circumstances, nor people)...

(27) Sometimes it seems that the new life harshly and cruelly denies the old one, along with its still living carriers or material signs. (28) Old people are offended by young people, not finding a place for themselves in the new, not always clear realities of life. (29) The remake removes or roughly tramples the signs of antiquity. (30) New cities do not imply a comfortable existence for old people. (31) And the old people in the villages are nothing but bitter tears.

(32) In the new rhythm and style of life, it seems that, except for the elderly, there will be no one to grieve about the loss of memory. (33) Young people have no time to look around and look at their feet.

(34) When I, having a Soviet-like complex, apparently not yet squeezing the scoop out of myself, was thinking about whether it was worth writing at all, that is, leaving the memory of my ancestors, among whom, as it turned out, there is not a single general (glory God for you!), not a single deputy (and special thanks for this), some kind of unconscious protest against the recognition of the “insignificance” of the people close to me grew and grew in me. (35) I felt some kind of untruth and injustice. (36) Even now, it’s as if I don’t know what I’m justifying to someone.

(37) And suddenly something happened! (38) Wow - little people, nuts and bolts. (39) The wheels of all Russian historical events passed through the lives of my relatives, leaving indelible, mostly tragic marks on their destinies. (40) No, without millions of Russians like my relatives, no wheel of history would have made a turn and there would have been no country, neither great nor powerful. (41) And there would be territory passing from the hands of some rulers to the hands of others. (42) And what would all the kings, generalissimos and general secretaries taken together do without them, not mentioned in the chronicles?

(43) Just imagine, if there was some kind of general or academician in the family, and everything would revolve around them - they are like this and that, look, children, how to live! (44) Learn and be proud! (45) And so, in the absence of such giants of life success in our tree, I can give everyone I knew and loved as much attention as my memory allows, without regard to ranks and titles.

(46) And every family has something to say about its loved ones. (47) I suddenly realized that they, our ancestors, not only have the right to remember them, but we, as those who love them all, are obliged to preserve at least those crumbs of evidence of their lives that remain and pass them on to our children.

(Yu. Lyalikova)

Read an excerpt from the review. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number under each letter.

“There is the memory of an individual, a family, a generation, the memory of a people. Those who do not remember their past are deprived of their future. This is why it is so important to preserve the memory of our ancestors, including in the form of photographs. The very emotional and confidential style of Yu. Lyalikova’s text is created by numerous lexical means of expressiveness: (A)____ (“death of memory”, “giants of life success”, “crumbs of evidence”), (B)____ (“wow”, “without looking back” "), (B)____ (“new - old”, “young people - old people”, “remake - signs of antiquity”). While discussing the past and present, the author did not ignore such a syntactic device as (G)____ (sentences 6, 7, 25, 42).”

List of terms:

phraseological units

comparison

rhetorical questions

parcellation

exclamation sentences

metaphor

syntactic parallelism

antonyms

oxymoron

IN SEARCH OF AN IDEA

(1) Somewhere in the mid-nineties, the First President of Russia demanded that his subordinates urgently develop a national idea. (2) All the media were amused for three months, traditionally believing that any instruction sent down from above could be nothing but stupidity. (3) It seems to me, however, that the ridiculed and forgotten idea was not so anecdotal.

(4) Does huge Russia have such an idea?

(5) Today, perhaps not.

(6) The national idea, if we talk about it not from a sublimely mystical, but from a purely practical perspective, is just a long-term plan for the foreseeable future. (7) Let’s say, in the Middle Ages there was an idea to get rid of the Horde yoke, then to go to ice-free seas, then to master European culture, then to free the peasants. (8) Unfortunately, all this was done either with a great delay or through the back, as a result of which the empire collapsed in October of the seventeenth. (9) A short time later, the next idea arose - to free ourselves from a new yoke, this time the Bolshevik, which happened in the ninety-first year.

(10) Today in Russia many local problems are being solved, sometimes successfully. (11) But the main one, the unifying one, has not been formulated and, I’m afraid, not even outlined. (12) Create a new, prosperous, prosperous Russia? (13) Who can refuse! (14) But is it possible to build a house according to ten conflicting designs? (15) And here something similar is happening - even in the Duma they are endlessly debating what exactly needs to be created: capitalism with a human face, socialism with a brutal face, or something else.

(16) Which of today’s tasks seems to me the most significant?

(17) For Russia to be free, prosperous and, especially, great, it must, at a minimum, survive. (18) Do not fall apart into components, as in the seventeenth and ninety-first.

(19) What is this - patriotism? (20) Why does it have not only unifying, but also destructive power?

(21) Throughout (...) the world, the word “nation” is identical to the word “citizenship”. (22) When arriving abroad, to any country where we need to fill out declarations, we write “Russia” in the “nation” column. (23) When at the World Championships a black girl runs the first hundred meters, she is called a Frenchwoman, because she is a Frenchwoman, that is, a citizen of France. (24) At one time, Sofia, a foreign student who had been practicing Russian for two semesters, often came to visit us. (25) Black hair, dark skin, slanted eyes... (26) Twenty years ago, a Swedish family adopted a little Korean girl, and she became a Swede with all the rights and without any complexes.

(27) With us...

(28) I recently read in a popular newspaper that one hundred and ninety nations live in Russia - not ethnic groups, not nationalities, but nations. (29) I will not blame an unfamiliar newspaperman for illiteracy: after all, it is not he who thinks so, it is millions of people who are accustomed to think so. (30) Ask at least a hundred students at Moscow State University the same “national” question and you will hear: Yakut, Buryat, Russian, Tatar, Armenian. (31) This is how we have been taught for decades. (32) Unfortunately, that’s how we were taught. (33) It is no coincidence that serious tension arose in a number of autonomous republics in connection with the new Russian passports, without the “nationality” column...

(34) So what does the national idea have to do with it?

(35) It seems to me that for the coming decades our national idea should be precisely the awareness of ourselves as a single nation, with common goals, a common homeland and the same patriotism for all. (36) This is not a question of ideology, it is a question of the survival of the country.

(According to L. Zhukhovitsky)

“What can a huge country oppose to the flaring up external aggression against it? Of course, unity, which is based, first of all, on the patriotism of the nation. Leonid Zhukhovitsky, in his, as always, sharp and relevant text, discusses precisely these categories, which, in his opinion, should become our national idea. The author's style is very individual and recognizable. The text is based on the simultaneous use of both (A)____ (“they had fun”, “collapsed”, “hundred-meter race”, “tension”, etc.) and (B)____ (“national idea”, “perspective”, “local tasks” ", "prosperous", etc.). The author is looking for answers to many questions, he invites the reader to joint reflection, so it is no coincidence that the text contains an abundance of (B)____ (sentences 4, 12, 14, 16, 20, 34 and many others). A vivid lexical means of expressiveness is also (G)____ (sentence 20).”

List of terms:

colloquial vocabulary

metaphor

homogeneous members of the sentence

parcellation

exclamation sentences

contextual antonyms

phraseological units

interrogative sentences

journalistic vocabulary

(1) In the middle of the night Grisha woke up screaming:

(2) Help, good people!

(3) Woke up, in the darkness he did not understand anything, and fear overwhelmed him.

(4) – Good people! (5) I lost my cards! (6) The cards are tied in a blue scarf! (7) Maybe someone picked it up?

(8) Grisha realized where he was and what. (9) It was Baba Dunya who screamed. (10) In the darkness, in the silence, grandmother’s heavy breathing could be heard so clearly. (11) She seemed to be breathing out, gaining strength. (12) And again she began to wail until she could not speak out loud:

(13) – Cards... (14) Where are the cards... (15) In a blue handkerchief... (16) Good people. (17) Guys... (18) Petyanya, Shurik, Taechka... (19) When I come home, they will ask for food... (20) Give me some bread, mommy. (21) And their mother... - (22) Baba Dunya paused, as if stunned, and shouted:

(23) – Good people! (24) Don't let me die! (25) Petyanya! (26) Shura! (27) Taechka! (28) – She seemed to sing the names of the children, subtly and painfully.

(29) Grisha could not stand it, got out of bed, and went into his grandmother’s room.

(30) – Granny! – he called. (31) - Wake up... (32) She woke up and stirred:

(33) - Grisha, is that you? (34) I woke you up. (35) Forgive me, for Christ’s sake.

(36) – You, woman, lay on the wrong side, on your heart.

(37) “On the heart, on the heart...” Baba Dunya obediently agreed.

(38) – You can’t do it in your heart. (39) You lie down on the right.

(40) – I’ll lie down, I’ll lie down...

(41) She felt so guilty. (42) Grisha returned to his room and went to bed. (43) Baba Dunya tossed and turned and sighed: what came in the dream did not immediately recede. (44) The grandson also did not sleep, he lay warming himself. (45) He knew about the cards. (46) For a long time, during the war and after, they were given bread for them. (47) And Petyanya, about whom the grandmother grieved, is the father.

(48) The next night Grisha did not hear Baba Dunya’s screams, although in the morning he could see from her face that she was sleeping restlessly.

(49) - Didn’t I wake you up? (50) Well, thank God...

(51) Another day passed and another, and then one evening he went to the post office to call the city. (52) During the conversation, the mother asked:

(53) – Does Grandma Dunya let you sleep? (54) She’ll just start talking in the evening, and you’ll shout: (55) “Be silent!” (56) She stops, we tried.

(57) On the way home I started thinking about my grandmother. (58) Now, from the outside, she seemed so weak and lonely, and then there were these nights in tears, like punishment. (59) My father remembered the old years, but for him they were over. (60) But for grandmother - no. (61) And with what, indeed, difficulty she awaits the night. (62) All people have lived through bitter things and forgotten, but she has it again and again. (63) But how to help?

(64) All evening at dinner, and then reading a book, watching TV, Grisha was thinking about the past. (65) I remembered and looked at my grandmother, thinking: (66) “Just so as not to fall asleep.”

(67) At dinner he drank strong tea so as not to get sick. (68) Night came, they turned out the lights. (69) Grisha did not lie down, but sat up in bed, waiting for his time, and when finally more indistinct muttering was heard from his grandmother’s room, he got up and walked. (70) He turned on the light in the kitchen and stood near the bed, feeling an involuntary shiver overcome him.

(71) “I lost it... (72) I don’t have any cards...” Baba Dunya muttered still quietly. (73)– Cards... (74) Where...

(75) Grisha took a deep breath to shout louder, and even raised his foot to stomp. (76) Just to be sure.

(77) “Bread... cards...” Baba Dunya said in great agony with tears.

(78) The boy’s heart was filled with pity and pain. (79) Forgetting what he had thought about, he knelt down in front of the bed and began to convince, softly, affectionately:

(80) - Here are your cards, grandma... (81) In a blue handkerchief, right? (82) These are yours, you dropped them, and I picked them up. (83) “You see, take it,” he repeated persistently.

(84) Baba Dunya fell silent. (85) Apparently, there, in a dream, she heard and understood everything. (86) The words did not come immediately, but they came:

(87) – Mine, mine... (88) My handkerchief, blue. (89) I dropped my cards. (90) Save Christ, good man...

(91) Grisha got up and turned off the light in the kitchen. (92) The lopsided moon, descending, looked out the window, the snow turned white, sparkling with living sparks. (93) Grisha went to bed, anticipating how tomorrow he would tell his grandmother and how they were together... (94) But suddenly a clear thought burned him: you can’t talk. (95) He clearly understood - not a word, not even a hint. (96) This must remain and die in him. (97) You need to do and be silent. (98) Tomorrow night and the one that follows. (99) You need to do and be silent. (100) And healing will come.

(According to B. Ekimov)

Read a fragment of the review. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number under each letter.

“The author creates a speech portrait of the heroine using the lexical means: (A)____ (“ist”, “theirs”, “mummy”), as well as elements of expressive syntax: (B)____ (sentences 71, 73, 74) and (C )____ (sentences 4, 5, 6). The complex feelings that the boy experiences are conveyed using a trope such as (G)____ (in sentences 78, 94).”

List of terms:

metaphor

metonymy

colloquial and colloquial vocabulary

lexical repetition

rows of homogeneous members
a rhetorical question
incomplete sentences
exclamation sentences

OMSK CATHEDRAL

“...This whole civilization, let it disappear

To hell with it, just... I feel sorry for the music!..”

Lev Tolstoy

(1)House...House...House...

(2) Dome Cathedral, with a cockerel on the spire. (3) Tall, stone, it sounds like over Riga.

(4) The sounds sway like incense smoke. (5) They are thick and tangible. (6) They are everywhere, and everything is filled with them: the soul, the earth, the world.

(7) Everything froze, stopped.

(8) Mental turmoil, the absurdity of a vain life, petty passions, everyday worries - all, all of this remained in another place, in another world, in another life, distant from me, there, somewhere.

(9) Maybe everything that happened before was a dream? (10) War, blood, fratricide, supermen playing with human destinies in order to establish themselves above the world.

(11) Why do we live so tensely and difficultly on our land? (12) Why? (13) Why?

(14) House. House. House.

(15) Blagovest. (16) Music. (17) The darkness disappeared. (18) The sun has risen. (19) Everything around is transformed.

(20) The hall is full of people, old and young, Russian and non-Russian, evil and good, vicious and bright, tired and enthusiastic.

(21) And there is no one in the hall!

(22) There is only my humble, disembodied soul, it oozes with incomprehensible pain and tears of quiet delight.

(23) She is being cleansed, my soul, and it seems to me that the whole world is holding its breath, this bubbling, menacing world of ours is thinking, ready to fall to its knees with me, to repent, to fall with a withered mouth to the holy spring of goodness...

(24) Dome Cathedral! (25) Dome Cathedral! (26) Music! (27) What did you do to me? (28) You are still trembling under the arches, still washing the soul, chilling the blood, illuminating everything around with light, knocking on armored breasts and aching hearts, but a man in black is already coming out and bowing from above. (29) A little man, trying to convince him that it was he who performed the miracle. (30) A wizard and a singer, a nonentity and a god, to whom everything is subject: both life and death.

(31) Dome Cathedral. (32) Dome Cathedral.

(33) There is no applause here. (34) Here people cry from the tenderness that stuns them. (35) Everyone cries for his own reasons. (36) But together everyone is crying that the beautiful dream is ending, that the magic is short-lived, the deceptively sweet oblivion and endless torment.

(37) Dome Cathedral. (38) Dome Cathedral.

(39) You are in my shuddering heart. (40) I bow my head before your singer, thank you for the happiness, albeit short-lived, for the delight and faith in the human mind, for the miracle created and sung by this mind, thank you for the miracle of resurrecting faith in life. (41)3 that’s it, thank you for everything!

(V. Astafiev)

Read an excerpt from the review. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number under each letter.

“The works of Viktor Astafiev are known for their deep philosophical orientation. The essay “The Dome Cathedral” is no exception, and the chosen epigraph sets the reader in a serious mood. The style of the text is peculiar: music runs through the entire narrative as a refrain, which is heard both in the repeated word house, consonant with the title, and in (A)____ (sentences 15, 16, 24–26, etc.). The author also uses (B)____ (in sentence 20, etc.), (C)____ (“in another place, in another light, in another life”). (D)____ (“the soul is cleansed”, “the world is lost in thought”, “the heart trembles”) give the story a special emotionality.”

List of terms:

oxymoron

antonyms

comparison

metaphors

series of nominal sentences

inversion

citation

gradation

a rhetorical question

UNCLE GILYAY

(1) Nothing can give such a vivid idea of the past as a meeting with his contemporary, especially with such a unique and talented person as Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gilyarovsky was - a man of indomitable energy and irrepressible kindness.

(2) First of all, what was striking about Gilyarovsky was the integrity and expressiveness of his character. (3) If the expression “picturesque character” can exist, then it entirely refers to Gilyarovsky.

(4) He was picturesque in everything - in his biography, in his manner of speaking, in his childishness, in his entire appearance, in his versatile, vigorous talent.

(5) None of the writers knew Moscow as comprehensively as Gilyarovsky. (6) It was amazing how the memory of one person could preserve so many stories about people, streets, markets, churches, squares, theaters, gardens, almost every tavern of old Moscow.

(7) Every time needs its own chronicler, not only in the field of historical events, but also a chronicler of life and way of life.

(8) The chronicle of everyday life brings the past closer to us with particular sharpness and visibility. (9) In order to fully understand at least Leo Tolstoy or Chekhov, we must know the life of that time. (10) Even Pushkin’s poetry acquires its full brilliance only for those who know the life of Pushkin’s time. (11) That’s why the stories of writers like Gilyarovsky are so valuable to us. (12) He can be called a “commentator of his time.”

(13) Unfortunately, we had almost no such writers. (14) And even now they are not there. (15) And they did and are doing a huge cultural work.

(16) About Moscow, Gilyarovsky could rightfully say: “My Moscow.” (17) It is impossible to imagine Moscow of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries without Gilyarovsky, just as it is impossible to imagine it without the Art Theater, Chaliapin and the Tretyakov Gallery.

(18) Gilyarovsky’s hospitable, open and noisy house was a kind of center of Moscow. (19) Essentially it was (as it still is) a rare museum of culture, painting and life of Chekhov’s times. (20) It is necessary to carefully preserve it as an example of Moscow everyday life of the nineteenth century.

(21) There are people without whom it is difficult to imagine the existence of society and literature. (22) This is a kind of fermentation yeast, a sparkling wine current.

(23) It doesn’t matter whether they wrote a lot or a little. (24) It is important that they lived, that literary and social life was in full swing around them, that the entire history of the country contemporary to them was refracted in their activities. (25) The important thing is that they determined their time.

(26) Such was Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gilyarovsky - a poet, writer, expert on Moscow and Russia, a man of a big heart, the purest example of the talent of our people.

(K. Paustovsky)

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 1–4. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

"TO. Paustovsky wrote a lot about his famous contemporaries. One of his stories is dedicated to the most famous chronicler of Moscow, Vladimir Gilyarovsky. Revealing the role of Gilyarovsky in the history of Moscow and in the life of Russian society at the turn of the century, the author resorts to such means of expressiveness as vivid (A) _____ (“memory preserves”, “noisy house”, “life was in full swing”, “history was refracted” and others ), (B) _____ (in sentence 23), (C) _____ (for example, in sentences 1, 5, 11), (D) _____ (for example, in sentences 4, 6, 18, 26).”

List of terms:

comparative turnover

rows of homogeneous members
a rhetorical question
oscimoron
antonyms
metaphors
parcellation

(1) On the morning of June twenty-second, forty-one, a murdered girl with unbraided pigtails and her doll lay on one of the Brest streets.

(2) Many people remembered this girl.

(3) Remembered forever.

(4) What do we have more valuable than our children?

(5) What is more valuable to any people?

(6) Any mother?

(7) Any father?

(8) Who can count how many children are killed by a war that kills them twice? (9) Kills those who were born. (10) And he kills those who could, who should have come into this world. (11) In the “Requiem” of the Belarusian poet Anatoly Vertinsky, a children’s choir sounds over the field where the dead soldiers remained - unborn children scream and cry. (12) They scream and cry over every mass grave.

(13) Is a child who went through the horror of war a child? (14) Who will return his childhood? (15) Once Dostoevsky made the problem of general happiness dependent on the suffering of one and only child.

(16) And there were thousands of them in forty-one – forty-five...

(17) What do they remember? (18) What can they tell you? (19) We must tell you! (20) Because even now, bombs are exploding somewhere, bullets are whistling, houses are crumbling into crumbs and dust from shells, and children’s cribs are burning. (21) Because even today someone wants a big war, a universal Hiroshima, in the atomic fire of which children would evaporate like drops of water, dry up like terrible flowers.

(22) One might ask, what is heroic about going through a war in five, ten or twelve years? (23) What could the children understand, see, remember?

(24) A lot!

(25) Three-year-old Volodya Shapovalov’s first memory is how they were leading their family to execution and it seemed to him that his mother was screaming louder than everyone else: (26) “Maybe that’s why it seemed to me that she was carrying me in her arms, and I grabbed her by the neck. (27) And with my hands I heard the voice coming from my throat.”

(28) Felix Klaz, who was six years old in 1941, still cannot forget the loaf of bread that a wounded soldier threw to them from the car: (29) “We have been traveling hungry for a week. (30) Mother gave my brother and me the last two crackers, and she just looked at us. (31) And he saw it..."

(32) The son of the regiment, Tolya Morozov, can tell how he, hungry and frozen, was picked up by tank crews in the forest; and the girl nurse scrubbed the boy with a shoe brush and for a long time remembered that she did not have enough thick bar of soap for him. (33) He was blacker than stone.

(34) Their fates are similar: the fate of a Smolensk and Belarusian boy, the fate of a Ukrainian and Lithuanian girl. (35) The war became the common biography of an entire generation of military children. (36) Even if they were in the rear, they were still military children. (37) Their stories are also the length of an entire war...

(38) The best people on earth are children. (39) How to protect him in our troubled times? (40) How to preserve his soul and his life? (41) And with it – both our past and our future?

(According to S. Alexievich)

“The text by Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexievich is very bright, piercingly emotional. With the help of (A)____ (“kills” in sentences 8–10), the author creates an image of war that brings death. A syntactic device such as (B)____ (sentences 4–8) shows that the death of millions of children sacrificed to war cannot be comprehended in human consciousness. With the help of (B)____ (sentences 26–27, 29–31), Alexievich includes in the text eyewitness accounts - children who went through the horror of war. And such a syntactic device as (D)____ (sentences 20–21) emphasizes the idea that people should make every effort to prevent new wars on our planet.”

List of terms:

metaphor

metonymy

lexical repetition
a rhetorical question
citation
rhetorical exclamation

(1) If you walk for a long time from Cape Telok along a dirt road into the depths of the forest, you will definitely come out into a clearing and stop amazed. (2) Your eyes will see something unusual and bright at the far end of it. (3) And, just guessing, not yet fully believing and not understanding, you will carefully walk along a grassy path and find yourself in a clearing, in the center of which stands an iron soldier with a machine gun, bending over a mass grave.

(4) After the ebullient Kartun forest, directed towards the sun, after sweet strawberries and soft light herbs - after everything peaceful, rustling and living - this is so unexpected that you freeze in place, forgetting about the berries that you squeeze tightly in your hand.

(5) War! (6) Here she is! (7) Unexpected, taking you by surprise when you least expected it. (8) Like any war.

(9) A fence, fresh wildflowers are placed at the soldier’s iron feet.

(10) And suddenly you feel a forceful blow to your chest. (11) My God! (12) And then she penetrated here too! (13) And how many such nameless corners are there throughout my land! (14) Sometimes it seems to me that the whole of it, the earth, our planet, has become half a meter higher from these endless mass graves.

(15) Who are they? (16) Boys in their twenties? (17) They, perhaps, never even had time to go on hikes, and for the first time Seliger saw not blue, in white swan clouds, but red, and black, and no other...

(18) One guy at the camp site said:

(19) - You know, my father died somewhere here... (20) Where? (21) I don’t know. (22) You see, I found an old notice that he died a hero’s death in the area of Lake Seryogo, on the Leningrad Front. (23) I was little then, I didn’t understand anything, but now here’s a new certificate: it turned out that there is no such lake - Gray, but there is Seliger. (24) So I came, not to search, of course, but to look. (25) Do you understand?

(26) And he said nothing more.

(27) “Eternal glory to the heroes who died for the freedom and independence of our Motherland in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.”

(28) That's all. (29) No last names. (30) No names. (31) And the soldier stands and is silent about these people. (32) Nameless ones who lay down here. (33) And he thinks. (34) Long. (35) Eternity. (36) He knows those who get here into the forest thicket and lay flowers picked along the way. (37) But he is also silent about this. (38) What’s up, they’re our people. (39) The same nameless ones. (40) From the nameless ones to the nameless ones. (41) In a nameless forest.

(42) Many times I wandered through the forest, either making my way through a thorny spruce forest, or collecting fresh, red, thick raspberries in my palm, and unexpectedly came across this war. (43) One day we found a helmet. (44) Another time, a button with a star. (45) And once, resting after a long whirlwind around damp gullies with a hat full of chanterelles, I unexpectedly discovered that I was sitting on the edge of a trench. (46) It was dug in the letter “G”, and small raspberry bushes grew at the bottom. (47) Looking around, I saw more of the same trenches around. (48) And then a huge crater with large, almost ankle-high thickets of drupes, whose berries looked like splattered blood.

(49) And again it was as if I had been unexpectedly hit, and it seemed quite clear that I smelled gunpowder and that somewhere they were shooting and shouting. (50) However, maybe that’s how it was: tourists stopped nearby and lit a fire.

(51) In 1954 we sat by the fire near the camp site and talked. (52) Me and my friends, about seven people. (53) We chatted, a little lazily, lounging and exposing our feet to the fire. (54) And someone said:

(55) – Today we saw how coffins were transported on a barge. (56) About a hundred of them, so small, well, in a word, completely childish.

(57) – Maybe an epidemic? - they asked him.

(58) Anton, our captain, said, moving a branch in the fire:

(59) – This is not an epidemic. (60) The bones of our soldiers are collected from different burial places and transported to a common mass grave.

(61) The night became darker. (62) We fell silent. (63) We were silent for a long time and difficultly, looking into the fire. (64) That evening we sang quiet soldier songs about dugouts and dark war nights, and these songs, composed of hoarse male voices, were strangely moving.

(65) We all had something of a soldier in our blood; we lived in such a time.

(66) One day we were sunbathing by the river, and Vitka said, touching the oblong scar on his shoulder:

(67) – This is for me in Hungary.

(68) - You... (69) Were you there then?

(70) “Yeah,” Vitka said and lay down on his back.

(71) I lay down and could not calm down: I suddenly realized that today they were also shooting and somewhere, maybe this very minute, a bullet was leaving the barrel, looking for us...

(According to A. Pristavkin)

Read a fragment of a review based on the text. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number under each letter.

“We must not forget about our past war, because war can remind us of itself at any moment. The words of Anatoly Pristavkin could not be more relevant now: “I suddenly realized that today they were also shooting and somewhere, maybe this very minute, a bullet was leaving the barrel, looking for us...” The text is written by the author so vividly that it makes us spontaneous participants in the events he describes. Imitation of live oral speech is created by such syntactic means of expressiveness as (A)____ (sentences 55–60, 66–70, etc.), (B)____ (sentences 31–32, 33–35, 38–39, etc.) , (B)____ (sentences 5, 6, 12, 13), (D)____ (sentences 4, 17, 42, 63, etc.).”

List of terms:

comparison
rhetorical questions
parcellation
exclamation sentences
hyperbola
syntactic parallelism
homogeneous members of the sentence

(1) I told my son an incident from the life of my sister, and Vanina - Aunt Lyuda. (2) During the war she was little and lived in an orphanage. (3) There was also an aquarium with fish in the orphanage.

(4) There were ten fish. (5) This aquarium was brought from Moscow and placed in the girls’ bedroom. (6) The fish were golden and very beautiful. (7)Pink transparent fins with blue veins on shiny moons and half-moons.

(8) There were also ten girls. (9) The eldest, Inna, is already sixteen years old. (10) The smallest one, Lyusenka, is only six. (11) All the girls, except little Lyusenka, were very busy girls. (12) And if they had free time, they tinkered with goldfish. (13) Of course, there were no bread crumbs; pieces of casein glue were sprinkled on the fish. (14) They changed their water or simply admired them through the thick green glass. (15) But no one ever remembered little Lyusenka. (16) Nobody asked what she was eating. (17) This is why there were educators.

(18) And suddenly the goldfish began to disappear. (19) There were first nine of them, then eight. (20) In the corner, gnawed heads were found. (21) The girls looked in amazement at the golden moons and half-moons in the aquarium, but the fish could not speak. (22) They just moved their fins thoughtfully. (23) And the girls decided to catch the thief. (24) They did not sleep all night and lay quietly. (25) When water splashed in the aquarium, the girls turned on the light and rushed towards the noise. (26) Little Lyusenka stood in front of them. (27) She pressed a wet fish to her stomach.

(28) - Yeah, I got a fish! – one of the girls shouted loudly.

(29) And little Lyusenka pressed the fish even harder. (30) Large drops of water flowed over the bluish skin, and all the girls froze, amazed at the strange resemblance. (31) For the first time they saw Lyusenka like this, without clothes. (32) Silently they looked at the thin body. (33) The skin on the hands was pinkish-transparent, with blue veins. (34) When the eldest girl Inna ran to the night nanny and asked for at least a piece of bread, she grumbled:

(35) – Night owls! (36) Has the goldfish disappeared again?

(37) And Inna answered:

(38) – No, nanny, she’s not missing. (39) Now it won’t disappear... (40) Now we’ll keep track.

(According to A. Pristavkin)

“The theme “children and war” is one of the main ones in the work of A. Pristavkin. And in each work the author finds the most precise, most capacious words in order to touch human hearts and make readers shudder. Likewise, in the story “Goldfish” the similarity of the girl with the fish is indicated by almost identical (A)____ (sentences 7 and 33), and included in the descriptions of the child (B)____ (Lyusenka, bluish, thin, little body, pinkish-transparent) emphasize defenselessness Lyusenki. A. Pristavkin strives to give the narrative a lively, relaxed character and for this purpose uses such syntactic means as (B)____ (sentences 28, 35), (D)____ (sentences 4 and 8).”

List of terms:

comparison
rhetorical questions
exclamation sentences
interrogative sentences
hyperbola
syntactic parallelism
words with subjective evaluation suffixes

How to find and formulate a problem,
raised by the author in the text

The purpose of the lesson: to teach children to correctly identify the problem of the proposed text and formulate it.

During the classes:

Slide 1, 2
Org. moment.

Slide 3
Lexico - grammar warm-up.
What is the problem? (Children work with an explanatory dictionary.)
In what case does the word “problem” go with nouns? (With nouns in R.p.)
What verbs can the word “problem” be combined with? (Children work with the “Dictionary of Russian Word Combinations.”)
Let's make speech clichés to formulate the problem.
What is a problematic? How is it different from a problem?

Slide 4
Spelling five minutes.
Read these words spellingly. Explain the meaning of the underlined words.
Humanism, democracy, self-determination, constant, ideal, transformer, excessive, colossal, explored, conflict, pessimist, expression.
(A constant is a constant value in a series of changing ones.
Colossal – very large, huge.
A collision is a clash of some opposing forces, interests, aspirations.
Expression – expression of feelings, experiences, expressiveness.)

Work on the topic of the lesson.
When completing task C, it is very important to correctly name the problem raised by the author (K1), since the correct formulation of the problem helps to give the correct comment (K2), accurately determine the author’s position (K3) and express your attitude to the problem raised (K4).
But in order to formulate a problem, it must be found in the text.
Side 5 (9 clicks)
Key words and knowledge of the strong positions of the text can help in identifying the problem (usually the author presents the problem at the beginning of the text, often through a question or main idea). You can also solve the problem using formal signs:
interrogative sentence;
the words "question";
NOT particles;
union OR;

Slide 6 (3 clicks)
When determining the problem raised in the text, it is necessary to take into account its philosophical, social and moral aspects.
I will tell you some of the possible problems, but please do not forget that the proposed list is small and it is impossible to name all the problems. (see “Handout”)

Now let's turn to the text. (Text 1 in “Appendix”.)
Slide 7
Reading the text about the Dome Cathedral.
Wonderful text. Let's try to understand it.
Slide 8 (1st click)
- Let's start with the topic. What is this text about? (About music.)
- Main thought? What is said about this? (Under the influence of music, the perception of the surrounding world changes, the hero’s state of mind changes.)

When identifying a problem, you can use the following technique:
Sl. 8 (2nd click)
Formulate the author's OM in the form of a simple sentence.
Sl. 8 (3rd click)
a) Think about what question this sentence answers (this question can be used as a problem statement).
Sl. 8 (4th click)
b) Translate the predicate OM into a verbal noun (it can also become a formulation of the problem; just don’t forget to expand this noun).

Which option is acceptable for us in working with this text? (Under a.)
- State the problem. (How does a person’s perception of the surrounding world and state of mind change under the influence of music? V. Astafiev is looking for the answer to this question in his text. OR What role does music play in a person’s life?)

Slide 9 (4 clicks)
So, ways to formulate the problem:

In the form of a question.

Slide 10
Work in groups.
Each group is given texts. (See "Appendix", texts 2-7.)
Exercise. Read the text; define its theme, OM. Formulate the problem in any way. (You can try to formulate the problem of the text in different ways.)
Present the result of your work in the form of a table
Author
Subject of the text
Main thought
Problem

After completing the work, the groups check each other.

Slide 11 (3 clicks)
Lesson summary.
- What is the problem?
- What can help you see the problem?
- Name ways to formulate the problem.

Slide 12
Homework.
Determine the topic, OM of the text; State the problem raised by the author. (See “Appendix”, text 8.)

Application
Text 1.
(1) Dome Cathedral. (2)House... (H)House... (4)House..
(5) The vaults of the cathedral are filled with the singing of the organ. (b) From the sky, from above, there floats a rumble, then thunder, then the gentle voice of lovers, then the call of the vestals, then the roulades of a horn, then the sounds of a harpsichord, then the talk of a rolling stream...
(7)3sounds sway like incense smoke. (8)0 neither thick, tangible, (9)0 nor everywhere, and everything is filled with them: the soul, the earth, the world.
(10) Everything froze, stopped.
(11) Mental turmoil, the absurdity of a vain life, petty passions, everyday worries—all of this remained in another place, in another world, in another life that had moved away from me, there, somewhere.
“(12) Maybe everything that happened before was a dream? (13) Wars, blood, fratricide, supermen playing with human destinies in order to establish themselves above the world... (14) Why do we live so tensely and difficultly on our land? (15) Why? (16) Why?
(17)House.(18)House.(19)House...
(20) Blagovest. (21) Music. (22) The darkness disappeared. (23) The sun has risen. (24) Everything around is transformed.
(25) There is no cathedral with electric candles, with ancient sculptures, with glass, toys and candies depicting heavenly life. (26) There is the world and I, subdued with awe, ready to kneel before the greatness of the beautiful.
(27) The hall is full of people, old and young, Russian and non-Russian, evil and good, vicious and bright, tired and enthusiastic, all kinds.
(28) And there is no one in the hall!
(29) There is only my humble, disembodied soul, it oozes with incomprehensible pain and tears of quiet delight.
(30) She is being cleansed, my soul, and it seems to me that the whole world is holding its breath, this bubbling, menacing world of ours is thinking, ready to fall to its knees with me, to repent, to fall with a withered mouth to the holy spring of goodness...
(31) Dome Cathedral. (32) Dome Cathedral.
(33) They don’t applaud here. (34) Here people are crying from the tenderness that stuns them.
(35) Everyone cries for his own reason. (36) But together everyone is crying that the beautiful dream is ending, that the wonderful dream is falling, that the magic is short-lived, the deceptively sweet oblivion and endless torment.
(37) Dome Cathedral. (38) Dome Cathedral.
(39) You are in my shuddering heart. (40) I bow my head before your singer, thank you for the happiness, albeit short-lived, for the delight and faith in the human mind, for the miracle created and sung by this mind, thank you for the miracle of resurrecting faith in life. (41) 3 and thank you for everything!
(According to V. Astafiev)

What is important to a person? How to live? First of all, do not commit any actions that would lower his dignity. You can only do so much in life, but if you don’t do anything, even small, against your conscience, then by doing so you will bring enormous benefit. But in life there can be difficult situations when a person is faced with the problem of choosing - to be dishonored in the eyes of others or in his own. I am sure that it is better to be dishonored in front of others than in front of your conscience.
(According to D.S. Likhachev)

Text 3.

No one is free from mistakes in our complex lives. However, a person who has stumbled faces a grave danger: it begins to seem to him that everyone around him is a scoundrel, that everyone lies and acts badly. Disappointment sets in, and disappointment, loss of faith in people, in decency, is the worst thing. A colleague of mine once said that he didn’t trust a single person, that all people were scoundrels. I realized that I couldn’t trust him either: a person convinced only of the power of evil can become evil himself.
(According to D.S. Likhachev)

Text 4.
A vengeful person is said to be “vindictive.” But others - the complacent ones - remember evil better and longer than good. Or am I mistaken? Maybe in our nature there is some kind of “antigen” for good that is ineradicable. And reminds you of yourself obsessively, only pretending to be asleep for a while? Is remembering goodness actively, truly, for a long time – an unattainable ideal for humanity? Measuring the steps of time with bright deeds and passing on the memory of them to posterity - is it possible to live differently!
But we live differently.
(According to V. Ognev)

Text 5.

Our society is losing the connection between the word and the shell of the word. Words no longer correspond to the meaning of the phenomenon.
The words “spirituality”, “democracy”, “right to self-determination”, “human rights”, etc. have become meaningless. They have become meaningless because they have a variety of contradictory meanings.
For some reason, the word “authority” has replaced its direct meaning: now it is a big criminal, significant in the criminal world, a “thief in law.”
How can a child understand: who has the authority? His honest, decent father, great people (Pushkin, Einstein) or an imprisoned swindler who was awarded the word “authority”. But we traditionally associate this word with the expression “to make life from someone.”
(According to V. Ognev)

Text 6.

An indicator of culture is the attitude towards monuments. Remember Pushkin's lines:
Two feelings are wonderfully close to us,
The heart finds food in them:
Love for the native ashes,
Love for fathers' coffins.

Life-giving shrine!
The earth would be dead without them
Pushkin's poetry is wise. Not a single word in it is meaningless. Why is love for the “father’s tombs” “life-giving”? Yes, because it has values, is creatively active, because it is one of the components of culture.
The culture of an individual is formed as a result of the active memory of one person, the culture of a family is the result of family memory, the culture of a people is the result of people's memory. Just as the culture of a family does not destroy, but improves personal culture, so the culture of all humanity improves and enriches the culture of each individual nation.
(D.S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful”)

Text 7.

For lack of a better term, I will allow myself to call the familiar word “philistine” a person without spirituality, for whom close material goals are the meaning of life. In the 20s of the last century, the tradesman progressed in his own way: he is now interested in a mirrored cabinet, said the poet. Today – accounts in a Swiss bank and a beach in the Canary Islands. There are few visible signs left of Prisypkin. The soulless animal speaks English, decides the fate of culture. Everything is allowed to him. Because it can afford everything on its own.
And yet, they will object to me, not everything is so simple. Life has turned towards capitalism, and this is obligatory.
It's like that. But the indestructibility of the tradesman remains in the new century. And not only in Russia. Consumer society is a constant of our time. And the ability to see the tradesman as a collective image of a soulless person is our duty and responsibility.
(According to V. Ognev)

Text 8.

(1) A paradoxical fact has long been noticed: especially beautiful people are often lonely and unhappy. (2) The life of such famous beauties as Helen - Queen of Sparta - and Cleopatra, Marilyn Monroe and Princess Diana cannot be called happy. (3) The ancients explained this by the jealousy and envy of the gods. (4) Many peoples believed that having generously gifted a person in one respect, fate would certainly deprive him of something else. (5) Hence the widespread belief that a beautiful woman cannot be smart, and a handsome man is delicate, unreliable and also, most likely, stupid.
(6) From a psychological point of view, there are some reasons for this. (7) Beautiful people, spoiled from childhood by everyone’s attention and accustomed to easily getting their way, often turn out to be completely incapable of subtly understanding and feeling another. (8) When they are young and irresistible, they get away with callousness, selfishness, arrogance, they easily win hearts and have many fans. (9) But few people have the strength and desire to tolerate such a person next to them all their lives. (10) However, an evil disposition and dislike for people are not always behind the inability of an outwardly attractive person to build strong relationships. (11) This may simply be a kind of “rudeness”, underdevelopment of qualities that are so necessary in communication, such as tact, sensitivity, flexibility. (12) After all, we truly effectively learn only what we really need. (13) It is natural that a person who does not hope to establish contacts with others, relying only on his appearance, will be more diligent and more successful in mastering the subtle science of interpersonal relationships. (14) It is here that we should look for the reasons for the situation that has been played out many times in literature and cinema: a man who was once madly in love with a beautiful bitch leaves her for a plain-looking but understanding “gray mouse”, or a girl prefers a smug handsome man who is not endowed with a bright appearance, but with spirituality someone close to her.
(15) What is beauty - a gift or a curse? (16) It depends both on the culture of society and on the person himself. (17) After all, it has long been noticed that some people become more beautiful over the years, while others lose their attractiveness. (18) The face is imprinted by life experience, the sum of all the feelings, thoughts and moral decisions of a person. (19) If they were bright and worthy, the face would become prettier; if they were evil and petty, it would be the opposite. (20) Many people think that beauty is what they lack to be happy. (21) “Don’t be born beautiful, but be born happy,” argues popular wisdom. (22) But it seems that both are exaggerations and in fact the relationship between happiness and beauty cannot be determined unambiguously.
(L.V. Petranovskaya)

Handout

Speech clichés for formulating a problem
In this text
problem is being analyzed...
the author explores, raises, considers, analyzes the problem...
given – interpretation, description, critical assessment
being investigated – a set of issues, process, influence, dependence
shown – character, important role, great importance, essence
subject to – criticism, examination, analysis
being considered - question, example
(The author) involves the reader in a range of problems related to the topic... Is this concept outdated?
(The writer) makes us think about the following problems: (what is...

When identifying the problem, pay attention to
keywords,
strong positions of the text (usually the author presents the problem at the beginning of the text, often through a question or main idea).
formal signs:
interrogative sentence;
the words "question";
NOT particles;
union OR;
adversative conjunctions BUT / HOWEVER / NOT ONLY, BUT AND.
special words: ARGUE, REFUTE, CONTRADE / THEN - NOW, etc.

Possible problems

Social:
the problem of relations between the individual and society;
the problem of historical memory;
the problem of love for the motherland (what is the peculiarity of Russian patriotism?);
the problem of a true and formal attitude to the memory of the fallen;
the problem of social vulnerability;
the problem of the influence of art on humans;
the problem of nationalism;
drug addiction problem;
problem of choosing a profession;
the problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and the elderly;

Moral:
the problem of human action (what controls human behavior?);
the problem of moral duty;
the problem of moral choice;
the problem of human cruelty (what makes people cruel?);
the problem of the disappearance of mercy, sympathy, good attitude towards people;
the problem of loneliness;
the problem of human internal culture;
the problem of true values in war;
the problem of honor and human dignity;
the problem of errors and the ability to correct them;
the problem of human conscience;

Philosophical:
the problem of good and evil;
the problem of true and false values;
the problem of personal freedom;
the problem of matching goals and means;
a person’s attitude towards beauty, etc.

Ways to formulate a problem:
In the form of a verbal noun in R.p. (Be sure to use dependent words.)
In the form of a question.
In the form of a complex sentence: the main sentence indicates the author’s caring attitude towards the issues raised, the subordinate clause - OM.
In the form of a title sentence, but with a mandatory indication in the next sentence that this is the problem/question that worries the author.

And yet, they will object to me, not everything is so simple. Life has turned towards capitalism, and this is obligatory.

It's like that. But the indestructibility of the tradesman remains in the new century. And not only in Russia. Consumer society is a constant of our time. And the ability to see the tradesman as a collective image of a soulless person is our duty and responsibility.

(According to V. Ognev)

(6) From a psychological point of view, there are some reasons for this. (7) Beautiful people, spoiled from childhood by everyone’s attention and accustomed to easily getting their way, often turn out to be completely incapable of subtly understanding and feeling another. (8) When they are young and irresistible, they get away with callousness, selfishness, arrogance, they easily win hearts and have many fans. (9) But few people have the strength and desire to tolerate such a person next to them all their lives. (10) However, an evil disposition and dislike for people are not always behind the inability of an outwardly attractive person to build strong relationships. (11) This may simply be a kind of “rudeness”, underdevelopment of qualities that are so necessary in communication, such as tact, sensitivity, flexibility. (12) After all, we truly effectively learn only what we really need. (13) It is natural that a person who does not hope to establish contacts with others, relying only on his appearance, will be more diligent and more successful in mastering the subtle science of interpersonal relationships. (14) It is here that we should look for the reasons for the situation that has been played out many times in literature and cinema: a man who was once madly in love with a beautiful bitch leaves her for a plain-looking but understanding “gray mouse”, or a girl prefers a smug handsome man who is not endowed with a bright appearance, but with spirituality someone close to her.

(15) What is beauty - a gift or a curse? (16) It depends both on the culture of society and on the person himself. (17) After all, it has long been noticed that some people become more beautiful over the years, while others lose their attractiveness. (18) The face is imprinted by life experience, the sum of all the feelings, thoughts and moral decisions of a person. (19) If they were bright and worthy, the face would become prettier; if they were evil and petty, it would be the opposite. (20) Many people think that beauty is what they lack to be happy. (21) “Don’t be born beautiful, but be born happy,” argues popular wisdom. (22) But it seems that both are exaggerations and in fact the relationship between happiness and beauty cannot be determined unambiguously.

The text itself

(1) A paradoxical fact has long been noticed: especially beautiful people are often lonely and unhappy. (2) The life of such famous beauties as Helen - Queen of Sparta - and Cleopatra, Marilyn Monroe and Princess Diana cannot be called happy. (3) The ancients explained this by the jealousy and envy of the gods. (4) Many peoples believed that having generously gifted a person in one respect, fate would certainly deprive him of something else. (5) Hence the widespread belief that a beautiful woman cannot be smart, and a handsome man is delicate, unreliable and also, most likely, stupid.
(6) From a psychological point of view, there are some reasons for this. (7) Beautiful people, spoiled from childhood by everyone’s attention and accustomed to easily getting their way, often turn out to be completely incapable of subtly understanding and feeling another. (8) When they are young and irresistible, they get away with callousness, selfishness, arrogance, they easily win hearts and have many fans. (9) But few people have the desire and strength to tolerate such a person next to them all their lives. (10) However, an evil disposition and dislike for people are not always behind the inability of an outwardly attractive person to build strong relationships. (11) This may simply be a kind of “rudeness”, underdevelopment of qualities that are so necessary in communication, such as tact, flexibility and sensitivity. (12) After all, we truly effectively learn only what we really need. (13) It is natural that a person who does not hope to establish contacts with others, relying only on his appearance, will be more diligent and more successful in mastering the subtle science of interpersonal relationships. (14) It is here that one should look for the reasons for the situation that has been played out many times in literature and cinema: a man who was once madly in love with a beautiful bitch leaves her for a plain-looking but understanding “gray mouse”, or a girl prefers to a smug handsome man who is not endowed with a bright appearance, but with spirituality someone close to her.
(15) What is beauty - a gift or a curse? (16) This depends both on the culture of society and on the person himself. (17) After all, it has long been noticed that some people become more beautiful over the years, while others lose their attractiveness. (18) The face is imprinted by life experience, the sum of all the feelings, thoughts and moral decisions of a person. (19) If they were bright and worthy, the face becomes prettier; if they were evil and petty, it’s the opposite. (20) Many people think that beauty is what they lack to be happy. (21) “Don’t be born beautiful, but be born happy,” argues popular wisdom. (22) But it seems that both are exaggerations and in fact the relationship between happiness and beauty cannot be determined unambiguously.

Essay on this text, first version:

How often can you hear: “What a beautiful person!” What does “beauty” mean? What kind of person do we call beautiful? What is true beauty? Is it external or internal? These questions related to the problem of human beauty have always, at all times, worried people. They do not go unnoticed even today.
So the author, Lyudmila Petranovskaya, poses in the text the problem of true human beauty. Starting a conversation on this topic, she recalls famous beauties of both the past and the near future (Elena and Cleopatra, Marilyn Monroe and Princess Diana) and notes that they were all unhappy.
According to the author, outwardly attractive people are often not so beautiful on the inside. She explains this by saying that external beauty is the reason for this: accustomed to easily achieving their goals through external data, beauties and handsome men do not know how to work on themselves and develop personal qualities. And as a result they become callous egoists. And although the teacher does not say what is more important, internal or external beauty, does not make happiness directly dependent on beauty, it is quite obvious that for her, what is more important in a person is internal beauty, which leaves a special imprint on people’s faces.
The author's confidential tone, inviting to reflection, makes one seriously think about this philosophical and at the same time moral problem. Indeed, sometimes a person is judged primarily by his external attractiveness. But, having talked with him more closely, you understand that appearance is just a bait. And the main thing about him is his deeds, actions, attitude towards the people around him and towards life. This fact can be confirmed by examples from the novel “War and Peace”. Tolstoy was extremely interested in the question of what real beauty is. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky was not happy with his wife Lisa, although at first she seemed attractive to him. Everyone loved the “little princess” for her worldliness, but Prince Andrei hated her precisely for this, and the expression on her face with her upturned lip seemed “brutal” to him. She did not understand Prince Andrei and did not share his views and beliefs, therefore she was a complete stranger to him.
Or the beautiful Helen, whose inner emptiness is beyond doubt. The desire for wealth is its main essence. And on the way to achieving her goal, she stops at nothing: first she becomes Pierre’s wife for the sake of wealth, and then she cheats on him, betrays Natasha, playing along with her vile brother. So Helen's beauty even becomes unpleasant.
The thoughts of the author of the text about real beauty are confirmed by such a famous poet of the 20th century as Nikolai Zabolotsky. His poem “The Ugly Girl” would serve as a wonderful illustration of the text, because it asks the same questions:
And if this is so, then what is beauty?
And why do people deify her?
She is a vessel in which there is emptiness,
Or a fire flickering in a vessel?
I think that the question of human beauty remains important to this day. As long as a person lives, questions of beauty will always worry him.

There is also another version of the essay on this text:

In the article proposed to me for a creative essay, L. Petranovskaya discusses the external and internal beauty of a person. "What is beauty - a gift or a curse?" - this is the main problem of her philosophical research.
At the very beginning, she cites the paradoxical facts that “especially beautiful people are often lonely and unhappy.” Marilyn Monroe, the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, Princess Diana, Lyubov Orlova - famous world beauties - are proof of this. The author of the article partially agrees with the popular opinion that this is the envy and jealousy of the gods (as they thought in ancient times), and the equalization of man by nature itself according to the principle: there is beauty, no intelligence is needed, and vice versa.
Petranovskaya conducts an in-depth study of this problem as a specialist in the field of psychology and pedagogy. When does beauty become a curse and why? According to the author, beautiful people spoiled with attention from childhood “often turn out to be completely incapable of subtly understanding and feeling another,” which develops callousness, selfishness, and arrogance in them. Such people, as a rule, are uncommunicative, since they rely on their beauty for a long time and do not master the “subtle science of interpersonal relationships.” That is why in all genres of world art, in modern show-TV programs “Let Them Talk”, “Let’s Get Married” and many others, situations about beautiful women and handsome men are played out, from whom they leave for “gray mice” or unsightly in appearance, but mentally rich new lover.
I completely agree with the author that everything in a person should be beautiful: both face and soul. both thoughts and clothes. Angular, large-mouthed, far from beautiful in appearance, Natasha Rostova, beloved by L. Tolstoy, from the novel “War and Peace”. But how beautiful her soul is: kind, sympathetic, generous, selfless, truthful and, most importantly, natural in behavior and actions. The same wonderful people are all beloved by the author and readers: Pierre Bezukhov and Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, Captain Tushin and Count I.A. Rostov. But the “cold”, “marble” beauty Helen Kuragina and her brother, the handsome Anatol, are internally ugly: selfish, deceitful, calculating. Therefore, they perish: first spiritually, and then physically. And Natasha, Pierre, Princess Marya find real great love and happiness. And there are many such examples from the literature.
The folk wisdom expressed in the proverb is fair: “Don’t be born beautiful, but be born happy.” But beauty is given by nature, and spiritual beauty and spiritual wealth are acquired at the cost of enormous and hard work. “The soul must work day and night, day and night,” - this is the main condition for the true beauty of a person.