Countries are influenced by the following factors:
Geographical location of the territory.
It is they who determine the main features of the climate. The geographical location is associated with a clearly defined change in temperature conditions according to the seasons of the year, varying degrees of humidity, and a wide variety of climates. The distribution of and depends on the geographic location.
Solar radiation.
The emission of light and heat by the Sun is called. Its distribution over the surface of Russia depends on, i.e. from the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. The closer a territory is to the North Pole, the lower the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, and the less heat the surface receives. The Arctic Circle passes through the northern territories of Russia, to the north of which in winter the polar night sets in, during which the flow of solar radiation practically stops. Solar energy reaching the Earth's surface makes up the total radiation. Not all of the total radiation participates in the formation of climate: in summer, part of it is spent on thermal radiation, and in winter, thanks to snow, more of the sun's rays are reflected. The difference between total radiation and its losses is expressed as the radiation balance. It characterizes that part of solar radiation that is the source of energy for the main climatic processes. over most of Russia it is negative in winter and positive in summer.
Circulation of air masses.
The movement of air masses over the Earth's surface leads to the transfer of heat and moisture from one area to another.
Arctic, temperate and tropical air masses move over the territory of our country.
Most of the territory of Russia is located in, therefore the western transport has a great influence on the climate of our country. The role of Western transport is especially great in the summer, when western and northwestern winds prevail over most of the country.
Reminder:
Air flowing from the temperate zones is deflected to the east due to the Earth's rotation. Therefore, in temperate latitudes, westerly winds dominate - westerly air transport.
In summer, the land warms up faster than the ocean, so the pressure is lower and air masses move from the oceans to the land. Western transfer leads to the fact that the impact on is more significant than. The areas influenced by winds from the Atlantic are quite significant. At the same time, the influence significantly affects the climate in winter.
Air masses from the Pacific Ocean coming in summer also have a significant impact on the climate of Russia. Territories are under their influence.
In winter, the climate of Russia is significantly influenced by the area of high pressure (Asian maximum).
The center of the Asian High is located in the regions of the Republic of Tuva and Northern. From it, areas with high pressure spread in two directions: to the northeast all the way to the coast and to the west through Northern Kazakhstan and the south (to approximately 50°N). The formation of this area is associated with the establishment of dry and frosty weather.
The northern coast of Russia is under the influence of Arctic air masses that form above the surface of the ice and its seas. Arctic air is cold and contains little moisture. It freely penetrates the Russian plains and lowers the temperature there. Sometimes arctic air, formed over the non-freezing part, brings precipitation mainly in the form of snow.
The southern regions receive continental tropical air from and in winter and summer. It is characterized by high temperatures and low humidity.
It is important to imagine that when moving over a particular territory, air masses are able to gradually change their properties under the influence of the underlying surface. This process is called transformation.
For example, when invading the European part of Russia, the Arctic air will gradually warm up and transform into temperate air, and in the summer it warms up so much that it contributes to the formation of dry winds in the Ciscaucasia.
From the contact of two air masses with different properties, they are formed. Over the territory of Russia there is an Arctic front, separating the Arctic air from the air of temperate latitudes, and a polar front, separating the air masses of temperate latitudes and tropical air. The position of the Arctic and polar fronts varies with the seasons.
In summer, cyclones develop intensively in the west of the Russian Plain and on.
The influence of anticyclones in both winter and summer is most typical for the south of the Russian Plain. Stable anticyclones are typical in winter and in...
Influence of the nature of the underlying surface on climate.
The underlying surface has a huge impact on the properties of air masses, their temperature, humidity and transparency. The ratio of the amount of solar radiation reflected from the earth's surface and absorbed by it depends on the nature of the underlying surface. Radiation losses are especially high in winter, when snow covers almost the entire territory of the country.
The nature of the relief.
The character of the country also has a great influence on the climate. The absence of mountains in the north and west of Russia facilitates the penetration of air masses from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The presence of mountains in the southern regions of the country prevents deep heating of the surface. The location of mountain systems in eastern Russia prevents the passage of wet masses from the Pacific Ocean into the interior of the continent in summer. Air masses passing through mountains change their properties - their temperature and atmospheric pressure decrease. This leads to precipitation on windward slopes. On the leeward slopes it decreases significantly and there is less precipitation.
1) Name the climate-forming factors known to you.
Geographical location, solar radiation, circulation of air masses, underlying surface, proximity of seas and oceans, sea currents, altitude above sea level, direction of mountain ranges and chains, anthropogenic impact.
Questions in a paragraph
* Using the picture, tell us how solar radiation arriving on the earth’s surface is distributed. What prevents solar radiation from reaching the Earth's surface? Explain how the amount of solar radiation is distributed depending on the geographic latitude of a place.
Radiation comes from the Sun in the form of direct rays - 100%. Part of the radiation is reflected from the surface of the atmosphere (5%), clouds (22%), and earth (3%) into outer space. 45% reaches the earth's surface in the form of direct rays - this is direct solar radiation. A quarter of the radiation is scattered by the atmosphere (25%). The distribution of solar radiation over the earth's surface depends on the geographic latitude of the place. From the poles to the equator, radiation increases, because the greater the angle at which the sun's rays fall on the Earth's surface, the more heat it receives per unit area. The length of the day at different times of the year also depends on the latitude of the place, which also determines the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface.
*Remember from the geography course of continents and oceans what the main air masses are called. What air masses can operate in temperate latitudes.
The main air masses are equatorial, tropical, temperate, Arctic and Antarctic. Temperate air masses dominate in temperate latitudes, but arctic and tropical air masses can penetrate.
*Carefully study the map and tell us which air masses prevail over the European part of Russia and Siberia in winter and which in summer.
Moderate air masses from the Atlantic Ocean dominate over the European part in summer and winter. In winter, arctic air masses can penetrate from the north. Most of Siberia is dominated by continental air of temperate latitudes all year round. Continental Arctic air masses predominate in the north.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. What climate-forming factors influence the climate of our country?
Geographical location, solar radiation, circulation of air masses, underlying surface, proximity of seas and oceans, sea currents, altitude above sea level, direction of mountain ranges and ridges, anthropogenic influences.
2. What is total solar radiation? What does it depend on?
The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is called total radiation. It depends on the geographic latitude of the area, the state of the atmosphere, and the nature of the underlying surface.
3. What is the transformation of air masses?
Transformation of air masses is a gradual change in the properties of air masses under the influence of the underlying surface.
4. What atmospheric fronts are active in Russia? How do they go in winter and summer?
Arctic and polar fronts are active on Russian territory. In summer, the Arctic front affects only the north of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The polar front at this time passes through the south of the Russian Plain, through southern Siberia and the south of the Far East. In winter, the Arctic front affects the Arctic islands and the Pacific coast of the country. The polar front leaves Russia in winter and moves south.
5. How does a cyclone differ from an anticyclone? Which areas of the country are characterized by cyclonic weather, and which are characterized by anticyclonic weather?
Cyclones are vortices with low pressure inside, and anticyclones are vortices with high pressure inside. In winter, cyclonic activity is active over the Barents Sea, Kara, Okhotsk Seas, and over the northwestern part of the Russian Plain. In summer, cyclones develop in the Far East and in the West of the Russian Plain. Anticyclonic weather forms in Eastern Siberia in winter. In winter and summer, anticyclones form in the south of the Russian Plain.
ORG. Moment
II. Studying a new topic.
Climatic conditions have a great influence on all components of nature, on human life and economic activity. Therefore, it is very important for the successful development and use of the territory to know the climate characteristics, be able to explain them, and anticipate possible changes.
The climate of our country is very diverse. Its formation is influenced by four groups of factors: geographic location, solar radiation, movement of air masses (circulation), and underlying surface.
1. Influence of geographical location. The main features of the climate are determined primarily by the geographical location of the territory. They are associated with such features of the climate of our country as a clearly defined change in temperature conditions according to the seasons of the year, differences in the degree of continentality and humidity, and a wide variety of climates.
The length of the country's territory from north to south is almost 780 s. w. up to 41° N. w. determined its position in the Arctic,
subarctic and temperate zones. The predominant part of Russia's territory is located in the temperate zone. The diversity of climates is also enhanced by the proximity or distance of individual parts of the country from the ocean, the large difference in absolute and relative altitudes, relief features, etc.
The distribution of solar radiation across its territory and the circulation of air masses depend on the geographical location of the country.
2. Solar radiation. The emission of heat and light from the sun is called solar radiation. Radiation is measured by the amount of heat and is expressed in kilocalories per 1 cm2 (or megajoules per 1 m2 of the earth's surface.
Message Climate of the Altai Republic
As a result of the uneven distribution of heat and moisture across the territory, the climate features also differ. Name what climate zones there are.
Look at the climate map and tell me in which climate zones Russia is located?
What are the main belts?
Which ones are transitional?
The largest belt in area.
What do you notice about this climate zone?
What indicators characterize the type of climate?
Independent work
a) filling out the table
| Climate type | Where is it distributed? | Temperature | |||||
| amplitude |
|||||||
Comparison of climate types.
What is the coldest climate? (arctic)
Which has the coldest winter? (sharply continental)
Which has the coldest summer? (arctic)
Which climate type has the greatest temperature range? (sharply continental)
Which climate has cold, dry winters and wet summers? (monsoon)
What climate do we live in? (temperate continental)
VIDEO LESSON
FIXING
What is climate?
Name the climate-forming factors.
Name the main elements of climate.
How is the temperature distributed across Russia?
How is precipitation distributed?
Name dry and wet areas
D/Z Message: human dependence on climatic conditions
2. Now help me choose the factor that will influence the climate the most.
What does life on the planet depend on?
Find out what solar radiation is in paragraph 10.
Read it.
slide 7
Presentation of a scientific fact.
In 36 hours, the Sun gives the Earth as much energy as the power plants of all countries provide throughout the year.
The influx of solar energy to our planet is so great that it should be about 2 times hotter on Earth.
Why isn't this happening?
It turns out that solar radiation heats the Earth unevenly.
According to the interactive map,I will stop the cursor, you, using the tables, write down the angle of incidence of the rays for each date for the city of Serpukhov.
Tell me, in which of these months will it be colder in Serpukhov? Why do you think?
Help me draw a conclusion:What does solar radiation depend on?
and the angle is determined by the latitude of the place. And latitude is the distance from the equator in degrees.
We have found out one reason on which solar radiation depends.
Now pay attention to the color illustrations.
I’m already tired and now you will search for new knowledge on your own. Let's check how long it will take you to complete this work.
To do this, using the textbook paragraph
and information from
slide 8
arrange the types of solar radiation in color illustrations
straight - direct rays from the sun 100
absent-minded - 25
reflected from clouds - 22
reflected from dust - 5
reflected from the ground - 3
absorbed - 45 goes to warming the earth
straight 48
total 73
What type of radiation is missing in the diagram?
Find in the text the definition of total solar radiation.
Now let's work with Fig. 30 p. 59 shows the distribution of total solar radiation.
Analysis of the map of total solar radiation.
It is necessary to determine the total radiation in these cities.
Murmansk-67 Kcal/cm
Yakutsk – 89 or not determined
Krasnoyarsk – 95 Kcal/cm
Khabarovsk – 111 Kcal/cm
What pattern is observed in the distribution of total solar radiation across the territory of our country?
What type of radiation predominates in the picture?
where is it spent?
Let's return to the interactive map.
What type of radiation heats the Earth's surface.
Why are the absorbed radiation rates different?
Ice reflects 75%, absorbs 25%
forest 20%, absorbs 80%
sand 30%, absorbs 70%
calm water 2%, absorbs 98%
You helped me figure out another reason for the uneven heating of the Earth.
The second reason is the nature of the underlying surface.
Look out the window, what radiation predominates?
What does this depend on? It depends on the state of the atmosphere.
Film screening
What else affects the arrival of solar radiation?
So we were faced with the task of why isn’t it getting hotter on earth?
Because the amount of solar radiation varies due to a number of reasons
slide 9
3 task
Pay attention to the map:
How much total solar radiation does St. Petersburg and the mouth of the Kolyma receive?
Let's return to the drawing in the textbook.
St. Petersburg and the mouth of Kolyma receive the same amount of total solar radiation (80 kcal/cm² per year). Now, using the climate map, determine the average temperatures in January and July.
Why are the climates of these two areas so different if they receive the same amount of solar radiation (heat)?
area | USSR | Radiation balance |
||
St. Petersburg | ||||
mouth of the Kolyma | ||||
Irkutsk | ||||
Rostov-on-Don |
It turns out that the radiation balance is to blame for this.
slide Radiation balance is the difference between the solar energy coming in and going out.
Conclusion:
Why is it colder in Kolyma than in St. Petersburg?
Along with the relief, climate influences the formation of natural complexes. Thanks to the climate, the river system, soil and vegetation cover, and fauna are formed. Climate affects everyday life, human life, and the characteristics of economic activity.
Climate- this is a long-term weather regime characteristic of a given area
The main climatic indicators are the average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months, as well as annual precipitation.
The climate of any territory is formed under the influence of three groups of climate-forming factors: geographical location, circulation of air masses and the nature of the underlying surface. (see Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Main climatic indicators
Geographic latitude plays the biggest role in climate formation. This is explained by the fact that the amount of heat reaching the surface of the territory depends on the geographical latitude, or on the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. Russia is located in the middle and high latitudes - this explains the small amount of solar energy reaching most of its territory. The latitudinal position determines the location of Russia in three climatic zones: Arctic, subarctic and temperate (see Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Climatic zones of Russia
Moreover, the main part of the territory is located between 50º and 70º N. w. and is located in the temperate and arctic zones. Almost 95% of Russia's population lives in the largest zone - the temperate zone.
For the formation of climate, the position of the territory in relation to atmospheric centers is very important. Areas of high and low atmospheric pressure determine the direction of the prevailing winds, and therefore the movement of certain air masses. The influence of pressure maxima and minima varies by season (see Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Diagram of air movement in the troposphere, revealing the formation of atmospheric pressure belts and associated precipitation
Atmospheric circulation- movement of air masses over the Earth's surface, leading to the transfer of heat and moisture from one area to another.
The climate of Russia is determined by Arctic, temperate and, partly, tropical air masses.
Important factors for the formation of climate on the territory of our country are the presence of various forms of relief, vegetation cover, as well as proximity and distance from water bodies. Let's take a closer look at Russia's position relative to the oceans. The country has access to three of them - the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic. The closer to the sea, the milder and wetter the climate; the further away, the more contrasting and drier it is. In the Temperate latitudes, westerly winds predominate, so more than half of the country's territory is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, despite the fact that it is located further than others. The role of the Pacific Ocean is significant only for the Far East. The Arctic Ocean, which has the longest border, affects not only the northern coastal territories. Due to the flat terrain and openness of our country to the north, the southern regions also experience its influence. The enormous size of Russia has influenced the fact that the predominant part of it lies at a great distance from the oceans. A characteristic feature of territories remote from all oceans is the dominance of a continental climate with little precipitation and sharp differences in summer and winter temperatures. The amplitude here reaches 90ºC, continentality increases here from west to east as you move away from the Atlantic Ocean.
There are quite a lot of territories in Russia whose climate differs from neighboring ones. The reason for such climatic deviations is the relief, the presence of water surfaces and other features of the underlying surface.
Underlying surface- the surface over which air is formed and located.
Relief is an important factor in shaping the climate of Russia. There are no mountains in the north and west of the country, which is why air from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans freely penetrates into inland areas (see Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. The influence of relief on the penetration of air masses from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans
In the Far East, the ridges of mountain structures stretch parallel to the coast, preventing air masses from the Pacific Ocean from penetrating deep into the continent, so its impact is limited to a narrow, relatively small territory (see Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Pacific influence
The absolute altitude of the area also has a great influence on the climate. A special mountain climate is formed in the mountains, which changes with altitude, while the highly dissected topography of mountainous countries leads to a large mosaic of climatic conditions. In the mountains of northeastern and southern Siberia there are many intermountain basins where cold air flows and stagnates in winter. At the same time, lighter warm air is displaced and rises, so as it rises from the surface into the troposphere, the temperature does not decrease, but rather increases, which prevents precipitation (see Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Air cooling in intermountain basins
Winters in the basins are not only very cold, but also have little snow. In a large intermountain depression in the northeast of Russia in the village Oymyakon is the pole of cold of the northern hemisphere of the earth. In summer, the basins are much warmer than on the surrounding mountain slopes, but there is also little precipitation (see Fig. 7).
Rice. 7. Oymyakon - the pole of cold of the northern hemisphere
The influence of relief on climate is also noticeable on the plains. Highlands and lowlands, river valleys and interfluves differ in temperature, amount of precipitation, and wind patterns, but these differences are less contrasting than in the mountains. When mountains are located in the path of moist air masses, the amount of precipitation on their windward slopes increases sharply. The most humid regions of our country are located in the mountains, even in the low Urals on the western slopes, precipitation is almost twice as much as on the surrounding plains.
Geographic latitude plays a major role in climate formation. The angle of incidence of the sun's rays, and therefore the amount of solar radiation entering a certain area, depends on it.
Solar radiation- This is radiation from the sun, light and heat.
One two-billionth part of solar radiation reaches the Earth's surface. Part of solar radiation reaches the earth's surface unchanged - this is direct radiation. The other part dissipates, passing through an atmosphere saturated with particles of dust, water vapor, ice crystals, and water droplets. The more cloudy and dusty the atmosphere, the greater the dispersion of radiation.
Scattered radiation- solar radiation that has undergone scattering in the atmosphere.
All radiation reaching the Earth's surface forms total solar radiation. Some radiation is reflected from the earth's surface. For example, freshly fallen snow reflects up to 90% of total radiation, sand up to 40%, arable land up to 5%, water about 5%. The remaining part, called, is absorbed by the earth's surface ( absorbed radiation). The heated earth's surface itself becomes a source of thermal radiation, that is, part of the earth's heat goes into outer space (see Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Distribution of solar radiation
The difference between the heat fluxes of solar radiation.
Part of the solar energy is spent on heating the ground layer, melting snow, and evaporation. The radiation balance determines the most important climatic indicator - air temperature. The magnitude of the radiation balance is determined by latitude. In the extreme south of Russia it exceeds 50 kcal/cm/year, in the north it is less than 10 kcal/cm/year. However, there are areas where the radiation balance is less than 5 kcal/cm/year or even negative (see Fig. 9).
Rice. 9. Radiation balance
Almost throughout the entire territory of our country, with the exception of the regions of the Far North, the radiation balance on average per year is positive, which means that the earth’s surface receives more heat than it emits.
Bibliography
- Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 1 part 8th grade / V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze.
- V.B. Pyatunin, E.A. Customs. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 8th grade.
- Atlas. Geography of Russia. Population and economy. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
- V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva. UMK (educational and methodological set) “SPHERES”. Textbook “Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". Atlas.
- Climate-forming factors and atmospheric circulation ().
- Lesson-presentation “Climate-forming factors” ().
- Dependence of climate on the underlying surface ().
- Solar radiation ().
- Solar radiation (). ).
- Solar radiation ().
Homework
- Why does the earth's surface receive significantly more heat when the sun's rays fall vertically than when they fall at an oblique angle?
- At what time of year are the differences in total solar radiation between the north and south of our country greater? Why?
- Is it possible to tan on a cloudy summer day?
