Prepositions and conjunctions are functional parts of speech, which many people have difficulty writing. They are used to establish connections between words in a sentence and to construct certain grammatical structures: near the fence, past the bus stop, opposite the building. And if the spelling of non-derivative auxiliary parts of speech ( at a neighbor's, on the table, in the refrigerator) most often do not cause difficulties, then when writing derivatives you have to remember various rules.
In addition, it can be difficult to immediately determine whether the selected part of speech is a noun or a preposition. Examples of such structures are the following: during years, meet each other halfway yes(where the highlighted words are derived prepositions), in the river flow, be late for a meeting with a friend(here the highlighted words are nouns with non-derivative parts of speech).
Classification by origin and structure
As mentioned earlier, prepositions are usually divided into derivatives and non-derivatives. Non-derivatives include simple prepositions that have long existed in the Russian language: under the ceiling, above the water, to the ingredients.
What prepositions are called derivatives? These include those that were originally other parts of speech. There are 3 types:
In Russian language exercises for grade 7, you often come across tasks in which you need to distinguish the auxiliary part of speech from independent. It should be remembered that derivative preposition can often be replaced by a non-derivative:
- due to strong wind - due to strong wind;
- inquire about the application - inquire about the application;
- after five minutes - after five minutes.
In addition, you can ask a question about independent parts of speech, as opposed to auxiliary ones. In the case of auxiliary parts of speech, the question is asked about nouns or pronouns related to them:
- looked around (Where?) around - walked around (Where?) around the house;
- costs (Where?) ahead - ran (Where?) ahead of me.
Many derived prepositions lose their former lexical meaning:
- within five minutes (time value);
- due to illness and adversity (meaning because of);
- came up with a congratulation like last year (meaning like).
Constructions derived from gerunds can be distinguished as follows: to do this, you need to remember that the verb form can be replaced with a verb by slightly rearranging the sentence. In the case of a pretext, this is impossible to do. For example:
- We left the room, thanking the hosts for their hospitality. You can replace the gerund with a verb: We left the room and thanked the hosts for their hospitality. Here thanks to is a participle.
- Thanks to the teachers, we were able to go to college. In this case, replacing the highlighted word with a verb will change the meaning of the phrase and will be incorrect. Therefore, here thanks to- pretext.
In addition, it is customary to divide prepositions and conjunctions into simple (consisting of one word: inside, about, before), complex (includes 2 simple ones: due, from under) and compound (consisting of 2 or more words: despite on, to the extent, for purposes).
Rules for writing compound prepositions
All prepositions and conjunctions, regardless of their origin and structure, are written separately from independent parts speech. However, the spelling of such constructions as despite difficult circumstances - played despite the strings, most often causes difficulties.
So, compound derivatives of auxiliary parts of speech are most often written together, especially when it comes to adverbial or verbal. Here are examples of phrases with them: sit opposite the boss, walk around the site, walk with friends. However, among the denominates, a number of derived prepositions should be highlighted (the list of which is given below), always having a separate spelling:
Other designs can also be added to this list: in the form of, in fulfillment, in measure, in continuation and similar ones.
Continuous writing observed in combinations:
- took a loaf instead of bread;
- inquired about the new position;
- the event was canceled due to bad weather conditions;
- continued to work beyond the fulfilled plan;
- I bought a car similar to the previous one.
Complex prepositions from under, due to and others are always written with a hyphen.
Denominate prepositions: E or I at the end
Often doubts arise when writing combinations during, in conclusion, in accordance. You should remember special cases of spelling derivative prepositions. The table shows the most frequently used combinations.
Special cases of use
Prepositions are auxiliary parts of speech that are not used separately, but only with nouns or pronouns replacing them that are in a certain indirect position. (any except nominative) case. In most cases, it is not difficult to determine the case required for agreement:
- on (on what? on whom?) outskirts - prepositional case;
- For (who? what?) friends - genitive case;
- despite (who? what?) strange circumstances - accusative case.
However, you should remember the exceptions when the noun should not be in the genitive, but in the dative case:
- thanks to (to whom; to what?) unexpected return;
- according to (to whom; to what?) prepared schedule.
Another common mistake is the presence or absence soft sign at the end of the words near and through. Their correct spelling should also be remembered.
Examples of usage in Russian
To begin with, let us give examples of texts from fiction:
I took her with me on a trip, despite the fragile age of my child, I took her to my friend who lived in Siberia. (L. Charskaya, “Sibirochka”)
...Open your closed eyes to bliss
Towards northern Aurora,
Be the star of the north! (A. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”)
...The moon is like a pale spot,
Through the gloomy clouds it turned yellow... (A. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”)
Now let's look at several sentences that use prepositions, and some of them use nouns, adverbs or gerunds that are homonymous with them.
He went to (...)to meet the new day, not at all (...) looking at those around him .
It is necessary to determine whether words or phrases will be written together or separately from each other. Let's try to figure it out, for this we will define, with what part of speech we are dealing. It should be remembered that another word can always be inserted before a noun, and a derived preposition can be replaced with another, similar in meaning. In the case of (...)meeting, you can make a replacement: he was walking towards a new day . Therefore, this word is a preposition. Since it was not on the list of exceptions, which are written separately, correct writing- fused.
Let's deal with the second spelling. Let's try to replace not (...)despite a preposition with a similar meaning contrary to: completely contrary to others . The result was a phrase with a completely different meaning. We conclude that we have a gerund with the particle NOT, which, of course, is written separately from the word.
The man quickly walked down (...)along the long alley, not (...)despite the fact that a piercing wind was blowing .
Let's look at the first word. If this is an adverb, then the question can be asked to it from the verb; but when along is a derivative or non-derivative preposition, it will refer to a noun, and the question will not be asked about it. In our case, along refers to a noun alleys, therefore, it is a preposition (derived from the adverb along). The writing of adverbial and verbal prepositions is always continuous.
We do the same with the second word as in the first sentence: let's try to replace it with another word. In this example, we get a completely similar meaning, although a piercing wind was blowing, from which we conclude that we are dealing with a verbal preposition, which was formed from a gerund and is written together.
During (…) next day the store was not open.
To determine which letter should be written at the end of a word, it is necessary to determine what the combination is for (...). If it is a noun (you can insert an adjective related to the word current: in strong current), then its ending is determined in accordance with the rules of its declension. If we are talking about a preposition (having a temporary meaning), you need to write the letter E at the end.
In the selected sentence, the combination is used to mean time: the store was not open (When?) during the next day, therefore, the letter E was missed.
Lesson objectives:
- Educational: introduce students to derived and non-derivative prepositions; learn to distinguish derivatives and non-derivative prepositions, use them correctly in oral and written speech.
- Developmental: memory development, positive emotions, logical thinking, the ability to compare and choose the right one, evaluate the results achieved.
- Educational: to cultivate interest in the Russian language.
Lesson equipment: cards with tasks for students, presentation
During the classes
1. Mobilizing stage. Greeting, writing the number in a notebook
2. Repetition
Teacher. We begin our lesson by reviewing what we have learned about prepositions. Annex 1
Read the groups of phrases and determine the relationships expressed by prepositions.
Drive past the house, run along the river (spatial, place); miss your mother, think about a friend (objective); return in the evening, meet after school (temporary); due to bad weather, did not come due to illness (causal); bought for treatment, come with a check (target).
Teacher: Now let’s remember the correct use of prepositional and non-prepositional combinations.
How to say correctly: Comrades! Pay your fare. or Pay the fare. (pay (what?) for travel; pay (for what?) for travel)
What prepositions B or NA can these words be combined with:
- BE PARTICIPATING START (participate in the start, be at the start);
- PRESENT, PARTICIPATE IN A RALLY (participate in a rally, attend a rally);
- DISCUSS, PARTICIPATE IN THE MEETING (participate in the meeting, discuss at the meeting);
- BE INTERESTED, SHOW INTEREST MATHEMATICS (be interested in mathematics, show interest in mathematics);
- TELL, TOUCH THE PROJECT (tell about the project, touch on the project);
- LOVE DEVOTION TO THE MOTHERLAND (love for the Motherland, devotion to the Motherland);
- REVIEW REVIEW BOOK (review of a book, review of a book).
Teacher: answer the questions:
- What is a preposition?
- How are prepositions written with other words?
- What are the meanings of prepositions? What does this depend on?
- With what case are the prepositions used: AT END, UPON ARRIVAL?
- With what case are the prepositions used: THANKING, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, etc.?
3. The teacher writes the topic of the lesson on the board. (slide) Students formulate the purpose of the lesson
Teacher. Considering the topic of the lesson, set a goal for the lesson.
Target:
- get acquainted with...
- learn to distinguish...,
- use correctly...
The purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with derivative and non-derivative prepositions; learn to distinguish between derivative and non-derivative prepositions, use them correctly in oral and written speech
4. Studying new material. Practical work on the text. Appendix 2
What are the origins of prepositions?
Make a reference diagram (table) for the material.
Tell us about the features of derived prepositions.
Practical work with the text: read the text, talk about the features of non-derivative and derived prepositions.
By origin, prepositions are non-derivative and derivative.
Non-derivatives prepositions were not formed from any other words(parts) of speech and since ancient times used only as prepositions. Most non-derivative prepositions are homonyms with respect to prefixes. For example: at the house - to come.
Derivative prepositions are formed from different significant parts of speech. On this basis, adverbial, denominal and verbal prepositions are distinguished among them.
Adverbial prepositions are formed from adverbs, are most widespread and form word combinations with adverbial and object relations. For example: stopped near the house (place), rested after work (time).
Denominate prepositions are formed from nouns. With their help, word combinations are formed that express various adverbial and objective relationships. For example: did not come due to collapse (reason), was formed through decay (mode of action), worked throughout life (time), responded to the statement (object).
Verbal prepositions are derived from gerunds and are used in phrases expressing causal, concessional and temporary relationships. For example: achieved, despite difficulties (concession), thanks to worries (reason), remembered a week later (time). ( From the book “Russian Language” by A.V. Dudnikov, A.I. Arbuzov)
4. Reinforcement of the lesson learned on the topic
1) Selective dictation: Write down phrases with non-derivative prepositions (1 var) and derived prepositions (2 vars).
Crosses the street, delayed due to repairs, signs on an envelope, deviates from the topic, divide by five, house near the river, run ahead of everyone, arrive a week later, talk about vacation, think about the meaning, add to two, walks in a column, read in during the day, runs away from the mountain, pays according to the agreement, gets tired from unaccustomment, weakness due to illness.
Examination:
| Transitions through street, | delay in view of repairs |
| signs on envelope, | house close rivers |
| retreats from Topics, | run ahead everyone |
| divide on five, | come later a week |
| think about it V meaning, | talk about vacations |
| will add To two, | read during day |
| walks V column, | to pay off according to agreement |
| runs away With mountains, | weakness due to illness |
| gets tired With unaccustomed habits. |
2) Creative task: Match these non-derivative prepositions with synonymous derivatives.
Because of bad weather (as a result), after graduation (at graduation), about the timing (about), for self-defense (for purposes), for an absent person (instead), through negotiations (by), across (across) the road, at (near ) fire.
5. Problematic question: How to distinguish derived prepositions from homonymous parts of speech?
The guys walked (where?) ahead The guys walked ahead (ahead of what?) of the squad. (in front of the squad)
The rule is a helper!
The preposition will be included in the case question. A derived preposition can be replaced by a non-derivative or another derived preposition.
3) Explanatory dictation: indicate derived prepositions and parts of speech homonymous to them.
I know this forest inside and out. “The path ran along the cliff, meandering in the shade of the trees.
A small log lay across the river.
A forest was visible nearby. “There was a river flowing near the village.
Go ahead. - The ship runs merrily past Buyan Island.
Petya hoped to meet with his comrades. - The comrades walked towards each other.
4) Run the test
1. The word OVER is:
A) pretext;
B) prefix;
C) can be a preposition and a prefix.
2. Find a phrase with a preposition that has a causal meaning:
A) visible from behind the mountain;
B) be late due to rain;
C) is clear from the story;
D) about his actions.
3. Find a preposition formed from a gerund:
A) thanks;
B) according to;
B) contrary to;
D) like.
4. Find phrases with derived prepositions:
A) live at the station;
B) thanks to heavy rains;
B) grows along the fence;
D) go ahead of the squad.
5. Indicate sentences in which the highlighted words are prepositions:
A) The herd reached out by Houses.
B) Don't pass by .
IN) Across the roads were laid with logs.
G) Ahead the most persistent ones went.
6. Indicate the group of non-derivative prepositions:
A) thanks, before, for, before, around;
B) according to, through, towards, to, at, by;
B) through, with, without, for, over;
D) s, y, about, along, at.
5) Design workshop: Insert prepositions that make sense.
1. The older sister studies at the university at the Faculty of Economics.
2. I miss my father, mother, sister.
3. Everything must be done ACCORDING to the instructions.
4. The hike took place THANKS to good weather.
5. The boy stayed in class DESPITE his friend’s request.
6. The shoots were friendly, DESPITE the drought.
For strong students, editorial correction for exercise 343 page 141 of the textbook.
11. Lesson summary, reflection
12. Homework: Paragraph 54, page 139. (entries in the directory) Ex. No. 337.
Prepositions can be derived or non-derivative. Derivatives prepositions are formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into auxiliary ones, which thereby lose their lexical meaning and morphological characteristics. For example, the preposition around (walks around the house) comes from the adverb around (clearly visible around), the preposition by (to convince through strong evidence) - from the noun way to instrumental case(serves in a convenient way), the preposition in continuation (to wait for an hour) - from the combination of the noun continuation with the preposition e (to believe in the continuation of acquaintance), the preposition thanks (we managed thanks to the help of a friend) - from the gerund (left, thanking for the help provided).
TO non-derivative These include prepositions that are not formed from independent parts of speech, for example: without, in, to, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases; derivatives are usually used with any one case. For example, the preposition thanks is used only with the dative case: thanks to courage (D. p.).
337. Prepositions are highlighted in these phrases. First write down phrases with non-derivative prepositions, and then with derivatives. Use verbs in the 3rd person plural.
Crossing the street, building behind the house, writing on an envelope, throwing it over a coat, deviating from the topic, dividing it into five, finding it thanks to resourcefulness, thinking about it... meaning, add to two, replace..t due to dilapidation.., run..t near the house, write..t from a book, moves along the road, walk..t in a column, act contrary to custom, run..t from the mountain , ready..t within a month, tired..t out of habit.., sharing..with friends, waiting for an hour, located..t in front of the house, laid..t across the road, built near the stadium, elevated.. located in the middle of the square... in order to combat the elements.
338. Write it off. Underline the highlighted adverbs and nouns together with the highlighted prepositions as parts of the sentence. From what part of speech are derived prepositions formed?
- Around You wrapped your braid twice around the lily brow. (A. Pushkin)
- The coffin was broken. The maiden suddenly came to life. looks around with amazed (n, nn) eyes. (A. Pushkin)
- The horn began to play, and the village herd began to sweat by Houses. (A. Pushkin)
- Near forests, like in a soft bed... you can get some sleep(?) (N. Nekrasov)
- The gray hairs of a cloudy day float, disheveled, by. (S. Yesenin)
- Gregory led his horse to a bush and lay down near, covering your face from the wind with a hollow shawl.4 (M. Sholokhov)
339. In what style of speech are the prepositions given in the box most often used? Select prepositions that suit their meaning (see box) and insert them into sentences when copying. Write down words with the same root for the highlighted word.
1. The ground (abundance of snow) is deeply saturated with moisture. 2. The weather (prediction of the forecast bureau) was rainy. 3. Work on the farm is carried out (schedule). 4. The smiling agronomist walked quickly (tractor drivers). 5. Planting began at an earlier date (custom).
340. Analyze the proposals. Find the mistake you made. Correct it by using another preposition with a causal meaning.
1. Thanks to the rain interesting excursion did not take place. 2. The hike to the mountains was postponed due to heavy fog. 3. Thanks to the varied program, the ensemble's tour was successful. 4. Thanks to the skill and perseverance of the hockey players, the team entered the major league.
341. Read an excerpt from a comic story by F. Krivin. Determine whether the choice of not only a derivative, but also a non-derivative preposition can affect the meaning of the statement. Copy the passage, filling in the missing punctuation marks. Insert instead of blanks on us or behind us. How many lines are there in the dialogue? Read the text aloud by role: author, little hare, old hare.
HUNTING RULES
The frightened bunny ran home:
Dad, they're hunting us(?)!
Are we being hunted(?) or are we being hunted(?)? - said the old hare.
I don't know. I just know that they are hunting(?)
How many times have I taught you to correctly express your thoughts. A lot depends on how accurately we express a thought.
But they are hunting (?) Dad!
Behind us or at us?
I don't know how to say dad...
Let me explain for the last time: if they are hunting _ _ _, it means that they only want to catch us. And if _ _ _ are hunting (?) it means they want to kill us. Can you tell the difference?
The hare began to tremble with his whole being, feeling (?) this difference.
And they ran.
342. Insert preposition from or For.
Lotion _ _ _ protection against mosquito bites.
Composition _ _ _ stain removal.
Liquid _ _ _ shoe stretches.
Tablets _ _ _ cough.
Cream _ _ _ shoe cleaning.
343. Correct errors that are often heard on modern radio and television broadcasts. Indicate the type of error: extra preposition, wrong preposition, wrong case of the dependent word, wrong preposition and case of the dependent word.
Sample. Concerned about how to resolve this issue. (An extra preposition.)
Necessary: Concerned about how to resolve this issue.
1. Interesting proposals have been received from our regions. 2. Now we will find out where school graduates will go. 3. Today we are concerned about what today's schoolchildren will become. 4. They say that you have found mutual language in a miner's family. 5. About four hundred movie cameras were still here yesterday. 6. We need to pay attention to this problem.
According to their origin, prepositions are divided into:
1) Antiderivatives, or non-derivatives (for example : in, without, from, to, with, on, at, about, under, through, at);
2) Derivatives, that is, formed from other parts of speech - by transforming independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts. For example: preposition around(walk around the house) comes from the adverb around (clearly visible around); pretext during (during the day) comes from the noun flow with a pretext V (river flow); pretext thanks to(thanks to mother's care) formed from a gerund thanks to (We dispersed calmly, thanks to the exhibition managers). Usually derived prepositions are used with any one case.
Derivative prepositions for the purposes of, in connection with, by virtue of etc. are written separately (in order to save time, due to family circumstances, due to poor support).
Derivative prepositions during, in continuation, in conclusion are written separately and have a letter at the end e(within a month, during the conversation, say in conclusion).
Prepositions are written together in view, due to(in meaning because of, due to), about(in meaning O), contrary, despite (despite the rain, despite fate).
Ticket No. 19
1. Application. There are punctuation marks with them.
Application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the defined
word in case. The application characterizes the item by giving it a different name. For example: Seeds fly from an aspen tree - caterpillars and hang on everything. – the caterpillar application identifies an object (seeds), giving it a different name.
The application answers the question: what? (which one? which one? which ones?).
The application may indicate age, profession, degree of relationship, nationality, sign
subject.
Punctuation marks with them
The hyphen is placed:
· If the application comes after the proper name: Moscow is a river, Ivan is a prince.
· If the single application and the word being defined are nouns: cook - literate, house - museum.
· In scientific terms: a doctor is a therapist, a hare is a white hare.
There is no hyphen:
· After the words mister, citizen in combination with nouns: mister director, citizen investigator.
· The names of books, newspapers, organizations, which are applications, do not agree with the word being defined in the case. They are enclosed in quotation marks and used in the form nominative case: We approached the motor ship “Irtysh”. We learned about Pugachev’s uprising from the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".
2. SPP with attributive clauses.
Subordinate clauses answer questions Which? which? which? Refer to and define the nouns of the main clauses. Contact nouns can act as any member of the main clause. For example:
1. The minute has come (what minute?), When I understood the full value of these words.
2. Delicacy in communicating with each other and with all other people has long become a law for them (what law?), which, like any real law, it was not subject to circumstances.
3. To people (which people?), whichknow how to hold themselves with dignity under fire, They forgive a lot.
Subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence using allied words which, which, whose, what, when, where, whither, from where and unions what to. For example:
1. Student (which student?), which studies without desire, is a bird without wings.
2. It was such a night (what night?), Whatin the darkness it was impossible to distinguish even the windows.
To highlight a contact noun and a subordinate clause, demonstrative words are added to the noun such or That. For example:
1. Then I started asking about that place (which place exactly?), Where we are located.
2. There is no such force (what kind of force?) whichwould allow me to leave my native land.
Subordinate clauses always come after the noun to which they refer and, therefore, occupy a place after the main clause or in its middle. For example:
1. But there was a pre-exam interview at the university ahead, Where we were supposed to meet.
2. On the marble staircase, which V the usual term “palace of science” emphasized the word “palace”, Irina caught up with me.
Ticket No. 20
1. Functional parts of speech.
Functional parts of speech, unlike independent ones, do not have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning, do not change, are not separate members of the sentence, they perform only service functions in the sentence.
Prepositions are used to express the relationship of a noun, numeral and some pronouns to other words in speech. Prepositions help connect words in a phrase, clarify the meaning of a statement, and add adverbial meanings. So, in the sentence I’ll come to Moscow at five o’clock in the evening there are no excuses for the train being late. Although in general the phrase is understandable, still the prepositions from (expresses spatial relations - from Moscow), in (expresses temporal relations - at five in the evening), as a result of, due to (express circumstantial, causal relations - due to being late) would help faster and more accurately comprehend what was said. Using a preposition taking into account grammatical norms - required condition good and correct speech. Thus, the preposition in correlates only with the preposition from, and the preposition with - with the preposition on. One can say (came) to school - from school (but not “from school”), (came) from the Caucasus - to the Caucasus (but not “from the Caucasus”); You can’t say “due to being late” - only because of being late. We must remember that the prepositions according to, in spite of, thanks to are used with nouns in the dative case: according to the order, despite criticism, thanks to a friend. Prepositions usually come before | the word with which they are used. Conjunctions are function words that connect homogeneous members of a sentence or part with each other complex sentence.
Coordinating Conjunctions(and, neither-nor, also, also, but, but, however, or, either, something) connect homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence: A light breeze either woke up or subsided. (I. Turgenev.) Only the heart beats, and the song sounds, and the string quietly rumbles. (A. Surkov.) Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three categories according to their meaning:
1) connecting(“both this and that”): yes (= and), and-and, neither-nor, also, also, not only-but and, how-so and;
2) adversative(“not this, but this”): but, a, yes (= but), but, however;
3) dividing(“either this, or that”): either, either, this, not this, not that. Subordinating conjunctions(that, that, because, as if) connect parts of a complex sentence: The sun was already high when I opened my eyes.
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into categories according to their meaning:
1) explanatory(indicate what they are talking about): what, in order, as if, as if to others;
2) temporary: when, barely, how, as soon as, before, etc.;
3) causal: because, since, etc.;
4) target: so that, in order to, in order to, etc.;
5) conditional: if, once, if, etc.;
6) concessional: although, despite the fact that, etc.;
7) investigative: So;
8) comparative: as, as if, as if, etc.
In complex sentences, the role of a conjunction connecting parts of a sentence can be played by relative pronouns (which, whose, which, who, what, how much) and adverbs (where, where, when, from where, why, why, why). They are called allied words. Unlike conjunctions, allied words are members of a sentence: We approached the house where my friend lives.
Particles serve to form the forms of words and to express different shades of meaning in a sentence: The same word, but I wouldn’t have said it that way. - the particle would (said would) forms the conditional mood of the verb; What a delight these tales are! - the particle that expresses delight, adds an exclamatory meaning; Let everyone be happy! - let the particle form the imperative mood of the verb to be.
The particles involved in the formation of verb forms are called formative.
Particles transmitting different meanings, are called modal. Modal particles can express*:
1) negation: not, neither;
2) gain: even, after all, after all;
3) question: really, really;
4) exclamation: well, what the;
5) doubt: hardly, hardly;
6) clarification: exactly, just;
7) allocation, restriction: only;
8) indication: there, there.
Particles neither and nor are often found in our speech. The particle does not convey negation: not you, couldn’t, not a friend, but in double negation (couldn’t help but know) and in interrogative-exclamation sentences (Who doesn’t know Pushkin’s fairy tales!, i.e. everyone knows) the particle does not lose its negative meaning .
The particle no most often has an intensifying meaning; it strengthens the negation when it is expressed by the particle not or words meaning “no, it’s impossible”: Neither rain nor snow stopped us, i.e. neither rain nor snow stopped us; There is not a cloud in the sky, that is, there are no clouds in the sky. The particle is not found in set expressions (neither alive nor dead), in the subordinate part of a sentence like No matter how many times I read this book, I am always interested, that is, although I have read this book many times, I am still interested. Particles are not and are written separately from the words they refer to.
2. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
I..Expository clauses answer case questions. They refer to sentence members that are expressed by verbs that require additional explanations, For example: Irina Petrovna said ( what did you say?) that he is leaving for Leningrad tomorrow. No wonder it is said ( what is being said?) that the master's work is afraid. Let's ask Victor ( What do we ask for?) so that he would bring an album with stamps. It seemed to me ( what did it seem like?), as if the room smelled of flowers.
Explanatory clauses are attached to the words being explained by conjunctions and that, so that, as if. When you need to highlight what is being reported in subordinate clause, an indicative word is added to the explained word in the main sentence, For example: The speaker spoke passionately about the need to increase labor productivity first of all.
II. Explanatory clauses can refer not only to verbs, but also to other words, For example:
I'm glad ( what are you happy about?) that you have successfully completed your work. He came pleased that ( what are you happy with?) that he received an excellent mark for his essay. A message about ( about what?), What spaceship landed safely and quickly flew around the world. She promised that she would come in the morning. (Wed: She assured that she would come in the morning.)
Special group make up explanatory subordinate clauses, which are attached not by conjunctions, but by allied words, For example: Children feel ( what do they feel?), who loves them. I really wanted to know ( to learn what?) what is in this box. I hid everything ( what were you hiding?), which is why my sister caught a cold.
Ticket No. 21
1. Introductory words
Introductory words These are the words with which the speaker expresses his attitude towards what he is reporting.
Introductory words stand out during pronunciation by intonation. Introductory words can express:
· confidence (of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, etc.),
for example: The rain will stop soon, of course.
· uncertainty, assumption (it seems, probably, obviously, apparently, maybe, perhaps, perhaps etc.)
etc.), for example: The rain seems to be stopping soon.
· this or that feeling (fortunately, to general joy, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, etc.), for example:
The rain, fortunately, soon stopped.
In addition, with the help of introductory words, the speaker can indicate who the message belongs to (according to the newspapers, according to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, etc.), for example: Tomorrow, according to the weather bureau, it will be raining.
Using introductory words, the speaker can also indicate the order in which phenomena follow, the connection between them (firstly, secondly, finally, therefore, so, for example, vice versa, etc.), for example: My eldest my brother, firstly, works at a car factory, and secondly, studies at night school. He worked and studied all winter. Therefore, he needs to have a good rest in the summer.
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Prepositions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, to, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derivative prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics.
It is necessary to distinguish derived prepositions from homonymous independent parts of speech.
Prepositions:
against Houses, ahead squad, near rivers, inside tents, all around garden, along roads, close shores, according to instructions;
around axles, in view of bad weather, about work, due to rain, during days, in continuation nights, say Finally, by virtue of circumstances;
thanks to rain, despite disease.
Independent parts of speech:
Adverb:
I live against, go ahead, stand near, wash inside, examined all around, stick along, did not have close, live according to, looked back around, have in mind
Noun:
put to the account jar, because of in this case, during rivers, in continuation novel, in custody on the book, believe by virtue of.
Participle:
thanks to hostess despite on both sides.
Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.
Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are called simple (in, on, to, from, before, from, despite, after and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are called composite (despite, in conclusion and etc.).
Morphological analysis pretext
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological feature:
Immutability
III. Syntactic role.
A conjunction is an auxiliary part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences as part of a complex sentence. Conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.
Essays conjunctions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex sentence.
Subordinates conjunctions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex) sentence, one of which is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to another you can pose a question.
Conjunctions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words compound: due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:
Connecting: And; yes (meaning and); not only but; both... and;
Nasty: A; But; yes (meaning but); though; but;
Separating: or; or or; or; then... then; not that... not that.
Parts of some unions ( both... so and, not only... but also, not that... not that etc.) are at different homogeneous members or in different parts complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that, etc.;
Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;
Temporary: When; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;
Conditional: If; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
Comparative: How; as if; as if; as if; exactly, etc.;
Explanatory: What; to; like others;
Concessive: although; Although; no matter what, etc.
Morphological analysis of the union
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1)
Coordinating or subordinating;
2)
An unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role.
Particle- an auxiliary part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form word forms.
Particles do not change and are not members of a sentence.
According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.
Shaping particles
Formative particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.
Particle would (b) may appear before the verb it refers to, after the verb, or may be separated from the verb by other words.
Negative particles
Negative particles include Not And neither.
Particle Not can give sentences or individual words not only negative, but also positive value with double negative.
