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Before 1917
The prototypes of communal apartments as a type of housing in which several families live appeared at the beginning of the 18th century. Apartment owners partitioned the premises into several “corners” (often through passages) and rented them out. The apartments consisted of 3-6 rooms, with one kitchen (one toilet per landing), they housed 3-6 families. In the 1860s, after the publication of N. G. Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”, “hostel communes” appeared, when several young people rented an apartment of 2-4 rooms.
1917-1920
Communal apartments became most widespread after the revolution of 1917 during the “densification”, when the Bolsheviks forcibly took away housing from wealthy citizens and moved new people into their apartments. At the same time, the term itself “ Communal apartment" The Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of August 20, 1918 “On the abolition of private ownership of real estate in cities” abolished the right of private ownership of urban land and the right of private ownership of buildings that had a cost or profitability above a certain limit, and this limit in each city was established by local authorities of the Soviet government . The largest number of communal apartments appeared in Petrograd, where there were many apartments before the revolution large area. People who were active supporters of Soviet power also moved into the apartments: communists, military personnel, and Cheka employees.
Eviction of the dispossessed
NEP period
The lack of payment for housing has led to the fact that authorities began to experience a shortage of funds to maintain the housing stock. During the NEP period, rent and private ownership of housing were partially restored, and housing cooperatives were established. Apartment owners lived in one or more rooms, and could rent out the rest, selecting residents based on personal preference. The rent rate was established for different categories of residents. At this rate, the apartment owner paid a fee to the building management; the difference between the rent and the rate was his income.
Houses that were not rented and remained at the disposal of local authorities (communal departments) began to be called “communal”.
In accordance with the Program it is provided A complex approach to the resettlement of communal apartments using in various ways state assistance in improving the living conditions of citizens.
Assistance in improving housing conditions under the Program is provided to citizens registered as in need of residential premises or registered as needing assistance from St. Petersburg in improving housing conditions.
In accordance with paragraph 4 of the Program, the following main activities are being carried out to resettle communal apartments and provide assistance to citizens:
1) providing citizens participating in the Program who are registered as those in need of residential premises with residential premises under social tenancy agreements out of turn;
2) redistribution of residential premises (rooms) in communal apartments and residential premises of the state housing stock of St. Petersburg;
3) provision of social support measures to citizens participating in the Program at the expense of the budget of St. Petersburg in the form of social payments for the purchase or construction of residential premises;
4) priority provision to citizens - participants of the Program of types of state assistance provided for by the target programs of St. Petersburg “Development of long-term housing lending in St. Petersburg”, “Youth - affordable housing”, “Housing for public sector employees” on the terms determined by the specified target programs of St. -Petersburg;
5) transfer to citizens participating in the Program under purchase and sale agreements of vacated residential premises (rooms) in communal apartments on the terms and in the manner established by the Housing Code Russian Federation and the Law of St. Petersburg dated April 5, 2006 No. 169-27 “On the procedure and conditions for the sale of residential premises of the state housing stock of St. Petersburg”, using a reduction factor to the market value;
6) involvement of legal (individual) persons - participants of the Program in the resettlement of communal apartments;
7) provision to citizens - participants of the Program living in communal apartments, free residential premises for commercial use in these communal apartments under a rental agreement on the terms and in the manner established by the Law of St. Petersburg of March 28, 2007 N 125-27 “On the procedure for providing residential premises of the housing stock for commercial use in St. Petersburg."
These activities are carried out by the administrations of the city districts, the Housing Committee of St. Petersburg, the State Budgetary Institution “Gorzhilobmen” and JSC “St. Petersburg Center for Affordable Housing”.
At the same time, at the beginning of the program, the number of communal apartments in St. Petersburg was 116,647. Over the past years, taking into account all assistance mechanisms, improvements have been made living conditions 89,659 families, 39,989 communal apartments settled. As of July 1, 2017, the number of communal apartments in the city on the Neva is 76,658 apartments, in which 245 thousand families live, of which 87 thousand are on the housing register. http://obmencity.ru/state/1093/
Life in communal apartments
The life of several families in one apartment almost always led and leads to quarrels and conflicts. The most resonant modern history a crime that occurred in a communal apartment on domestic grounds occurred in May 2015, when a neighboring family - a husband, wife and their seven-year-old child - was killed due to unscrewed fuses from the electric meter. However, many problems have been and are being solved with an approach agreed upon by all residents of the communal apartment. So, during the USSR, cleaning public places could be carried out in turns. The period of duty was determined by mutual agreement. In some apartments, each family was on duty, that is, they carried out routine cleaning for one week, in others - for as many weeks as there were people living in it, etc., and before transferring the queue, as a rule, general cleaning was carried out.
In some apartments for household appliances(TV, iron, etc.) a fixed amount was charged. If the apartment had one common electricity meter, then payments were usually calculated in proportion to the number of residents. In other apartments, in addition to the common meter, there were electricity meters for each room. In this case, the calculation by the number of residents was carried out only for the amount attributable to common areas: it was defined as the difference between the readings of the general and all individual meters. There were also apartments where common areas were connected to electric meters, which stood separately for each room, and when entering the kitchen, each inhabitant of another room was obliged to turn on his own light bulb, even if the light had already been turned on by a neighbor (in this case, several light bulbs were turned on simultaneously, each from its owner).
In some communal apartments there are hotplates gas stove were distributed among residents and could not be occupied without permission.
Many communal apartments remained without renovation for a long time.
Analogues of communal apartments in other countries
Although the concept of a "communal apartment" arose during the Soviet era, the residence of several families in one apartment was not an exclusive feature of Soviet society. And now, if the tenant or tenant of a room in an apartment belonging to one owner has state registration a rental agreement for a period of more than one year (according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), then such an apartment for the duration of the agreement can also be called “communal”. An analogue of communal apartments exists in Germany - Wohngemeinschaft (WG), when several people (usually students) rent one apartment. The same practice exists in Denmark, the USA and some other countries. In contrast to the listed analogues, the specific features of communal apartments in the Soviet era were state ownership, the settlement of such apartments by government agencies according to living space standards, which did not require the mutual consent of the occupied families, as well as the prevailing participation of government agencies in Everyday life residents.
Communal apartments in art
- In 1918, the film “Compaction” was shot based on Lunacharsky’s script.
- The action in Mikhail Bulgakov's play “Zoyka's Apartment” (1925) takes place in a communal apartment. The story “Heart of a Dog” (1925) describes an attempt at compaction. A “bad apartment” can also be called a communal apartment.
- Panteleimon-Romanov’s novel “Comrade Kislyakov” (1930) describes the life of a communal apartment.
- Life in a communal apartment is humorously described by I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the novel “The Golden Calf” (1931), in particular under the title “Voronya Slobodka”.
- In the USA in 1939, the film “Ninochka” was released, in which, in particular, the life of Soviet communal apartments was ridiculed.
- Felix Kandel's novel The Corridor (1967-1969) describes life in a Moscow communal apartment.
- The action of the films “Pokrovsky Gates”, “The Thief”, the play and film “Five Evenings”, as well as many others, takes place in communal apartments.
- In the television program Gentleman Show from 1994 to 2002, the column “Odessa communal apartment” was published. The section was a sitcom about the life of several families in a communal apartment, the eldest of which was Semyon Markovich from Odessa. According to the plot, the social and political events of Russia and Ukraine of those years took place through the communal apartment.
- In 1996, the group “Dune” released the album “In the Big City,” which contained the song “Communal Apartment.”
- The group “Zero” has a song “Communal Apartments”.
- Many poems have been written about communal apartments: “Crying for a communal apartment” (E. Yevtushenko), “Communal” (Nikolai Gol and Gennady Grigoriev), etc.
- In the film “Hipsters” (2008) there is a humorous sketch on the theme of a communal apartment.
- Documentary film “Communal” (France, 2008), awarded the Anna Politkovskaya Prize in 2009.
- The photo project of the German photographer Peter Price “Kommunalka”, two books were published, shown on
Communal apartments as a legalized form of cohabitation appeared after the revolution. Then the Bolsheviks forcibly moved new tenants into the apartments of the wealthy intelligentsia. Forced densification began in the center of Moscow, spread through working-class areas and lasted for more than half a century. The mass exodus from communal apartments began in the 60s - most of the apartments were moved into brand new five-story Khrushchev buildings. Today, communal apartments in the center of Moscow with antique tiled stoves and oak parquet, five to seven rooms, battles in a cramped kitchen, queues for the toilet and quarrels over a common telephone in the corridor seem to be a thing of the past: only about 8 thousands of communal apartments. The city authorities' resettlement program promises that by 2019 there will be no more of them left. The Village found several apartments that are still being lived in communally.
UTILITIES
IN KISLOVSKY LANE
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The six-story house on Kislovsky Lane with high ceilings, patterned tiles on the floor in the front door, oak doors and a layout according to royal building standards was built in the 18th century, and in the middle of the last four more were built on upper floors. Musicians Anton and Nikolai Rubinstein, composers Scriabin and Tchaikovsky attended home concerts here. Now the house is in the possession of the Moscow State Conservatory named after P. I. Tchaikovsky; about five communal apartments have been preserved in it. Rumor has it that the house is facing “reconstruction” in the near future. |
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The communal apartment begins with a huge corridor, the length of which is only slightly less than that of a bowling alley. Four rooms. Peeling plaster hangs from the walls and ceiling in scabs; on the floor there is a good quality, rather worn out oak parquet. The bathroom is large geyser and a stained-glass window made of colored glass, in the kitchen there is a sparkling white new refrigerator (the only thing in the apartment, it seems, that reminds you of what year it is outside the window).
Six people live in the communal apartment, five are members of the same family. Olga Olegovna shares living space with her husband Viktor Evgenievich, daughter Valentina, brother and mother. Olga is a watchmaker by training, but has been working as a cleaner for several years, her husband is a security guard, and her daughter is finishing eleventh grade. The family doesn’t know much about their neighbor in the communal apartment - he’s young, doesn’t work, doesn’t study, and often throws noisy parties.
RESIDENTS OF COMMUNAL APARTMENT
Olga Olegovna:“Before I moved here with my parents, there was a conservatory dormitory for foreign students here. I remember that after them there were many musical instruments left behind. We live here, like any other family, we live quite friendly. Besides us, a young man, Semyon, lives in the apartment. Before him lived another family, with whom there were ordinary everyday relationships, and from time to time there were, of course, quarrels. After the family moved out of their rooms, another person purchased them. For a year he tried to evict us from the apartment, and after unsuccessful attempts his son began to live in the apartment. This son, in his youth, brings noisy groups and starts drunken fights. Once we even had to call the police.”
Viktor Evgenievich:“In general, we don’t have any conflicts with neighbors who live in adjacent apartments. Many of them are musicians: some play the piano, some play the trumpet. Perhaps this is why our daughter loves to play the guitar and is going to enter GITIS. I used to live in another communal apartment on the embankment, and there really was, as in Vysotsky’s song, “a corridor system, for twenty-eight rooms - only one restroom.” And now we live well.”
UTILITIES
IN DMITROVSKY LANE
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At some entrances of the former apartment building on Dmitrovsky Lane there are still hanging metal signs with the inscriptions “communal apartment No. ...”. Under the sign are the names of the living families and the number of doorbells for each. If you call twice, the Ivanovs will open, if three times, the Sidorovs will open. A small corridor connects three rooms and a small, dark kitchen. In the kitchen there are two stoves, a sink with blackened chipped enamel, dishes from service sets from the prehistoric past and a lone microwave. All the plumbing is dilapidated, the parquet flooring is broken, the apartment is literally begging for painting and plastering work to be carried out in it, and various junk furniture that has nothing in common with each other has spread across its entire area - a consequence of many years of communal management by several generations of residents. |
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Efim Yakovlevich, an electronics engineer by profession, once moved into this apartment with his family, and now lives with one daughter. Their room in the apartment is the largest of the three. The other two, very tiny ones, are occupied by an Uzbek family who came to Moscow to work.
RESIDENTS OF COMMUNAL APARTMENT
Efim Yakovlevich:“When I moved here with my family - my wife and four children - there was another family of four living here. But about fifteen years ago they moved out. After that, the apartment began to be rented out. Now neighbors change every 2-3 months. There are different people: both by upbringing, culture and nationality. Sometimes it can be unbearable, but why wash dirty linen in public. I don't want to talk about it. The apartment is becoming more and more unusable every day, it has long needed major repairs, but here the church is within walking distance, there are many shops, albeit expensive ones, and this is still the center, I’m used to it.”
FORMER COMMUNAL APARTMENT
IN STAROKONUSHENNY LANE
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Former apartment building for 10 apartments in Starokonyushenny Lane, built in 1911. The façade is decorated with inserts of colorful ceramics, and the huge windows are framed with old wooden frames. No renovations have been done to the former communal apartment for a long time: high ceilings The whitewash and stucco were cracked, the wallpaper was faded, and the paint on the walls had faded. There is an old bas-relief hanging in the hallway, in the rooms there are paintings and watercolor sketches of different streets of Arbat, belonging to the hand of the apartment owner and familiar artists, stacks of books are piled up everywhere, some of them are more than a hundred years old. |
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The communal apartment was recently resettled. Now there is only one family left here - the architect Vladimir Fedorovich and his wife, the writer Irina Alexandrovna. Both lived their entire lives in communal apartments.
RESIDENTS OF COMMUNAL APARTMENT
Irina Alexandrovna:“We lived our whole lives in such conditions. Vladimir Fedorovich grew up in a huge communal apartment with a corridor system, on Trubnikovsky Lane, and I grew up in a communal apartment on Krivoarbatsky Lane. My family was moved to house number 3, which belonged to Zinaida Berg, daughter of Adolf Berg, owner of the art salon “City of Nice” on Arbat (near today’s Vakhtangov Theater). The neighbors were wonderful and well-mannered people, they hid me from my alcoholic father, and I am very grateful to them for that. All the neighbors were close people and trusted each other not just on a daily level, they trusted each other to take care of their own children. But our current neighbors who live above us are simply a disaster. They are constantly changing. They have a disregard for everything, and they constantly flood us, not to mention the fact that God knows what’s going on in their apartment.”
Vladimir Fedorovich:“After Irina and I got married, we each moved from our own communal apartment to this one. Another family lived here, then they left, and the children and I stayed. But now our chicks have fledged and flown out of the nest. From the previous owners who lived in this apartment at a time when the house was not yet connected to central heating, there’s a lot of wood left.”
This apartment on Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg could well satisfy the housing needs of a discerning oligarch: 1248 sq. m. m and 80 large and small rooms. It could accommodate a swimming pool, a gym, a billiard room, and a swimming pool. There is only one thing. This is a communal apartment. True, it’s not at all ordinary, because this is the largest communal service in the country. Moskovsky Komsomolets told about her.
This apartment occupies the entire first floor of a five-story building. On the second, third, fourth of this same an ordinary house The owners of, albeit not the most luxurious, but separate apartments live. On the first floor, a communal “paradise” flourishes, in which 40 people live, or rather, are registered. A few years ago there were twice as many of them - 10 families were resettled from here. But it is difficult to determine how many people actually live here. Some owners, unable to withstand the harsh conditions of life, decided to rent a separate living space. The room is being rented out and none of the neighbors know exactly how many people are in it.
The front door leads out into a corridor, long and dark, like the entrance to a tomb. 94 meters from one end to the other, 127 steps. It is quite possible to jog here. But for now, every night the residents go through a quest - how to avoid breaking their legs while walking along a dimly lit corridor. Tatyana Lobunova, who has lived here for seven years, says that the apartment has chronic problems with the wiring, so it is useless to change the light bulbs - they will go out in a day or two anyway. In those parts of the corridor where there is light, tangles of wires and bald spots from fallen plaster protrude from the walls. It smells damp, like a basement. Resident Aider remembered the story of how one day three years ago his neighbor was walking in the evening and came across a homeless man. He was sleeping in the corridor near the bathroom. On front door There are no locks here - anyone can come in. One homeless man passed away into another world in the corridors of this huge apartment.
Aider, communal apartment resident:
He died - and God bless him, but that homeless man had an open form of tuberculosis. Then I had to call the sanitary and epidemiological inspectorate so that they would treat all the premises.
There is not a single solid wall between the rooms, so the audibility here is incredible. In fact, this is a former clinic, and it was never adapted for housing.
The apartment has two kitchens, in which the furnishings have been preserved since the mid-80s. Everything is covered with a thick layer of dust. Someone's discarded pants are rotting in the corner. Next to the red, uncleaned sink there is a galosh. It's here instead of a stool. The newspaper-covered table serves as both a post office (there are no mailboxes in the apartment) and a public library. The letters are mainly from two authorities - the military registration and enlistment office and the bank. In the first, they demand that the inhabitants of the communal apartment repay their debt to their homeland, and in the second, they require a loan. On the wall self-adhesive film with still life. These are the only products in this kitchen - no food, much less refrigerators and household appliances, have ever been left here. A fully working stove has already been stolen, two remain - the first has a functioning oven, and the other has one burner. But they rarely cook in this kitchen - everyone has electric stoves in their rooms.
Residents do not accept the idea of installing a lock on the front door.
Aider, communal apartment resident:
In my memory alone, twenty constipations have changed. Just for some of our residents, if they suddenly forgot their keys, simpler lock break it out rather than wait for someone to come and open it. Need to iron door bet, but no one wants to chip in on it.
There is always water on the floor in the shower room because during the major renovation they forgot to slope the floor in this room. To get to the tap, a board is thrown across the puddle. It's hard to believe, but in 2015 this apartment underwent a major renovation. At least that's what it looks like on paper. As a souvenir after this “update,” traces of broken tiles remained on the walls of the shower room, and the toilet was decorated with a toilet bowl with black stains on the faience. By the way, the toilet itself is locked. One of the residents installed his own toilet in it, replacing the stolen one, and closed the bathroom.
In fact, there is only one apartment, but historically it has always been divided into right and left halves. The other half of the apartment looks more presentable. There is light, the stove has been cleaned, the walls are freshly painted, and the floor is clean linoleum. More conscientious residents of this part made repairs on their own. In this part of the apartment, the Soviet rules of coexistence in a communal apartment were still preserved: the duty schedule and the distribution of time in the shower.
The residents no longer hope that this emergency apartment will ever be resettled.
Ekaterina, communal apartment tenant:
Everyone was told that we needed to privatize the rooms, then, they say, our apartment would be resettled faster. We obeyed. And they ended up losing. After all, all those who had rooms on social rent, except two, were given separate apartments. And we are vegetating here.
The rent here, for example, is several times higher than that of the inhabitants of a separate living space. For your 14-meter room in winter period tenants pay 4,600 rubles. There are no water meters here - the consumption is simply spread out among everyone. As well as paying for “general” square meters- corridor, storage room, bathrooms.
Locals haven’t brought their friends here for a long time, because it’s embarrassing. And they don’t know all their neighbors, especially those from the other half.
Aider, communal apartment resident:
Eight people live in the first apartment from the entrance, although it was agreed that only three would live there. And he lives next door big dog, which is not walked. That is, she does her business right in the room. And sometimes its owners do the same. Do you think it’s possible to have a dialogue about cleanliness in a public kitchen in this situation?!
Residents say that anarchy in the apartment began after the first rumors appeared that they would be relocated. People simply stopped caring about what would happen in the apartment. Everyone thought they were about to leave. Some were indeed resettled, but not all. How the orders were distributed is a mystery to those remaining.
In 2011, the apartment was declared unsafe, but after 2015 and “ overhaul"The process has stalled. Although its emergency status was never removed. Therefore, the residents of this largest communal apartment became hostages of their square meters. They cannot sell their rooms due to the emergency status of the apartment, because any transactions with emergency real estate are prohibited.
Tatyana, communal apartment resident:
It seems to me that what is happening here now is a protest. The state doesn’t care about us, and the residents themselves haven’t given a damn about themselves for a long time.
