Tunnels began to be built in ancient times, mainly for water supply and for military purposes. The first mountain railway tunnel, 1190 m long, was built in 1826-1830. in England. The world's largest single-track railway tunnel, the Simplon Tunnel, 19.78 km long, connecting Italy with Switzerland, was built in 1898-1906. Railway tunnels construction began in Russia in 1859. In three years, double-track tunnels with a length of 427 and 1280 m were built on the St. Petersburg-Warsaw railway. Until the end of the last century, a large number of tunnels were built on the railways of the Caucasus, Siberia, and the Urals. The largest was the Suram tunnel in Transcaucasia, 4 km long, built in 1886-1890. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, several dozen large single- and double-track mountain tunnels were built in our country on the railways of the Far East. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, large tunnels were built on the lines Kazan - Sverdlovsk, Merefa - Kherson, on the Chernomorskaya railway and a series of tunnels in the east of the country. Railway tunnels were built in a variety of ways, with linings to protect moving trains from rock falls, from masonry with lime mortars, and later from concrete. The first metro line was built in England in 1863. in London. Since then, the metro network has grown rapidly. In Russia, the construction of subways, which began in 1930, is ongoing. On January 1, 1988, the length of the Moscow Metro was already 224 km.
Several similar tunnels around the world have proven to withstand earthquakes, even magnitudes similar to those recorded in Turkey, without major damage. However, the work had to be suspended several times due to various archaeological finds being found.
More than 40,000 objects emerged from these excavations. Among the surprises found underground was a graveyard of 30 Byzantine ships, the most famous of the medieval fleet. The conclusions - and the subsequent delays in the work - seemed to derail Erdogan. The prime minister even said that the archaeological artifacts were disrupting his plans to transform Istanbul's urban landscape. "These things more important than people", Erdogan once asked, for whom Marmaray meets the ancient dream of the ancestors.
Tunnel (Fig. 1) - an extended underground or underwater structure for passing through a high-rise or contour obstacle Vehicle, pedestrians, water, utilities, etc.
Tunnels usually have two exits to the surface, and in special cases only one (dead-end transport tunnel Fig. 1. or special purpose).
The idea of building tunnels exists because He is just one of Erdogan's megaprojects, called "pharaonic" by the opposition, which still includes a 50-kilometer canal between the Dead and Marmara seas, an airport to compete with the world's higher traffic and a giant mosque on top one of the hills of Istanbul. There is also a third bridge across the Bosphorus and nuclear power plants.
Analysis of the available data leads us to at least one conclusion: this gigantic structure will ultimately become much larger than a typical commercial airport in the future. It has the ability to transport large numbers of people and vehicles, leading observers to believe that the structure could be used as a military base and other things, even as a civilian concentration camp in the near future.
Normal operation of the tunnel is ensured by a complex of coordinated underground and above-ground structures and devices, the composition of which depends on the purpose, length and location of the tunnel.
Railway and road tunnels, as well as subways, in addition to the railway track or roadway, must have drainage, ventilation, fencing and protective structures and devices that ensure the safety of traffic and operating personnel.
Do gargoyles sit in suitcases?
- This is true.
- Murals with drawings made from apocalyptic nightmares?
- Strange words and symbols embedded in the floor?
Various companies were awarded contracts for various parts of the airport. Everyone was fired immediately upon completion of each job. This raised suspicions that much of the construction was carried out underground. For communications, 500 km of fiber optics have been installed.
Drainage devices are necessary to remove water from the tunnel that penetrates through the lining or comes from the water supply during cleaning work. They are made in the form of longitudinal trays or pipes laid in the middle or side of the tunnel.
Ventilation structures are designed to clean the air in tunnels. The design and composition of these structures depend on the ventilation system and the length of the tunnel. With artificial ventilation, ventilation shafts, underground chambers or above-ground buildings for fans can be constructed.
Fuel injection system that can inject 500 liters of fuel per minute. Granite is imported from all over the world, even if the project was already well over budget. Construction of a huge system of tunnels and underground trains. Many of them are currently not in use.
Analysis of the available data leads us to at least one conclusion: this gigantic structure will eventually become much larger than a typical commercial airport. It is capable of handling large numbers of people and vehicles, leading observers to believe that the structure could be used as a military base and other things, even as a civilian concentration camp in the near future.
Fencing and protective structures include portals, facing and supporting walls along the slopes of pre-portal recesses, catching walls and grooves with barrier shafts and trenches on gentle slopes, galleries in near-portal semi-recesses on steep slopes, where there is a danger of landslides, screes and avalanches.
Water protection structures include drainage and drainage ditches on mountain slopes cut through by tunnels, surface and underground drainages.
A ten meter tall fiberglass stallion head with veins jumping all over his body and demonic eyes that glow red. Interesting fact: The horse killed its creator Luis Jimenez while he was working on it. A piece of the sculpture weakened and crushed him, causing fatal injuries.
Now his friends say the horse is cursed. This is the fourth horse in the book of Revelation in the Bible and is aptly called "Death". In other words, the horse “Death” brought death through weapons, hunger and disease. This is quite extreme and strange for an airport, don't you think? It doesn't look like the horse should be there. Speaking of which, this horse has quite a creepy ass!
Devices that ensure traffic safety include electric lighting of tunnels, warning and barrier alarms, telephone communications, fire protection installations and so on.
Of all types of tunnels, subways are distinguished by the most complex set of structures and devices. The main structures of the metro are transport tunnels, stations, lobbies, traction and step-down electrical substations, and car depots.
This stone is located in the "Great Hall" of the airport. Several Freemasonry symbols are engraved on the stone and the "keyboard" which appears to be written in Braille. Note the words written on the stone: “New World Airport Commission.”
This commission does not exist, it seems to belong to the new world order. He also has a time capsule hidden under an exposed rock. The corner "arm" is quite mysterious and appears to have some purpose without being decorative. Divided into four walls, the murals painted by Leo Tanguma are meant to represent peace, harmony and nature. When you analyze the symbolism in the murals, you will notice that they tell terrible story about future events, for example, some kind of prophecy. Tanguma confirmed that he was provided with some guides for the paintings and was paid $100,000 for the first one.
For normal operation of distillation tunnels, auxiliary structures are required: chambers for drainage installations, ventilation chambers and tunnels, vertical shafts of ventilation shafts. At the points where the distillation tunnels exit to the surface, ramps are installed - open excavations with retaining walls.
The construction of tunnels is a rather labor-intensive and expensive type of work.
He later denied that he was given instructions and refused to talk about any hidden meaning in the paintings. Leo Tanguma's previous films have typically been Chicana, politically charged, and community-oriented. Let's look at the painted panels one by one.
Then the official website of the airport says that the name of the mural is called “Peace and Harmony with Nature.” In the center of the picture are sad children with extinct animals and plant species. In the background, the forest is under fire and further back, the city is also on fire, and in the foreground we have three people dead in three coffins, one black, one local and one blonde!
1. Classification of tunnels.
The scope of application of tunnels is so wide that it allows us to give only the most general classification of them according to their purpose, location, depth and method of construction (Fig. 2).
They also differ in length (from several tens of meters to several tens of kilometers), shape and cross-sectional dimensions, designs, operating conditions, etc.
She appears to be surrounded by a fog with pale colors, as if attacked by some kind of biochemical weapon. One of the children has a Mayan block showing the end of civilization. Below this "peaceful picture" we see three open coffins with dead girls from different cultures. On the left is a black woman, and in the center is an American man. Why are they lying there with other animals? Are we predicting the extinction of these races?
The girl on the right, lying in a coffin, holds a Bible and the Star of David, which the Nazis use to identify Jews. This seems to symbolize the death of Judeo-Christian beliefs. The origin of the group of people idealizing the airport project and the images in it is definitely not Christians or Jews.
According to their purpose, transport tunnels are designated for the passage of road or rail transport vehicles, trains or high-speed trams, special types transport (magnetic or hovercraft trains). There are also combined transport tunnels for several types of vehicles and pedestrians, shipping tunnels, etc.
Secret societies have their own belief systems that are too complex to explain here. Tombs are also important in Skull and Bones rituals. Children of the world of dreams of peace. The second painting consists of two parts. Yes, the classic Bavarian outfit leaves no doubt. Even the American child seems willing to give up his gun and flag German boy. You're at the biggest airport in the United States and this is the mural they put up there?
It's very strange when they understand him. This obviously represents countries around the world, turning their militaries and their national identities into a "common good". Below the painting is a fallen figure holding a rifle with two doves sitting on it. Now follow the movement of the rainbow, which begins below the statue, going around the children and taking us to part 2 of the mural.
Rice. 2.
Recently, in a number of long railway tunnels, cars have been transported on special platforms, which significantly saves time, reduces the environmental load and the cost of travel.
Hydraulic tunnels are constructed in the system of hydroelectric power plants, pumped storage power plants or nuclear power plants to drain and supply water to power units (energy and diversion). Hydraulic tunnels also include reclamation tunnels for draining or irrigating land, tunnels for water supply, as well as timber rafting tunnels.
This large, aggressive military figure is dressed in a Nazi uniform with a face resembling an oil mask. His hands hold a gun and a scimitar that will “rape” the world of pigeons. To the left of here stretched an endless line of crying mothers holding their children, dead children and proper cities in rubble. This is a truly disgusting picture, with no message of morality or redemption.
The military figure is glorified and all powerful, positioned at the center of the action. This is the return and full power and leads the way to a new holocaust. Take a closer look at the people to the left of the picture and the dead children sleeping in the bricks. There are no traces of violence in them. They were simply devoid of life, as if they had been poisoned by the deadly gas above them.
Communication tunnels are most often located in cities for laying various utilities: high-voltage electrical cables or low voltage, communication cables, heating networks, drainage, water supply, gas pipelines, sewerage. In many cases, collector tunnels are installed to allow passage of several types of communications.
A huge cortege of the wretched people are coming to the left of the dead children, finally, a desperate woman cries with a child in her arms. A little worrying, isn't it? Auschwitz was infamous for the use of toxic gas. Field commander Rudolf Hess pointed to Nuremberg trials that more than 3 million people died at Auschwitz, 90 percent of them Jews.
One last thing about the scimitar: it is a symbol commonly used in Freemasonry and Islamic culture imagery. What do you do when you kill most of the world's population with toxic gases? Of course you celebrate around a colorful genetically modified plant! Happy people from all over the world turned uncontrollably towards the plant, some almost flew towards her.
Mining tunnels are built at mining enterprises, mines and mines. They serve to transport ore and rock, ventilate and drain underground mines.
Special-purpose tunnels include underground parking lots and tunnel-type garages, tunnels for scientific research (for example, charged particle accelerators, tunnels for aerodynamic tests), gas and oil storage facilities, underground warehouses, and defense tunnels.
Directly above the plant is the figure of some kind of “Indian envoy”, but definitely not a prophet. All the extinct species in the first mural are back in action, and you even see a little dove appear on a plant. They feel much better now that there are far fewer people on Earth. The animals are also happy and grateful that you were dying. Now people can use high-level scientific knowledge to live in a state of synthetic happiness provided by genetically modified plants.
The abandoned whales jump into the air, beating the hands of the people. If you look more closely at the tiger cubs, you will see that they have the faces of human children. All this work talks about genetic modification and magic. To sum it up, these murals clearly show the accepted goals that you can read in documents calling for a new world order.
Based on their location, transport tunnels are divided into mountain, underwater and urban. ^ Mountain tunnels They are built mainly in mountainous areas to overcome high-altitude obstacles: mountain ranges, mountain spurs, hills, and hills. Underwater tunnels located at the intersection of contour obstacles: rivers, canals, lakes, reservoirs, sea bays and straits. Urban vehicular and pedestrian tunnels serve to streamline the movement of vehicles and pedestrians on city highways and streets. Such a division should be considered conditional, since mountain and underwater tunnels can also be located in areas of urban areas separated by high-rise or water obstacles.
Massive deforestation of the Earth - Death to Judeo-Christian-Islamic beliefs - World government- Restoration of nature. There is no “conspiracy theory” here, these are facts. Everything is written on the stones for you. The elites own the place and build monuments to celebrate their culture. Their "divine knowledge", however, is not available to you unless you are a high-ranking member.
The Denver Airport runways form a huge swastika when viewed from above. Having seen so many hints about Nazi Germany, would you be surprised if the marks were shaped like a swastika? Draw your own conclusions. We don't want our new $4 billion airport to be offensive or anything like that.
Depending on the depth from the ground surface H distinguish tunnels of deep [ H>(2-3)B] and shallow laying [ H< (2-3)B], где B-наибольший размер (пролет или высота) cross section tunnel.
In accordance with the construction method, tunnels are distinguished, constructed by closed, open or lowering methods, each of which has several varieties.
But for some reason this did not happen. No one can really explain the reason for their presence, even in religious buildings. Are these remnants of old beliefs that never went away? Does this mean something that only "enlightened" people know?
What are these fantastic monsters doing there under the brothers' eyes when they read? What do these dirty monkeys, strange wild lions and monsters mean? Why are these half-straight beings prophesying, half the people are here? - Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 12th century.
Black sun of the Nazis. These photos are from a strange group of symbols that are on the floor coming out of the southern part of the Great Hall on the 5th level north of the Great Hall. Pay attention to the black disk, which is the sun in the symbolism of the occult. There is no mistake in the architecture of the floor showing the sun, but the black disk begins to obscure it.
Closed methods (mining, shield, punching) provide for work to be carried out without disturbing surface conditions, and open methods(excavation, trench) - with preliminary opening of the earth's surface. Using omission methods (lowering wells, lowering sections of underwater tunnels), tunnel structures are made on the surface of the earth and then immersed to the design level.
In the most difficult engineering-geological conditions for preliminary consolidation or drainage of the soil mass, the previously listed methods are used in combination with in special ways works: dewatering, artificial freezing, plugging or chemical consolidation of soils.
The choice of one or another construction method is determined mainly by engineering-geological conditions, the length of the tunnel and the dimensions of its cross-section, as well as technical, economic and environmental considerations.
Mountain and underwater tunnels are most often built using the mountain and shield methods, and shallow city tunnels are built using the pit or trench methods.
The mining method is used mainly in rocky soils. In this case, the tunnel opening is opened at one time or in parts, securing it with temporary support, and then a permanent structure is erected at some distance from the face. .
In soft and weak soils, the most effective shield method is based on the use of a mobile support of a closed outline - a shield, under the cover of which the soil is developed and the lining is erected (Fig. 3, b). With the pit method, tunnel structures are erected in a pre-built pit (Fig. 3, V), and with the trench method, first, walls are built in trenches on which the ceiling is supported, and then the soil between the walls is developed and the tunnel tray is concreted (Fig. 3, G).
Rice. 3. Tunnel construction schemes.
A tunnel is a complex and expensive type of artificial structure, widely used in the construction of railways and highways. In terms of their design forms, sizes and construction conditions, tunnels in transport construction differ from other types of similar structures - hydraulic, municipal, industrial, mining and exploration and special purposes
Tunnels can be pass tunnels, constructed across high watersheds; sloped, laid along the slopes of mountains; loop and spiral (Fig. 4), constructed for the development of road routes in mountainous conditions. When crossing the highway highway large water barriers, to ensure constant transport connections between the banks, along with bridge crossings, underwater tunnels are built. To overcome deep, but relatively narrow water barriers, underwater tunnels on artificial dams, individual supports (tunnel-bridges), as well as “floating” tunnels anchored to the bottom with cable guys or kept afloat by special floating supports are effective.
Mountain 
Vehicle tunnels in cities are built to decouple traffic in different levels at intersections, junctions or branches of highways to increase or equalize the capacity of individual sections of highways, improve the planning structure of the road network, security environment, creation of access roads to underground parking lots and garages, shopping centers etc. In large cities in our country with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants, subways are being built. As the most convenient type of urban passenger transport, metro tunnels are laid in cities in the directions of the highest passenger flows.
When constructing subways within built-up areas of cities, they are laid under the surface of the earth, sometimes according to geological and topographic conditions at great depths. On the outskirts of cities, ground sections are being built on the so-called “flight” lines, designed to connect subways with suburban electrified railways. Urban pedestrian tunnels are constructed in areas of heavy traffic to ensure the flow of urban transport and pedestrians at different levels and to improve traffic safety.
The method of constructing a subway tunnel can be open or closed, depending on hydrogeological conditions, the density of underground communications and urban development. In the central areas of the city, as a rule, work is carried out in a closed way. In the peripheral areas of the city, outside the main streets, it is advisable to carry out construction using an open method.
Closed method. With this method of work, tunnels are constructed simultaneously in several areas, which speeds up the construction time. At each site, a mine shaft is laid on the surface above the tunnel axis or close to it and an adit is connected to the tunnel under construction. The excavation of the soil in the tunnel and the lining is carried out from each shaft to the neighboring ones until they meet, i.e., before the cutting of individual sections.
Mountain way tunneling is as follows: the rock is excavated using the drilling and blasting method or with a mechanized tool, after which a temporary fastening of the face and the excavation contour is immediately performed, and then the tunnel lining is erected. In the case of constructing a lining from monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete in the presence of a soil bottom, arrange internal waterproofing with four to six layers of roofing material on bitumen mastic and a 20 cm thick reinforced concrete shell supporting it. This is how sections of considerable length were built on the first stage of the Moscow Metro.
Panel penetration possible in clays, loams, sands, where tunnels with a round cross-section are constructed, as a rule, using a special mechanism - a shield.
The shield is a movable metal support, under the protection of which, in safe conditions, the face is mined, loosened rock is removed and the tunnel lining is constructed. The cross-sectional shape of the shield corresponds to the outer contour of the tunnel lining. Round shields are most common.
There are many varieties tunneling shields, which have become part of the practice of constructing domestic subways.
The shield looks like metal cylinder, consisting of three main parts:
- Support ring made of steel segments;
- Steel knife;
- Shell made of sheet steel.
If the shield is not mechanized, then it does not have any mechanisms for developing the soil. In this case, the shield performs the functions of a mobile support and working scaffolding. When digging a tunnel in hard rocks, they are developed using the drill-and-blast method, and in plastic and loose rocks - with jackhammers and shovels. The loosened rock is removed using loading machines or special devices, mounted in the lower panel cell.
Mechanized shields are equipped with working bodies of mechanical and hydraulic action. The most widespread are shields with a rotary working body rotating around the longitudinal axis of the tunnel. Shields with working bodies equipped with cutters are also used.
The team of the Moscow Metrostroy has developed a method for excavating shallow tunnels with maximum use of mechanization of the tunneling cycle, which is called the Moscow method.
Moscow way Drilling shallow tunnels involves working in a closed manner. It replaced the previously used open method of work, in which it was necessary to open the earth's surface along the entire length of the tunnel to the depth of its laying and to a width of 10 to 20 m, and therefore the movement of public transport is disrupted, the relocation of city communications is required, etc. The Moscow method provides use of a mechanized shield. The tunneling cycle includes development of the face and extraction of rock from it, loading of rock into trolleys, movement of the shield and all auxiliary equipment behind it, installation of the lining, injection of mortar behind the lining and other work.
When excavating using the Moscow method, the cost of 1 km of a running tunnel is reduced and labor productivity increases significantly compared to open-pit excavation.
Open method. This method of work is used in the construction of shallow tunnels. In this case, the earth's surface is opened - immediately across the entire width of the pit being developed for lining, or in parts - when constructing poplars using the trench method. The lining structure using the trench method is erected in parts. The lining consists of concrete walls, ceiling and tray. The most important and difficult thing in this case is the installation of external adhesive waterproofing.
The most widely used method is to develop a pit immediately to its full cross-section.
At open method First, from the surface of the earth above the future walls of the tunnel, an exploratory trench is dug and I-beam steel piles are driven in at intervals of 1-2 m from each other to a depth of 3-5 m below the tunnel tray. Then, excavators are used to develop a pit, the walls of which, as it deepens, are secured with boards placed behind the flanges of the piles. The piles are secured with metal spacers and struts located above the lining, providing the possibility of mechanized mining and construction of the lining using industrial methods. Where it allows urban development, the pit is dug without fastening, and its walls are made at an angle natural slope soil.
The adhesive waterproofing is applied under the tunnel tray on a special concrete preparation, and within the lining of the walls - onto a pre-constructed protective wall made of slabs various materials. The space behind the protective walls is covered with sand.
Upon completion of the work, the metal piles are removed. After the ceiling is erected, a waterproofing layer is also glued onto it, the protective layer is covered, and the pit is covered with earth.
IN last years Tunnel lining sections are constructed primarily from prefabricated reinforced concrete blocks, which significantly reduces construction time. However, the presence of four to six elements in a lining section requires labor-intensive work on cementing joints between blocks, installing glued waterproofing at the work site, etc. These disadvantages are eliminated by the use of prestressed reinforced concrete linings from ready-made sections.
When constructing shallow tunnels and their location under buildings or in the immediate vicinity of them, a device is provided supporting structures, strengthening soils or constructing enclosing walls, as well as measures to reduce vibration and noise from passing trains.
Cracks may appear in tunnel structures due to temperature fluctuations and shrinkage of concrete, uneven settlement of heterogeneous soil. To prevent the occurrence of such cracks, vertical cuts are made in the structure, called temperature-shrinkage or expansion joints. The distance between such seams, depending on the design of the finish, can be 20; 40; 50 and 60 m.
Special methods of work. Such methods are used in particularly difficult engineering-geological conditions, when usual ways mining operations cannot be applied.
When digging tunnels located below the groundwater level, it is always necessary to combat the flooding of the faces. The following methods are used artificial drainage And consolidation of rocks:
- water reduction;
- freezing;
- chemical fixation;
- cementation;
- bituminization;
- installation of anti-filtration jumpers.
Way freezing does not require removal of water from the pores of the rock. The rock is fixed by freezing, which occurs when a special solution circulates through pipes (columns) installed in freezing wells drilled along a certain contour. The solution (refrigerant) is supplied by refrigeration units.
As a result, a contour of an ice-hydrogen mass is formed near the future excavation, which has sufficient strength and is completely waterproof. This method is used when excavating inclined passages of escalators, tunnels and stations in the most unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. The disadvantages of this method include the susceptibility of some rocks to heaving during freezing and precipitation during thawing, complexity preparatory work, the duration of the process itself and the high cost of freezing.
The rock is secured by freezing and water lowering only for the period of construction of the underground structure; after the construction of all structures and their waterproofing, the rock thaws to its original state and the rock and hydrostatic pressure are transferred to the lining of the structure.
Chemical fixation rocks are carried out by silicatization and resinization. Silication involves the sequential injection of aqueous solutions into the pores of the rock - first liquid glass(sodium silicate) and then calcium chloride. As a result chemical reaction a gelatinous mass is formed, which hardens and binds rock particles into a monolith with high mechanical strength and waterproof. Resinization consists of injecting solutions of synthetic resins with hardener additives. The high cost of this material limits its use.
Cementation consists of filling pores, cracks and voids in the rock cement mortar, displacing water under pressure. When groundwater is highly aggressive, cementation is difficult to carry out; In addition, not all breeds lend themselves well to fixation using this method.
Bituminization consists in filling cracks and voids in the rock mass with molten hot bitumen, which displaces water and hardens to form a monolith. For the same purpose, a fine bitumen emulsion is sometimes injected into the rock; This method is called cold bitumenization.
The rock is saturated with bitumen or a special emulsion through wells into which columns are lowered steel pipes using special equipment.
Installation of anti-filtration jumpers. Such jumpers - sheet piling- are solid walls outside the excavation contour, constructed before the start of earthworks. They are built from piles immersed in the ground close to each other. They can be made of wood, metal and other materials. Such protection of workings from groundwater can be arranged quickly and provides a complete guarantee of work safety.
Tunneling under compressed air. In water-bearing unstable rocks, tunneling can also be done under compressed air ( caisson method). Before the start of caisson work in the tunnel, at a distance of 40-50 m from the face, a sluice airtight reinforced concrete or steel partition is constructed, dividing the tunnel into two zones: a normal pressure zone and work area(from the bottom to the partition), called a caisson, where increased pressure is created (compared to atmospheric pressure), feeding compressed air from the compressor station. The face can be developed using any of the methods described above. Due to the increased air pressure in the caisson, which exceeds hydrostatic pressure, water is pushed out of the face and working area.
