Springs are elastic structural elements that serve to accumulate or dissipate mechanical energy. They surround us on all sides - under the keys of a computer keyboard, in the car suspension and in lifting mechanism sofa The most common are coil compression springs. There are several ways to make them.

Coil compression springs

Elastic elements can have different spatial forms. Historically, the first springs mastered by man were leaf springs. You can still see them today - these are springs on heavy-duty trucks. With the development of technology, people have learned to make more compact coil springs that work in compression. In addition to them, spatial elastic elements are also used.

Design Features

During operation, such springs take a load along their axis. In the initial position, there are gaps between their turns. Attached external force deforms the spring, its length decreases until the coils touch. From this moment on, the spring is an absolutely rigid body. As the external force decreases, the shape of the product begins to return to its original shape until it is completely restored when the load disappears.

The main characteristics describing the geometry of the part are:

The diameter of the rod from which the spring is wound.
Number of turns.
Winding step.
External diameter of the part.

The external shape may differ from cylindrical and represent one of the figures of rotation: cone, barrel (ellipsoid) and others

The winding pitch can be constant or variable. The winding direction is clockwise and counterclockwise.

The cross-section of the turns can be round, flat, square, etc.

The ends of the turns are ground down to a flat shape.

Operating area

Cylindrical coil springs of constant outer diameter and constant pitch are used more widely than others. They are used in areas such as

Mechanical engineering.
Instrumentation.
Vehicles.
Mining industry.
Appliances.

and in other industries.

Spring requirements

The following properties are required for the work to function effectively:

high strength;
plastic;
elasticity;
wear resistance.

To ensure the design values of these parameters, it is necessary to correctly select the material, accurately calculate the dimensions, develop and follow the manufacturing technology.

State standards determine the requirements for the manufacture of springs. According to permissible deviations, they belong to one of the accuracy groups:

less than 5%;
less than 10%;
less than 20%.

Strict requirements are imposed on the accuracy of geometry and surface cleanliness.

Products with scratches and other external defects that reduce the resource of the product and its service life do not meet the standard

Material requirements

The strength parameters and fault tolerance of a product are largely determined by the material from which it was decided to be made. Metallurgists distinguish special spring steels in the classification of steels. They have a specific crystal structure, defined as chemical composition, as well as the heat treatment of products. Highly alloyed alloys of increased purity and high metallurgical quality provide high elasticity and ductility and are able to retain their physical and mechanical properties after repeated deformations.

Spring alloys 60S2A, 50HFA and stainless steel 12Х18Н10Т have gained popularity among mechanism designers.

Features of the technology

The technological process for manufacturing elastic elements depends on the technical requirements for the design. Making a spring is not as simple as making an ordinary part, which should not have special elastic properties. This requires special equipment and equipment.

Winding springs with round The coil is carried out using the following methods:

Cold. Suitable for small and medium sizes (wire diameter up to 8 mm).
Hot. For large diameters.

After winding, the elastic elements are subjected to various types heat treatment. During this process, the product acquires the specified properties.

Cold coiling technology without hardening

First you need to do preparatory operations. Before a workpiece is wound from wire, it is subjected to a patenting procedure. It consists in heating the material to the plasticity temperature. This operation prepares the wire for the upcoming change in shape.

During the winding operation the following parameters must be maintained:

External diameter of the product (for some parts the internal diameter is standardized).
Number of turns.
Winding pitch.
The total length of the part, taking into account subsequent operations.
Compliance with the geometry of the end turns.

Next, the end turns are ground down to a flat state. This must be done to ensure high-quality support for other structural parts, to prevent their destruction and the spring from slipping out.

The next stage of the technological process is heat treatment. Cold coiling of springs involves only release at low temperatures. It allows you to enhance elasticity and remove mechanical stress that arose during winding.

It is extremely important to strictly adhere to the design heat treatment schedule, carefully controlling temperature and holding time.

After heat treatment, it is necessary to carry out test and control operations.

Further, if necessary, they can be applied protective coatings, preventing corrosion. If they were applied by galvanic method, the products are reheated to reduce the hydrogen content in the surface layer.

Cold coiling technology with quenching and tempering

The first stages of the technology coincide with the previous process. Changes begin at the heat treatment stage. It is carried out in several stages:

Hardening. The workpiece is heated to a given temperature and held for 2 to 3 hours. Next, it is subjected to rapid cooling by immersing it in a container with mineral oil or saline solution. During the hardening stage, the workpieces must be in a horizontal position. This will avoid deformation
Vacation. The workpiece is heated to 200-300° and kept for several hours to relieve internal stresses and improve elastic properties.

Further measuring and control operations are also carried out. Workpieces that have passed inspection are sent to sandblasting for removing scale. If necessary, shot blasting should also be done to increase the strength of the surface layer of the metal.

The process is completed by applying a protective coating.

Hot coiling technology with quenching and tempering

Before winding, the workpiece is heated to plasticity temperature using one of the following methods

muffle furnace;
gas-burner;
high frequency heating.

Heat treatment includes hardening and low-temperature tempering.

Heat treatment schedules are constructed based on the properties of the material and the dimensions of the workpiece.

To make an elastic element, you need specialized equipment. These are winding machines. You can make a part using a regular lathe, but it will require additional equipment with special equipment. Medium and large series are produced on semi-automatic machines that operate with minimal operator intervention. You can also make a spring from wire by hand. This will also require special equipment.

At the next stage machining The ends are ground on face grinding machines. At single production or in small series this can be done with a grinding wheel.

Heat treatment is carried out using mandrels that prevent product deformation in specialized furnaces for hardening and tempering. Both operations can be done in a universal oven.

For quality control, load installations and measuring systems are used. In case of single production, measurements can be made with a universal tool.

Hi all brainiacs! It’s good if the springs you need for your projects can be purchased at the store, but even then, how many of them should you have in stock, and what size and type? In addition, store-bought springs are sometimes suitable, and sometimes it is very difficult to find the right one, so it would be nice to learn how to make them with your own hands and this article will help with this!

Making springs, although it seems somewhat scary, but with the basic tools at hand and simple knowledge, anyone can do-it-yourselfer can do them. In this tutorial I will tell you how to make some springs, first the easy way, and then using a more diverse tool, but it’s also not difficult.

Step 1: Spring Types

The photo shows several types of springs, which I will show you how to make.
On the left is an extension spring, then a compression spring, a conical spring and a torsion spring.

Step 2: Basic Method

In the first and most in a simple way creation brainsprings The tools and materials shown in the photo are used. Using them you can safely make a wide variety of springs, and these are:
- wooden stick with a diameter of 1.2 cm
- piano string
- pliers with an “option” for biting off wire
- hacksaw
- clamp
- screwdriver

Step 3: Preparing the Wooden Stick

We cut off a piece about 13 cm long from a wooden stick, and at one of the ends we make a slot into which the string will be inserted. A stick with a diameter of 1.2 cm is good for this, as it fits perfectly into the screwdriver chuck. Smaller stick brain diameter If it doesn't fit, she won't be able to hold a piano string.

Step 4: Making an Extension Spring

For our purposes, a screwdriver is better suited than a drill, because you can control the rotation speed. To be safe, always use pliers as the string may spring back and injure you!

First, we attach the screwdriver to the workbench with a clamp, then control the screwdriver power button with one hand, and hold it with the other pliers, wind the coils of the spring as much as you need. While feeding the string, we pull it tightly, so the spring will be of better quality.

Step 5: Bend the Ends

Having wound the spring, we bend its ends using pliers and get a finished extension spring. By experimenting in this way, you can obtain springs of various sizes.

Step 6: Compression Spring

To create a spring of this type, you will need a longer stick, but also with a slot at the end. When winding it, you need to keep a certain distance between the turns, which is controlled “by eye”; you may have to practice a little to get a high-quality spring, but brain activity it's quite interesting.

Having made such a spring, I tested it - I put it on a wooden rod, and placed a small block on top. When I pressed it and released it, the block flew to the ceiling like a bullet.

Step 7: Conical Spring

A conical stick can be made using a screwdriver and a grinder.

Using the same brain technology, the string is threaded into the slot of a cone-shaped stick, and then winding occurs. After the spring is wound, its ends are cut off, and that’s it, the conical spring is ready.

To get a high-quality spring cone, I wound two of these, and the second one turned out better.

Step 8: Torsion Spring

To create this spring I was forced to use a slotted brass rod because the wooden one wouldn't hold up.

To make a torsion spring, just wind several coils at the distance you need between them. After this, slightly bending the ends you will get a finished torsion spring.

Step 9: Finally

The photo shows a compression spring I made using a brass rod, and several others in different sizes.

I think this brain technology making springs is not difficult, and I hope you will find it useful in your homemade products. Plus, it will help you save money if you need a lot of springs.

Thank you for your attention and good luck in brain creativity!

A spring that will serve for a long time and perform its tasks as efficiently as possible can be made not only in production. Yes, there is an opportunity to fully comply with all manufacturing process, all its parameters, choose the right characteristics of all technological processes(for example, quenching temperature). However, you can make a simple spring for a mechanism that operates in a gentle mode with your own hands.

To do this you will need the following materials:

directly a spring and wire of a size suitable for the intended unit;
gas-burner;
metalworking tools;
vice;
household or thermal oven.

Diameter

If the wire diameter is no more than 2 mm, then a spring can be made without using heat treatment. To do this, you need to bend the wire in such a way that it becomes absolutely even, and then wind it forcefully onto the mandrel.

As for the diameter of the mandrel, it should be slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the spring you want to get. This is necessary to compensate for elastic deformation. Most likely, you will have to unbend and coil the spring several times, try several sizes of mandrels to find required diameter. The distance between the coils of the compression spring should be slightly greater than that of the finished spring. The two outer turns should fit well and tightly to each other.

If the diameter of the spring that you want to use as a starting material is more than 2 mm, then before you start working with it, it must be annealed. Because without this procedure it is impossible to straighten and wind such a thick wire.

First of all, you need to choose the right material for the future spring - this is half the success. Alloys of non-ferrous metals (65G, 60HFA, 60S2A, 70SZA, Br. B2, etc.) or special steels (carbon or alloyed) are used in production. If you decide to make the spring yourself, the most suitable material there will be another spring for this the right size(you need to pay attention to the diameter of the wire from which it is made).
Annealing is best carried out in a special thermal furnace. If you couldn’t find one, then use brick or metal. Light a fire using birch wood and place a spring in the coals. Wait until it is red hot and let it continue to sit in the oven until it cools completely. After this annealing procedure, the wire will become suitable for winding.
Straighten it and wind it around the mandrel. Do this as described above. When making a spring, wind the coils close to each other.
Now so that it does not lose its shape. To do this, it must be heated to a temperature of 830-870 degrees and lowered into transformer oil (spindle oil can also be used). Naturally, you will not be able to track using instruments desired temperature, so determine it visually by the color of the heated metal. At a temperature of 830-900°C the metal has a light red color. If such a shade appears, the spring has reached the desired state.
After hardening, you need to compress the spring until the coils compress and leave it, without releasing it, for 20-40 hours. Then grind off the ends of the spring on a sharpening unit and the product is ready.

Toys made from... springs

Stretch a spring with your hands and then release it - the length of the spring will remain the same. Compress the spring and release it again - the result is the same. You can bend the spring in different sides, simultaneously stretching or compressing it, but after releasing the coils of the spring return to their original position - this is the amazing property of this interesting part. It is not without reason that springs are used in many mechanisms and machines, performing a wide variety of tasks. In some cases, trying to stretch, she presses the parts tightly together. In others, on the contrary, it prevents the parts from coming together, becoming a shock absorber during impacts on one of them.

The role of the spring in the toys offered is interesting. You can't buy these in a children's toy store. It “revitalizes” the toy, makes it flexible, mobile, and more interesting for kids. Here, for example, is a toy that resembles a small domestic dog - a dachshund. If previously such a toy would have been rigid and motionless, now part of its body is replaced by a large-diameter spring. As soon as you pull the toy by the string, the dog’s head will begin to swing back and forth, and the tail will begin to move.

You can make such a toy from a ready-made, for example, plastic dog figurine. The body is sawed with a jigsaw or file and a large, but quite flexible spring is attached between the resulting halves. Instead of a tail, install a spring of small diameter, preferably cone-shaped. You are unlikely to find ready-made springs, so later we will tell you how to make them yourself.

In order for the dog to be carried by a string, a pair of wheels rotating on a common axis must be attached to its hind legs. And two pairs of such wheels should be attached to the front paws. Then in the initial state (the dog is in place) or with the string loosened, the paws will rest on the ground through the inner pair of wheels, and when the string is pulled or pulled, through the outer pair. To prevent the wheels from moving on the axle, you can put a rubber tube on it between the wheels or limit the movement of the wheels with pins inserted into the axle. You can also solder copper rings to the axle near the wheels.

The second toy could be a set of fantastic fish made, for example, from ping-pong balls. A nose, tail, fins made of paper are glued to the balls, and a long spring is attached to the top. It is enough to tug a little on the upper end of the spring - and the fish will begin to sway, waving their fins, as if while swimming.

By making several of these toys and painting them in different colors, you can create an interesting “aquarium”. A greater effect can be achieved if springs of different lengths are attached to the toys, and the ends of the springs are secured to one bar.

And here is the third toy - you can call it “fun workers”. This is a cart with two worker figures. The cart itself can be of any design. The main thing is that its rear axle has a bend in the middle in the form of the letter P. A ring of wire rod is put on the “shelf” of the bend, parallel to the axis and spaced from it at some distance - it passes through a slot in the cart and is attached at the other end to the rocker arm. In turn, the rocker arm is fixed to the axis of the stand, fixed in the center of the trolley, and can swing.

Handles are installed at the ends of the rocker, and figures of workers are attached to them. Springs are attached between the figures and the base of the cart. If you now pull the string attached to the cart, the wheels, and therefore the axles, will begin to rotate. The protrusion on the axle of the rear wheels will rotate in a circle, either drawing in or pushing out the wire rod. The rocker will begin to swing, and the figures will alternately rise and fall. It will look like the workers are having fun pumping the water pump.

You have seen just three examples of the use of springs in toys. You can invent and build many different toys with springs yourself.

Now let's get acquainted with the techniques of making springs. You won’t be able to simply twist them by hand - the “springy” wire will tend to bend, and you won’t get a spring. Therefore, springs need to be wound only with the help of devices.

One of the devices consists of wooden blocks 1 and a spacer 2. A triangular groove is cut into each block. When the bars are folded together, the grooves form a hole into which handle 3 is inserted. The diameter of the handle can be different - it depends on the diameter of the future spring.

In accordance with the selected handle, a gasket is selected. It should be such a thickness that the handle fits freely into the resulting holes between the bars.

The bars with the gasket are clamped in a vice, and the end of a spring wire (for example, steel) is inserted into the hole in the handle. While pulling the wire with your left hand (be sure to put an old mitten on your hand), turn the handle with your right. After making one turn, the end of the spring is removed from the hole in the handle, cut off with pliers, and the resulting half-ring is secured to the bend of the handle. Then rotate the handle, simultaneously tensioning the wire, until a spring of the desired length is obtained. If a large diameter spring is needed, then the bent end of the wire is hooked onto an L-shaped handle 4 inserted into a round wooden stick 5, and the wire is passed through a hole in the stick. The diameter of the stick determines the diameter of the future spring.

For a cone-shaped spring, you need a handle, ground into a cone by hand or on a lathe.

Small diameter springs are best wound more thin wire than large diameter springs. In addition, it is advisable to make springs of larger diameter from more “stiff” (elastic) wire, and vice versa. You can check these recommendations in practice.

By eastern calendar the mistress of 2030 is a yellow dog. Are you already going to the nearest store to look for themed souvenirs? Stop giving unnecessary little things.

Check out a selection of unique master classes and detailed lessons for both beginners and experienced needlewomen. Using them, you can prepare without any problems Original gifts with your own hands.

If you don't feel confident enough to tackle complex crafts right away, try making a funny dog out of a long balloon.

The process of its manufacture is very simple. Follow step-by-step instructions- and you will definitely succeed.

Now you know how to make a dog from a sausage ball. This cutie will delight kids. With a little practice, you can turn an ordinary ball into a fun toy under their admiring glances.

Coffee Dog

Sew a charming toy - a symbol of the New Year. A textile dog made by your own hands will be an unforgettable gift for friends and family.

To work you will need:

white calico 50*50cm;
filler (cotton wool or balls);
PVA glue;
instant coffee;
brushes and acrylic paints;
needle and thread;
patterns.

We print out the patterns or redraw them. You can take them in natural size, as in the picture, or you can scale them. If you enlarge the pattern, increase the amount of fabric accordingly.

Transfer the pattern to calico and cut out in duplicate. Sew the pieces together, leaving an opening for turning.
Turn the pieces inside out and stuff them with soft filling. Sew the opening closed with a blind stitch. Don't stuff your dachshund's ears too tightly.
Sew the ears to the blank.
Dilute a tablespoon of instant coffee in three tablespoons of boiling water. Add a pinch of vanillin (not vanilla sugar, but vanillin!) and a tablespoon of PVA to the cooled mixture.
Using a brush, paint the toys, blot off excess moisture with a paper napkin.
Dry the pieces in an oven preheated to 75°C for 10 minutes. You can also use a hair dryer for drying.
Add half a teaspoon of brown acrylic paint into the remaining coffee mixture. Draw spots on the toys as your imagination dictates.
Dry the items again. Then decorate the faces: draw eyes, noses and mouths. Let the paint dry and cover the eyes and nose with acrylic varnish.

The fragrant charms are ready. You can sew them together with your children. This is a great activity for interesting and useful leisure time.

Dog sofa cushion

Do you want a more impressive pet than a small pocket dog? Give yourself an original interior pillow in the shape of a sleeping dog.

The product diagram is shown in the photo. Redraw the details on large leaf paper. You can choose any size.

Choose textiles: the color and texture depend on your imagination, but the material should be quite dense.

Transfer all the details onto the fabric and cut them out. Sew the parts of the body (if it is not from a single piece of material), sew the halves of the tail to them.

Embroider or machine stitch the eyes, mouth and nose of the dog.

Process and sew the ears to the head. There is no need to fill them with filler.

Sew the body pieces along the bottom, leaving an opening for stuffing the pillow. Sew a hidden zipper into it.

Run the top seam from nose to tail.

Sew the legs and fill with stuffing. Pin them in in the right places to the body, having first turned it right side out.

Turn the pillow inside out and sew the remaining seams. Notch and cut allowances on convex and concave elements.

Turn the pillow inside out through the zipper and stuff it. A sleepy dog is waiting for its owner!

Fluffy dog made from pompoms

Do you like small and fluffy pets? Get yourself an adorable puppy made from thick knitting threads.

To work you will need:

two colors of thick threads;
beads for the nose and eyes;
scraps of felt or felt;
scissors;
glue.

Make three pompoms, 2 same size, the third is smaller and of a different color.

Carefully trim the pompoms so they are not shaggy.

Give one of the large pompoms a slightly elongated shape. This will be the dog's head. Glue a small pompom to it.

Glue eyes or nose to the muzzle. If you want to tinker, make small pompoms; no, take beads.

Tie the head to the body.

Cut out ears from felt and glue toys to the head.

You can decorate the finished puppy with a collar, New Year’s symbols, or tie a voluminous bow.

Yellow felt terrier

Do you want to make a pattern of an original dog from fabric with your own hands to please your friends with an unusual gift? Use this detailed tutorial for creating a cute toy puppy.

To work you will need:

yellow felt;
sharp scissors;
chalk or piece of dry soap;
needle and yellow thread;
filler;
braid;
collar pendant;
rhinestones or beads for eyes.

Print or redraw the pattern pieces. Transfer the contours to felt and cut out the blanks.

Sew the part with the belly and legs to the dog's body using an overcast stitch, aligning the edges.

Leave 5 mm unstitched at the beginning and end of the seam for subsequent processing.

Sew the second body piece to the paws in a mirror image.

Connect the components with the belly facing each other and sew.

This is what the workpiece looks like from below.

Start stitching the chest and head of the toy, starting from the junction of the belly.

Stop halfway up the top of your head. Now you need the last detail.

Apply the short part to the dog's head. Side details - inner side ears, and the long part is the neck.

Sew the part along the contour alternately to both parts of the toy’s head.

You need to achieve this result (top view).

Fill the product with filling through the unstitched hole at the back.

Straighten the body of the toy and sew it up.

Glue the eyes onto the face.

Take a small piece of collar tape. Glue or sew it to the dog's neck. If desired, add a pendant to the collar.

A real dog is ready to serve.

Sew several of these toys and decorate them with different pendants. A great idea for a children's or themed New Year's gift, isn't it?

If you want to give your imagination even more space, download cutouts and templates of cute dogs. Give yourself the joy of creativity and wonderful crafts to your loved ones. Everyone will be happy with such pets.

option No. 1

option No. 2

option No. 3

option No. 4

Funny dachshund and twine rat

Wonderful and fun souvenirs are easy to make with your own hands, even from scrap materials. This detailed step-by-step microscope is proof of that. Make a symbol of 2030 and delight your friends with funny toys.

To work you will need:

a cardboard roll of cling film or foil - the base of the body;
big paper clips for paws;
leg-split;
glue Dragon or glue gun;
polystyrene foam or polystyrene foam for the head of the product;
masking (paper) tape;
awl;
sandpaper;
pliers.

For the body of the animals, cut pieces of the desired length from a cardboard roll. Straighten the long paper clips and bend the loops at their ends to stabilize the legs. Make holes in the body with an awl, stick the legs into them and twist the ends with pliers to fix their position inside the cylinder. Stuff the body tightly with scraps of newspaper or paper napkins, and seal the holes with tape.
Make the animals' tails from a piece of straightened paper clip: wrap it tightly with twine, coating it with glue. Poke a hole in the body, insert the tail and secure it with glue. Or braid a pigtail out of twine, coat it with glue and dry it in the desired position, then glue it to the body. Wrap the paws tightly in two layers with twine. Start wrapping from the bottom of the first paw, then glue the twine along the animal’s belly to the second paw, go down it, go up again to the belly and go down the first paw in the same way. Treat the second pair of limbs in the same way.
Wrap the body, lubricating it with glue from a gun or Dragon.
Cut a teardrop-shaped blank for the head from a piece of polystyrene foam or dense foam. Sand it down sandpaper, wrap with tape and then with twine.
This is what the head blanks look like. Create a nose for your dachshund by wrapping several layers of twine around the tip of a toothpick.
Draw the outline of the ear on paper and place the piece of paper in a file. Place a little glue in the center of the template and dip the tip of the twine into it. Using a toothpick, make curls that fit tightly together until you fill the entire space of the drawn blank. Make the second ear in the same way. Let them dry completely.
Glue the blank ears and noses to the heads of the animals.
Using a piece of paper clip, connect the head to the body. Apply glue to the paperclip and wrap it with twine, repeat the procedure again for strength.
Decorate the animals' faces as desired: draw or glue eyes, eyelashes, mouths.
Another idea to add to your collection is to make a figurine of a dachshund with leather ears.

Such cute crafts will not only be heartwarming New Year's gift, but also the highlight of your interior.

Felt magnet

A small souvenir made with love - great gift loved ones for any holiday. In this master class you will learn how to make a felt dog magnet with your own hands.

For work you will need the following materials:

magnet of any shape;
quick-drying glue;
felt in two contrasting colors;
glue for felt (it is best to use “Moment Crystal” or transparent “Contact”);
black threads of medium thickness;
3 black beads for the nose and eyes;
thick cardboard for the frame.

Prepare tools for work:

scalpel or cutter;
scissors with a sharp blade;
a simple pencil;
dry soap or chalk for contours;
gel pen black.

Select a drawing of a dog of the desired breed or use the suggested option. Print the image of the desired size on a printer or draw the outlines by hand in duplicate. Cut one drawing into patterns.