What was the problem. By this time, addressable systems were being produced with all their might, but their capabilities did not coincide with the capabilities of other addressable systems, say, analog addressable ones.
Many people don’t know this, while others have already forgotten.
Then I'll remind you.
For example, there was such a system “Raduga-2A”. In principle, at that time it was a good system. Two radial zones, or one ring zone, each of which could have up to 64 addresses. At first glance, not much. But attention. The address in it was understood not as one IP, but at least 10. Moreover, if instead of an IP, an addressable signal block with its own 8 mA loop was used as an addressable device, then it was also possible to have several such blocks at one address. Those. 64 addresses easily turned into 1000 or more individual entrepreneurs.
How it worked in a nutshell. There is a cyclic poll from 1 to 64 addresses. If some “addressed” device or IP wanted to transmit a signal about a fire, then at the time of interrogation it sequentially connected a resistor to the AL line, i.e., it lowered the current in the AL. And this was enough for the PPKP to decide at which address the fire occurred.
It turned out to be something between non-addressable threshold safety control panels, when it is not clear which IP in this alarm system was triggered, and an addressable analogue system, in which it is neither the address nor the IP.
In addition to Rainbow 2A, there were other somewhat similar systems (I remember, but I won’t say, they’ll be offended).
At that moment, three names already appeared, three types of PPKP - non-addressable, interrogative (but with a one-way exchange protocol) and addressable-analogue.
By the way, at that time these “Rainbow 2A” were quite popular. Some types of PPU were then connected to them (AUPT, SOUE. PDV) and, after making small changes for this purpose, they called it “Rainbow-4A”. They flew off like pies. But whether it was a refusal or removal from the IP database, no notifications about the malfunction were sent to the control panel. Only a break or short circuit in the address communication line. So this was not required from these systems then.
Subsequently, in 2003, in his article by I.G. Neplohov, “The fire signal will come exactly to the address,” using the link already given here https://www.tinko.ru/files/library/1..., he divided the address systems into three categories: non-survey, survey and analog. That is, “Rainbow-2a” suddenly became non-survey, and the survey systems included those address systems in which individual entrepreneurs made decisions about a fire themselves, without the participation of the control panel.
And soon there was a discussion of both the new GOST R 53325-2009 and SP5.13130.2009.
The first most important and extremely pressing issue was the provision of indulgence on issue 1-2-3-4 for addressable analog IPs. Span. V.L. Zdor was against everyone.
The second most important question was precisely the question regarding addressable devices, that they must necessarily have two-way data exchange. Here, except for Unitett, everyone was unanimous. And this despite the fact that I was then working at A-S and, one might say, burying these beloved Rainbows with my own hands.
But everything has its time. There was already Rainbow-3 and on the way based on IP Auror, PPKP Synchro (Kentec) and the Vega protocol new system Rainbow-240.
GOST R 53325-2009
3.5 addressable fire detector: PI having an individual address identified by the address control panel.
3.6 analogue fire detector: Automatic PI that provides transmission to the control panel of information about the current value of the controlled fire factor.
3.23 threshold fire detector: Automatic PI that issues an alarm when the controlled parameter reaches or exceeds the set threshold.
7.1.2 Based on the type of information transmitted about the fire hazard situation in the protected premises between the control panel and other technical fire alarm systems, the control panel is divided into
for devices:
- analog;
- discrete; (there was no term threshold yet)
- combined.
7.2.1.2 Targeted control panels must additionally provide the following functions:
a) transition to the “Fire” mode when in the protected room (at the location where the addressable PI is installed) the controlled fire factor exceeds the established or programmed quantitative value of the response threshold, the control panel receives the “Fire” signal from the PI, as well as when the manual addressable PI is turned on within a period of not more than 10 s;
c) two-way exchange of data via an address communication line with other fire alarm technical equipment, providing confirmation of the correct exchange of information; (all this will soon disappear)
d) automatic remote testing of the performance of addressable PIs with visual display of the addresses of failed PIs. The time interval from the moment of failure of the address PI to the moment information appears on the address control panel about this event should be no more than 20 minutes; (pay attention to this figure!!)
g) visual display of the numbers of address PIs from which the “Fire” signal was received, containing information about the time/order of receipt of signals;
And here too, but in a few years. GOST R 53325-2012
7.1.2 According to the type of exchange of information about the fire hazardous situation in protected premises between devices and IP, as well as other technical means of fire automatics, devices are divided into:
- analog:
- threshold; (and previously they were discrete)
- combined.
Note - The analogue type of information presentation means the reception and transmission of data about the current value of the monitored parameter in the form of an analog or digitized signal. (this is a new additive, it didn’t exist before, otherwise some people have no way to prove anything).
Appeared new section 7.5 “Destination requirements for addressable devices”, but no mention of two-way data exchange. Why. There are only five years between the 2009 edition and the entry into force in 2014 of the 2012 edition. Having received a certificate before the 2009 edition came into force, it was easy to survive until the subsequent edition without changing anything in some PPCP. And I even know who lobbied for it.
Thank God that many people no longer know, and others have simply completely forgotten what primitive survey systems are. And we should all just be happy about this. In just over ten years, we have completely moved away from those compromise systems.
It is clear that in any address system, even if there is a two-way exchange, you can send any commands back and forth and receive any information. The volume and necessity of certain commands and data, i.e., the exchange protocol, is determined for the most part not by the control panel manufacturer, but by the manufacturer of addressable devices, including IP. Which analog addressable systems have pure form, or in analog addressable ones with the ability to make decisions, including directly to the individual entrepreneur, more prospects this will be understandable in 10-20 years.
But we satisfied the curiosity of our respected Tregar.
Fire alarm (FS) is a set of technical means, the purpose of which is to detect fire, smoke or fire and notify a person about it in a timely manner. Its main task is to save lives, minimize damage and preserve property.
It may consist of the following elements:
- Fire alarm control device (FPKP)– the brain of the entire system, exercises control over loops and sensors, turns on and off automation (fire extinguishing, smoke removal), controls sirens and transmits signals to the remote control of a security company or a local dispatcher (for example, a security guard);
- Various types of sensors, which can react to factors such as smoke, open flame and heat;
- Fire alarm loop (SHS)– this is the communication line between sensors (detectors) and the control panel. It also supplies power to the sensors;
- Annunciator- a device designed to attract attention, there are light - strobe lamps, and sound - sirens.
According to the method of control over loops fire alarm is divided into the following types:
PS threshold system
It is also often called traditional. The operating principle of this type is based on changing the resistance in the fire alarm system loop. Sensors can only be located in two physical conditions "norm" And "fire" If a fire factor is detected, the sensor changes its internal resistance and the control panel issues an alarm signal on the loop in which this sensor is installed. It is not always possible to visually determine the location of the trigger, because in threshold systems, an average of 10-20 fire detectors are installed on one loop.
To determine the fault of the loop (and not the state of the sensors), an end-of-line resistor is used. It is always installed at the end of the loop. When using fire tactics “PS triggered by two detectors”, to receive a signal "attention" or "possibility of fire" An additional resistance is installed in each sensor. This allows you to use automatic systems fire extinguishing at the facility and eliminating possible false alarms and property damage. The automatic fire extinguishing system is activated only in the event of simultaneous activation of two or more detectors.
PPKP “Granit-5”
The following PPCPs can be classified as threshold type:
- "Nota" series, produced by Argus-Spectrum
- VERS-PK, manufacturer VERS
- devices of the “Granit” series, manufactured by NPO “Sibirsky Arsenal”
- Signal-20P, Signal-20M, S2000-4, manufacturer of NPB Bolid and other fire-fighting devices.
The advantages of traditional systems include ease of installation and low cost of equipment. The most significant disadvantages are the inconvenience of servicing fire alarms and the high probability of false alarms (resistance can vary from many factors, sensors cannot transmit information about dust levels), the number of which can only be reduced by using a different type of substation and equipment.
Address-threshold PS system
A more advanced system is capable of automatically periodically checking the status of sensors. Unlike threshold signaling, the operating principle is based on a different algorithm for polling sensors. Each detector is assigned its own unique address, which allows the control panel to distinguish them and understand the specific cause and location of the malfunction.
The Code of Rules SP5.13130 allows the installation of only one addressable detector, provided that:
- The PS does not control fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations or type 5 fire warning systems, or other equipment that, as a result of startup, can lead to material losses and reduced human safety;
- the area of the room where the fire detector is installed is not more area, for which this type of sensor is designed (you can check it using the technical documentation for it);
- the performance of the sensor is monitored and in case of a malfunction a “fault” signal is generated;
- It is possible to replace a faulty detector, as well as detect it by external indication.
Sensors in addressable threshold signaling may already be in several physical states – "norm", "fire", "malfunction", "attention", "dusty" and others. In this case, the sensor automatically switches to another state, which allows you to determine the location of a malfunction or fire with the accuracy of the detector.
PPKP “Dozor-1M”
The address-threshold type of fire alarm includes the following control panels:
- Signal-10, manufacturer of airbag Bolid;
- Signal-99, produced by PromServis-99;
- Dozor-1M, manufactured by Nita, and other firefighting devices.
Addressable analog system PS
The most advanced type of fire alarm to date. It has the same functionality as addressable threshold systems, but differs in the way it processes signals from sensors. The decision to switch to "fire" or any other condition, it is the control panel that accepts it, and not the detector. This allows you to adjust the operation of the fire alarm to external factors. The control panel simultaneously monitors the status of the parameters of installed devices and analyzes the received values, which can significantly reduce the likelihood of false alarms.
In addition, such systems have an undeniable advantage - the ability to use any address line topology - tire, ring And star. For example, if the ring line is broken, it will split into two independent wire loops, which will fully retain their functionality. In star-type lines, you can use special short-circuit insulators, which will determine the location of the line break or short circuit.
Such systems are very convenient to maintain, because Detectors that require purging or replacement can be identified in real time.
The addressable analogue type of fire alarm includes the following control panels:
- Two-wire communication line controller S2000-KDL, manufactured by NPB Bolid;
- Series of addressable devices “Rubezh”, manufactured by Rubezh;
- RROP 2 and RROP-I (depending on the sensors used), manufactured by Argus-Spectrum;
- and many other devices and manufacturers.
Scheme of an addressable analogue fire alarm system based on PPKP S2000-KDL
When choosing a system, designers take into account all the requirements of the customer’s technical specifications and pay attention to the reliability of operation, cost installation work and routine maintenance requirements. When the reliability criterion for a simpler system begins to decrease, designers move to using a higher level.
Radio channel options are used in cases where laying cables becomes economically unprofitable. But this option requires more money for maintenance and maintaining devices in working condition due to periodic replacement of batteries.
Classification of fire alarm systems according to GOST R 53325–2012
Types and types of fire alarm systems, as well as their classification are presented in GOST R 53325–2012 “Fire fighting equipment. Technical means fire automatics. General technical requirements and test methods".
We have already discussed addressable and non-addressable systems above. Here we can add that the former allow the installation of non-addressed fire detectors through special extenders. Up to eight sensors can be connected to one address.
Based on the type of information transmitted from the control panel to the sensors, they are divided into:
- analog;
- threshold;
- combined.
According to the total information capacity, i.e. The total number of connected devices and loops are divided into devices:
- low information capacity (up to 5 shs);
- average information capacity (from 5 to 20 shs);
- large information capacity (more than 20 shs).
According to information content, otherwise according to the possible number of notifications issued (fire, malfunction, dust, etc.) they are divided into devices:
- low information content (up to 3 notices);
- medium information content (from 3 to 5 notices);
- high information content (from 3 to 5 notices);
In addition to these parameters, systems are classified according to:
- Physical implementation of communication lines: radio channel, wire, combined and fiber optic;
- In terms of composition and functionality: without the use of computer technology, with the use of computer technology and the possibility of its use;
- Control object. Management of various fire extinguishing installations, smoke removal means, warning and combined means;
- Expansion possibilities. Non-expandable or expandable, allowing installation in a housing or separate connection additional components.
Types of fire warning systems
The main task of the warning and evacuation control system (WEC) is to timely notify people about a fire in order to ensure safety and prompt evacuation from smoke-filled rooms and buildings to a safe area. According to Federal Law-123 “ Technical regulations about the requirements fire safety" and SP 3.13130.2009 it is divided into five types.
The first and second types of SOUE
Most small and medium-sized facilities, according to fire safety standards, must install the first and second types of warning.
Moreover, for the first type it is characterized mandatory presence sound annunciator - siren. For the second type, “exit” light signs are added. A fire alarm must be triggered simultaneously in all premises with permanent or temporary occupancy.
The third, fourth and fifth types of SOUE
These types refer to automated systems, the triggering of an alert is completely assigned to automation, and the human role in managing the system is minimized.
For the third, fourth and fifth types of SOUE, the main method of notification is speech. Pre-developed and recorded texts are transmitted that allow evacuation to be carried out as efficiently as possible.
In the 3rd type additionally, illuminated “exit” signs are used and the order of notification is regulated - first to service personnel, and then to everyone else according to a specially designed order.
In the 4th type there is a requirement for communication with the control room inside the warning zone, as well as additional light indicators for the direction of movement. Fifth type, includes everything that is listed in the first four, plus the requirement for separate inclusion of light signs for each evacuation zone is added, full automation of control of the warning system is provided and the organization of multiple evacuation routes from each warning zone is provided.
Currently, addressable analogue fire alarm systems are considered the most technically advanced. Often, some unscrupulous consultants use the term “analog” to refer to addressless discrete systems with threshold operation.
This is not correct, because in modern systems fire alarm, the analogue signal continuously displays the value of the measured parameter.
Addressable fire alarm systems use detectors similar in type of operation to addressless systems. However, addressable peripheral devices have an additional node that converts the signals transmitted by the control panel into a digital code containing information about a specific detector:
- place of its installation;
- condition, etc.
At the same time, information is received by the control panel not after the fire detector is triggered, but as a result of a survey carried out by the control panel at a certain frequency. This method allows not only high accuracy localize the location of the fire, but also reduce the reaction time to the occurrence of a fire.
The addressable analogue fire alarm system has a principle of operation that is completely different from threshold-type systems. The fire detector in this system performs the function of measuring the controlled parameter and transmitting the received information to the monitoring and control panel.
After this, the received information is analyzed, the device keeps statistics and monitors changes in parameters. Based on the final data, a decision is made to activate the appropriate action algorithm, depending on the state of the system.
Class of the object where the addressable analogue fire alarm system should be installed, as well as the main response parameters:
- response time;
- frequency of surveying detectors;
- system turn-on speed automatic fire extinguishing and so on.
regulated by GOST R 53325 - 2009.
ADDRESSED ANALOG DETECTOR
Addressable analogue detectors are much more complex and expensive devices than conventional threshold detectors for non-addressable fire alarms. In addition to the sensitive sensor, they contain a buffer random access memory, where information is accumulated in the event of absence or critical deterioration of communication with the control panel.
After the information is transferred to the receiving and control device, the RAM is cleared. In addition, to compensate for the drift of indicators, statistics collected by the detector are used, which are processed by the control panel.
Drift of indicators is periodic changes in scanned parameters caused by the influence external environment. For example, daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity.
The operating principle of an addressable analogue detector, regardless of the type of parameter being monitored, is as follows.
- A sensitive sensor measures the value of the controlled parameter, generates pulses in electrical form and transmits them to an analog-to-digital converter, which is located in the fire detector controller.
- The ADC converts the electrical pulse into a digital signal.
- Digitized data is transferred to RAM. The frequency of measurements is controlled by a quartz oscillator. Transfer of accumulated information from RAM is carried out at the request of the control panel.
The non-volatile memory of the fire detector stores its type programmed at the installation stage (heat, smoke, flame) and address (unique digital code).
Most addressable analogue detectors implement quite a wide range of functionality:
- self-diagnosis of the electronic unit;
- transmission of data of the current value of the measured parameter;
- interactive remote device control, etc.
The information signal and power distribution unit separates the electrical impulses arriving via the addressable analog loop, the modulated signals of transmitted information and the power supply with a constant voltage without ripple.
Modern addressable analogue detectors are implemented on a single microcontroller without the use of additional components other than a sensitive sensor.
ADDRESSED ANALOG DEVICES
The addressable analogue control panel is equipped with a device through which joint reception/transmission of information and power supply to fire detectors is carried out. The power transmitted through the loop is modulated by information signals and divided into remote device similar node.
Information about the value of the parameter controlled by the detector is analyzed by several microprograms depending on the underlying action algorithm. As a rule, this is done:
- comparison of threshold values;
- the rate of change of the parameter is controlled;
- A graph of changes over a certain period is built in RAM and compared with a template graph.
Most premium addressable analogue systems provide long-term control of parameters. The average level of values over a long period of time is remembered in order to compensate for the deviation of the boundary reference point as a result of changes in environmental conditions.
Modern addressable analogue systems support dozens of sections with parallel polling of fire detectors with a high degree of frequency. With a loop carrier frequency of 200 - 400 Hz, the operation of sequential polling of detectors takes 15 - 20 seconds.
ADDRESSED FIRE ALARM LINE
Addressable alarm systems can have both radial and ring loops. The latter are typical for addressable analog systems. Ring topology allows filtering unnecessary information, distinguish the case of fire from a break or other malfunction of the loop. The permissible cable length for this installation is up to 2000 m.
When choosing a cable for a loop, you need to pay attention to the following indicators:
Wire section.
An insufficient value of this parameter will lead to distortion of detector readings, reducing the accuracy and reliability of the entire system. In some cases, this may lead to the failure of some detectors during periods of peak load on the loop. Regulatory documents The diameter of the fire line wire must be at least 0.5 mm.
Cable protection degree- the wire must have a non-flammable sheath and the required level of thermal insulation.
The main parameters of the cable must be indicated on its outer surface (insulation). These include:
- presence of shielding (foil, metal braid);
- flammability index and smoke coefficient;
- fire resistance limit.
Requirements for laying cables are determined by the relevant regulations, in particular - SP 6.13130.2009.
ADVANTAGES OF ADDRESSED ANALOG SIGNALING
Despite the fact that addressable analogue fire alarm is one of the most expensive, its use is justified due to numerous technical and operational advantages.
1. If in various rooms objects equipped with alarms temperature regime has significant differences, there is no need to purchase several models of heat detectors with different fixed response thresholds or maximum differential detection methods.
2. All settings of limit values are carried out in reception - control device. In addition, in case of any changes, reconfiguration fire protection system will not require the purchase of new equipment.
3. Addressable analogue fire detectors do not require frequent preventative cleaning. They can operate in extremely dusty conditions, automatically and programmatically compensating for a decrease in sensor sensitivity.
4. There is no need to purchase combined multi-sensor fire detectors for fire alarm systems with high fire resistance requirements external influences not related to fire. The PKP will carry out a multi-component analysis of incoming information using accumulated statistics.
5. The speed of identifying the source of fire is several times higher than that of conventional threshold systems, due to the parallel use of several information processing algorithms, as well as the absence of pauses in polling sensors and monitoring room parameters.
Due to the fact that analog-addressable control panel microcontrollers are multitasking, the launch speed of fire automatic systems increases significantly:
- fire extinguishing;
- warnings and evacuation;
- smoke removal.
* * *
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There are devices that are an integral part of the overall fire protection system and that play a big role in preserving the life and health of people, as well as property and other valuables. Such equipment includes fire detectors, the main task of which is to respond in time to the start of a fire and warn people in the building about it, as well as transmit the relevant information to the control point.
The concept of “analog fire detectors” and the principle of operation
In order to fully define what this concept includes, it is necessary to understand what an “addressable analog system” is. This concept is sometimes difficult for designers to understand, not to mention ordinary people. Analogue addressable system fire safety is a telemetric device that is highly reliable and quickly recognizes the presence of a fire and its source. All this happens by analyzing parameters that constantly change when a fire starts.
The operating principle of such a system is quite simple. Thanks to the sensitive element, the detector transmits readings related to the chemical or physical changes occurring at the place of its installation to the fire alarm control panel. This device is able to process the information it has on its own, and if the indicators match the patterns stored in memory, it provides information about the start of a fire.
Structural elements of the system
In appearance, addressable analogue detectors have a housing round shape, for the manufacture of which heat-resistant plastic is used. The body itself consists of:
- grounds;
- working part.
The base of the device is attached to the ceiling with screws and dowels. The base has a terminal block to which the fire alarm loop lines are connected. The sensor is attached in such a way that it can be conveniently removed for maintenance (cleaned of dust) or, if it is unsuitable for further use, replaced with a functional one.
Components of the working part of the detector
There are only two such parts:
- microcontroller with volatile memory;
- optical system (smoke chamber).
LEDs and photodiodes are the constituent elements of the optical system. They are located in the inside of the chamber at a slight angle. A semiconductor type photodetector is an analog device. Its resistance indicator is influenced by the level of illumination. Addressable analogue fire detectors send an optical indicator of air density to the control panels online. The photodiode element is so sensitive that even the slightest smoke will be detected.
Detector housing
This component has a horizontal chimney with certain design features:
- the air flow does not flow around its lower protruding part;
- thanks to the vertical mounting posts, there is no possibility of horizontal flow around the body;
- The main task of the housing elements is to direct the air flow into the chamber.
This design allows air to constantly enter the smoke chamber, even if movement air masses will be minimal. To prevent electromagnetic vibrations from interfering with the proper operation of the device, the camera is equipped with a screen.
Detector controller
This component is necessary in order to respond to the smallest changes in the light flux. It is so sensitive that it can instantly detect minute particles of smoke in the atmosphere. To avoid false alarms, addressable analogue sensors work interactively with the control panel. This helps to determine the start of a fire with almost 100% probability and notify about it through an alarm signal.
Operating principle of an analog siren
Regardless of what controlled parameters the device has, it operates according to the following principle:
- a sensitive sensor device constantly determines the value of the monitored indicator, generates electrical impulses, which are subsequently transmitted to an analog-to-digital converter, which is integral part controller in a fire detector;
- through the ADC, the electrical pulse is converted into a digital signal;
- digitized parameters are sent to RAM. A quartz generator monitors how often measurements are taken. Afterwards, all the information accumulated over a certain period from the RAM is transferred to the control panel. Then the RAM is cleared. This procedure is carried out if there is a request from the control panel.
From the very beginning of installation of the fire detector, the volatile memory is programmed for a specific type (flame, smoke, temperature increase) or address (represents a digital code of a unique type). Functional characteristics All addressable analogue detectors are quite diverse and include:
- the ability to independently diagnose an electronic unit;
- transmitting abilities of the current values of the parameters that are usually measured;
- the ability to control the device interactively and remotely.
Modern models of addressable analogue detectors are sold without any additional structural elements, but with only one microcontroller. The device must have a sensitive sensor.
Types of analogue detectors
Addressable analogue smoke detectors, based on the way they recognize particles of soot, burning, soot in air masses, aerosols that appear as a result of the ignition of various types of fire load, are divided into the following groups:
- linear and point smoke detectors optical-electronic plan. These are the most common types of smoke detectors, which operate by measuring the density (from an optical point of view) of air masses in a certain area, both small and large. If smoke is detected, even if it is insignificant, they come into working condition, generate and transmit an alarm signal when the density decreases to a set critical level;
- fire detectors of electroinduction or ionization-radioisotope type. They have significantly greater sensitivity compared to the previous version of detectors. They begin to react even with the most insignificant changes in the density of air masses at the facilities where they are installed. In terms of their sensitivity, they can only be compared with aspiration or gas fire alarms. But due to the fact that they have very complex design, radioisotope models can emit radioactive elements, their cost is quite high, and they are used much less frequently than optical-electronic sensors.
Advantages of analog fire detectors
It is worth noting that analog fire systems are quite expensive. But their use carries a lot positive points, such as:
- if the protected object consists of several rooms in which there may be different temperature conditions, then there is no need to purchase models with various characteristics;
- all limit values are set in the control panel. If there is a need to change any device parameters, purchase new technology not necessary;
- Preventative cleaning of such devices does not occur often. They are able to function even in very dusty rooms;
- There is no need to spend money on expensive combined multi-sensor fire alarms for installation in rooms with a high degree of fire hazard, which may not be related to the fire process. The PKP has a real opportunity to conduct a multi-component analysis of accumulated information in a static change;
- instant recognition of the source of ignition due to the ability to comprehensively analyze the information received.
Since all analog-addressable microcontrollers are of the multitasking type, this has a direct impact on the response speed (it is quite fast) of automatic fire smoke removal, fire extinguishing, evacuation and warning systems.
