Consistent subordination of parts is in the sentence. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses

Among complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, complex sentences are distinguished by structure

with consistent subordination,
With homogeneous subordination
with parallel subordination.

Subordination is when two or more subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause.

With homogeneous subordination subordinate clauses not only explain the main part, but are also subordinate clauses of the same type.

With homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, commas are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence. If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by repeating conjunctions, then a comma is placed between them, and not if the conjunctions are non-repeating.

When in complex sentences different subordinate clauses belong to one member of the main part or in which the same subordinate clauses explain different words in the main part, they represent sentences with parallel subordination.

Example: When a person is overly tired, it seems that he will sleep for who knows how long.

Consistent submission- this is a sequence subordinate parts, in which each subsequent subordinate clause is connected with the previous part, and only the first subordinate clause is connected with the main part.

At consistent subordination conjunctions may appear next to subordinate clauses: what and if, what and when, etc. A comma is placed between the conjunctions, if there is no further part of the conjunction - then or so, for example: He warned that if the fire is not put out now, the flames will spread to the roof. It is acceptable for there to be no subordinating conjunction before the second subordinate clause.

Combined submission- these are various combinations of subordinating connections in one complex sentence.

Types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences

Definitive

Refers to a noun or to a noun phrase with demonstrative words that, such. Answers the question which?

Pronominal attributive

Refers to the pronouns that, each, everyone; everything, such, such. Answers the questions; Who? Which? what?

Explanatory

Refers to a verb of thought, speech, perception, or a noun combined with the demonstrative word that. Answers case questions.

Connection

Applies to the entire main part.

Concessive

Relates to the entire main part

Punctuation rules

If in an incomplete subordinate clause there is one conjunctive word, then a comma is not separated from the main one, for example: I want to help you, but I don't know how.

If the subordinate clause at the end of a complex sentence is an indirect question, there is no question mark (unless, of course, the main thing is a question mark), for example: Indicate which of the definitions are separated.

A comma is not placed if homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by connecting or dividing conjunctions, for example: Like someone sentenced to death and confident of the impossibility of pardon.

Lesson: “Types of subordination of subordinate clauses”

Lesson Objectives : teach to determine the type of subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses; develop the ability to correctly place punctuation marks in sentences of the specified structure.

Lesson Objectives :

Educational:

Expand students’ understanding of complex sentences and types of subordination;

Repeat and deepen information about the syntax of a complex sentence;

Repeat types of subordinate clauses;

Develop skills and abilities of competent writing;

Consolidate knowledge of terms, teach participation in conversation, constructing statements.

Educational:

Develop the ability to systematize and analyze;

Develop attention and speech, logical thinking;

Develop skills of working in small groups (in pairs and groups);

Educational:

Foster the need for knowledge;

Cultivate a love for your native language.

Progress of the lesson:

1.Organizational moment .

Guys, we continue to work with you to prepare for the exam. Today we have a new lesson topic, it is related to complex sentences. We will introduce you to new types of syntactic constructions.

Look carefully at task 13 of one of the GIA options. It sounds like this:

13. Among sentences 8 – 12, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

Answer: __________________________________________. (On the desk)

Try to formulate the topic of the lesson yourself.

The topic of the lesson is: “Types of subordination of subordinate clauses”

What are our goals and objectives?

Learn to determine the type of subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses; develop the ability to correctly place punctuation marks in sentences of the specified structure.

We write down the date and topic of the lesson in the GIA notebook.

Before you start studying new topic, let's do the repetition.

2. Spelling warm-up (Test for everyone followed by verification)

Each of you has a test with tasks - to indicate words with an alternating vowel in the root. You need to find the word in each task, highlight the root and explain what determines the spelling of a given vowel in the root. (Time – 3 minutes)

1. Indicate a word with an alternating vowel in the root:

1. thickets ( -ROS- – o, -raST-, -raSh)

2. dew

3.measurement

4. belated

The spelling of a vowel fundamentally depends on what consonants follow it: laG- – a, - loZh- – o: to expound – to expound; -ROS- – oh, -GRAST-, -RASH- – a: grown – I’m growing, I’ll grow.

Exceptions: Rostok, moneylender, Rostov, Rostislav, industry.

2. Indicate a word with an alternating vowel in the root:

1. selflessly

2. make your way (-e-/-i-:)

3. get started

4. thin out

The spelling of the vowel depends on the suffix following the root.

Ber- – -bira-: I’ll take it away – I’ll put it away

Der- - -dira-: I'll run away - I'll run away

Mer- – world-: die – die

Per- – -pira-: lock – lock

Ter- – -tira-: wipe – wipe away

Shine - - - shine -: shine - shine

Stel- – -styla-: lay – cover

Burned - - -zhiga-: lit - lit

3. Indicate a word with an alternating vowel in the root:

1. naked,

2. dedicate

3. hit

4. plain ( equal - - - equal -) Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the meaning.

-equal- – written in words meaning equality:Solve the equation.

Rovn- – in words meaning something even, i.e. smooth, straight: Smooth out the wrinkles.

3. Syntactic warm-up.

1 task (oral)

1.Replace the phrase built on the basis of agreement with a synonymous phrase with the connection management.

Management approval.

bookstore (book store), plank barn (plank shed), in a crystal vase (in a crystal vase), evening cool (coolness of the evening), flock of geese (flock of geese).

2. Replace the phrase built on the basis of adjacency with a synonymous phrase with the connection management.

Connection to control.

treat humorously (treat with humor), shrink sadly (shrink with sadness), look scared (look with fear), rule respectfully (rule with respectability)

3. Replace the phrase based on control with a synonymous phrase with the connection adjacency.

Adjacent control.

ate greedily (ate greedily), sat down for dinner (sat down to dinner), got out with dexterity (got out deftly), speaks with joy (speaks joyfully)

4. Replace the phrase based on management with a synonymous phrase with the connection coordination.

Management for approval.

Krylov's fable (Krylov's fable),exhibition of paintings (picture exhibition), war years (war years), strawberries in the meadow (meadow strawberries)

2 task (on sheets of paper, the sentence is written on the board, one works at the board)

- Write down complex sentences, highlight grammar basics, indicate the boundaries, determine the type of subordinate clause.

[ View him was like that ], (as if he somebody offended ).(definitive)

[X], (which...)

[ It was night ],(When I went out to the street from home), (where in the circle of loved ones read your story),( because I trusted their literary taste)

(1 subordinate clause – attributive, 2 – attributive, 3 – explanatory)

Which? Which one? Why?

[ X ], (when...), (where..), (because....)

How are these offers different? (in the 1st there is one subordinate clause, in the 2nd there are three subordinate clauses.

Conclusion: A complex sentence may have one or more subordinate clauses.

4. Studying a new topic

Let's do some research. Let us recall the material on physics “Types of conductor connections”

What types of conductor connections are there? (Serial and Parallel)

How are the conductors connected? serial connection? (series connected receivers electric current follow each other, example - Christmas tree garland).

How are the conductors connected? parallel connection?

(All conductors are connected at two points - nodes. With a parallel connection, the beginnings of all conductors are connected to one point in the electrical circuit, and the ends to another).

We noted such phenomena as sequential and parallel subordination. The Russian language also has such phenomena.

We noted that a complex sentence can have several subordinate clauses. In this case, it is important to understand how all the parts of a complex sentence are related to each other, what obeys what.

Possiblethree types of subordination of subordinate clauses :

1) consistent submission,

2) parallel subordination,

3) homogeneous subordination.

1. Consistent submission

With sequential subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first subordinate clause, etc. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.

Let's consider (All proposals on the board)

[ I'm afraid ], (What Anna will be late for the exam) (which must begin early in the morning).(1 subordinate clause – explanatory, 2 – attributive)

Scheme: [...], (conjunction that...), (conjunctive word which...).

what? Which?

[X], (what...), (which...)

(Sequentially, if part of a chain or sentence is removed, the electrical circuit and the semantic and grammatical integrity of the sentence are disrupted)

With sequential subordination, the subordinate clause related to the main one is called a subordinate clause of the first degree, and the next subordinate clause is called a subordinate clause of the second degree, etc.

2.Parallel subordination

If one main clause includes subordinate clauses different types, then parallel subordination is formed. With this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses belong to the same main clause. It is important that these clauses are of different types, and they answer different questions.

(When the teacher came in), [the guys stood up], (to greet her).

(1 – time, 2 – goals)

Scheme: (conjunction word when...), [...], (conjunction to...).

When? For what purpose?

(when...), [X], (to...)

(Parallel, if part of a circuit or sentence is removed, the electrical circuit and the semantic and grammatical integrity of the sentence are not broken)

3. Homogeneous subordination

If subordinate clausesare sentences of the same type Andrefer to the same member of the main clause or the entire main clause as a whole , then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, subordinate clausesanswer the same question .

[ I suddenly felt ], (How the tension has subsided ) And How it became easy in my soul). (both are explanatory clauses)

Scheme: [...], (conjunction as...) and (conjunction as...).

What ?

[ X], (as..) and (as..)

Subordinate clauses explanatory sentences are similar to homogeneous members of a sentence; they are connected to each other by the conjunction and. Both subordinate clauses refer to the main clause of the sentence. There is no comma between them.

5. Consolidation

Work in rows. Complete the task: place punctuation marks, determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses

1 row. He rushed at the deer and pulled the rope,Bye not convincedWhat the animals are standing.

How long? What?

[...pulled], (until... not convinced ), ( What… )

Consistent submission

2nd row. Now,When deer were cut off from the talnik cape,When he averted the greatest danger for the herd, Arsin gradually calmed down...

When?

[..., (when...), (when...)...calmed down]

Homogeneous Subordination

3rd row. When the coniferous forest began, he immediately felthow much The wind is weaker here.

When? What?

(When...started), [...felt], (how much...)

Parallel subordination

6. Educational assessment – cognitive activity

tasks

result

Exercise 1.

1) Arsin had no choice but to start pulling off the canvas fords filled with water and swollen like logs, and the thoroughly wet malitsa.2) When it became completely warm in the hut, Taya came out so that he could be left alone and could dry his canvas shirt and trousers.

Task 2 . Among the sentences, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. Please enter your offer number. Write your answer on the score sheet.

1). There was still no movement of ice, and the banks remained narrow and shallow: even from here it was noticeable that the water barely reached the belly of the animals. 2) Next to some of the important ones, newly born fawns were trotting along.3) Arsin saw how hesitantly the kids began to swim, how vigorously the important women croaked, making a signal to follow them.

Task 3. Among the sentences, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Please enter your offer number. Write your answer on the score sheet.

1) The gurgling of water under his hooves became louder, and Arsin realized that a rather large herd was being transported to the island, moving faster and faster. 2) To make sure of this, he decided to climb up the stairs, built to survey the surroundings even when he and his father were building a hut. 3) They put about a dozen strong crossbars on two larch trees standing next to each other - it turned out reliable construction, which has been serving regularly for almost five decades... (according to R. Rugin)

Task 4. Among the sentences, find a complex sentence with parallel subordinate clauses. Please enter your offer number. Write your answer on the score sheet.

1) He couldn’t say how long he trudged on his heavy boots or where he was going. 2) I came to my senses only on the bank of the wide Meleksimsky litter, about twenty kilometers from the previous place. 3) He raised his head: the sun was already approaching noon... (according to R. Rugin)

The assignments are checked using the teacher's checklist and assessment sheets.

7. Lesson summary

Let's summarize the lesson:

What are the ways to subordinate subordinate clauses in a complex sentence?

Why do you need to know the IPP groups by method of subordination?

(To place punctuation marks in IPP with several subordinate clauses, perform test exam tasks)

8.Homework:

1. Specify the WBS with homogeneous subordination.

A) They write to me that, filled with anxiety, you are very sad about me, that you often go on the road in an old-fashioned, dilapidated shushun.

B) The closer the boat came, the brighter the night seemed to him, although anyone would call this darkness pitch-black.

C) I want you to hear how my living voice yearns.

2. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses.

When the first warmth came, there was not a day since my early childhood that I did not go to play in the nearby garden of the medical academy.

A) Homogeneous.

B) Parallel (non-uniform).

B) Consistent.

3. Find SPP with several subordinate clauses.

A) Only the rooks, who had grown old in the steppe, calmly hovered over the grass or indifferently, not paying attention to anything, pecked the stale earth with their beaks.

B) Quietly, as only animals can, the bear sat next to a motionless human figure, barely visible on the slope of a snowdrift.

B) No matter how excited she was, she could not help but answer that the Germans do not have anti-aircraft artillery here.

4. Specify the WBS with sequential subordination.

A) While we are burning with freedom, while our hearts are alive for honor, my friend, let us devote our souls to the fatherland beautiful impulses!

B) The night was so black that in the first minutes, until your eyes got used to it, you had to feel your way.

B) When all the units were again pulled back to the highway, news came that the commander was wounded in the head.

5. Indicate the WBS with homogeneous subordination.

A) I came to a stop where there was no one, because the bus had just left.

B) The question is not who is to blame, but the question is what to do now.

C) Something happened that Davydov could not forget about for a long time and that from time to time made him shudder.

42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals

Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [ Habit from above to usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe] (A. Pushkin).

Meaningful relationships between simple sentences in allied ones and are expressed differently. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.

The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.

Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech intonation, and in writing with various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).

IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:

I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):

[I_did not see you for a whole week], [Ihaven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.

Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.

1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessthe horses neighed ], [from the campswam tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [ fluttered up half asleepbird ] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):

[I unhappy ]: [every dayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):

1) [ Items were lost your form]: [everything merged first in gray, then in dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like all Moscow residents, yoursFather is like that ]: [ I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.

IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear and so on.):

1) [ Nastya during the storyI remembered ]: [from yesterdayremained whole untouchedcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).

V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):

1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Rankfollowed to him]- [he suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.

VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .

2) [ See you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses or time.

VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):

[Smallthe rain is falling since morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT

44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic structures

The identification of two levels of division of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which entire complex sentences act as constituent components. Because the subordinating connection- this is the closest connection (in comparison with the creative one, for example), then it is natural that, as a single component of a complex syntactic construction Usually a complex sentence appears, although a non-union combination of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.

A complex sentence can be a component of a complex sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.

1. Complex sentence as a component complex design with a coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of words, and the richer and fuller it is, the happier days and the years that we passed through a field of joys and sadness, happiness and grief (Sukhoml.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is that the coordinating conjunction and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative conjunction than, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by a attributive clause.

In addition to the conjunction and, other coordinating conjunctions are often found in similar syntactic conditions: Our matchmaking with the countess’s house has been destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, it would never exist again (Ven.); What happened is past, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe it (Ch.).

The following complex constructions with a coordinating connection at the first level of division are similar in structure, although they have different degrees of internal complexity:

1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);

2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in the car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the House of Press was located, the evening ended and Blok went to the Society of Lovers of Italian Literature (Past.).

2. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a non-union connection: For a long time it was done like this: if a Cossack was riding on the road to Millerovo alone, without comrades, then if he met the Ukrainians... did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol. ). A peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of the synsemantic word so, the content of which is specified by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by the lexically non-free part cost...

3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [Lack of heterogeneous syntactic connection in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such proposals and its similarity with the constructions described in this section allow us to place them here in order to preserve the system in presentation.].

1) Let the father not think that if a person is nicknamed Quick Momun, it means he is bad (Aitm.).

2) Everyone knows that if a fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such good luck will happen to him that they will talk about it throughout the village for at least ten years (Paust.).

This structural type of complex sentence is distinguished by its unity of construction: the first subordinating conjunction does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating conjunction has a double conjunction holding its parts together (if...then, with what...that, although...but, etc.) or subordinating conjunctions with bonding particles (if... then, if...so, once...then, since...then, once...then, etc.). For example: Who doesn’t know that when a patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on a completely opposite military enterprise in 1945 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of his pride and in response said loudly, with some even pompousness, that since there is an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it costs him, he will carry out the order (Sim.).

In the above examples, there are different degrees of internal complexity, but they are united by one common structural indicator: they are built according to the “main part + subordinate clause” scheme (usually explanatory, but causal, concessive and consequential are also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with relations conditions, reasons, time, comparison, less often - concessions and goals). This feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.

As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is a sentence with the conjunction that (at the first level of division). However, other conjunctions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. The following combinations of subordinating conjunctions are possible: that once... then; what if...then; what once...that; that although...but; because somehow... because once upon a time; because if...then; because once...then; because although...but; so once... then; so if...then; so once...then; so although...but; since once upon a time; since if...then; so just...that; because although...but; so as to; although if...then; although once upon a time; at least once...then; although so that etc. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa (Cat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly was and how long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Green).

Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment is in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L. T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the conjunction but) is a complex sentence.

A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the logging site, it suddenly became very warm and the sun was shining so brightly that it hurt their eyes (gas).

4. A complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I didn’t want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. A compound sentence with the conjunction not only...but also is used here as an explanatory clause.

Such proposals are possible only with gradational conjunctions, for example: not only...but also; not really...but; not so much...as much.

5. A non-union complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of the grasses in other places on Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand like an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).

48.Basics of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation

Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has a fairly solid foundation - formal and grammatical. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural division of written speech. It is this principle that gives modern punctuation stability. The largest number of characters is placed on this basis.

“Grammatical” signs include such signs as a period that marks the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs that highlight functionally diverse constructions introduced into a simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; insertions; addresses; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of a sentence; signs highlighting post-positive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with extenders, standing after the word being defined or located at a distance, etc.

In any text one can find such “obligatory”, structurally determined signs.

For example: But I decided to re-read several of Shchedrin’s works. It was three or four years ago, when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy-tale fiction. I then took Shchedrin to avoid accidental similarities, but, having started reading, having read deeply, immersing myself in the amazing and newly discovered world of Shchedrin’s reading, I realized that the similarities would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Cass.). All signs here are structurally significant; they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: highlighting subordinate clauses, fixing syntactic homogeneity, marking the boundaries of parts of a complex sentence, highlighting homogeneous adverbial phrases.

The structural principle contributes to the development of solid, commonly used rules for the placement of punctuation marks. Signs placed on this basis cannot be optional or copyrighted. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This is finally the one minimum required, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. Dividing the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relationship of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.

The syntactic division of speech ultimately reflects the logical, semantic division, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural, i.e. the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.

In the sentence The hut is thatched, with a pipe, the comma standing between the combinations is thatched and with a pipe, fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, therefore, the grammatical and semantic attribution of the prepositional case form with a pipe to the noun hut.

In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: Inner lightness has appeared. Walks freely on the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (denoting one action). In the original version, there is a designation for two different actions: walking along the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.

Such punctuation marks help establish semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence and clarify the structure of the sentence.

The ellipsis also serves a semantic function, helping to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and goal... in the air; History of peoples... in dolls; Skiing... picking berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (and often with emotional overtones).

The location of the sign, dividing the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts, also plays a large role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the condition is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, focusing attention on the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the condition with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of a sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: For a long time, a tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo. They gave her this nickname because she really was orphaned in early age(gas.). The dismemberment of the conjunction is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, it is necessary to indicate the reason, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.

On a semantic basis, signs are placed in non-union complex sentences, since they are the ones who convey in written speech required values. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - The whistle blew and the train started moving.

Often, with the help of punctuation marks, specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two adjective definitions (or participles) brings these words closer together semantically, i.e. makes it possible to highlight general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being similar in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The darkness of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at the cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow was flying (Paust.); A cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic out of context, then it is difficult to discern something common in these pairs, since these possible associative connections are in the sphere of secondary, non-basic, figurative meanings that become the main ones in the context.

Russian punctuation is partly based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large deepening of the voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dash, ellipsis, etc. For example, an address can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special distinctive intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: The children will come, let's go to the park. - When the children come, let's go to the park. In the first case there is enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonation principle acts only as a secondary principle, not the main one. This is especially evident in cases where the intonational principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical principle. For example: Morozka lowered the bag and, cowardly, burying his head in his shoulders, ran towards the horses (Fad.); The deer digs up the snow with its front leg and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma comes after the conjunction and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (adverbial phrase and subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonation principle is violated, because the pause is before the conjunction.

The intonation principle operates in most cases not “ideally”, pure form, i.e. Some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although fixed by a punctuation mark, ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of the given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: Brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence and its meaning.

So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single, consistently followed principle. However, the formal grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the principles of semantic and intonation act as additional ones, although in certain specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that the initial basis for dividing written speech was precisely pauses (intonation).

Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and the stage characterizing a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects structure, meaning, and intonation. Written speech organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not separately, but in unity. As a rule, the intonation principle is reduced to the semantic, the semantic to the structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. It is possible to single out individual principles only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although in compliance with a certain hierarchy. For example, a period also marks the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering of voice, long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).

It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.

There does not have to be one subordinate clause in an IPP. There may be several of them. Then it is worth considering all the options for what kind of relationship develops between subordinate clauses and the main one.

It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal), as in the examples above. Flowcharts ( vertical).

So, for several subordinate clauses the following cases are possible:

Homogeneous submission. All subordinate clauses relate to the main clause (or to some word in its composition). In addition, they answer one question. And the subordinate clauses are connected to each other according to the same principle as homogeneous members offers.

The children stamped their feet with impatience and couldn’t wait until it was time to set off, when they would finally see the sea, when everyone could run around along the shore to their heart’s content.

Parallel subordination. All subordinate clauses refer to the main clause. But they answer different questions.

When it was her turn to choose, Olya took the box that came to her hand first.

Consistent submission. One subordinate clause is attached to the main clause (it is called a subordinate clause of the first degree). Another subordinate clause, of the second degree, is added to the subordinate clause of the first degree. By the way, with this type of subordination one subordinate clause can be included in another.

The guys decided that they would all cope with it themselves. challenging task, which Misha courageously decided to put on his shoulders.

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence

A reasonable question may arise as to why all these NGN schemes are needed. They have at least one practical purpose - an obligatory part of the syntactic parsing of a complex sentence is the compilation of its diagram.

In addition, the diagram of a complex sentence will help to correctly analyze it for parsing.

SPP parsing diagram includes the following task items:

Determine whether the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.

What - according to emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

To prove that a sentence is complex, you need to define and indicate the grammatical basics.

Indicate what type of connection between parts of a complex sentence is present: conjunction, intonation.

Indicate the type of complex sentence: complex sentence.

Indicate how many simple sentences are included in a complex one, and by what means subordinate clauses are attached to the main one.

Label the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, they should be designated by numbers (degrees of subordination).

Indicate which word in the main sentence (or the entire sentence) is associated with the subordinate clause.

Note the way of connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence: a conjunction or a conjunctive word.

If there are any, indicate indicative words in the main part.

Indicate the type of subordinate clause: explanatory, attributive, connecting, adverbial.

And finally, draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses There are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.

I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous And heterogeneous.

1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, they have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected to each other coordinating conjunctions or non-union (only with the help of intonation). For example:

1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (What cheated to her all the time), (that deceived us she)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction What),(union What),(union What)...

2) [Dersu said], (What these are not clouds, but fog) So what Tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arsenyev).[verb], (what) and (what).

The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination.

It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction or conjunction in the second (third) subordinate clause, for example:

(Where is the cheerful the sickle was walking) And ( the ear fell), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].

2. Heterogeneous subordinate clauses have different meaning, answer different questions or depend on different words in a sentence. For example:

(If I have hundred lives), [ they wouldn't satisfy all thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (union If),[noun], (v. word which).

The connection of heterogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination.

II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:

[She was horrified"], (When found out), (that the letter was carried father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (With. When verb.), (p. What).

This connection is called consistent submission.

With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case there may be two nearby subordinating conjunction: What And just in case And when that And because etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:

[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already were flying raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).

[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").

In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:

(Who in young age didn't connect yourself with strong connections with an external and wonderful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count your youth lost without a trace], (as if cheerfully she neither passed) and how many would pleasant memories she neither left).

(who), [pronoun], (however), (however). (Complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunctions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).

5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (uniform, parallel, sequential).

Sample analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1) [You look at the pale green sky, strewn with stars, (on which there is not a cloud or spot), and you'll understand], (why is summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on guard) (A. Chekhov).

[noun, (sel. on which), verb.], (sel. Why),(sel. Why).
will determine. will explain. will explain.

Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you'll understand answer the question What?, join with a conjunctive word Why).

2) [Any the person knows], (what should he have to do not that, ( what divides him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).

[verb], (conjunction What locality, (village) What), places.), (s.ate.what).

will explain. local-determined local-determined

Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory clause (depending on the verb knows answers the question What?, joins the union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronominal clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which one?, joins with a conjunctive word What).

.1. Non-union complex sentences

Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [Habit from above to us given]: [replacement happiness she](A. Pushkin).

The semantic relations between simple sentences in conjunctions and are expressed in different ways. IN union proposals conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.

Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).

IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:

I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):

[I_ did not see you for a whole week], [I haven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.

Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.

1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness the horses neighed], [from the camp swam tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [fluttered up half asleep bird] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):

[I unhappy]: [every day guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):

1) [Items were lost your form]: [ everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like all Moscow residents, yours Father is like that]: [I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.

1) [Nastya during the story I remembered]: [from yesterday remained whole untouched cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).

V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):

1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Rank followed to him]- [he suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such non-union complex sentences synonymous compound sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.

VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .

2) [See you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.

VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):

[Small the rain is falling since morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT