In ancient times, large quantities of currants grew on the territory of modern Moscow. It is believed that the first appearance of the modern capital was predicted by the Prophetic Oleg in 880. At that time, the Moscow River was still called Smorodinka, and these bushes grew luxuriantly on its banks. Of course, scientists do not dispute the fact that the Russian capital was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. However, it is possible that its history goes back much deeper.
The main interpretations of the meaning of the word “currant”
One of the most valuable berry crops of the Slavs was currants. in Russian, which is the name of the famous shrub, has two versions. According to one of them, it comes from the word “stench”. In the times of Ancient Rus' it meant “smell”, “aroma”. Here the meaning of the word can have both positive and negative connotations.
The word “Currant” comes from the ancient word “Currant”, which used to be used to describe both a persistent unpleasant odor and incense. According to another version, the word “Currant” comes from the word “Nugget”, which means “naturally born, without a beginning.”
The first mention of the berry
There is a legend according to which currant berries were first tasted by the Arabs in the 7th century AD. e. Then the successor of King Mohammed ascended the Damascus throne, and an army of armed Muslims broke into Spanish territory. The conquerors decided to eat which turned out to be similar to Palestinian rhubarb. Then the berry was called “Ribes”. But currants were never brought to the territory of Rus'. It was found by the Slavs in finished form. Therefore, the etymology of the word “currant” has Slavic roots.
The Legend of Kalinov Bridge
This word is also of particular interest in connection with numerous myths about the mysterious river of the same name. Currant with fiery waves, which separates the world of the living from the world of the dead, is crossed by the Kalinov Bridge. The path of the heroes of Slavic myths to the kingdom of the goddess of death Morana is filled with obstacles. One of them is the Smorodina River. The origin of the word, according to another version, means the color of this river - “red, fiery.” Some researchers are convinced that the phrase “Kalinov Bridge” has the same meaning. After all, the word “viburnum” also means “fiery red”, “hot”.
“Kalinov Bridge” - the etymology of the word. Currants and hunting for mammoths
Other scientists believe that the mythical bridge acquired this name not because of its color, but because it was made from branches of the viburnum tree. The origin of this name may be related to the hunting of mammoths by ancient people. In order to catch an ancient animal, a pit trap was usually set up, covered with branches. These branches, according to researchers, represented the basis for the myth of Kalinov Bridge. To catch a mammoth, it was driven in a certain direction with the help of fiery branches, which became the prototype of a river with waves of fire.
Analogues in the myths of other countries
The river of death existed not only in the Slavic epic. For example, in ancient Greek myths it is known that souls were transported to the kingdom of the dark god Hades. But, unlike Slavic ideas, the banks of the river were not divided by a bridge. In the myths of Ancient Greece, the dead crossed the river of oblivion (Leto) and the river of sorrow (Acheron) in the boat of the ferryman Acheron. According to the Hellenes, the river, consisting of fiery waves, was an obstacle to the soul, dividing the world of the living from the world of the dead.
Inhabitants of the banks of Smorodina
Another enemy on the way from one world to another was the terrible guard - the Serpent, or Miracle Yudo. The heroes of ancient Slavic myths fought with him on Kalinov Bridge. Baba Yaga is also a famous character who lives near the Kalinov Bridge on the banks of the Smorodina River. The origin of the word “Yaga” has many interpretations. Russian ethnographer N. Abramov suggested that it comes from the name of clothing.
"Yaga", or "Yagushka" was an item of clothing of the ancient Slavs, which was worn with the fur outside. This type of clothing was a mandatory attribute of evil spirits in Slavic myths and beliefs. But some researchers go even further in their ideas about why the mythical resident of the Smorodina River received this name. They associate the origin of the word “Yaga” with the ancient Indian term “yagya”, which means “sacrifice”. The word “baba”, if pronounced with an emphasis on the last syllable, means the concept of “hermit”.
Where does the real Currant flow?
According to some assumptions, it has a very real prototype. Scientists who are interested in how the word “Currant” came about believe that this is actually the name of a plant located in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. Her original title- “Sisterjoke” - comes from the word “Sister” translated from Finnish means “currant”, and “yoke” means “river”. This hypothesis is confirmed by the legend about the Smorodina River. After all, according to legend, this turbulent river is surrounded by swamps, and it itself is capricious and turbulent. The same characteristics are characteristic of the Sestra River.
Name: Latinization of the Arabic 'ribas', the name of Palestinian rhubarb (Rheum ribes Z.), which has a sour taste. When the Arabs conquered Spain in 711 and did not find the well-known ‘ribas’ there, which they widely used in their homeland, the name was transferred to red currants, which also have a sour taste.
Ribes japonicum
Photo of Svetlana Voronina
Description: has up to 150 species, distributed in cold and temperate zones of Europe, Asia, North and South America.
Shrubs 1-2.5 m tall, with simple, lobed leaves, numerous small flowers in racemose inflorescences, beautiful clusters of fruits of various colors, most of them edible. They bear fruit from 3-5 years. They require rich, sufficiently moist, loose and well-drained soil. Shade-tolerant, but develop better in lighted and protected places. They tolerate city conditions well. Need constant care. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, dividing the bush, layering. When propagating by seed, sowing is done in the fall in the year of fruit harvest or in the spring after 2-3 months of stratification. For decorative purposes, they are planted singly or in groups; forms with creeping shoots are used to create alpine slides. Because currants can withstand pruning well, they can be used for low hedges and borders.
Currant. Such a boring plant. But without currants, just like without lilacs, it is impossible to imagine a single Russian estate. (By the way, the history of domestic varieties dates back to the 11th century.) And it is with currants, a simple berry bush, that the chronicle of our private garden, as a rule, begins. If you look at it with different eyes, it turns out that it is not only tasty, healing berries and standard jam. Behind the familiar, familiar appearance one can discern the freshness and beauty to which we are simply accustomed. We’re used to it and don’t even notice! But currants are one of those ornamental plants that can decorate not only our garden, but also our lives. Judge for yourself.
In nature, it is found in the northwestern regions of the European part of Russia, in the Carpathians, the Caucasus, Scandinavia, Central and Southern Europe. In forests, among bushes, along river banks, on plains and in mountains up to the subalpine zone, on rocks. Protected in nature reserves.
A beautiful shrub, up to 2.5 m tall, with brown shoots, elegant three-lobed, dark green leaves, up to 4 cm long, sharp-toothed along the edge, shiny above, lighter below, smooth or scatteredly hairy. Autumn leaf color varies from pale yellow to ocher yellow. The flowers are small greenish; staminate, in racemes, up to 4 cm long, of 2-20 flowers; pistillate - very short, 2-3 flowered. The fruits are red, spherical or slightly oblong berries (up to 0.9 cm), tasteless, very colorful against the background of dark greenery.
It is undemanding to soil, tolerates slight salinity, and can grow in rocky areas. Winter-hardy and heat-resistant. One of the few species that tolerates a curly haircut perfectly. It can be used to make not only simple geometric shapes, but also intricate figures. Propagated by seeds, which are sown immediately after the fruits ripen or in late autumn, pre-stratified after harvesting. When sowing in spring, 2-3 months of stratification are required. Benign quality p. 70%. Soil germination s. 20 %. The optimal sowing depth is 0.5 cm. Can be propagated by layering and lignified cuttings.
In GBS since 1938, 35 copies, of which 19 were grown from seeds obtained from the culture, 3 copies. brought by young plants from natural habitats of the Caucasus, 13 copies. seed and vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 2.2 m at 13 years, crown diameter 150 cm. Grows from mid-April to early October. The growth rate is average. It blooms from 3-5 years, annually, profusely, from the beginning to the third decade of May, 16 days. It bears fruit from 4-5 years old, abundantly, the fruits ripen in mid-July and do not fall for a long time. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination is low. It is easily propagated by summer cuttings and takes root in cold greenhouses without the use of growth stimulants up to 83%.
It has a number of forms: dwarf with yellow leaves - (f. aurea); dwarf with small leaves - (f. pumila); with deeply incised-toothed leaves - (f. laciniata), etc.
‘Aurea‘. A dwarf shrub about 1 m high, wider in width than in height. Young leaves are golden in color. It is beautiful during flowering, when the bush looks openwork thanks to numerous pale yellow flowers on short racemes. By late summer they turn into tasteless bright red berries.
‘Pumilum‘. In GBS since 1976, 4 copies. grown from seeds obtained from Ukraine, and 4 copies. vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 1.5 m at 10 years, crown diameter 120 cm. Grows slowly. It blooms and bears fruit from the age of 5. Seasonal development dates are similar to the species. Winter hardiness is complete. Easily propagated by summer cuttings in cold greenhouses: rooting up to 90%.
Early and dense foliage, ornamental foliage, bright berries decorating the bush in summer and autumn, reddish autumn foliage, along with unpretentiousness - make this species desirable in landscape gardening; in single and group plantings, free-growing or shaped hedges, along the banks of reservoirs and slopes. In culture since 1588.
Eastern and central North America. Wet forests, bushes, swamps, river banks, wet ravines, deep gorges.
In spring, this rather tall (up to 1.5 m) shrub with spreading arched shoots is covered with clusters of bell-shaped greenish-yellow flowers. In summer it is decorated with fruits with a diameter of about 10 mm, changing color when ripe from red to black. In autumn, the plant is colored with dark purple leaves. The taste of American currant berries resembles the taste of black berries. In America, in its homeland, one variety is known as a berry plant - Sweet-fruited Missouri. High yields American currants are produced in the Central Asian republics, mainly in Uzbekistan, near Tashkent. In Western Europe and Russia, few people know this currant yet.
Spectacular forms of American currant with an original bush structure and graceful leaves were obtained at the All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Fruit Plants named after. I. V. Michurina. The most attractive plants are those with large and small leaves. Large-leaved currant has corrugated leaves and long inflorescences. It can be grown as standard tree, and in the form of a bush. In small-leaved forms in spring, thin arched branches bend gracefully under the weight of numerous flowers. And in autumn, their foliage turns dark purple, which gives the garden a special charm. Low spreading bushes of this plant are good for edging flower beds and paths. And one more feature of small-leaved forms of American currant: they are very sensitive to the presence of mutagens in the environment and react to these genetically dangerous factors by the appearance of shoots with large leaves.
Until now, the only woody plants most sensitive to environmental pollution were conifers: spruce, fir, pine and larch. More convenient for assessing genetic activity external environment It turned out to be a small-leaved form of American currant.
This plant is unpretentious to soils, winter-hardy, has late flowering, allowing it to avoid early spring frosts, its fruits are rich in vitamins and sugars. Currants tolerate pruning well, are resistant to diseases and pests, and are easily propagated by layering, lignified and green cuttings. It is used to stabilize slopes and create undergrowth in the central regions of the European part of Russia.
In GBS since 1952, 3 old copies. in the arboretum grown from seeds obtained from the culture, and 3 copies. in the nursery, brought by young rooted plants from Vladivostok. The arboretum and nursery have 19 specimens of seed and vegetative reproduction of GBS, including 12-year-old ones obtained in vitro. Shrub, height 1.7 m at 5 years, crown diameter 150 cm. Grows from late April to early October. It grows quickly, the ends of the shoots take root when they touch the ground. It blooms profusely, from the third decade of May until the beginning of June, 17 days. It bears fruit from the age of 3, the berries ripen in the last ten days of August. Winter hardiness is average. Seed germination up to 75%. Up to 87% of summer cuttings take root without the use of growth stimulants.
Photo from the magazine “In the World of Plants” - 2003 - No. 10
Homeland - central North America. Rocks and rocky hillsides. Mesoxerophyte.
Spreading deciduous shrub, up to 2 m tall. Small bright yellow flowers, collected in short racemes, have a spicy scent. Leaves are 2.5-4 cm wide. The plant feels best when sunny place, in the shade it becomes loose and takes on an unkempt appearance. The plant is winter-hardy.
In GBS since 1937, 3 copies. grown from seeds obtained from the culture, and 5 copies. seed reproduction of GBS. Shrub, at 8 years height 1.9 m, crown diameter 90 cm, at 20 years height 2.5 m, crown diameter 230 cm. Grows from mid-April to the end of September. Grows quickly. It blooms and bears fruit from the age of 4 (vegetative reproduction - earlier). Flowering is abundant, in the second half of May, 18 days. The fruits ripen in early August. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination up to 58%. Cuttings take root easily in cold greenhouses.
Photo from the book by R. Phillips, M. Ricks " Ornamental plants in your garden"
Grows naturally in western North America. In the mountains, in damp places, along valleys and banks of rivers and lakes.
Tall, low-branched shrub, up to 2 m tall, with a beautiful, rounded crown. Young shoots are reddish. The leaves are 3-lobed, up to 5 cm long, glossy, yellow-green in summer and turning red in autumn. Golden yellow, small flowers with a pleasant, strong aroma, collected in short brushes. Flowering duration is 15-20 days. The fruits are spherical berries, up to 0.8 cm (from orange-yellow and purple-brown to almost black), sweet and sour, edible. Golden currants usually have larger berries than black ones: bright, shiny, with a dry long perianth and a wide variety of colors - from light yellow to black. However, one of the disadvantages of golden currant is its low self-fertility. Therefore, several varieties are planted at the same time for cross-pollination. Fruits from 5-6 years of age. It has a number of large-fruited forms and varieties. In culture since the beginning of the 19th century.
Winter-hardy, undemanding to soil, tolerates air pollution well. Photophilous, but tolerates shading. The most drought-resistant of currants. Propagated by sowing seeds; stratification for 2-4 months accelerates their germination. In autumn, the foliage acquires a picturesque color - anthocyanin, purple, burgundy, orange, red, lemon yellow. Golden currant is highly valued for this quality and is widely used as an ornamental shrub for group plantings and hedges, clipped or free-growing. Golden currants are very attractive during flowering; at this time the bush is unusually covered fragrant flowers that attract bees. Golden currants are sometimes formed not in the form of a bush, but in the form of a tree on a trunk, 70 cm high. In this case, the plant is well lit, which is reflected in the size and quality of the berries.
In GBS since 1937, 14 copies. grown from seeds obtained from culture and from an expedition to the USA, as well as 18 copies. seed and vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 2.3 m at 6 years, crown diameter 150 cm. Grows from mid-April to early October. Grows quickly at a young age, then the growth rate is average. Blooms profusely, annually, from mid-May to early June, 16 days. It bears fruit from the age of 4, the berries ripen in late July-early August. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination up to 80%. Easily propagated by summer cuttings in cold greenhouses without the use of growth stimulants. Rooted cuttings bloom the next year.
R.a. var chrysococcum Rydb. - S. z. golden-fruited. In GBS since 1967, 1 copy. grown from seeds obtained from the culture, and 5 copies. seed reproduction of GBS. Shrub, at 11 years height 2.5 m, crown diameter 220 cm. Grows from mid-April to the end of September. Grows quickly. Blooms in the second half of May, 15 days. It bears fruit from the age of 6, the fruits ripen in early August. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination is high.
Photo on the left of Natalia Pavlova
Photo on the right is EDSR.
Naturally grows in the northeast of Siberia and the Far East. Floodplains of rivers, along rocky banks, in uremny forests and along their edges. Protected in nature reserves.
Shrub up to 1-1.5 m tall, with 3-5-lobed leaves (13 x 10 cm), slightly bluish-green, glabrous on both sides, less often pubescent along the veins below. The flowers are small, white, in loose 8-13-flowered racemes up to 8 cm long. The berries are black and blue with a waxy coating, odorless, edible. Fruits abundantly.
It is very winter-hardy and due to this it is often used in breeding. Good on the edges and as undergrowth.
In GBS since 1952, 6 copies obtained from seeds from culture, 6 copies brought by young plants from natural habitats of the Far East, 10 copies. seed and 11 - vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, at 7 years height 1.3 m, crown diameter 100 cm. Grows from late March - early April to late September - early October. Grows moderately quickly. Blooms and bears fruit from the age of 3. It blooms in the second or third decade of May, profusely, for 15 days. The fruits ripen in mid-July. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination is 43-66%. The rooting rate of summer cuttings is up to 80%, young plants bloom the next year after rooting.
R. d. Fisch. x R. petiolare Douglas - S. d. x S. petiolate. In GBS since 1984, 2 copies. brought from the Botanical Garden of Vilnius (Lithuania), as well as 1 copy. vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 1.5 m at 7 years, crown diameter 120 cm. Grows from mid-April to mid-September. Grows quickly. It blooms and bears fruit very profusely, every year, from the age of 3 years. Blooms in the second or third decade of May, 15 days. The fruits ripen in mid-July. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination is very low. Roots in cold greenhouses with 62% of cuttings treated with growth stimulants, blooms the next year after rooting.
Grows wildly in northern Western Europe, European Russia, Siberia, Northern Mongolia and Northeastern China. In deciduous forests on damp rocky places. Tolerates slight shade. Mesophyte. Protected in nature reserves.
Shrub up to 2 m tall, with smooth light yellow bark. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, coarsely toothed, mostly glabrous, shiny, up to 5 cm in diameter. Flowers of 5-10 pieces in racemes up to 5 cm long, with a reddish calyx and greenish petals. The berries are red, spherical, sour, edible.
Red currants awaken later than black currants. Small dark, pressed buds wake up at higher air temperatures (+9-10°C). But red currants bloom earlier. The buds and clusters appear first, and the leaves unfurl later. Flowering begins in late May - early June and lasts on average 12-20 days. In all varieties it occurs almost simultaneously.
With early flowering in the absence of leaves, flowers may be damaged by late spring frosts, but red currants generally suffer less from the return of cold weather than black currants.
In red currant, flower buds are formed not only on annual growth, but also on perennial, more durable than black currant, fruit formations - the so-called bouquet branches, up to 5 cm long. Especially many bouquet branches are formed on well-lit and strong branches. Unlike black currants, red currants have flower buds that are not evenly distributed on the shoot, but are grouped in the zone of transition from one annual growth to another. This is the main reason why annual shoots are never shortened when pruning.
The flowers of most varieties differ only in brightness and shades of yellow and green. The exceptions are some descendants of rock currant, with bright purple flowers, and varieties descended from red currant. The latter have yellow-green flowers with unusual red shading. Red currant bushes turn into “foamy lace” during flowering. As a rule, the strength of flowering indicates the yield.
At favorable conditions plants begin to bear fruit in the third year after planting and bear fruit successfully for 20 years or more, although the age of individual bushes can reach 40-50 years. The berries ripen two months after flowering.
The decorative effect of red currants depends not only on the color, but also on the size of the berries and the length of the brush, which can be from 4 to 20 cm in different varieties (20 cm in the ‘ Detvan' - 'Detvan'). In descendants of different species, the brushes also differ in direction. So, in red currant varieties they are almost horizontal, in rocky ones they bend in a wide arc downwards, in ordinary ones they are drooping.
In GBS since 1966, 8 copies. grown from seeds obtained from the crop. Shrub, height 1.9 m at 8 years, crown diameter 100 cm. Grows from late April to mid-September. It grows quite slowly. It blooms and bears fruit from the age of 4, annually. Blooms from mid-May, 15 days. The fruits ripen in mid-July. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination rate is 53%. 70% of summer cuttings take root.
According to the size of the fruits, among the red currant varieties, the descendants of the variety are distinguished large-fruited(R. vulgare var. macrocarpum) - berries reach 1.5 cm in diameter. The shape of the fruits of red currants is quite similar: round, slightly elongated or slightly flattened. But what a variety of colors! The berries can be transparent, almost colorless (‘ Bayana‘, ‘White fairy‘, ‘Smolyaninovskaya‘), yellowish (‘ Belyan‘, ‘Primus‘ — ‘Primus’, ‘ Dutch white‘ - ‘Hollandische Weisse>, cream (‘ Versailles white«, ‘ Cream‘, ‘Jüterborg‘—Weisse Yutarborgen’, ‘ Danish white‘ -‘White Dutch>, pink, striped, light (‘ Stanza‘ — ‘Stanza’, ‘ Transdanubia‘, ‘Cascade‘, ‘Wilder' - Wilder") and bright red (' Red Lake‘ — ‘Red Lake’, ‘ Gazelle‘, ‘Jonker-van-tets‘ - ‘Yonkheervan lets’, ‘ Beloved‘, ‘Ron's house‘ - ‘Random’, ‘Firstborn’), cherry (‘ Natalie‘, ‘Marshall Prominent‘), almost black (‘ Red Viksne‘, ‘Varshevich‘). Particularly beautiful are the varieties with pink transparent berries (‘ Dutch pink‘ -‘Hollandische rosa’, ‘ Rossoshanskaya‘) - “the seeds are visible right through.”
The fruits ripen more or less simultaneously, starting with the largest berries. The berries may be flattened or greatly reduced in size from the base to the top of the cluster. Due to the presence of early-ripening varieties, in which the ryods ripen simultaneously with strawberries (July 10-25), and late-ripening varieties (July 30-August 10), the fruiting time is quite long. In most varieties of red currant, ripe berries do not fall off for a long time, without losing their taste until the leaves fall. The taste often even improves due to an increase in sugar content. This advantage of red currants makes it possible to take your time picking and enjoy the berries until late autumn.
Red currant leaf fall begins in early October and ends by the end of the month. Young leaves at the tops of shoots often fall off only after repeated frosts. Starting in September, varieties such as ‘ Konstantinovskaya‘, contribute to the golden decoration of autumn. Yellow leaves By the Intercession, a pink blush touches, the bushes become very elegant and can decorate any landscape.
Homeland of western North America. Mountains of the Pacific coast, on rocks along streams.
Shrub up to 2-3 m tall, with fragrant young shoots and leaves. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, dark green, on pubescent, glandular petioles, slightly pubescent above, covered with whitish felt below. The flowers are red, almost purple, in multi-flowered, erect or drooping racemes. The fruits are black with a bluish tinge.
In GBS since 1952, 8 copies. grown from seeds obtained from the crop, there are 11 copies. vegetative and seed reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 1.4 m at 12 years, crown diameter 140 cm. Grows from the first or second ten days of April to mid-October. Grows quickly. It blooms annually, from the age of 3, in the second or third decade of May, for more than 3 weeks. The fruits ripen at the age of 5, in mid-August. Winter hardiness is average. Seed germination up to 38%. Easily propagated by summer cuttings.
It has a number of decorative forms: dark red(f. atrorubens) - with dark purplish-red flowers; bright(f. splendens) - with more large flowers the same color as the previous form; dark(f. cameum) - with pink flowers; whitish(f. albescens) - with whitish flowers; terry(f. flore-plena) - with double red flowers; Brockdebanka(. Brocklebankii) - with yellow flowers. An interesting hybrid of blood-red currant and fragrant currant (R. sanguineum x R. odoratum) - Gordon's currant(R. x gordoniana Lem.)- with yellowish-red flowers in long racemes. This plant is not only very decorative, but also more frost-resistant than blood-red currant.
‘Atrorubens‘. Plants with dark blood red flowers. In GBS since 1967, 2 copies. grown from seeds. Shrub, height 1.1 m at 11 years, crown diameter 140 cm. Developmentally no different from plants of the main species. Fruiting is not annual, from 5 years. Winter hardiness is average.
‘Carneum‘. The flowers are pale pink and larger than the species.
In GBS since 1957, 8 copies. grown from seeds and 5 copies. seed and vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, at 12 years height 1.1 m, crown diameter 110 cm. Grows moderately quickly. Seasonal development occurs at the same time as in the species. It blooms at 3 years old and bears fruit at 5 years old. Winter hardiness is average. Seed germination up to 18%. 90% of cuttings take root.
Blood currants are best planted in combination with forsythia, spring perennials and bulbs. This currant is also very beautiful in single, group plantings and hedges. In Europe, it is often grown in standard form, grafted onto golden currants. By grafting blood-red currants into the crown of fragrant currants, you can even get a bush on which golden and red flowers will bloom in different tiers during the flowering period. The fruits are very unusual: black, with a bluish coating.
This species is unpretentious, grows and develops well on fertile and moist soils, tolerates shade, but, unfortunately, is not very winter-hardy - it does not withstand the climate of St. Petersburg: flower buds often freeze, and in particularly harsh winters shoots can be damaged above the level snow cover. But with shelter and under snow, it overwinters successfully.
Photo of Natalia Pavlova
Siberia, Far East, North Korea, Northeast China. The banks of streams, near springs, on rocky soils covered with mosses, forest and peat bogs, among open forests.
Short (no more than 35 cm). The shoots are creeping, the leaves are small, leathery, wrinkled, shiny. Plants can be used for planting in rockeries, along paths to create borders.
The brushes of this currant are very short. The flowers are saucer-shaped with a reddish tint, the berries are pear-shaped, quite large, thin-skinned, difficult to transport and of the most varied colors: from white and pink to brown and almost black, juicy and very pleasant to the taste. It blooms profusely near Moscow and St. Petersburg, but sets very little fruit. In cultivation, this currant requires good, loose, constantly moist soil and shade.
In GBS since 1958, 8 copies. brought by plants from places of natural growth and 6 copies. vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 0.3 m at 3 years. Grows from mid-April to late September. It grows slowly. It blooms from the age of 4, non-annually, in the second or third ten days of May, 17 days. It bears fruit from the age of 5, not annually and very weakly, the fruits ripen in mid-July. Winter hardiness is high. Seed germination rate is 50%. Cuttings root easily without treatment with growth stimulants.
R.p. Pall, x R. petiolare Douglas . The shrub is up to 0.8 m tall and has intermediate morphological characteristics. The leaves are similar to R. procumbens. In cultivation only in the gardens of the Baltic states - in Vilnius and Salaspils. In GBS since 1984, 1 copy. brought from the Vilnius Botanical Garden and 20 copies. GBS reproductions propagated in vitro. It grows from mid-April to the end of September. The growth rate is low. It blooms from the age of 5, annually, in the second or third decade of May, for 15 days. The fruits are set annually, in small quantities, only a few ripen, the rest fall off. Ripening occurs in mid-July. Winter hardiness is high. Reproduction methods other than in vitro were not tested.
Often called “river”, as it grows in forests along rivers and streams in Primorye, Northern China and Korea. Edges and clearings of cedar-broad-leaved forests, in rocky gorges. Found in isolated specimens and small thickets. Protected in nature reserves.
Shrub up to 1.5-2 m tall, with dark gray, flaky bark. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, up to 10 cm long, glabrous or slightly bristly on top, with sparse hairs along the veins on the underside. Greenish flowers are collected 15-40 times in dense racemes up to 10-12 cm long. The fruits are red, up to 0.8 cm, sour, astringent. Used on the edges of forest parks. In culture since 1906.
In GBS since 1954, 15 copies. grown from seeds obtained from culture, as well as from seeds and seedlings from natural habitats of the Far East and 10 copies. seed and vegetative reproduction. Shrub, height 0.5 m in the first year, 0.7 m in 2 years, maximum height 1.7 m, crown diameter 180 cm. Grows quickly at a young age, then slowly. Grows from mid-April to early September. It blooms from the age of 3, in the second or third decade of May, for 14 days. It bears fruit from 5-6 years, the fruits are single, ripen in mid-August. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination rate is 65%. 63% of cuttings take root in cold greenhouses using growth stimulants.
It grows naturally in California.
Evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub up to 4 m tall. The shoots are covered with numerous, small, golden spines, giving the plants an original appearance. The leaves are leathery, from round to obovate, with a rounded or broadly wedge-shaped apex, 3-5 lobed or crenate-toothed, smooth or glandular-pilose, up to 4 cm long. The flowers are bright red, with long staminate filaments. On the Caucasian coast it blooms from February to April; during this period it is very decorative. No less decorative at the time of fruiting, decorated with abundant, red fruits.
The species is quite winter-hardy, but it is more likely to be found on the Caucasian coast than in middle lane. Easily propagated by seeds and cuttings at any time of the year. Used in single plantings or in small groups near paths in southern Russia.
Photo by Kirill Tkachenko
Sakhalin, Southern Kuril Islands, Japan. Damp forests and thickets of bushes, along river banks, among dark coniferous forests. In the mountains up to 1000 m above sea level. seas and above. Shade-tolerant mesophyte.
It is low-growing, in many ways reminiscent of moss currant and is also well suited for alpine hills. In early spring, buds with large red scales look beautiful. But the main decorative value is the foliage. The leaves bloom very early - already in the second half of April. Sakhalin currant fruits are very fragrant, but in the middle zone it rarely blooms and bears fruit.
In GBS since 1965, 11 copies. brought by plants from natural habitats; there are also plants of vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 0.8 m at 9 years, crown diameter 170 cm. Grows from early April to mid-September. The growth rate is average. It blooms and bears fruit from the age of 4 (plants undergo vegetative reproduction from the age of 3). Blooms in the first or second decade of May, 16 days. The fruits ripen at the very beginning of July, every year, but not always abundantly. Winter hardiness I. Seed germination up to 35%. Summer cuttings take root well in greenhouses with heated soil and poorly in cold greenhouses.
Grows in the northern and middle parts of European Russia, Siberia and Central Asia. River banks, swamp edges. Rocky areas and meadows, wet forests. Shade-tolerant mesohygrophyte. Protected in nature reserves.
Shrub up to 1.2 m tall, with pubescent, brownish shoots. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, large, sharp-toothed, up to 15 cm, glabrous above, dark green, pubescent along the veins below, with a specific odor. The flowers are small, bell-shaped, lilac- or pink-gray, in 5-10 flower racemes. The berries are up to 1 cm in diameter, black-brown, with a characteristic nutty smell and taste.
In GBS since 1945, 5 copies. grown from seeds obtained from natural habitats and culture, and 3 copies. seed reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 1.7 m at 13 years, crown diameter 210 cm. Grows from mid-April to September. The growth rate is average. Blooms and bears fruit from the age of 4. Blooms in the second or third decade of May, 18 days. The fruits ripen at the end of July. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination up to 63%. 100% of cuttings take root in warm greenhouses.
Blackcurrant is one of the first harbingers of spring. There is still snow in places in the garden, and on the lower branches, warmed by the dark earth, the buds are starting to grow. Plants awaken in early to mid-April, already 2-3 days after positive average daily temperatures are established. The buds, very large and bright, with sticky, fragrant glands, are especially noticeable against the background of melting snow and black earth. In early ripening varieties (‘ Dense cyst‘, ‘Dove Seedling‘, ‘Altai early‘) the buds begin to bloom right before your eyes, and when the unique currant aroma from the delicate green leaves mixes with the smell of the earth, you realize with surprise: life begins its new magical circle of transformations.
In the conditions of Central Russia, blackcurrant flowering usually begins in the second half of May. Very often it coincides with the flowering of bird cherry and takes place under extremely unfavorable conditions - strong winds and sudden changes in temperature. The duration of flowering (from 10 to 23 days) mainly depends on the average daily air temperature. Black currant varieties differ slightly from each other in terms of flowering time, only for early ripening varieties this period is somewhat shorter.
Black currant has inconspicuous, bell-shaped flowers collected in clusters with a double perianth and five petals. The sepals are most often reddish, less often greenish. Petals with yellow or green tint. However, there are exceptions to the rules. For example, variety ‘ Heiress‘can compete with anyone ornamental shrub. Graceful white flowers with pink petals curved at the ends, as if sculpted from fragile, finest porcelain, are unusually elegant against the backdrop of delicate greenery.
The duration of flowering of the brush corresponds to its length. European blackcurrant varieties have long clusters. The successive opening of flowers is very slow and sometimes takes up to three weeks. The Siberian subspecies has few-flowered racemes, which is why the flowers bloom for only three to four days.
Black currants begin to bear fruit already in the second year after planting. From this moment the productivity of the bush begins to increase. Black currants usually enter full fruiting in the 5th-6th year. The difference in the ripening time of early and late varieties can be very large - from two to five weeks. Thus, the fruiting period lasts on average from early July to early August, and thanks to varieties such as ‘ Lazy person' And ' Mysterious‘, it increases even more. However, in dry and hot weather these periods are usually reduced. The most attractive varieties are those with large, aligned berries (‘ Nestor Kozin‘, ‘Summer resident‘, ‘Nara‘, ‘Blueberry‘, ‘Binar‘).
Large ones with a slight waxy coating are good in their own way (‘ Dyagterevskaya‘, ‘Moscow‘, ‘Dense cyst‘, ‘Exotic‘) and bright, glossy, shiny berries (‘ Bagheera‘, ‘Vologda‘, ‘Dobrynya‘, ‘Sevchanka‘, ‘Vigorous‘). Some of the most beautiful varieties in fruiting - ‘ Sophia' And ' Katyusha‘. ‘Katyusha’ berries have an unusual pear-shaped shape.
Thanks to the properties of the plant itself, black currant is indispensable for a landscape architect: it grows quickly, is frost-resistant, and leaves fall late (especially in European varieties). These varieties are characterized by protracted growth and often go under the snow with unfallen leaves. Blackcurrant is well suited for group, border, single plantings and informal hedges average size. Varieties with a compact crown, resistant to powdery mildew, and dark green, glossy, dense leaves (‘Delicacy’, ‘Neekdanchik’, ‘White’) are highly decorative.
And, in addition, black currant has numerous decorative forms, including split-leaved (‘Heterophylla’), variegated (‘Variegata’) and marbled (‘Marmorata’), with variegated leaves.
‘Marmorata‘. Low (up to 1 m tall) shrub with original marbled golden-variegated leaves. In GBS since 1967, 4 copies. obtained from various botanical institutions, and 6 copies. vegetative reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 1.5 m at 10 years, crown diameter 130 cm. Grows from mid-April to mid-September. The growth rate is average. Blooms non-annually, from 4 years. The ovaries fall off. Propagates well from cuttings. Winter hardiness is average.
R.n. var. sibiricum E. Wolf— S. h. Siberian. Shrub 1.5 m tall. Southern regions of Siberia, mountainous regions of Kazakhstan. In GBS since 1951, 7 copies. grown from seeds obtained from the culture, as well as 2 copies. vegetative and 6 copies. seed reproduction of GBS. Shrub, height 1.9 m at 9 years, crown diameter 160 cm. Grows from mid-April to late September. The growth rate is average. It blooms and bears fruit from the age of 5. Blooms in the second or third decade of May, 2-3 weeks. The fruits ripen in mid-July. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination up to 70%. Cuttings take root easily in warm and cold greenhouses.
It is extremely important to purchase seedlings only from healthy plants, since black currants are easily affected by the currant bud mite, and the disease it causes - doubleness - can lead the plant to the most deplorable state. For this reason, seedlings in nurseries are sold only after appropriate verification.
Soil conditions and location . Black currants can grow in different soils. But it is best suited for slightly acidic (pH about 6.5), very fertile, with good water-holding capacity and sufficiently drained soil. Light soils need to be fertilized with a large amount of organic fertilizer, and excessively acidic soils should be limed until the pH reaches 6.5.
You need to choose a place where cold air does not linger, and at the same time sheltered from strong winds that interfere with pollinating insects. Most varieties bloom in early spring, and the flowers are extremely sensitive to cold. In areas where frost is possible, plant only late-blooming or frost-resistant varieties, and on cold nights still cover the plants. Blackcurrant tolerates partial shade, but prefers places exposed to the sun.
Soil preparation . In early autumn, remove all weeds and place an 8 cm layer of manure or compost over the entire intended area, or a 5 cm layer of peat with bone meal, 100 g per 1 m2. If the area is relatively clean, a simple dig is sufficient, but if it is heavily overgrown, it should be two-tiered. Apply complex mineral fertilizer.
Landing and placement . It is advisable to plant two-year-old healthy seedlings with at least three strong shoots. Plant in autumn or early spring, leaving 1.5 m between bushes in a row (1.8 for stronger varieties), and 1.8 m between rows. Dig a hole wide enough for the straightened roots to fit freely in it. To develop a strong root system, the bush must be planted 5 cm deeper than in the nursery, which is easy to determine by the traces of soil on the stems. Fill the hole and tamp down the soil.
Initial trimming . After planting, trim all branches to 5 cm above the soil level. This promotes the development of strong young shoots and a good root system, which will ensure bountiful harvests in the future, although it means not harvesting the first summer. Cut branches can be used for propagation: they easily give roots, and with them (2-3 cuttings together) you can fill empty spaces in a row. After a low initial pruning, the young bush should produce 3-4 strong shoots up to 0.5 m long.
Pruning a formed bush . Black currants produce the best berries from last year's growth, although older branches also bear fruit. Carry out pruning in early spring (in the southern regions of Russia - during the dormant period). The purpose of pruning is to stimulate the constant appearance of new strong shoots for fruiting the following season. This is achieved by radical pruning to the very base of the bush, as well as abundant feeding. It is very important to be able to distinguish young branches from old ones. This is not difficult, since the bark of young branches is noticeably lighter than that of three-year-old branches. There is no need to limit the number of main branches or open the bush. However, between a quarter and a third of old branches should be removed annually. Shorten the branch to strong young lateral growth at its base or slightly above. If there is no such growth, remove the entire branch. Remove all stunted, dry and diseased branches. Leave enough space between bushes.
Feeding and watering
. Black currants require plenty of organic fertilizer And high humidity in summer. Apply full mineral fertilizer annually. In spring, add ammonium sulfate at 30 g per 1 m2. If the soil is acidic, it should be replaced with lime-ammonium nitrate. Then mulch by placing an 8cm layer of manure or compost around the bush.
In dry weather, water every ten days at the rate of 20 liters per 1 m2, but try not to get water on the branches to reduce the risk of fungal diseases. Watering promotes the growth of new shoots and ripening of berries.
Weed control. Root system bushes lie shallow, so do not dig them, but destroy weeds by surface loosening and hand weeding or using herbicides.
Pests and diseases. The most dangerous for black currants are aphids, kidney mites and spider mites. Use karbofos against aphids and keltan against spider mites. Kidneys damaged kidney mite, remove and burn. Destroy heavily affected bushes. Among the diseases, the most troublesome are terry, gooseberry powdery mildew, anthracnose and gray rot. Powdery mildew can be combated by treating with iron sulfate and isophene; the latter also helps against spider mites. Bordeaux mixture can be used against anthracnose.
Reproduction . Black currants are propagated by woody cuttings 20-25 cm long and as thick as a pencil. Make an oblique cut above the bud at the top and a straight cut below the bud at the base. Stick the cutting deep into light, well-drained soil until only two buds remain above the surface, and press down the soil around it. The distance between the cuttings should be 15 cm. At the end of the first growing season, dig up the cuttings that have given roots and plant them at a distance of 30 cm. Trim them so that a stump 2-3 cm high remains above the soil surface. Such radical pruning will create a lush plant in the future. bush.
It grows along the banks of rivers and streams, on forest edges, on Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and in Japan. A rare species in nature. Protected in nature reserves.
Shrub up to 1.5-2 m tall, with strongly and finely peeling bark. The leaves are thin, densely pubescent below, white-tomentose, sharp-toothed, 3-5-lobed, up to 15 cm wide, which is slightly longer than their length. The flowers are dark crimson, bell-shaped, in racemes up to 8 cm. The berries are red, sour, edible. In cultivation since 1901, it is of decorative interest in single and group plantings.
In GBS since 1975, 12 copies. grown from seeds obtained from natural habitats, and 2 copies. seed reproduction of GBS. Shrub, at 7 years height 2.2 m, crown diameter 110-140 cm. Grows from mid-April to the end of September. Grows moderately quickly, then slowly. It blooms and bears fruit from the age of 4, annually, abundantly, in the second or third decade of May, for 15 days. The fruits ripen at the end of July, not at the same time. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination is about 50%. Summer cuttings root very poorly.
Cloudberry - beneficial properties of northern orange
The tundra berry with the gentle name “cloudberry” remains a mystery to many residents of our country - and some have never heard of it at all. But in the North, amber cloudberry has been held in high esteem for several centuries - its beneficial properties and contraindications were known back in Tsarist Russia, and today the products made from it and the berry itself are one of the main tourism brands in the Scandinavian countries. So what made this unusual Arctic berry famous?
Fragrant gold of the North
Moss currant, northern orange, swamp amber, arctic raspberry - all this is the humble cloudberry. The inhabitant of the coldest regions is a close relative of the popular raspberries and blackberries, so these berries are very similar in appearance.
For those who want to know what a cloudberry looks like, the photo will show small drupes of different shades: from pale orange and red to dark brown and amber. Many researchers call cloudberries “a berry in reverse” - it ripens so unusually. “Green” fruits have a bright red color, then turn pale and finally acquire a warm orange hue, similar to translucent amber. The berry also grows quite atypically - in a dense carpet of small, up to 30 cm, shrubs with bright berries on top.
You can find cloudberries in the most difficult places– in peat bogs, wetlands, and also in the tundra. Arctic raspberries are harvested at the end of July-August, when all the traditional “summer” berries are gone, and by the end of autumn the medicinal roots are harvested. Moss currant is very productive: from one swampy hectare you can collect up to 1000 kg of useful aromatic raw materials.
Despite its “cold” specialization, cloudberries are found in many regions of Russia and the world. Where does this berry grow? Most Arctic raspberries are found in the Tomsk and Arkhangelsk regions, the Komi Republic and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as in the Murmansk and Tyumen regions. Swamp amber is also collected in the Pskov, Novgorod, and Leningrad regions. Cloudberries grow abroad - Belarus, Finland and Canada are considered leaders in the collection and processing of Arctic raspberries. Thus, in Finland, the image of the northern berry has been minted on 2 euro coins for 15 years, and every tourist who loves to drink, unfortunately, takes away the fragrant cloudberry liqueur from Scandinavia.
Cloudberries are a storehouse of essential vitamins
Like many forest berries, the tundra dweller can boast a solid set of vitamins: A, E, group B and C, valuable elements: potassium, iron, copper, various acids and sugars. But the main value of the product is in the ratio of these substances. Thus, 100 grams of cloudberries contain four times more vitamin C than an average orange, and three times more than carrots.
In northern countries, amber berries have long been used as a cure for scurvy and powerful tool to improve immunity. During the cold season, cloudberries are especially valued - its beneficial properties will help with colds, sore throats and more delicate problems. Arctic raspberries have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect: relieve fever from colds, treat throat diseases and inflammation of the genitourinary system, especially cystitis.
In fresh or processed form, cloudberries are an excellent multivitamin cocktail for the winter: they will saturate the body with essential substances and help with recovery from both the common flu and more serious illnesses.
Arctic berry in folk medicine
It is no coincidence that tasty and healing cloudberries are recognized as a real treasure of the northern peoples - recipes from Arctic raspberries are still actively used in folk medicine.
Sun berries have a powerful hemostatic effect, as well as a diuretic and diaphoretic, which is especially important for colds. A decoction of ripe cloudberries is recommended both for stomach disorders and as an adjuvant for hypertension and vascular problems - the spectrum of action of the northern medicine is so wide.
But cloudberries are famous not only for their fragrant berries - Wikipedia describes a variety of medicinal properties leaves and roots of the northern miracle berry. An infusion of cloudberry leaves treats severe diarrhea, metabolic disorders, cystitis and gout; a decoction of arctic raspberry roots will help with malaria, kidney disease, and persistent colds.
When used externally, swamp amber can also work real miracles: the juice from ripe berries heals marks from tick bites and scabies, and the leaves are excellent at drawing out pus from severe wounds and accelerating healing.
Cloudberry – are there any contraindications?
Despite all the wonderful properties of the berries of the north, cloudberries also have a number of contraindications.
The main rule is that before eating, be sure to make sure that you are not allergic to Arctic raspberries. You should not get carried away with cloudberries if you have a stomach ulcer or diseases of the duodenum, and if you have enterocolitis, the amber berry is strictly prohibited.
Cloudberry in cosmetology
Unique chemical composition and various vitamins have long made the bright cloudberry an active fighter for female beauty. In cosmetology, not only berry juice is used, but also cloudberry seed oil - today leading cosmetic companies produce separate lines based on the northern miracle berry.
Thanks to vitamins E and C, cloudberry products help soothe irritated and dry skin, provide excellent nourishment, and remove tightness. The fatty acids in the Arctic berry help restore the protective barrier of the facial skin, smooth out early wrinkles, restore firmness and elasticity to the skin of the hands, and give shine and fresh color to the hair.
Secrets of use
In pre-revolutionary Russia, all kinds of dishes with cloudberries were regularly served at the royal table, and cloudberry kvass and liqueurs were always found in taverns and taverns. Nowadays, many recipes are half-forgotten, but in vain - after all, fragrant cloudberries are equally tasty fresh, soaked, and dried. And how many things can be prepared from cloudberries! Jams, preserves, marshmallows, bright compotes, pies and cheesecakes...
Fresh cloudberries do not last long - only two to three days, after which they begin to ferment. Therefore, in the very first days, the berries must be selected and processed. One of the simplest and oldest northern recipes is soaked cloudberries.
To prepare soaked cloudberries, you need a wooden tub and ripe, but not overripe, berries. We prepare the syrup in advance - about one glass of sugar per liter of water if you like sweet berries, or half a glass if you want sour cloudberries. Boil the sugar syrup, then cool.
Pour boiling water over the container and carefully pour the orange fruits into it. Fill the cloudberries with water, cover with a clean piece of cloth, and place a wooden lid with a weight on top. We put it in the cellar or underground, after 3-4 months the cloudberries are ready.
This berry can be used for compotes and jelly, to prepare fillings for pies or added to homemade yoghurts.
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Theme of the week: “Forest and garden berries”
Getting to know the world around you
1.Know 5 - 7 names of garden berries and 5 - 7 names of wild berries.
2.Know where the berries grow (in the garden, in a clearing, in a forest, in a swamp).
3.Know how a berry differs from a fruit. (A berry grows on a bush, a fruit grows on a tree. A berry has many small grains, a fruit has several or one large grain.)
4. Exercise “Continue the sentence”
A lot of ... (cucumbers, carrots, ...) grew in the garden.
In the forest we collect... (blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries...).
There are... (apple trees, pears...) growing in the garden.
5. Learn to explain proverbs.
Autumn is a supply, and winter is a pick-up.
Prepare the sleigh in the summer and the cart in the winter.
6.What is unnecessary and why.
Strawberries, currants, tomato.
Blueberry, White mushroom, blueberry.
Cranberry, swamp, Lingonberries, blueberries.
Salt, cook, sweep, marinate.
7.Game “What can you make jam from?”
From lingonberries, apples, currants, cherries, ....
8. Reading, answering questions, retelling.
"Where does the berry grow?
».
Sour cranberries grow in the swamp. You can also collect it in the spring, when the snow melts. Anyone who has not seen how cranberries grow can walk on them and not see them. Blueberries are growing - you see them: next to the berry leaf. And there are so many of them that the place turns blue. Blueberries grow as bushes. In remote places there is also a stone fruit - a red berry with a tassel, a sour berry. Our only berry, the cranberry, is invisible from above.
Questions.
*How do cranberries grow?
*What other berries grow in the forest?
*How do they grow?
*Which berry is invisible from above?
9. “Treat a friend.”
The child remembers his favorite dish, tells how he “made” it, and “treats” his neighbor to it. For example: “I picked lingonberries in the forest, made jam and am treating you to lingonberry jam.”
10. Exercise “Which vegetables, fruits or berries are possible”
Salt - ..., cook - ..., ferment - ..., pickle - ..., dig - ....
11.Name the jam:
From cranberries - cranberry,
from blueberries - blueberry,
from raspberries - raspberry,
from cherry - cherry.
12.Answer:
What is more in the forest - berries or lingonberries? Why?
Speech development
1. Dictionary expansion.
Nouns. Strawberries, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cranberries, wild strawberries, compote, jam, cloudberries, rowan berries, blueberries, stoneberries, syrup, marinade, pickles, jam, jelly, salad.
Verbs. Cook, cut, chop, ferment, can, salt, pickle, dry.
Adjectives. Salted, pickled, pickled, pickled, boiled, dried.
2. Game “Name it affectionately.” Formation of nouns with diminutive suffixes.
Strawberry - strawberry,
cranberry - cranberry,
blueberry - blueberry,
raspberry - raspberry,
currant - currant,
gooseberry - gooseberry.
3. Game “What is where?”
Models (pictures) of berries and fruits are laid out in different places ( on, under, in, around cabinet, chair, table, etc.). The child collects them and says what he found. Wherein Special attention refers to the use of nouns with prepositions.
4. Game “One - many”. Formation of nouns plural in the nominative and genitive cases.
Raspberries - raspberries - raspberries.
Strawberries - strawberries - strawberries.
Currants - currants - currants.
Rowan - rowan - rowan.
Strawberries - strawberries - strawberries.
Literacy training
1. Topic “Sound analysis of monosyllabic words without consonant clusters.”
2. Exercise “Identify the sound.”
The adult invites the child to recognize the sounds (a, o, u, y, m, n, v, k) by silent articulation.
3. “Come up with a word.”
Vrosly offers a diagram of a sound word: blue, red, blue chips. The child characterizes the diagram and comes up with words based on it. (Onion, poppy, con, ...)
4. Exercise for the development of phonemic hearing.
The adult pronounces the words; the child, hearing a word with the sound “K,” must raise his hand or clap his hands.
Words. Cat, horse, pony, tom, mole, bark, strawberry, etc.
5.Name the vowels in the word LINGONBERRY.
6. How many syllables are in the words COMPOTE, RASPBERRY, BLUEBERRY.
7. Sound dictation.
The adult dictates the words. The child does a complete sound analysis of words; makes up conditional graphic semes: replaces chips with letters.
8. Game “Read the words” different heights».
The adult invites the child to read the written words (to you, poppy).
V m A a M k
9. Game “Guess the word by its first sounds.”
The pictures are laid out in three rows, which depict
MOTHER, STORK, CAT (poppy).
NIGHT, SHARK, CAR (to us).
CAT, AUTUMN, LEGS (con).
The child must name the pictures, identify the first sounds in the words and guess which word is encrypted by adding these sounds.
10.Work on the proposal.
The child composes sentences with the word MAK and their conditional graphic diagrams. Then it analyzes each word of the sentence.
FEMP
1. Topic “Number 4. Number 4”.
2.To consolidate the idea of the composition of the number 4.
3.Visually demonstrate all the ways to form the number 4:
*1 yes 1, 1 more, 1 more;
*2 yes 2;
*3 yes 1;
*1 yes 3.
4.Graphically depict the number 4.
5. Exercise “Divide into groups.”
An adult gives the child sets of geometric shapes. The child must break objects according to some specific criteria (color, shape, size).
6. Exercise “Finish the pattern, continuing the pattern.”
7. Game exercise “Name the extra picture.”
The child must choose the odd one out of the proposed pictures and be able to explain his choice.
8. Learn to make a mosaic pattern from geometric shapes.
Silence carried a stream of smoke,
The moon became sad in the sky.
The main thing is that I have you!
I'll silently pray to myself,
I’ll light a cigarette and renounce again.
The main thing is that I have you!
The main thing is that I have you!
I treasure the photo card tenderly.
You laugh at her, I scream
I'll be back, there's no other way,
Because I have you!
We're going again, and we're going again,
We catch air like a horse's mouth.
Well, let there be a trap ahead.
The main thing is that I have you!
And you are there, there, where the currants grow,
And the birch tree sweeps the sand with a thin twig.
And you are where spring is, and I am here where winter is...
The main thing is that I have you!
And you are there, there, where the currants grow,
And the birch tree sweeps the sand with a thin twig.
And you are where spring is, and I am here where winter is...
But.. it’s nothing, right?
Silence carried a stream of smoke,
The moon became sad in the sky.
Well, let it be - I’m not afraid of sadness.
The main thing is that I have you!
I'll silently pray to myself,
I’ll light a cigarette and renounce again.
It's a pity that I only realized now -
The main thing is that I have you!
And you are there, there, where the currants grow,
And the birch tree sweeps the sand with a thin twig.
And you are where spring is, and I am here where winter is...
The main thing is that I have you!
I treasure the photo card tenderly.
You laugh at her, I scream
I'll be back, there's no other way,
Because I have you!
We're going again, and we're going again,
We catch air like a horse's mouth.
Well, let there be a trap ahead.
The main thing is that I have you!
And you are there, there, where the currants grow,
And the birch tree sweeps the sand with a thin twig.
And you are where spring is, and I am here where winter is...
The main thing is that I have you!
And you are there, there, where the currants grow,
And the birch tree sweeps the sand with a thin twig.
And you are where spring is, and I am here where winter is...
But.. it’s nothing, right?
The main thing is that I have you!
