REX news agency publishes an article by an expert on international information, foreign policy and economic relations Russia with neighboring countries Rustamjon Abdullaev “Uzbeks are nobles of the Turkic peoples, and Sarts are entrepreneurs of Central Asia” in three parts.

Thus, the following Turkic clans and tribes were and are included among the Uzbeks:

agar, alchin, argun, arlat, bagan, BARLAS, bakhrin, boston, budai, buyazut, buytai, buyurak, burkut, buse, garib, girey, jalair, jaljut, juyut, julaji, jurat, jusulaji, dzhyyit, dudzhir, durmen, yaj.k.r., kalmak, kalay, kangly, kara, karluk, kary, kattagan, keneges, kerat, kilechi, kipchak, kiyat, kohat, KUNGRAT, kur, kurlaut, kuchi, kyrgyz, kyrk, kyshlyk, kyyat, mangyt, masid, mahdi, MERKIT (according to Ulugbek makrit— A.R.), ming, mitan, naiman, nikuz, oglan, oglen, oirat, ong, ongachit, ongut, OLKHONUT, Puladchi, Ramadan, Saray, Sakhtiyan, Sulduz, Symyrchik, Tabyn, Tam, Tama, Tangut, Targyl, Tatar, Tuvadak, Turkmen, Tushlub, Uz, Uighur, Uymaut, Uyshun, Urmak, Utarchi, Hafiz, Khytay, Chakmak, Chilkas , chimbay, shirin, shuburgan, shuran, yuz, yabu.

If we now turn our attention to the origin of Genghis Khan, then from literary sources we can find out that his mother Hoelun was from the tribe OLKHONUT - branches of the tribe KUNGRAT , which Yesugei is the father of Genghis Khan , recaptured Eke-Chiledu, a hero from the tribe MERKIT . And the boy, born as a result of the marriage of Yesugei and Hoelun, was named in honor of the leader of one of the Turkic tribes, Temujin-Uge, whom Yesugey defeated on the eve of the birth of his son. This means that the real name of the founder of the Mongol Empire was Temuchin .

The reason for this, quite interesting historical fact, which is of no small importance for the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks, is the position that is enshrined in the “Secret Legend of the Mongols”. Namely: Turkic family KUNGRAT should have been and was a marriage race ( where-anda) of the Mongolian family of BORJIGINS - Temujin (Genghis Khan) and his ancestors. That is why this tradition was continued not only by Genghis Khan himself, who married a representative of the tribe KUNGRAT - Borte (Burte Kuchin), but also his sons, grandchildren, etc. Therefore, if we now turn to the biography of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, we can discover very important and interesting circumstances and, most importantly, the unsolved mystery of his origin and ethnicity, associated with such an amazing state of tribal relations in the life of these peoples of that historical period.

So, Jochi was born around 1182 from the first, most beloved, respected and influential wife of Genghis Khan Borte, but there is a historical version that Genghis Khan’s eldest son, Jochi, was not his own son. That is why Juchii is translated as “ Guest from the road". The main reason for challenging the paternity of Genghis Khan is the captivity of his wife Borte, a Turkic tribe MERKIT , shortly after the liberation, from which Jochi was born. The possible father of Jochi, according to the “Secret Legend of the Mongols,” could only be Chilgir-Boko from a Turkic tribe MERKIT - Bogodur (knight), who took Borte as a concubine. It should be noted that Chilgir-Boko was the younger brother of Chiledu, who, although he had already died by the time of Borte’s captivity, but whose Yesugei, the father of Genghis Khan, at one time recaptured his bride - Hoelun from the clan OLKHONUT , which was one of the branches of the same tribe KUNGRAT , i.e. future mother of Genghis Khan. However, Temujin recognized Jochi as his son, stating that at the time of his capture MERKIT Ami, his wife Borte, was already pregnant by him. However, the “curse of Merkit captivity” hung on Jochi Khan and haunted him all his life.

Note 1. It should also be noted here that KUNGRAT s are one of the main and famous tribes that are part of the titular nation of modern Uzbekistan - the Uzbeks, currently living in the territories of Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya and Khorezm regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. True homeland KUNGRAT ov is reflected in their epic “Alpamysh” Guzar-Baysun steppes.It should be noted thatin Uzbek word KUNGRAT, written as ҚЎНҒИROТ(uzb.qo’ ng’ ir ot- brown horse), which in historical literary sources published in Russian is sometimes mistakenly written as UNGIRAT or KHONGHIRAT , instead of KUNGIRAT . However, in the text of my article I used the entry KUNGRAT, in order to avoid confusion in the name of the same tribe on the part of readers.

As Mirzo Ulugbek writes in his book “Turt Ulus Tarihi”, Genghis Khan’s own sons repeatedly expressed doubts about their relationship with Jochi and insulted him, pointing out this fact. But Genghis Khan himself called Jochi his own son. However, due to doubts about the origin of Jochi, Genghis Khan was forced to appoint his third son, Ogedei, as heir to the throne of the Mongol Empire, not him as the eldest. It is for this reason that not a single representative of the Jochi clan became the kaan of this entire empire created by Genghis Khan.

Thus, given that the biological father Jochi was Chilgir-Boko- Bogodur from a Turkic tribe MERKIT, A by his mother - Hoelun from the family OLKHONUT , which is one of the branches of the Turkic tribe KUNGRAT , it is difficult to come to the conclusion that: Jochi, from whose descendants all the sovereigns, princes of the Golden Horde (Dasht-i-Kipchak) and Uzbeks descend, was nothing other than a pure Turk, in his own way ethnic origin not having anything to do with the Mongolian clans and tribes of the Chingizids.

In my opinion, it is precisely this circumstance that determines the fact that, with reference to Rashid Ad-Din, is noted in many works about the strained relations between Genghis Khan and Jochi. Even that the order to kill Jochi was given by Genghis Khan himself due to the fact that he refused to carry out his will to conquer the Russian lands, Europe, etc. And also about the small number of Mongol troops transferred by Genghis Khan to the Ulus of Jochi: only 4 thousand people.

However, the latter circumstance, in my opinion, has a certain basis, if we assume and take into account that Jochi knew exactly about his ethnic origin and, not trusting his brothers, he formed his guard and warriors of the center (headquarters) of the Golden Horde not from the Mongols, but from members of related tribes and clans. Since the bulk of the 70 thousand army of the Ulus Jochi, almost 80% or 55 thousand, were warriors from the Turkic tribe KUNGRAT , who are close relatives of Jochi, both through his mother and Sartak’s eldest wife, and through his father, as representatives of the Turkic tribe.

That is why in 1269, at a kurultai (congress) in the valley of the Talas River, Mungu-Timur, as well as Borak and Khaidu, the khans of the Chagatai and Ogedeev uluses, respectively, recognized each other as independent sovereigns. And they formed an alliance against the Great Khan Kublai Khan in case he tried to challenge their independence from the central government of the Mongol Empire.

However, the independent Golden Horde state continued to be called the Ulus of Jochi until its throne was taken by Uzbek Khan (1313-1341). Since it was under him that the Great State, the monarch of which he was, began to be called in his honor the State of Uzbek, the Country of the Uzbeks and the Uzbek Ulus, and his subjects, who were at the same time his brave warriors, were called Uzbeks.

Note 2 . Despite the presence of such a historical fact about the independence of this Great State, taking into account the Russian tradition of calling the uluses of its khans the Golden Horde, I will continue to call them the Golden Horde so that readers do not have unnecessary questions.

The validity of such a statement without any references to authoritative foreign literary sources can confirm even the following words representative of our main opponents from among Tajik historians, such as Hazrat Sabahi set out in his polemical article, written in response to an article by the Uzbek historian Goga Hidayatov:

« They say: things must be called by their proper names. We all know well that the Chingizids had the following principle: if a khan or commander had a name of Chigatai, then all his subordinate tribesmen and relatives called themselves Chigatai, Nogai Khan called them Nogais, Uzbek Khan called them Uzbeks, etc. In the areas near the Volga, in the northern Caucasus, the Nogais, descendants of the Khazars (thousanders) of the mentioned Nogai Khan, still live today. In some mountainous regions of Khorasan, including in the Chigatai gorge of Iranian Khorasan, there live the descendants of the Chigatais who hid from the Shaikbanids (=Shaybanids). They also speak the Chigatai language, every tenth person has the surname “Chigatai”, every fifth person has the surname “Temuri”, since they associate their past with Chigatai Khan, Temur-Kuragan, Hussein Boykaro.... A daughter is not married off to a stranger, girls people from other nations do not marry. Many have a genealogy list (shajara)» .

But, despite such a competent opinion of the young Tajik historian H. Sabakhi, who proves the validity of my statement about the origin of the term “Uzbek” and the Uzbek ethnic group, if you still turn to the famous Persian literary sources, you can find out the following.

The Uzbeks were first mentioned in the work of the Iranian historian Hamdullah Qazvini, who in “Tarikh-i-Guzide” (“Selected History”), talking about the invasion of the Uzbek king into Iran in 1335, called the Golden Horde army “Uzbeks” and “Uzbeks”, and Golden Horde - “Memleket-i-Uzbeks”. Therefore, according to the famous Soviet historians, academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences B.D. Grekov and A.Yu. Yakubovsky: “ there is no dispute that the Turkic-Mongol warriors from Desht-i-Kipchak are called “Uzbekians” = “Uzbeks”. In full accordance with this, the Ulus of Jochi by Hamdallah Kazvini is called “Mamlakat-i-Uzbekiy,” i.e., the state of Uzbekistan. It is very interesting that Zein ad-din, son of Hamdallah Qazvini, the successor of Tarikh-i-Guzide, mentions the Ulus of Uzbek not in the sense of the Ak-Horde, but the entire Ulus of Jochi. In any case, speaking about the time of Janibek Khan (1342 - 1357), Zein ad-din calls the Ulus of Jochi the Ulus of Uzbek. Author of the 14th century Muin ad-din Natanzi (“Anonymous Iskender”), more knowledgeable than others in the history of the Ak-Orda, talking about the same time, uses the term Ulus of Uzbek also in the sense of Ulus of Jochi. In the same sense, “Anonymous Iskender” uses this term even when applied to the 60s of the 14th century. Here is a phrase from which it is clear what the author understood by the expression “Ulus of Uzbek”: “The main emir (emir al-umar) of the Uzbek ulus in his time (Khan Murid - A. Ya.) was Ilyas, the son of Mogul-Buki." Mogul-Buka, as well as his son Ilyas, were emirs in the Golden Horde» .

And Temur’s historian, Nizam Ad-din Shami, in his story about the flight of his two emirs, reports: “ When they(Emirs Adidshah and Sary-Buu, who rebelled against Timur in 1377) realized that they were not people who could resist him, they fled, went to the Uzbek region and took refuge with Urus Khan" At the same time, he calls Urus himself an Uzbek khan. Apparently this is historically true, since later this term began to be applied not only to him, but also to his subjects. In addition, another historian of Temur, Sherif Ad-Din Yezdi, talking about the 1397 embassy from the Golden Horde Timur Kutlug, calls the arriving ambassadors ambassadors of the Uzbeks...

Thus, even what is stated above fully confirms the fact that the term “Uzbek” entered into linguistic circulation and was an authoritative Persian historical literary source under Uzbek Khan and, therefore, is associated specifically with his name. For such a phenomenon at that time was a generally recognized tradition of monarchical states created both by the Mongol Empire itself (even if they had legal status vassals), and after its collapse. Especially those of them whose sovereigns had high international authority and were respected by the people, like the Khan of the Great State (Golden Horde) Uzbek. That Uzbek Khan who was not only the khan of an independent state Golden Horde, but also its great reformer, at the beginning, he himself became a Muslim, turning this faith into the state religion. And speaking modern language, who carried out not only a similar reform of an ideological nature, as a result of which he managed to eliminate feudal strife in the Golden Horde, but also administrative-territorial and economic reforms.

If, as a result of the administrative-territorial reform within a single state, which in Rus' is called the Golden Horde, 4 large administrative-territorial entities were created - uluses, such as Saray, Khorezm, Crimea and Dasht-i-Kipchak, which were headed by those appointed personally by Uzbek Khan ulus emirs (ulusbeks). Then, as a result of the economic reform, the Baskas were abolished, with the simultaneous transfer of the right to collect tribute and taxes to the Russian vassal princes, which significantly expanded their independence.

As a result of all this, he managed to achieve both an increase in the military, political, and economic power of his state. And this allowed him to engage not only in large-scale charitable activities among the population, which corresponded to the spirit of Islam of that time and strengthened his authority among the population (as in our era, say, the emirs of Dubai and Qatar); build new capital- the city of Saray al-Jedid (New Palace). But also to turn the Golden Horde into a real empire - a Great State.

That is why he was recognized throughout the world and many countries sought to establish diplomatic relations with him. Among such countries that have established diplomatic relations with the Golden Horde are Byzantium, India, and the countries Western Europe. And the Sultan of Egypt an-Nasir Muhammad and the King of Byzantium Andronikos II not only established diplomatic relations with this great Uzbek state. But also, considering it an honor to become related to such a powerful monarch as Uzbek Khan, if the first of them took his sister Tulunbay as his wife, then the second gave him his daughter Taidula in marriage. The princess, who became not only his second eldest wife, but also the real princess of the Golden Horde after his death, during the reign of their sons Tanibek and Janibek.

In addition, Uzbek Khan was quite supportive of the Russian princes and other nobility. That is why he sought to prevent the Poles from seizing the Galicia-Volyn principality. For honesty and courage, he awarded the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita with a label for the great reign; Monomakh's cap, as a princely crown, which later became the main regalia of the Russian great princes and tsars, and allocated him an army of 50 thousand. And in 1337, with his permission, a campaign of the united Uzbek-Russian troops to the Lublin Voivodeship. Then, at the request of the Galician governor and noble boyar Dmitry Dedko, he sent a 40,000-strong army against King Casimir III of Poland...

It’s not for nothing that absolutely all historians admit that highest point The military power of the Golden Horde was the time of Uzbek Khan (1312-1342). And, a traveler who has seen a lot in his life, having personally met with Uzbek Khan in 1333, gave him the highest assessment, saying that: “He is one of those seven kings who are the greatest and most powerful kings of the world.”And other historians they write that his power was equally authoritative in all the lands of his vast possessions. For example, according to the 15th-century Arab historian Ibn Arabshah, caravans from Khorezm passed on carts completely calmly, “without fear or danger,” all the way to the Crimea for 3 months. There was no need to carry with them either fodder for the horses or food for the people accompanying the caravan. Moreover, the caravans did not take guides with them, since in the steppes and agricultural regions there was a dense nomadic and agricultural population, from whom everything they needed could be obtained for payment.

But I also want to draw the attention of readers to such important circumstances that are associated with the need to answer the following very important questions related to state language and the status of the Uzbeks in the Golden Horde - in the monarchical state of Uzbek Khan, who even then was called only UZBEKISTAN, i.e. Country of Uzbeks .

continued see part 2 and 3

Where did the Uzbeks come from?

Anthropologically, the Uzbeks are a people of mixed origin, including both Caucasoid and Mongoloid components. Anthropologists classify Uzbeks as southern Caucasians of the Central Asian interfluve type.
The Uzbek population of cities and ancient agricultural oases has a relatively small admixture of Mongoloid features. The descendants of the former semi-nomadic Uzbeks, connected by their origin with the tribes that moved to the Central Asian interfluve in the 16th-17th centuries, are more Mongoloid. from the steppes of Kazakhstan.

From time immemorial, every nation has strived to know the history of its origin, its genealogy in seven generations. But for most ethnic groups, this knowledge is not scientific, but is mainly of a mythological nature. Thus, famous medieval historians of Central Asia begin the genealogy of their peoples with Adam and Eve, whose descendants are Christian and Muslim prophets. The most characteristic in this sense is the legend about the origin of the Uzbeks, recorded in the 19th century. talented ethnographer A. Divaev. This legend was passed down from generation to generation and became part of many historical works eastern authors, especially the 18th-19th centuries. Thus, the remarkable Khiva historian Abulgazi almost completely conveys the Divaev version of this legend, connecting it with the history of the Khorezm khans.
Published in the "Turkestan Gazette" (No. 97 for 1900), this legend, entitled "The Legend of the Origin of the Uzbeks" was translated from the manuscript of Mullah Kubey from the Kangly clan at the end of the 19th century. The main content of this unique legend boils down to the following: "Uzbeks descended from the first prophets." The Messenger of Allah Muhammad came from the family of the Prophet Ismail. However, it follows from the rivoyat that the Uzbeks allegedly came from a tribe that did not understand either Arabic or Persian. According to Abubakr, these were Turks who only that they came from Turkestan, and this tribe is related to Kakhofa, the father of Abubakr. Thus, according to legend, the genealogy of the Uzbeks goes back to the Muslim prophets.
Further, the legend notes that the ancestors of the Turks were ninety-two people, and all of them were the sons of one father, namely Kakhofa. Then the children of the ninety-two representatives mentioned in the legend are listed Turkic people. At this time they had big amount cattle, on which tamgas were placed by the name of each clan (tribe). Each clan had its own saints, descended from ninety-two Uzbek clan branches, indicating who had a feast with whom and from which clan they came. Tamgas (and clans) began to bear the names of such historically famous tribes as Ming, Juz, Kyrk, Jalair, Kungrad, Algyn, Kipchak, Kenegez, Kyat, Khitai, Kangly, Katagan, Oguz, Arlay, Burkut, Mangyt, Mavgviy, Alaut , Mysk-Mer-ket, Kyrgyz, Kazak, Arab, Kadai, Turkmen, Durmen, Mitei, Tatar, Jambay, Uyghur, Sauran, etc. And further it is given long list pirs - patrons of each clan (tribe). So, for example, Azret-Sheikh-Maslyakhit-din-Khojentsky comes from the Jalair clan, Kuleim-Sheikh - from the Durmen clan, Ak-Buri-ata - Kangly, Bak-shanish-Ata - Kipchak, Azret-Bagauddpn - Kereyt, Maubey- Sheikh Kungrad, Djilki-Ata - Naiman, Dzha-maletdin-Sheikh - Argyn, etc. The ancestor of the Uzbeks, according to legend, originates from the prophet Ibrahim (Abraham). The prophets who came from this tribe first spoke Arabic, then, when their representatives became sultans, the Uzbeks spoke the Ajam language, and after they began to speak the Turkic language, they began to be called not Uzbeks, but Turks.
At the conclusion of this one-of-a-kind legend that has come down to us from our ancestors, it is said: “When 92 people came to the prophet, peace be upon him, he said “uzi keldi,” i.e. “they came on their own” (voluntarily), and therefore called them "Uzbek" prophet, in other words: his own master."
There is not a single nation or nationality in the world that, during its history, has not mixed with other ethnic groups or ethnic groups. Each ethnic group is formed over centuries, being in constant communication with other ethnic groups, often moving from one territory to another, consolidating with other ethnic groups, sometimes entering it as part of a given community. As is known, for many centuries after the emergence of the state as an instrument of violence, various wars took place. Strong rulers defeated the weak and dominated them, as a result of which a mixture of different ethnic groups also occurred. Over the course of their long history, the Uzbek people suffered such a fate, having been repeatedly invaded by foreigners, finding themselves under alien ethnocultural influence, but at the same time retaining their ethnic identity and pride.

There are many options for the origin of Uzbeks. Here's another way to look at this issue.

Quotes are given from the book "Shakarim Kudaiberdy-uly. Genealogy of the Turks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and Khan dynasties. - Alma-Ata: SP Dastan, 1990" with translation and notes by B.G. Kairbekova.

From... genealogies it is obvious that the Kazakhs descend from Yafs, the son of the prophet Nuh (Noah), from the people of Tukyu (in Chinese), i.e. Turks. Turk, as we already know, means “helmet”. After this, the Turkic people were called Hun or Gun. Najip Gasymbek claims that this name comes from the name of the river - Orkhon. In subsequent centuries the Turks were known by many names, but we are from the Uyghur branch. All known genealogies translate the word "Uighur" as "united, joined (to each other)." These people made up the taifa:

[Taifa (teip) is an ethnic group, as well as: clan, tribe, people. - B.K.]

Kyrgyz, Kanly, Kipchak, Argynot, Naiman, Kereyt, Doglat, Oysyn - i.e. our direct ancestors. Subsequently, Genghis Khan conquered all the Tatars and Mughals and divided the entire (tribal) people among his four sons. All the Tatars went to Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi and his next brother Chagatai and began to be called the Jochi ulus and the Chagatai ulus. Then, when Khan Ozbek- a descendant of Jochi - converted to Islam, everyone who was in his ulus and our ancestors began to be called Ozbeks, and when Az-Zhanibek separated from Khan Nogai and our people followed him, we began to be called Kirghiz and Cossacks.

At the very beginning, I already said that there is no genealogy that would chronologically trace all the tribes from the prophet Adam to the present day. Even from Az-Zhanibek to the present day, there is both truthful and clearly fabulous information about our ancestors. Among them, we are interested, of course, in information that exactly corresponds to the above genealogical books. So:
... after the death of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Batu (son of Jochi) sat on the khan's throne instead. The Russians call him Batu. His other name is Sain Khan. After Batu, his brother Burge became khan.

 [Berke (1257-1266) - Golden Horde Khan (History of the KazSSR, vol. 2, p. 130). According to Rashid ad-Din, the beginning of the reign of Khan Berke was 652 AH. (1254-1255). See: Rashid ad-Din, Sat. Chronicles, vol. 2, M., 1960. P. 81. See also: History of the Mongolian People's Republic. P.144 - (1255-1266). - B.K.]

Even before Jochi, Turkic Kipchak tribes lived on Edil and Zhaik. Therefore, their land was called the Deshti-Kipchak Khanate. During the time of Burge Khan, this khanate was divided into three parts: the Golden Horde, the White Horde and the Blue Horde.

 [Altan Orda, Ak-Orda, Kok-Orda. - B.K.]

The Golden Horde, to which all others were subordinate, was ruled by Burge Khan. The Khan of the White Horde was Jochi's son Shayban. Khan of the Blue Horde is the son of Jochi Tokai-Temir. Our Abilmansur Ablai is a descendant of Tokay-Temir. The aforementioned Burge Khan converted to Islam and began to be called Bereke Khan. Tokay-Temir followed his brother’s example, also becoming a believer. In place of Burge Khan as Khagan

 [Here: senior khan, i.e. ruler over the khans of the White and Blue Hordes. - B.K.]

Tokai-Temir's son Munke becomes, then his brother Toktogu. Khan replaced him Ozbek, son of Togrol, son of Batu's Mentemir. This happened in 1301. Khan Ozbek was a Muslim and converted his entire people to the Muslim faith. Since then, our people have not changed their faith and are still Muslim. Hence the expression among the people: “our faith comes from Ozbek remained." After the name of this khan, the entire ulus of Jochi began to be called ozbekamiuzbek ).
Headquarters of the Khan of the Golden Horde (

 [Dynasty of Khans of the Golden Horde:
Batu (1227-1255)- the first ruler of the Golden Horde - the state of the Jochids with the capital of Sarai-Batu (near modern Astrakhan), later the capital was moved to Sarai-Berke (above Sarai-Batu on the Volga). History of the KazSSR, vol. 2, p. 127. And further the years of reign of the khans of the Golden Horde are given according to this source: p.130.
Berke (1257-1266).
Mengu-Timur (1266-1280).
Uzbek Khan (1312-1342).
Janibek (1342-1357).

Dynasty of Khans of the Kok (Blue) Horde according to Ghaffari.
Tokhta, son of Kurbukuy, son of the Horde, son of Jochi.
Toghrul, son of Tokhta. Died in 727 AH. (1326/27).
Uzbek, son of Toghrul.
Janibek, son Uzbek .
Berdibek, son of Janibek.

Dynasty of Khans of the Ak (White) Horde according to Ghaffari.
Tuda-Munke, son of Nokai, son of Kuli, son of the Horde.
Sasy-Buka, son of Nukai. Died in 720 AH. (1320/21).
Erzen, son of Sasa-Buka. Died in 745 AH. (1344/45).
Mubarek Khoja, son of Erzen.
Urus Khan, son of Chimtai. Died in 778 AH. (1376/77)
Toktakiya, son of Urus Khan. (Died in 778 - History of the KazSSR, vol. 2, p. 167).
Timur-Melik, son of Urus Khan. Killed in 778 AH.
Toktamysh, son of Tui-Khoja-oglan. Died in 807 AH. (1404/05).
Nuzi-oglan, son of Urus Khan.
Timur-Kutlug, son of Timur-Melik. Died in 802 AH. (1399-1400).
Shadibek. Died in 811 AH. (1408/09).
Fulad Khan. Died in 811 AH. (Son of Timur-Kutluk - Pulat. History of the KazSSR, vol. 2... P. 153-154)
Timur, son of Shadibek. Died in 813 AH. (1410/11).
Toktamysh, son of Timur-Kutlug.
Jalal ad-din, son of Kuizi (Koychirak-oglan), son of Urus Khan. Killed in 831 AH. (1427/28).
Mohammed Sultan, son of Timur, son of Kutlug-Timur.
Kasim Khan, son of Seyidak Khan, son of Janibek, son of Berdi Khan.
Khaknazar, son of Kasim Khan.

See V.G. Tiesenshausen. Sat. materials related to the history of the Golden Horde. T.II. M.-L., 1941. P.210

Years of Khans' reign:
Chimtai - 1344-1361
Urus Khan- 1361-1376/77
Timur-Melik - 1376-1379
Toktamysh - 1380-1395
Barack - 1423/24 - 1248
Kasim- 1511-1518 (or 1523)
Haqq Nazar - 1538-1580

On the origin of the ethnonym Uzbek and “nomadic Uzbeks”.

The origin of the ethnonym Uzbek and the people of the same name has interested many researchers. According to the established unspoken tradition, the Uzbeks were the nomads from the eastern Deshti-Kipchak who invaded Central Asia under the leadership of Muhammad Sheybani and overthrew the Timurids.
Various versions have been put forward regarding the origin of the ethnonym Uzbek:
Aristov N.A., Ivanov P.P., Vamberi G., Chaplichek M.A., Khuukam H believed that the origin of the ethnonym Uzbek is associated with the name of the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek.
Grigoriev V.V. in his review of the book, Vambery wrote: “In his extensive review of A. Vambery’s book “The History of Bukhara,” published in 1873 in London in English, prof. Grigoriev wrote “... and the city of Vamberi considers this popular name (Uzbeks - A.S.) to be adopted by the Turkic clans - in memory of the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek, as the Khiva historian Abulgazi also claims... In the Golden Horde, where Uzbek ruled, khan, there were never any Uzbeks, but Uzbeks appeared in the Blue Horde, to which the power of Uzbek Khan did not extend, and they appeared no earlier than a hundred years after his death.”
Bartold V.V. called Uzbeks the Golden Horde nomads who lived in Eastern Deshti-Kipchak, Safargaliev himself calls the Uzbeks as nomads of the Shiban ulus.
Regarding the origin of the Uzbek people, most versions say that the nomadic population of eastern Deshti-Kipchak was called Uzbeks: Grekov B.D. and Yakubovsky A.Yu. They believe that from the plural. Persian (and Tajik) Uzbeks - Uzbeks subsequently arose the term Uzbek, "which became a collective name for a whole group of Turkic-Mongolian tribes of the Ak-Horde." The term “Ulus of Uzbek” began to be applied not to the entire Ulus of Jochi, but only to its Ak-Horde part
Their point of view is supported by Semenov A.A.: “Of course, the chronological framework for the appearance of the name of the Uzbek people now has to be significantly pushed back, but the main point of prof. V.V. Grigoriev that there were no Uzbeks in the Golden Horde, but they appeared in the Blue Horde (otherwise in the White Horde) over which the power of Uzbek Khan did not extend, and remains, undoubtedly, in force to this day.” Continuing his thought Semenov A.A. writes: “In other words, Sheybani Khan, without making any distinction between the Kazakhs and Uzbeks at the beginning of the entire tirade and generalizing them into one Uzbek people, further separates the latter from the Kazakhs in the sense that by Uzbeks he means the tribes of the former ulus of Sheyban, and under the Kazakhs are the tribes of the former Eastern Kipchak or Horde ulus."
Summarizing the results of his article, Semenov A.A. gives the following conclusions:
1) the Uzbeks did not come from the Golden Horde and it has not been proven that they received their name from the Golden Horde Uzbek Khan, as some believed. Forming one people with the so-called Kazakhs, the Uzbeks from time immemorial lived in the steppes of Desht-i-Kipchak, therefore the statement of others that, as a result of internal unrest and strife, migrated to the east, to the river, contradicts the truth. Chu, the Uzbeks, having separated from the general mass, began to be called Cossacks (Kazakhs), i.e. free people
4) Incessant strife between the Uzbek tribes of the domains of Sheiban and the Horde, which turned into bloody wars with colossal robberies of the vanquished and turning them into slaves, in the 15th century. AD resulted in a more definite form of struggle between the Uzbek khans from the house of Sheiban and the Uzbek-Kazakh khans from the descendants of Genghis along a different line. And the final isolation of the Uzbek tribes of Desht-i-Kipchak, the so-called Uzbek-Kazakhs, from the Uzbek tribes of Sheybani Khan took place during the reign of the latter, as evidenced by the entire policy of Sheybani Khan in relation to his fellow tribesmen who did not follow him to Central Asia and those who remained in Desht-i-Kipchak.
Further ideas of Semenov A.A. developed by Akhmedov B.A. in his monograph “The State of Nomadic Uzbeks.” Akhmedov B.A. believed that in the 20s of the 15th century in Eastern Dashti-Kipchak (east of the Volga and north of the Syr Darya) a state of nomadic Uzbeks was formed, under the Uzbeks Akhmedov B.A. meant the tribes that were previously part of the uluses of Shiban and the Horde. Here we want to note that the original composition of the Shiban ulus is known: according to Abulgazi, it included four tribes Kushchi, Naiman, Karluk, Buyruk. According to the list of Masud Kukhistani, there were 27 tribes under the rule of Abulkhair Khan, of which we can recognize some “tribes” as Jochid clans (Ijan, Kaanbayly, Tangut, Chimbay), thus, out of 23 tribes subject to Abulkhair Khan, only three (Kushchi, Naiman, Karluk) were indigenous Shibanid tribes. The tribes Kiyat, Kongrat and Mangyt, who were three of the four Karachi-biy clans in the Great Horde, were also present in the Khanate of Abulkhair Khan. Of the indigenous Tuka-Timurid tribes (Ming, Tarkhan, Uysun, Oirat), the khanate of Abulkhair Khan included the Ming and Uysun tribes, and possibly Oirat. We do not know the tribes that were part of the Horde ulus.
Thus, it can be argued that the composition of the population of the Khanate of Abulkhair Khan (“nomadic Uzbeks”) was much wider than the tribes of the former uluses of Shiban and Horde.
Yudin V.P. in his review of the monograph by Akhmedov B.A. makes the following comments regarding the topic of the article:
1. The term Uzbek acquired the meaning of an ethnonym already in the 14th century and not in Central Asia, but in Eastern Dashti-Kipchak.
2. Exaggeration of the role of the state of Abulkhair Khan in the history of eastern Dashti-Kipchak. This state is the natural successor to the state of Jumaduka.
Here we can agree with two points; indeed, Uzbeks as an ethnonym begin to appear back in the 14th century, and Abulkhair Khan did not found a separate khanate that laid the foundation for the Uzbeks, but was another one of the khans of the eastern part of the Golden Horde.
Iskhakov D.M. believes that initially Uzbeks were the name of nomads subordinate to the Shibanids, but later this term acquired the character of a polytonym and began to cover such ethnic groups as Kazakhs, Mangyts, Uzbek-Shibanids
In general, illustrating various points point of view, we would like to move on to the issue of the ethnonym Uzbek from the other side. We will deliberately omit various interpretations of historians and orientalists of the 19th-20th centuries and conduct a content analysis of primary sources for the presence of the ethnonym Uzbek in them.
Most sources using the word Uzbek as a designation of an ethnic group or country can be divided into two parts:
1. Central Asian (Timurid) sources
2. The rest.
Let's start the content analysis with the second group:
2.1. Qazvini:
“Arpa-kaun sent troops to go to the rear of the Uzbeks (Uzbeks) ... news arrived about the death of Kutluk-Timur, on whom the Uzbek state rested (Mamlakati Uzbeks).” It can be noted here that it is unlikely that the term Uzbeks here is of an ethnic nature; it simply states that the army belongs to Uzbek Khan. The state of Uzbek here should also be understood as the state of the Uzbek Khan, and not the state of the Uzbeks
2.2. Ibn Batuta:
Talking about the country (Chagatai ulus) Ibn Batuta testifies: “His country is located between the possessions of four great kings: the king of China, the king of India, the king of Iraq and the king of Uzbek.” According to A.A. Arapov “With such a comparison, he actually admits that the name “Uzbek” is not a personal name, but the name of the country - “the country of Uzbek (Uzbeks)”, the same as China, India, Iraq.”
2.3. al-Kalkashandi
The only Arab author who used the phrase “Uzbek countries”. “envoy from Tokhtamysh, sovereign of the Uzbek countries.”
In general, in all three sources the name Uzbek does not carry ethnicity, but is either geographical in nature or relates to the personality of Khan Uzbek.
Let's move on to Central Asian and Timurid (and dependent on them) sources, excerpts from which are in the SMEIZO:
1.1. Shami
“They (the emirs Adil Shah and Sary-Bug) ... went to the region of the Uzbeks and took refuge with Urus Khan.” "Kutluk-Buga, son of King Urus Khan of Uzbekistan". “And he (Tamerlane) intended to move into the region of the Uzbeks. Noyons and emirs gathered and reported that it would be right if we first went to Inga-tura and destroyed his evil, and then went to the country of the Uzbeks.” “Timur-Kutluk Khan died in the region of the Uzbeks, his ulus was mixed up.”
In this source, Urus Khan is presented as an Uzbek ethnically; the news of the death of Timur-Kutluk in the Uzbek region is also interesting.
1.2. Natanzi
"Tuman-Timur Uzbek". “Tokhtamysh granted his request (the request of Baltychak, Emir Timur-bek-oglan for his own execution). After this, the Uzbek state became entirely in his power.” “When 6 years of his (Timur-Kutluk) reign had expired and the affairs of the kingdom had returned entirely to their previous order, one day he fell asleep after a long period of drunkenness, his breathing stopped, and he died. After him, the state again fell into disorder, and the Uzbek ulus, according to its custom, began to look for the glorious Urug Chingiz Khanov.” “Since the Uzbeks always had a desire to manifest the power of the descendants of Genghis Khan, they went to serve the court of Timur Sultan (son of Timur Kutluk).” “Kara-Kisek-oglan (Juchid, military leader of Urus Khan) sent towards Otrar, to get the language, Satkin the Great and Satkin the Small, the most outstanding Uzbek daredevils with a hundred horsemen.”
1.3. Yazdi
"Tuman-Timur Uzbek (Emir of Timur)". "Kutluk-Timur-oglan, Kunche-oglan and Idigu-Uzbek". “That night two nukers of Idigu-Uzbek” [IKPI, 310]. “Yagly-biy bakhrin, one of Tokhtamysh Khan’s confidants and ichkiys rushed forward with the brave men of his Uzbek army.” “He (Timur) gave, to the son of Urus Khan, Koyrichak-oglan, who was with him, a detachment of Uzbek braves, who was among the servants of the highest court.” “Ambassador Timur-Kutluk-oglan and a man of the Emir Idigu arrived from Dasht, ambassador Khizr-Khoja-oglan also arrived from Jete... His Majesty dealt mercifully with the ambassadors of the Uzbeks and Jete.” It is worth noting here that by Jete the Timurid authors meant the Moguls from Mogulistan, while the Moguls called the Chagatais Karaunas.
1.4. Samarkandi
“The nukers of Pulad Khan, Amir Idigu-bahadur and Amir Aise, who were the holders of power in Dashti-Kipchak and the Uzbek countries, arrived as ambassadors.” “Events 813 (06.05.1410-24.04.1411)… Amir Idigu-bahadur arrived from the country of the Uzbeks and Dashti-Kipchak”... “Tavachi Aban returned, who had traveled to the Uzbek region to visit Amir Idigu.” “News came from Khorezm that Jabbar-berdi, having put Chingiz-oglan to flight, took possession of the Uzbek ulus.”
“The sons of Khojalak fled from the Uzbek possessions and reported that the Uzbek region was in disarray,” “at the end of the rabi (03/28/1419-04/26/1419) Barak-oglan, who fled from the Uzbek ulus, came to seek refuge at the court of Mirza Ulugbek-gurgan” , “a man named Balkhu fled there (to Burlak) from the Uzbek side and brought news of the disorder of the Uzbeks.”
“Barak-oglan captured the horde of Muhammad Khan (in in this case Hadji-Muhammad) and most of the Uzbek ulus submitted and submitted to him,” “Barak-oglan captured the horde of Muhammad Khan, the king of the Uzbeks, and took possession of the ulus,” “He (Barak) went to the Uzbek country and the management of the ulus fell into his hands.” “The Uzbeks, to whom the image of victory in the mirror of imagination seemed impossible, saw it, and a huge booty fell into their hands (about the victory of Barak-oglan over Ulugbek).”
“Events...The Uzbek army...invaded Khorezm,” according to Ghaffari, this army was sent by Kichi Muhammad.
“at times, some of the Uzbek army, having become Cossacks,” “observed the actions of the Deshti-Kipchak army and the Uzbek Cossacks,” “the Uzbek king Abulkhair Khan.”
“The Khan ordered several Uzbek people to activate the Yede stone. The Uzbeks acted as ordered."
“A decree arrived that Said-yeke Sultan (Saidek Khan, uncle of Ibak Khan), brother of Abulkhair Khan of Uzbekistan... should be sent to the Highest Horde,” “Abu Said sent him grateful and pleased to the Uzbek region.”
1.5. Ghaffari
“Timur (son of Timur-Kutluk) fled from him (Jalaluddin, son of Tokhtamysh) and was killed by Gazan Khan (son-in-law of Jalaluddin, who was besieging Idiga), one of the Uzbek emirs who was besieging Khorezm.”
1.6. Razi:
“until the end of his days, Abu Said was the sovereign of the entire ulus of Jochi Khan. In 728/1327-28 he had no rivals left. After him, the Dzhuchiev ulus began to be called the Ulus of Uzbek.” “Seyid Khan (ruler of the Moguls) ... thinking that maybe with his help he could drive out the Uzbeks of Sheibani Khan from his hereditary possession.”
1.7. Muhammad Haidar Dulati.
In most cases, the author divides the Uzbeks into Uzbeks of Shayban and Uzbek Cossacks, often using the ethnonym Uzbek means “Uzbeks of Shayban,” but there are exceptions, such as with the Kazakh Khan Tahir, son of Adik, son of Janibek, whose subjects the author often calls simply Uzbeks. Below we will mention the information that is indirectly related to the Uzbek Cossacks and Uzbeks of Muhammad Sheybani:
“The second book is about the life of this slave and what I saw and knew about the sultans, khans, Uzbeks, Chagatays and others.” “In that area, the high ear (Sahibkiran) was informed that Tuktamish Uglan was arriving, who, fearing the Urus Khan of the Uzbeks, turned his face of hope to the threshold of the refuge of the world of Sahibkiran.” “After the death of Abul-Khair Khan, the Ulus of the Uzbeks fell into disorder, great disagreements arose there and the majority [of people] went to Kirai Khan and Janibek Khan, so that their number reached two hundred thousand people and they began to be called Uzbek Cossacks.”
"Assassination of Burudj uglan bin Abulkhair Khan Uzbek". “Khan (Yunus) approached with six people, one of whom was a standard bearer, and, blowing the horn, crossed the river. Every Uzbek located in the house was immediately grabbed by women. When Burudj Uglan heard the sound of the horn and saw six people with a banner, he jumped up to mount his horse, [however] his groom - the ahtachi and the horse were seized on the spot by the maids, and women jumped out of the house and grabbed Burudj Uglan himself. At that moment the khan arrived and ordered his head to be cut off and impaled on a spear. Of those twenty thousand Uzbeks, few escaped.”
“So, with the help of [Khan], Shahibek Khan took Samarkand and thoroughly established himself in it. His army reached fifty thousand [people] and wherever [only] there were Uzbeks, they joined him.” . “After these events, he (Sultan Ahmad Khan) spoke out against the Uzbek Cossacks. The reason for this was the following. When describing the affairs of Sultan Mahmud Khan, it was mentioned that Sultan Mahmud Khan twice gave battle to the Uzbek Kazakhs and was defeated. For this reason, Sultan Ali Khan opposed the Uzbek Cossacks and defeated them three times. For everything they did to his elder brother, Sultan Mahmud Khan, he paid in full. He strengthened Mogolistan so much that the Kalmaks and Uzbeks could not pass close to the territory of Mogolistan at a distance of seven to eight months.”
“In terms of courage, he (Sultan Said Khan) also stood out among his peers. So, once I was with him when he himself personally led the attack, and a description of this is in the second book. In shooting, I have not seen his equal either among the Mughals, or the Uzbeks, or the Chagatais, both before him and after him.”
“After the death of Abu-l-Khair Khan, disagreements arose in the Uzbek ulus.” “There are many large rivers in Mogolistan, similar to Jeyhun or close to it, such as Ila, Emil, Irtish, Chulak, Narin. These rivers are in no way inferior to Jeyhun and Seyhun. Most of these rivers flow into Kukcha Tengiz. Kukcha Tengiz is a lake separating Mogolistan from Uzbekistan. Less water flows out of it than it flows in - what flows out is equal to one part of the water flowing into it and flows through [the territory of] Uzbekistan and flows into Kulzum called Atil. In historical books it is written Atil, but among the Uzbeks it is known as Idil."
“After the death of Adik Sultan, this Sultan Nigar Khanim was taken [as a wife] by Kasim Khan, brother of Adik Sultan. After the death of Kasim Khan, the khanate went to Tahir Khan, the son of Adik Sultan. He revered the hanim so much that he preferred her to his own mother. Khanim was grateful to him for such an attitude towards her, but she turned to him with a request: “You are like a son to me and with you I never remember and do not want to see another son besides you. However, I am old and I do not have the strength to endure this nomadic life in the steppes of Uzbekistan.” “Since Rashid Sultan remained in Mogolistan, he arranged the winter in Kochkar. And Tahir Khan was in Uzbekistan. The events that took place there forced him to leave for Mogolistan, and he came close to Kochkar.”
“Those places belonged as an iqta to Qasim Husayn Sultan, who was from the Uzbek sultans of Kafa and Crimea.” Probably this sultan was a descendant of Sultan Bayazid, a second cousin of the Crimean Tukatimurid khans, who served the Timurids.
1.8. Firdaus al Iqbal
Abulek Khan, [son of Yadgar Khan], after his father and elder brother, was padishah for sixteen years. He was a very gentle and harmless person. Therefore, [under him] liberties arose among the Uzbeks and anarchy emerged. Aminek Khan, the son of Yadgar Khan, after [the death of] his brother, opened the way to justice and justice. Eli Muhammad Shaibani Khan, who took possession of Transoxiana, during the period of Aminek Khan migrated to Transoxiana and there was no ale left near him, except for the people who [directly] belonged [previously] to Yadgar Khan.
As we know, Yadiger, Abulek and Aminek were khans of the Nogai Horde with the support of Musa Mangyt, son of Vakkas. The following news also suggests that the Mangyts and Uzbeks were close, if not identical.
1.9. Ibn Ruzbihan:
“Three tribes are classified as Uzbeks, who are the most glorious in the domains of Genghis Khan. Nowadays one [of them] is the Shibanites, and His Khan Majesty, after a number of ancestors, was and is their ruler. The second tribe is the Kazakhs, who are known throughout the world for their strength and fearlessness, and the third tribe is the Mangits, and [of] them are the kings of Astrakhan. One edge of the Uzbek possessions borders on the ocean (i.e., the Caspian Sea. - Jalilova R.P.), the other on Turkestan, the third on Derbend, the fourth on Khorezm, and the fifth on Astrabad. And all these lands are entirely places of summer and winter nomads of the Uzbeks. The khans of these three tribes are in constant conflict with each other, and each encroaches on the other. And when they win, they sell each other and take each other captive. In their midst, they consider the property and people [of their enemy] to be permissible spoils of war and never deviate from this [rule]... In all these clans there are a lot of respected khans: each clan of great and eminent descendants of Genghis Khan is called sultans , and the one who is more noble than all of them is called khan, that is, the greatest of their sovereigns and rulers, to whom they submit obedience.”
It is quite possible that the ocean does not mean the Caspian Sea, as R.P. Jalilova suggested, but the Black Sea, near which the Nogais also roamed. Calling the Caspian Sea a border in the context of that message looks strange, because the names of the borders are located on the western (Derbend) and eastern (Astrabad) parts of the Caspian Sea.
Ibn Ruzbikhan also describes the Kazakhs as relatives of the Uzbeks of Sheybani. The Mangyts and the kings of Astrakhan are also called Uzbeks.
Here we come to the main question: what was the relationship between the Uzbeks and Tatars?
If we follow the scientific tradition, during the collapse of the Golden Horde, two ethnic groups arose: Tatars in the Western part of the Jochi ulus and Uzbeks in the Eastern part of the Jochi ulus.
Here it is quite possible to express disagreement with this point of view for the following reasons:
1. In written sources we did not find a strong connection between the Shibanids and the Uzbeks; moreover, in these sources there are often such persons as Tokhtamysh and his son Jabbarberdi, Idigu, Timur-Kutluk, Urus Khan, Yagly-biy bakhrin, Timur Khan and Pulad -khan, sons of Timur-Kutluk, Kichi Muhammad, Koyrichak, son of Urus Khan, Barak, son of Koyrichak, Hadji Muhammad, Abulkhair Khan and his son Burudj-oglan, Ghazan (son-in-law of Jalal ad-Din), Yadiger, Aminek, Abulek are either directly named Uzbeks, or are closely associated with them (or are the rulers of the Uzbek ulus). Of these, only Haji Muhammad, Abulkhair Khan and his son and the Arabshahids are Shibanids. Here it is reasonable to assume that since the 14th century there has been absolutely no connection between the “Uzbeks” and the Shibanids, because initially the “Uzbeks” were associated with the rulers of the Golden Horde.
2. The peculiarity of mentioning the ethnonyms Tatars and Uzbeks.
Nowhere except the Central Asian Timurid chronicles does such an ethnonym as Uzbek appear, this was noted by A.A. Semenov:
“The Uzbeks, as a people as a whole, were not uniform in their composition, no matter how they tried to explain the name of this people, whether on behalf of the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek (712/1313-741/1340) or as a self-sufficient name of the people, taken in itself. An interesting circumstance, in any case, is that neither the Arab authors contemporary with Uzbek Khan and subsequent ones until the 15th century, nor the Persian sources closest in time to them ever mention the Uzbeks as part of the tribes of the Golden Horde, although the relations of Uzbek Khan with the contemporary Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, al-Malik-an-Nasir Muhammad (709/1309-741/1341), were very lively.”
Neither Russian, nor Arab, nor even European sources record the ethnonym Uzbek in the 13-14 centuries. Moreover, the memoirs of Johann Schiltberger, who was directly on the territory of the Golden Horde at the beginning of the 15th century, are known; he does not find any Uzbeks in the eastern Deshti-Kipchak, calling all nomads Tatars; moreover, he named Haji Muhammad as the Tatar king, at that time as in Central Asian chronicles he is the “Uzbek sovereign”. The same solidarity silence regarding the Uzbek ethnic group is kept by Russian and Arab chronicles, which refer to the population of the Golden Horde as Tatars.
By Uzbek territories, Haydar Dulati also understood Kafa and Crimea:
“Those places belonged as iqta to Qasim Husayn Sultan, who was from the Uzbek sultans of Kafa and Crimea.” It is very strange that some “Uzbek” sultans of Kafa and Crimea are not recorded anywhere in the history of the Crimean khans.
Moreover, in the Central Asian Timurid chronicles the ethnonym Tatars are absolutely not found, except in those cases when it concerns a tribe (for example, the Kara-Tatars from Rum (Asia Minor)), not one of the khans of the Golden Horde is called a Tatar, and his army is Tatar.
A paradoxical situation arises when the ethnonym Tatar is found in Russian, European, and Arabic chronicles, but is not found in Central Asian sources, while the ethnonym Uzbek is found in Central Asian sources, but is not found in Russian, European, and Arabic chronicles.
This situation is reminiscent of the situation with the Cumans, when some authors separated the Kipchaks of the Eastern Deshti-Kipchak and the Cumans of the southern Russian steppes as two different peoples.
Based on all of the above, we would like to express our assumption that the ethnonym Uzbek among Central Asian authors was the name of all Golden Horde nomads (and not just its eastern part). At the same time, Russian, European and Arab sources referred to the entire nomadic population of the Golden Horde as Tatars.
This is confirmed by the words of Ibn Ruzbihan:
“The Kazakh army in former times, when Genghis Khan appeared on the arena of history, was called the Tatar army, this was mentioned by the Arabs and Persians.” . Thus, Ibn Ruzbikhan indirectly equates the Uzbeks of Central Asian authors with the Tatars of Arab and Persian sources.
Also interesting are the statements of Matvey Mekhovsky in his “treatise on two Sarmatias,” where he calls the Kazakhs a Tatar horde.
Thus, it can be summarized that the ethnonym Uzbek was not the self-name of the ethnic group that formed in the East of the Jochi ulus, such an ethnic group did not exist, there was one nomadic ethnic group on the territory of the Golden Horde, which in Arabic, Russian and European sources was called Tatar, and in Central Asia Uzbek . Initially, the inhabitants of Central Asia denoted the nomadic population of the entire Jochi ulus, but later, after the conquest of Central Asia by the “Uzbeks” of Muhammad Sheybani, it narrowed down to defining this ethnonym as the descendants of this group of “Uzbeks.” Of course, we can say that in the Jochi ulus there was no separate ethnic group of “nomadic Uzbeks”.
Based on this, it can be argued that the ethnonym Uzbek is the local Chagatai name for the nomadic population of the Ulus Jochi (“Tatars” according to other sources), and when speaking about the “Turkic-Tatar states” (post-Hordan khanates) that arose after the fall of the Golden Horde, we are obliged to include here such states as the Khiva and Bukhara Khanates in Central Asia and the Kazakh Khanate.
The Golden Horde Tatars were the ancestral ethnic group for the Siberian, Crimean, Kazan, Polish-Lithuanian Tatars, Bashkirs, Uzbeks who left Sheybani for Central Asia, Kazakhs, Nogais, Karakalpaks, etc. The hypothesis that two ethnic groups arose on the territory of the Jochi ulus (Tatars and Uzbeks) is not confirmed by primary sources. It is based on the initial acquaintance of orientalists with Central Asian chronicles, in which the name Uzbek was quite common.

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From time immemorial, every nation has strived to know the history of its origin, its genealogy in seven generations. But for most ethnic groups, this knowledge is not scientific, but is mainly of a mythological nature. Thus, famous medieval historians of Central Asia begin the genealogy of their peoples with Adam and Eve, whose descendants are Christian and Muslim prophets. The most characteristic in this sense is the legend about the origin of the Uzbeks, recorded in the 19th century. talented ethnographer A. Divaev. This legend was passed down from generation to generation and was included in many historical works of Eastern authors, especially in the 18th-19th centuries. Thus, the wonderful Khiva historian Abulgazi almost completely conveys the Divaev version of this legend, connecting it with the history of the Khorezm khans.
Published in Turkestan Gazette
(No. 97 for 1900), this legend called “Tradition
on the origin of the Uzbeks" was translated from the manuscript
mullahs Kubey from the Kangli clan at the end of the 19th century. Basics
The content of this unique legend boils down to the following: “Uzbeks descended from the first prophets.” From
The Messenger of Allah came from the line of Prophet Ismail
Muhammad. However, it follows from the rivoyat that the Uzbeks
allegedly came from a tribe that is neither Arab nor
Doesn't understand Persian. According to Abubakr,
these were Turks who had just arrived from Turkestan, and this tribe was related to Kakhofa, the father
Abubakr. Thus, according to legend, the genealogy of the Uzbeks goes back to the Muslim prophets.
Further, the legend notes that the ancestors of the Turks were ninety-two people, and all of them were the sons of one father, namely Kakhofa. Then the children of the ninety-two representatives of the Turkic people mentioned in the legend are listed. At this time they owned a large number of livestock, on which tamgas were placed by the name of each clan (tribe). Each clan had its own saints, descended from ninety-two Uzbek clan branches, indicating who had a feast with whom and from which clan they came. Tamgas (and clans) began to bear the names of such historically famous tribes as Ming, Juz, Kyrk, Jalair, Kungrad, Algyn, Kipchak, Kenegez, Kyat, Khitai, Kangly, Katagan, Oguz, Arlay, Burkut, Mangyt, Mavgviy, Alaut , Mysk-Mer-ket, Kyrgyz, Kazak, Arab, Kadai, Turkmen, Durmen, Mitei, Tatar, Jambay, Uyghur, Sauran, etc. And then there is a long list of pirs - patrons of each clan (tribe). So, for example, Azret-Sheikh-Maslyakhit-din-Khojentsky comes from the Jalair clan, Kuleim-Sheikh - from the Durmen clan, Ak-Buri-ata - Kangly, Bak-shanish-Ata - Kipchak, Azret-Bagauddpn - Kereyt, Maubey- Sheikh Kungrad, Djilki-Ata - Naiman, Dzha-maletdin-Sheikh - Argyn, etc. The ancestor of the Uzbeks, according to legend, originates from the prophet Ibrahim (Abraham). The prophets who came from this tribe spoke first in Arabic, then, when their representatives became sultans, the Uzbeks spoke the Ajam language, and after they began to speak the Turkic language, they began to be called not Uzbeks, but Turks.
At the conclusion of this one-of-a-kind legend that has come down to us from our ancestors, it is said: “When 92 people appeared to the prophet, peace be upon him, he said “uzi keldi,” i.e. “They came themselves” (voluntarily), and therefore the prophet called them “Uzbek”, in other words: he is his own master.”
There is not a single nation or nationality in the world that, during its history, has not mixed with other ethnic groups or ethnic groups. Each ethnic group is formed over centuries, being in constant communication with other ethnic groups, often moving from one territory to another, consolidating with other ethnic groups, sometimes entering it as part of a given community. As is known, for many centuries after the emergence of the state as an instrument of violence, various wars took place. Strong rulers defeated the weak and dominated them, as a result of which a mixture of different ethnic groups also occurred. Over the course of their long history, the Uzbek people suffered such a fate, having been repeatedly invaded by foreigners, finding themselves under alien ethnocultural influence, but at the same time retaining their ethnic identity and pride.