Plan.
I. Modern, official, state flags of Russia.
A) the state flag of Russia
B) standard of the president Russian Federation
B) Victory Banner
II. History of Russian state flags
B) standard
III. History of the Russian flag
A) the birth of the Russian flag
B) St. Andrew's flag
B) state flags Russian Empire
D) Soviet era flags
D) Victory Banner
IV. Modern state flag of Russia
A) revival of the tricolor of Peter I
B) laws and decrees on the state flag, the Victory Banner
C) the meaning of the flag as a symbol of the state
Equipment:
Computer presentation
Decrees and laws on the state flag of Russia, decree on the Victory Banner
Illustrations
Target:
To promote the formation, formation of spiritual, moral and patriotic qualities of the individual.
Tasks:
To foster a sense of patriotism and civic responsibility, respect for the symbols of Russian statehood. Provide students with more complete information about the history of the appearance of the state flag of Russia, about the history of standards and banners in Russia. Increase the motivation of educational activities through the use of non-traditional forms of presenting material, ICT tools, elements of gaming activities Find, systematize and analyze information. Learn to analyze historical sources and draw conclusions. Learn to convey information to listeners and defend your point of view with arguments. Develop students' creative abilities.
Move.
Teacher:
Today we are holding a press conference on the topic “The Russian flag is a symbol of state power.”
Our guest:
Researcher at the Institute of Statistics and Public Opinion.
Candidates historical sciences, dealing with issues of flag studies and banner studies.
Doctor of Historical Sciences, specialist in vexillology, studies the Soviet period in the history of our state.
Political scientist.
Our conference is attended by high school and university students. During the conference, you can ask participants questions, take part in discussions, and answer questions.
So, let's start our conference and give the floor to a statistician
Teacher:
We summarize the results of the survey about symbols.
Each state has its own distinctive signs - state symbols, which include the coat of arms, flag, and anthem. It is the duty of every citizen to know and understand their meaning. We were destined to be born in Russia, and we must respect its symbols and history, we must feel proud of our people. This is difficult to teach, it must be understood and felt. And I would really like you to understand that the flag, coat of arms, and anthem are symbols of the historical continuity of the basic values of the state.
The famous Russian thinker V. Belinsky wrote: “The ancient emblem or color of the nation, like the coat of arms of an ancient family, must always and invariably be kept intact. Otherwise, the emblem itself loses its symbolic and historical meaning, does not gain popularity among the people and becomes nothing more than an official, government stamp.” I would really like this not to happen to our flag. And this depends largely on you.
Survey questions:
Question
Answers:
1.Name the symbols of Russian state power.
2. Name the colors of the national flag of Russia and the order in which they are located on the flag.
3. What do the colors of the Russian national flag symbolize?
4. Name the first line of the Russian national anthem.
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State flag of the Russian Federation is the official symbol of Russia along with its coat of arms and anthem. Rectangular panel of white, blue and red colors - Russian tricolor- has its own history. The flag has changed over the centuries, and its history reflects the stages of development and change in Russia.
YOU CAN ORDER A FLAG FROM US1668
Until the 17th century, there was no single state flag in Russia. The first mention of it is associated with the name of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. In 1668, in accordance with European tradition, he ordered the flag to be raised over the first Russian warship, named "Eagle". It is known that scarlet, white and blue materials were purchased to make the first flag, although there is no exact information about what it looked like. There are several versions on this matter; according to one of them, a double-headed eagle was also depicted on the flag. It is believed that the type of the first naval flag went back to some Streltsy banners of the mid-17th century, or even earlier periods.
1693
This year, while sailing White Sea Peter I was the first to use the “flag of the Tsar of Moscow” on his yacht. The flag consisted of three horizontal stripes (white, blue and red), with a golden double-headed eagle located in the center of the flag. Thus, the fleet has its own single flag, which can de facto be considered the state flag of Russia.
1705
On January 20, Peter I issued a decree on the placement of a white-blue-red flag on merchant ships. This flag was also used as a field flag of the Russian army, and white-blue-red scarves were part of the officer's uniform from 1700 to 1732.
1712
The navy adopted a white St. Andrew's flag with an azure cross, created in honor of the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called. The layout of the flag was created personally by Peter I.
1806
Based on the Peter the Great tricolor, other flags were subsequently developed. So, in 1806, the flag of the Russian-American campaign appeared: a traditional tricolor with a black double-headed eagle and the inscription “Russian-American Company” in the middle of the white stripe.
1858
Alexander II was approved new drawing flag for special occasions (black-yellow-white). The initiator of the changes was Baron Kene, who drew the emperor's attention to the fact that the colors of the flag did not correspond to the colors of the coat of arms, while this circumstance was contrary to the rules of German heraldry.
1865
A decree was issued in which black, orange (gold) and white were called the state colors of the Russian Empire. Its colors symbolized earth, gold and silver. Note that the black-yellow-white flag was never popular in society - the associations with Austria and the House of Habsburg were too strong.
1883
During the coronation celebration Alexandra III, the emperor drew attention to the contrast of the festive procession, decorated with black, yellow and white flowers, and the city, in which white, blue and red colors predominated. On April 28, 1883, the emperor ordered that the white-blue-red flag of the merchant marine fleet be used exclusively on special occasions.
1896
On the eve of the coronation of Nicholas II, Peter's tricolor was officially given the status of the state flag. The red color symbolized “sovereignty,” the azure color symbolized the patronage of the Mother of God, and the white color symbolized freedom and independence.
1918
In April of this year, at the suggestion of Sverdlov, the state flag became a red banner with the gold inscription of the RSFSR in the upper left corner. The idea of the flag appears to have been borrowed from European revolutionaries and socialists.
1954
Up until this time, the state flag of the RSFSR was often replaced by a red banner without inscriptions or drawings. On May 2, 1954, by decree of the Presidium of the RSFSR, the final version of the flag was approved. Now the flag consisted of a red panel with a light blue stripe at the pole across the entire width of the flag. On the red cloth, in the upper left corner, were depicted a golden sickle and hammer, as well as a red five-pointed star bordered with gold above them.
1991
Started on August 22, 1991 new story Russian flag. The state flag was recognized as a rectangular panel with different-sized horizontal stripes of white, blue and red colors and an aspect ratio of 1:2. Since 1994, August 22 has been declared the Day of the State Flag of the Russian Federation.
1993
On December 11 of this year, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 2126 “On the State Flag of the Russian Federation,” which approved the colors and proportions of the flag in the form in which we have them now.
2008
Since October 15, 2008, the state flag of the Russian Federation can be used by private individuals, public associations, enterprises, institutions and organizations for purposes that do not violate the flag.
Today in Russia we celebrate the Day of the St. Andrew's Flag, given to the fleet by the first Russian Emperor Peter the Great
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Ask any Russian naval sailor what the two most important colors are associated with the navy, and you will hear the answer: blue and white. And it’s completely natural. These are the colors of one of the most famous naval flags in the world - the Russian St. Andrew's flag. Russia celebrates a holiday in his honor: on this day in 1699, Peter the Great approved the famous oblique blue cross on a white background as a symbol of the Russian navy.
The ships of the Russian Imperial Navy sailed under the St. Andrew's flag for more than two centuries: from 1699 to 1924. This banner overshadowed the most famous naval battles, which made up the glory of Russian sailors: Gogland and Gangut, Sinop and Chesme, Chios and Tsushima. Under this flag, the battleship "Azov" and the brig "Mercury", the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Koreets", the sailing ship "Eagle" and the destroyer "Steregushchiy" went into battle, without caring about the number of enemy ships. A blue oblique cross on a white background shaded the shores of Antarctica, brought there by the sloops Vostok and Mirny, and traveled around globe on the frigate "Pallada" and the corvette "Vityaz". And it has always remained a symbol of the selfless service of Russian sailors to the Motherland.
Gangut battle. Artist Rudolf Yakhnin
Gangut battle. Artist Rudolf Yakhnin. museum.navy.ru
The cross that overshadowed the Russian fleet
There is a beautiful legend about how exactly the first Russian Emperor Peter Alekseevich came up with the design of St. Andrew's flag. Allegedly, after staying up late working on sketches of a naval flag for the nascent Russian fleet, the tsar dozed off right at the table. And when he woke up in the morning, he suddenly saw an oblique blue cross falling on White list in front of his face. So bizarrely it refracted and lay on paper sunlight, passing through the stained glass window on the window of the royal office...
Alas, in reality all this could hardly have happened exactly like this. The first sketch, on which the oblique St. Andrew's cross appeared, was drawn in 1692 at the same time as another - the classic white-blue-red one. Against the background of the same tricolor, the sovereign also depicted an oblique blue cross for the first time, which could hardly have been the result of a successful play of light and shadow.
Peter I. Artist Paul Delaroche (1838)
Peter I. Artist Paul Delaroche (1838). wikipedia.org
The St. Andrew's flag finally established itself as the main naval flag of Russia in 1712, when Peter I signed the highest decree on its widespread use: “the flag is white, through which the blue cross of St. Andrei for the sake of this, that Russia received holy baptism from this apostle.”
There is another reason why Peter the Great chose the St. Andrew's Cross as a symbol of the Russian navy. In 1703, the Russians occupied the island of Kotlin, and thus the cherished dream of the first Russian emperor came true - access to the Baltic Sea. It became the fourth sea for Russia, on which the empire established its rule: together with the Caspian, Azov and White. And thus, the four-pointed St. Andrew's Cross received a completely new meaning for Russia.
Die at the flag post
“All Russian military ships must not lower their flags, pennants and topsails to anyone, under the penalty of deprivation of life,” says the “Naval Charter on everything related to good governance when the fleet is at sea,” written by Peter I in his own hand. This requirement is was strictly observed in the Russian fleet, and there was no dishonor worse for Russian sailors than lowering the flag in the face of the enemy.
So that no one could decide on such madness alone, the stern St. Andrew's flag - and it was and is considered the main one on the ships of the Russian fleet - was always guarded by an armed sentry. Suffice it to say that the same strict security was provided on sailing ships only in the cruise chamber, that is, the ship's storage of gunpowder and cannonballs.
In the book of the Russian naval historian Nikolai Manvelov, “Customs and Traditions of the Russian Imperial Navy,” several amazing facts how the sailors guarding the flag did not leave their posts until the arrival of a new sentry, even after being seriously wounded. For example, the author writes, “during the battle near Port Arthur on January 27, 1904, Nikifor Pecheritsa, a sentry at the stern flag of the armored cruiser Bayan, received shrapnel wounds in both legs, but did not leave his post. They replaced him only after the battle - the officers noticed that the non-commissioned officer was standing in an extremely unnatural position. One of the last to leave his ship in the Korean port of Chemulpo (modern Icheon) was the sentry at the banner of the cruiser "Varyag". The boatswain, Pyotr Olenin, was not relieved throughout the entire battle and miraculously did not die - shrapnel cut his Dutchman and trousers, broke the butt of his rifle and tore his boot. At the same time, the non-commissioned officer himself received only a slight wound in the leg. The sentry at the flag on the mainmast of the armored cruiser "Russia" in the battle with Japanese ships in the Korea Strait on August 1, 1904, temporarily left his post only at the request of the cruiser's senior officer. By that time, he had been repeatedly wounded and was bleeding. It’s not hard to guess that he returned to his place immediately after the dressing.”
Cruiser "Varyag"
Cruiser "Varyag". Photo: wwportal.com
And it must be admitted that what kept the Russian sailors from the idea of lowering the flag in front of the enemy was not the “fine of deprivation of the belly,” but the firm conviction that this act could not be justified. It is not without reason that in the entire history of the Russian fleet, only two cases are known when ships nevertheless decided to lower the flag - but, surprisingly, none of the officers and sailors were punished with death for this. Probably because living with the stigma of an oathbreaker and a coward was a much greater punishment than losing one’s life.
“So that in the future there will be no more cowards for the Russian fleet”
The first incident occurred in May 1829, when the commander of the frigate "Raphael", captain II rank Semyon Stroynikov, in order to save his crew from imminent death, lowered the St. Andrew's flag in front of the outnumbered Turkish squadron. The captured ship became part of the Turkish fleet and 24 years later, during the Battle of Sinop, was burned by a Russian squadron - as required by the royal decree, which forever deleted the name “Raphael” from the list of ships of the Russian fleet. And the dishonored crew was captured and after the end of the war returned to their homeland, where they were almost in full strength - from the captain to the last bilge officer, with the exception of one midshipman who objected to the commander! - was demoted to sailor. In addition, Emperor Nicholas I, by his personal decree, forbade the former commander of the frigate to marry, “so as not to produce cowards for the Russian fleet in the future.” True, this measure was late: by that time Stroynikov already had two sons - Nikolai and Alexander, and their father’s shame did not prevent them from becoming naval officers and rising to the rank of rear admirals.
Two saints on one flag
On June 5 (17), 1819, by imperial decree of Alexander I, the St. Andrew's flag was approved, where a red heraldic shield with the canonical image of St. George the Victorious was depicted on top of the St. Andrew's cross. This is how the symbols of two saints, especially revered in Russia, appeared on one flag: St. George and St. Apostle Andrew.
The second case of lowering the St. Andrew's flag was recorded already during the reign of the last autocrat of the All-Russian Nicholas II. On the second day of the Battle of Tsushima, five ships of the Russian fleet decided to commit dishonor in order to save the lives of 2,280 Russian sailors. As the author of the book “Customs and Traditions of the Russian Imperial Navy” writes, then “ Japanese fleet under the command of Admiral Heihachiro Togo, two squadron battleships, two coastal defense battleships and a destroyer, on board which was the seriously wounded commander of the 2nd fleet squadron, surrendered Pacific Ocean Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhdestvensky. To the surprise of contemporaries, the admirals of the surrendered warships were treated very leniently. The commander of the 3rd combat detachment of the squadron, Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov, was first stripped of ranks and awards, and then, in 1906, sentenced to death penalty, immediately replaced by 10 years of imprisonment in a fortress. However, he served only 3 years and was released early. The fleet, however, did not forgive him for lowering the flag - Nebogatov’s son, who was studying in the Naval Cadet Corps, was so obstructed that he had to leave the corps and abandon all hopes of becoming a naval officer.” The same replacement of the death penalty with a ten-year imprisonment in the fortress awaited the commanders of the ships that surrendered with Nebogatov.
Return of a Legend
The fact that in the entire two-century-plus history of the Russian navy, the St. Andrew’s flag was lowered in the face of the enemy only twice, and there are examples when our sailors raised the signal “I’m dying, but I’m not surrendering!” and stood until the end, there was much more, it says a lot. First of all, about the pride with which Russian sailors bore their rank and their blue-and-white symbol. And they carried it to the last: after Russia became Soviet, the St. Andrew’s flag continued to flutter over Russian ships, which their crews managed to take from Sevastopol to distant Bizerte. Only there and only after France recognized in 1924 Soviet Russia and refused to recognize the flags of the Russian Empire, the sailors lowered the legendary flags with tears in their eyes.
But Andreev’s colors have not gone away! On the first flag of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet, only St. Andrew's Cross was present - albeit on a red background and adjacent to a red star. But when a new naval flag was approved in 1935, its main colors were returned: a white cloth with a wide blue stripe. Having abandoned all the symbols of the “rotten autocracy,” the Bolsheviks still did not dare to encroach on the symbol of the Russian fleet
And the fleet responded to this decision with dignity. Under the Soviet naval flag, Russian sailors gained no less glory than under Andreevsky, honorably continuing the work of their predecessors and without disgracing their honor. When the country ceased to be Soviet, one of the first decisions of the All-Army Officers' Meeting on January 17, 1992 was a petition to replace the naval flag of the USSR with the naval flag of Russia - St. Andrew's. On the same day, the Russian government adopted a resolution to return the status of the St. Andrew's flag. The presidential decree on the approval of new flags of the country, including the naval one, was signed on July 21, 1992.
* The decree was signed by Peter on December 1, 1699 according to the old style. Due to discrepancies in dates in some sources, December 10 is considered St. Andrew's Flag Day.
The state chooses for itself features. Russia's own flag, coat of arms and anthem are integral attributes. Over the course of several centuries, the banner has been modified.
The Russian flag of white, blue and red was finally approved in 1991. Since 1994, when the president signed the corresponding decree, Russian Flag Day has traditionally been celebrated annually on August 22.
History of appearance
It is not known for certain when the flag appeared and who invented it, which is used today as a state flag in the Russian Federation. There are a huge number of versions.
Historians believe that the modern flag of the Russian Federation owes its appearance to the emperor. It was he who first used the tricolor as a symbol of the fleet. The emperor thus indicated that the ship belonged to a certain power.
It is not known why Peter I chose this particular color variation for the imperial flag. Historians offer many different theories. Some believe that the emperor wished to support other states that have similar colors on their flags. Others say that only white, red and blue fabrics were in stock.
Despite mentions of the symbol in Ancient Rus', it began to be used during the reign of Peter I. The Emperor used it in diplomatic missions, trade and during military operations.
The meaning of the national flag for the country
Belonging to merchant ships, army troops or settlement a particular power was difficult to determine. To solve the problem, flags began to be used. Brightly colored canvases, displayed in a prominent place, were a means of identification.
Currently, the symbol of the state contributes to the education of patriotism, respect for native land, gives a feeling of spiritual and blood unity. The national flag is of great importance in international relations.
The meaning of the tricolor colors
There are many versions of the interpretation of the shades used in the state symbol of Russia. According to one of the unofficial interpretations, the meaning of flowers represents:
- white – purity, purity, innocence;
- blue – faith and constancy;
- red - the blood that the ancestors shed for the sovereignty of the state.
Considering that the history of the appearance of the symbol goes back more than three centuries, there is also a historical version of the interpretation of the tricolor. The ancient Slavs believed that the arrangement of stripes on the flag and their color reflected the structure of the world. In this case, the top stripe symbolizes the divine world, the middle - blue - the heavenly world, and the bottom - the physical.
Another version is that the flag reflects the unity of three fraternal peoples. Then the red stripe is a symbol of Great Russia, the blue one is of Little Russia, and the white one is of Belarus. The most common interpretation is freedom, faith and sovereignty, according to the location of the stripes.
Symbols of Russian army troops
In addition to the standards of commanders and banners, each branch of the Russian Federation has distinctive symbols - flags. Modern version The banner was approved by the President in November 2003 - about which a corresponding decree was signed.
Flags of Russian troops
The Ministry of Defense is a double-sided rectangular canvas. The design of both parts is identical. The flag depicts a cross expanding towards the base, each ray of which is divided in half and colored blue and red. In the central part of the cloth is the emblem of the Russian Ministry of Defense. The state symbol was approved by presidential decree in July 2003.
The flag of the Russian Air Force is a double-sided canvas in a sky blue hue. In the central part of the military symbols there is an anti-aircraft gun and a silver propeller crossed with each other. There are also 14 yellow rays on the flag, which expand from the center of the flag to its edges. Military symbols were approved in May 2004 by Order of the Minister of Defense.
The flag of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia - military symbols is a double-sided canvas, painted in the colors of the state tricolor. There is a blue square in the roof of the Ministry symbol. Its height is equal to the two stripes of the Russian flag, white and blue. Red the streak is coming across the width of the entire canvas. The square contains an octagonal star and four elongated rays. In the center of the star there is an orange circle and a blue triangle.
St. Andrew's flag of Russia is the official military symbol navy. The white cloth depicts diagonal lines crossed with each other, reminiscent of a large blue cross. The Russian naval flag was approved in 1992 by Presidential Decree.
Russian border flag - there are several varieties of the banner. The banners are united by one detail - a green cross expanding towards the base. In the central part there is a golden eagle with two heads.
The flag of the Russian Ground Forces is a red canvas. In the center is the emblem of the ground forces - a golden-colored grenada, located against the background of two swords crossed with each other. The symbol was approved by the Order of the Minister of Defense in 2004.
The flag of the Space Forces is a double-sided sky blue fabric. In the center of the panel there is a small emblem, which is a stylized drawing of a rocket launching against the backdrop of the planet Earth. The ball is divided by horizontal stripes - dark blue, blue, white and red. The military symbols of the space forces were approved by the Order of the Minister of Defense in June 2004.
Coat of arms of the Russian Federation: its history and meaning
Important symbols are the flag and coat of arms of Russia. The eagle is found on the coats of arms of most princes. Today it is the state emblem. For the first time such an image appeared at. The coat of arms of Russia is a double-headed eagle looking towards different sides, indicates that the country is the successor of the Third Rome and Byzantium.
Before becoming a sign of the state, the symbol underwent changes. Added to his image different elements. One of the most complex emblems in the world existed until 1917. Eagle flags were used to mark state campaigns or serve as the personal standards of the sovereign.
The meaning of the emblem of the Russian Federation is the country’s orientation to the East and West. It is implied that the state is not an element of either cardinal direction. Russia – combination best qualities west and east.
The rider on a horse, located in the central part of the coat of arms, who kills the snake, has rich history. In Ancient Rus', princes often used this symbol. The horseman is the appearance of a prince. Emperor Peter I decided that the coat of arms depicts St. George the Victorious.
The three crowns located at the top of the emblem did not appear immediately. During the use of the symbol, their number changed from one to three and back. Explained the existence of crowns on the emblem. The Tsar said that they symbolize the Siberian, Kazan and Astrakhan kingdoms. Currently, it is believed that crowns are the emblem of an independent country.
In its paws the double-headed eagle holds a scepter and an orb. In 1917, the elements were removed from the emblem. Traditionally, the orb and scepter represent a symbol of state power and unity. The golden color of the bird indicates the wealth of the country, its prosperity and grace.
7 former Russian flags
In Ancient times, the banner was called a “banner”. The army of the state gathered under it. Traditionally, the color of the Russian banner is red. Under the banners of this shade, the troops of Ivan the Terrible and
During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a red banner with the image was used. Russian troops conquered Kazan under this banner. For a century and a half, the banner with Christ was the official flag Tsarist Russia.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich there was no permanent banner. The troops performed under different banners. The flag of this king is symbolic. Its basis is the cross. The emblem symbolizes the mission of the state on a Universe scale.
Under Peter the Great, a red flag with a white border would have been approved. In the center of the banner was a flying sea water eagle. This banner lasted until the emperor became interested in everything European.
Peter I introduced a new flag. Externally, the banner resembles a modern tricolor. The emperor himself painted a banner with horizontal stripes of white, red and blue.
In Russia, the St. Andrew's flag became the state symbol in 1712. Now the banner is the military symbol of the country's fleet.
With the coming to power of the Romanov dynasty, the banner also changed. The Tsar approved a white-black-yellow banner as the official symbol of the state. The banner began to be used after the victory over the army. The black, white and yellow color was not chosen by chance. The banner is based on Russian tradition. White shade symbolizes St. George, black – an eagle with two heads, yellow – the golden field of the coat of arms.
White-blue-red banner with an eagle - this option was approved in 1914. The banner was not considered official. The banner symbolized the unity of the people and the ruler.
The history of the Russian Federation is interesting and multifaceted. At all times, the unity of the Russian people with the ruler was of particular importance. This was symbolized by the former flags used in Russia.
The white color in the tricolor symbolizes frankness and nobility, red symbolizes love, courage and courage, and blue symbolizes loyalty and honesty. The state banner indicates the solidarity of the Russian people with fraternal peoples. The strength of every person lies in knowing the history of the country - we must not forget about this.
FROM PETER THE FIRST... The Russian flag owes its birth to domestic fleet. Flag of one or another The Russian flag owes its birth to the Russian fleet. The flag of a particular country showed that this ship of the country showed that this ship belongs to it, is its own, belongs to it, is its territory. In 1690 white-blue-red territory. In 1690 the white-blue-red flag has become a symbol Russian state, the flag became a symbol of the Russian state, and above all at sea. and above all - at sea. This is exactly the flag that Peter I used. This is the flag that Peter I used.
FLAG AS A SYMBOL OF THE RUSSIAN STATE FLAG AS A SYMBOL OF THE RUSSIAN STATE The flag is constantly raised on the buildings of the authorities of our country. The flag is constantly raised on the buildings of the authorities of our country. It flutters on the masts Russian ships, applied to aircraft Russian Federation and its spacecraft. It flutters on the masts of Russian ships, and is applied to Russian aircraft and spacecraft. The flag indicates belonging to Russia. The flag indicates belonging to Russia. The flag is raised during official ceremonies and is flown in military units. The flag is raised during official ceremonies and is flown in military units. On days of national mourning, the flag is lowered or a black ribbon is attached. On days of national mourning, the flag is lowered or a black ribbon is attached.
