Officially- business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government institutions, court, as well as in different types business oral communication.

Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic phrases - give it a generally conservative character.

The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally charged words, conciseness, and compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of linguistic means used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is language stamps, or the so-called cliche(French) clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use (see examples of clichés below)

Formal business style - this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style is generally characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale standard.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Let's consider the features of vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

Linguistic signs of official business style of speech

Lexical features of official business style of speech

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to general book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (bureaucracy, clichés) : raise a question based on a decision, incoming and outgoing documents, control over execution is assigned upon expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibi, hblack cash, shadow business;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

5. The style in question is characterized by widespread impersonal offers different types, since in modern scientific speech the personal style of presentation has given way to an impersonal one ( You can say, there is an unspoken competition of projects for future social reconstruction. To modern man This easy to understand on the model of transition to the market).

6. Scientific texts are characterized by clarification of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, therefore complex sentences with various types unions ( despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, whereas, meanwhile, while and etc.).

7. A group of introductory words and phrases containing an indication of message source (in our opinion, according to belief, according to concept, according to information, according to message, from the point of view, according to hypothesis, definition and etc.). For example: Answer, according to the author, always ahead of his own the real reason– a goal rather than following an external stimulus.

8. Scientific works are characterized by compositional coherence of presentation. The interconnectedness of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words, adverbs, adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words ( so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, besides, also, nevertheless, yet, nevertheless, meanwhile, besides, in addition, however, despite, first of all, in first of all, first, finally, finally, hence).

PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE

Journalistic style is a historically established functional variety literary language, serving a wide sphere of public relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, etc. The journalistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentaries, some types of oratory (reports, speeches , speeches at meetings, rallies, government and public organizations etc.).

The selection and organization of linguistic means of a journalistic style determine its main functions - informative and influencing.

The function of the message (informative) is that the authors of journalistic texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, and listeners about issues that are significant to society. The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of environment, O Everyday life citizens. The method of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information.

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence (expressive). The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality, which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position.

A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific argument: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways its solutions, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, and general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and expressions, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.

The journalistic style is characterized by alternating standard and expression, logical and figurative, evaluative and evidential, economy of language, clarity, conciseness, consistency of presentation with informative richness.

Language features PjournalisticWowstyleI'm speaking

Lexical features

1. Functional purpose the words and expressions used in the journalistic style are different; Among them we can highlight neutral vocabulary and phraseology ( event, play a role, form, buyer, situation etc.) and stylistically colored, emotionally-evaluative – positive ( mercy, fatherland, fraternal, dare) and negative ( clique, puppet, philistine, instill, sop to public opinionYu).

2. In the journalistic style, ready-made standard formulas are used - speech cliches ( matter, need amendments, cause damage, reform course, government composition, ruble exchange rate, Negative consequences, financial market, pay attention and etc.). Newspaper cliches (stable phrases and whole sentences) are used next to expressive, expressive means of language that have an emotional impact on the audience.

3. The journalistic style is characterized by a combination of “high”, bookish style ( power, self-sacrifice, army etc.) with a conversational style, colloquial and slang vocabulary ( fuss, fuss, wet– meaning ‘to kill’, run over– meaning ‘to make a claim’, etc.).

4. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary is widely used ( humanity, transparency,president, democracy, peace-loving, federal and etc.).

5. Journalistic style is characterized by the use of phraseological units and stable combinations.

Word formation features

In journalistic style the following are often used:

1) abstract nouns with suffixes -ness , -stv (O), -nij(f), -andj(e): personality, greed, cooperation, reversal,confidence and etc.;

2) nouns and adjectives with lexicalized prefixes inter-, all-, general-, over - : international,All-Russian,nationwide,ultra-modern and etc.;

3) nouns and adjectives with international suffixes and prefixes -ism- ,- ist-, -ant- , -atsij(A), anti-,counter-,de- : globalism,authoritarianism,moralist, figurant, computerization,anti-vandal, counter-reform, depoliticization and etc.;

4) words with emotionally expressive suffixes, for example, -schin (a): military, Stalinism and etc.;

5) words formed by addition: socio-political, socio-economic and etc.;

Morphological features

The morphological features of a journalistic style include the frequency of use of certain grammatical forms parts of speech:

6) elliptical sentences - sentences incomplete in composition, in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm: Behind the actor’s house there is a large garden.

CONVERSATIONALYY STYLE

The conversational style is contrasted with book styles in general. This determines its special place in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language. Conversational style is the most traditional communication style that serves household sphere communication. It provides for close acquaintance, social community of conversation participants, and the absence of an element of formality in communication.

The conversational style is characterized by mass use. It is used by people of all ages, of all professions, not only in everyday life, but also in informal, personal communication in the socio-political, industrial, labor, educational and scientific spheres of activity. It is widely represented in fiction. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in the modern Russian language. This is the original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of a later (often even historically recent) period.

Specific defining feature colloquial speech is that it is used in conditions of unprepared, casual communication with the direct participation of speakers.

Linguistic features of conversational style of speech

Intonation and pronunciation

In everyday conversation, for which the oral form is primordial, intonation plays an extremely important role. In interaction with syntax and vocabulary, it creates the impression of conversationality. Casual speech is often accompanied by sharp increases and decreases in tone, prolongation, “stretching” of vowels, prolongation of consonants, pauses, changes in the tempo of speech, as well as its rhythm.

Everyday colloquial vocabulary is words that are accepted in everyday life in the vocabulary of everyday colloquial speech, in addition to neutral, words that are characterized by expressiveness and evaluativeness are included. Among them: words colloquial and vernacular colors (excites, wretched, living creature, blond, crazy, infuriate). The everyday conversational style is characterized by an abundance of colloquial phraseology.

Colloquial speech is also characterized by words with situational meaning, the so-called situational vocabulary. These words can denote any concepts, and even entire situations, if they are well known to the participants in the dialogue ( thing, thing, carousel, music, parsley, bandura, business, question, trifles, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, pies, toys). For example: I just can't figure this thing out! i.e.: “I just can’t understand how (TV, vacuum cleaner, washing machine) works.”

The main signs of colloquiality in the field of word formation are:

1) the use of words with suffixes of pronounced expressiveness, emotionality, stylistic decline, for example: - l (liar), - ash - (trader), - un - (chatterbox), - ush - (huge), - ast - (armed), -sha - (doctor), - ikh-a (watchman);

2) widespread use of words formed according to specific colloquial models of “semantic contraction” (abbreviation), i.e., combining two or more words into one: evening newspaper- evening; urgent Care– emergency room; foreign literature course – abroad : higher mathematics– tower; graduate work- diploma.

Morphology

1. Morphological features of everyday colloquial speech are manifested primarily in the very set of parts of speech. Thus, we can note the absence of participles and gerunds in colloquial speech, short adjectives(in their syntactic opposition to complete ones), a decrease in the proportion of nouns, an increase in the proportion of particles.

2. Colloquial speech is no less unique in the distribution of case forms. Typical, for example, is the predominance of the nominative case: House shoes / where to go out? Porridge/ look // Isn’t it burnt?

3. The presence of a special vocative form is noted: Roll! Mom!

4. In colloquial speech, truncated versions of function words, conjunctions and particles are widely used: so, what, so, at least, as well as truncated versions of nouns: five kilogram orange (Right: kilograms of oranges).

Conversational style syntax

The colloquial syntax is very unique. Conditions for the implementation of colloquial speech (unpreparedness of the statement, ease verbal communication, the influence of the situation) have a particular impact on its syntactic structure. The main syntactic features of the colloquial style of speech include:

1) dominance simple sentences;

2) widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

3) the use of words-sentences ( Yes. No.);

4) use on a wide scale incomplete sentences, the so-called “chopped speech” ( This dress/nowhere. No/well, nothing at all/if with a belt);

5) in the syntactic structure of colloquial speech, pauses are allowed, caused by various reasons (searching for the right word, the speaker’s excitement, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.), repeated questions, repetitions.

The named syntactic features in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:

A: Are you cold? B: Not at all!; A: Did you get your feet wet again? B: But of course! What a rain!; A: How interesting it was! B: Lovely!-, A: The milk has run away! B: Nightmare! The entire slab was flooded //; A: He almost got hit by a car! B: Horror!, A. They gave him a D again // B: C crazy!. A: Do you know who was there? Efremov // B: WowYou!. A: Let’s go to the dacha tomorrow! B: It's coming!

FICTION STYLE

Fiction style(or art style) is used in works of fiction: novels, stories, plays. Its functions are not only to inform the reader and influence him, but to create a vivid, vivid picture, depict an object or events, and convey to the reader the emotions and thoughts of the author. Unlike other styles, the style artistic speech It also has an aesthetic function. That is why the artistic style is distinguished by expressiveness, imagery, emotionality and aesthetic significance of each of its elements. It involves a preliminary selection of linguistic means.

Imagery of artistic style created using tropes(metaphors, comparisons, personifications). Can be used in artistic speech archaisms, historicisms(to give color to the era that is being narrated), dialectisms and even conversational style elements(to more accurately convey the speech of the characters, to more fully reveal their images).

Thus, fiction stylecombines features and elements different styles . That is why it is not always distinguished as a special style of the Russian literary language. And yet it has the right to exist as one of the independent styles of the language. Thus, the artistic style has only its inherent expressive means speech. These include rhythm, rhyme, and harmonic organization of speech.

IN artistic style speech is widely used speech polysemy of a word, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, making it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of visual arts from colloquial speech and vernacular.

Artistic speech, especially poetic, is characterized by inversion, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring.

Today, the relevance of studying and applying this concept is difficult to overestimate. The role of business etiquette is important in the life of each specific organization, and is also of great importance at the international level. Competent ownership business style increases a person’s status and authority, opening up new career and personal prospects. It can be described as a formula for success, the result of which is influenced by a person’s speech, behavior and dress code.

Definition and origins of business style in speech

Business style in speech is a set of linguistic and other means that can be used in the field of official communications. Such relationships can arise between people, organizations and states. This format of communication has its roots in antiquity. During the era of the Kyiv state, documents began to appear that had legal force. Among other book styles, origins of business style originated already in the 10th century. To this day, it is used to draw up legislative documents, orders, agreements, and in official correspondence.

Formal business style- a functional variety of language characterized by stability and standardization. It does not allow ambiguous and poorly structured sentences and phrases. Words are used exclusively in their literal meaning. Examples of this style include reports by figures at ceremonial and official meetings and sessions. It is also used in the working atmosphere at meetings, presentations, and meetings.

Forms of manifestation of business style

The official format finds its application in writing, oral transmission of information, wardrobe. The manner of dressing is a kind of calling card of a person, whether he is in the presidential post, manages a company or performs ordinary functions in it. In addition to the first impression, clothing can have a psychological impact on interlocutors. Business style clothing requires increased attention.

Corporate manners are manifested in human behavior. Components: the ability to remain calm and behave with dignity in an unusual situation, the will to act, the willingness to take responsibility, not be afraid to show flexibility, and be objective. Business style of behavior obeys certain: common sense, ethics, expediency, conservatism, efficiency and others.

Business speaking style

Company dress code and its functions

Every serious company has its own dress code. It helps to unify appearance employees, and also maintain the company's image. has a positive effect on the company's reputation and creates a general impression of it in the eyes of clients. Each employee should have at least four suits in their wardrobe, which should be changed periodically. Wearing the same suit for two or more days in a row is not recommended.

Some large companies have specific and fairly stringent requirements. The dress code in the contract with the employee is given several pages with detailed description clothing and the materials from which it should be made. Compared to foreign companies, in the CIS countries they are more loyal to the uniform of employees. Separate requirements are established for mandatory business style for negotiations, presentations or off-site meetings. Friday is considered a “no tie day” if there are no important meetings scheduled for that day.

The introduction of a dress code affects not only the overall corporate culture. A tasteful wardrobe makes an employee more disciplined. He feels the personal responsibility that is entrusted to him when... Such people are more likely to succeed in negotiations.

The importance of maintaining a business style in business

In the world of business, it is extremely important to adhere to a certain set of rules and norms that dictate the manner of conversation and behavior in different situations. By adhering to these requirements, you can count on an effective meeting, negotiations, and signing of a contract. Even a dinner or meeting without ties should be held in an appropriate manner.

Maintaining business style is not something unattainable for beginners. Everyone can learn the basic principles according to which a meeting, conversation, or presentation should take place. The theory has long defined the basic models of behavior and described important principles and norms. For example, at the first meeting, the acquaintance algorithm is as follows: greeting, introduction and exchange of business cards.

In practice, difficulties may arise, since everything requires experience. Don't be afraid of your own mistakes. It is considered good form to directly ask for advice from a more knowledgeable person. At the same time, you should maintain an acceptable distance, avoid familiarity in behavior and not ingratiate yourself with your interlocutor.

Business style standards for meetings without ties

At such meetings, important issues are not resolved and documents are not signed. The informal atmosphere is conducive to discussing common prospects and plans for the future, casual conversations about family and hobbies. You can relax and step away from strict norms. Informal business attire allows you to wear more comfortable things. Whatever the free format of communication, the interlocutors must behave in a dignified and friendly manner in order to have a good time together.

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE STYLES

Knowledge functional styles language and the ability to use them is one of the indicators of speech culture.

Functional style- this is the use of literary language in a certain sphere of human activity.

Each functional style selects and organizes linguistic means (words, morphological forms, syntactic constructions) depending on the conditions and tasks of communication.

It is very important to know and subtly feel the specific characteristics of each functional style, skillfully use linguistic means depending on the purpose and place of verbal communication, master speech genres of both oral and written speech of various functional styles.

There are conversational and book styles. Book styles include scientific, journalistic, official business and fiction style.

Each style of literary language has its own lexical, morphological, and syntactic features.

OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE: STYLE AND GENRE FEATURES

Scope of operation– administrative and legal.

The leading function is informative(prescriptive, stating). Basic form of implementation – written.

Specific style features:

1) accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of other interpretations; detail of presentation;

2) the obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation;

3) objectivity;

4) logic;

5) stereotyping, standardization of presentation;

Main feature official paper - its standard form: all statements, powers of attorney, certificates and other business papers are written the same way. Since a significant part of the text of such papers is repeated in all documents of this type, for many of them there are simply forms on which the repeated text is already printed. To obtain required document, you just need to fill out the form.

6) A document in an official business style is distinguished by its lack of emotional overtones and dryness.

7) Narration is not used.

Special style features include the following::

Lexical features

use of professional (for example, diplomatic, legal, accounting, etc.) terminology ( protocol, contract, sanction and so on.);

clericalism ( undersigned, above, record);

stamps ( during the reporting period).

Emotionally charged and colloquial vocabulary is not used.

Morphological features

widespread use of verbal nouns ( adoption, examination and etc.); nouns denoting professions, positions, titles ( accountant, postman, major and etc.); names of people based on some action or attitude ( employer, witness, customer and etc). ( Note: to avoid inaccuracies, the noun is not replaced by a pronoun and is repeated even in adjacent sentences);

·3rd person pronouns (2nd and 1st person are not used);

·active use of infinitives;

short adjectives with the meaning of obligation ( must, obliged, accountable, necessary);

·nominal prepositions ( in order, in the course of, in order to avoid, along the line, on the subject and etc.);

Syntactic features

· use of infinitive and impersonal constructions with the meaning of obligation ( Accepted general meeting decisions must be implemented by the end of the second quarter);

passive structures ( Payment is guaranteed; Request received);

·complication of simple sentences with numerous isolated phrases, homogeneous members, often lined up in a long chain of points, which entails an increase in the size of the sentence to several hundred word usages (up to 2000 words or more);

· the predominance of union ties over non-union ones;

·predominant use indirect speech

Table

Linguistic features of official business style

Language means	Examples
Language level: vocabulary
Stationery (that is, words that are not used outside business style).	Proper, above, undersigned, named.
Complex abbreviated words, graphic abbreviations with strictly established rules their reduction.	Technical supervision, Ministry of Energy, region.(region), head(manager), Corresponding member(corresponding member), etc.(and so on), cm.(Look).
Standard forms of document presentation (stamps).	Pay attention to; for security purposes; during the reporting period; The following shortcomings are noted; in a spirit of mutual understanding; contracting parties; listening and discussing; bring to justice; Based on the foregoing.
Language level: morphology
Predominance of nouns (especially those formed from verbs)	Execution, decision, instruction, acceptance, delivery;
Almost complete absence of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons and corresponding forms of the verb (the exception is statements, powers of attorney and other special documents, as well as orders where the form is used - I order).	I, Petrova Nina Vasilievna, I trust Petrova Anna Ivanovna... receive my scholarship...; I beg free me from classes...
Use of verbs in indefinite form, as well as the predominance of present tense forms with the meaning of obligation and prescription.	Enroll, dismiss, appoint, approve initiative, recommended to be retained, should be considered.
Using masculine forms when naming women by profession.	Teacher T. P. Petrova, boss plot of I.G. Khokhlova.

Language means	Examples
Replacing simple prepositions (due to, by etc.) nominal.	In view of lack of food, due with the beginning heating season, according to order.
Mandatory use of capital letters in personal and possessive pronouns.	I beg Your his agreement, I appeal to To you with the request.
A large number of participial and participial phrases.	Rights, transmitted government; taking into account.
Language level: syntax
Using complex syntactic constructions with a large number of isolated and clarifying turns, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in structures.	I, Svetlana Pavlovna Ivanova, 1st year student of the Faculty of Philology of Saratov state university, I trust Anna Ivanovna Petrova, living at the address: Saratov, st. Khmelnitskogo, 3, apt. 5; passport: series 1-BI, No. 354974, issued by the Oktyabrsky Department of Internal Affairs of Saratov on May 3, 1985, receive my scholarship in the amount of 220 (two hundred twenty) rubles.
The use of impersonal sentences with the meaning of prescription, order, necessity.	It is necessary to improve, entrust it to the headman, submit a certificate, consider it necessary, strengthen control.

PERSONAL DOCUMENTATION

1. Type of document

Characteristic– a document that contains a review, conclusion of a team or manager about someone’s work, educational and social activities; socially significant qualities.

Student characteristics:

1) assessment of educational activities,

2) assessment of scientific activity,

3) assessment public life,

4) assessment of character traits (principled, conflict-free, punctual).

Employee characteristics:

1) assessment professional activity,

2) assessment of inventive activity,

3) assessment of public life,

4) assessment of character traits - (organizational abilities).

Clichéd designs

1. Name of the document

There are 2 norms: literary norm - R.p. without preposition (characteristic of whom?);

Clerical norm - due to the tradition of R.p. with a preposition (characteristic of whom?)

2. Indication of the full name of the person being characterized, his position and place of work (study)

3. The actual text of the characteristics. At the end of the characteristic there must be an indication for what purpose the characteristic is given (Prov. Characteristics issued for submission to the district military registration and enlistment office).

4. Signature of the head of the organization.

5. At the bottom of the document on the left is the name of the manager’s position, and on the right, after his handwritten signature, the surname and initials of the signatory are indicated in brackets.

Sample

To the certification commission of the Institute

professional accountants

CHARACTERISTIC

on Nikonova A.A.

Alla Anatolyevna Nikonova has been working at Denta CJSC since March 12, 2000 as chief accountant. In a circle job responsibilities Nikonova A.A. includes:

· organization of accounting at the enterprise;

· preparation of annual and quarterly accounting and statistical reporting;

· organizing the work of the enterprise cash register and monitoring compliance with financial discipline;

· generation of complete and reliable information about economic processes and results financial activities enterprises.

Disciplined, constantly improves her professional level. In 2003 she completed advanced training courses at the State financial academy. Actively transfers his knowledge to subordinate employees, being an experienced mentor.

In communication she is polite, tactful, and enjoys the well-deserved respect of her employees.

CEO JSC "Denta" V.I. Razin

2. Type of document

Statement– a document containing a request from a person addressed to an organization or an official of an institution.

Location and semantic content of parts

Location of application parts:

1) the name is written at the top, indented a third of the line;

2) last name, first name and patronymic of the applicant - under the addressee, with the pretext from or without it; a preposition is required if there are two names next to each other (to the school director Stepanova M.A.. from Nadezhdina M.K..)

3) after the word statement a period is put if there is no excuse from;

4) the text of the application is written on the red line;

5) the date is placed on the left; signature is on the right.

2. Registration of the addressee's name:

if it represents the name of an organization, it is placed in accusative case; if this is the name of an official - in the dative case.

The following questions are often asked.

Is the word "statement" capitalized or lowercase?

Is there a period after the word “statement”?

Which is correct: Ivanov’s statement or Ivanov’s statement?

1. The word “statement” is the title of the document. By general rules:

the entire title can be written in capital letters (usually if the text of the application is typed on a computer or written on a prepared form: ORDER; APPLICATION) - in this case there is no period after the title.

2. Only the first letter of the title is capitalized (usually in handwritten statements: Order; Statement) - a period is also not needed in this case.

Clichéd designs

1) the request is expressed:

Please + infinitive (allow, allow etc.) I ask for your permission (consent) + for what? (for enrollment, for departure and so on.)

2) constructions for entering argumentation: due to the fact that...; due to the fact that...; based on the fact that; because...; because...; considering(What?)...

Sample

Director of Plus LLC I.I. Ivanov

engineer Petrov P.P.

STATEMENT

I ask you to send me to St. Petersburg for a period of 10 days for an internship.

Date Signature

3. Type of document

Power of attorney - a document by which one person grants another person the authority to take some action for him (most often, to receive something).

Sometimes, after reading the next contract, you understand why it is customary to use specially trained people to work with them. This happens due to the peculiarities of the official business style, making it difficult to understand. But this manner of presentation also has its advantages, otherwise its use would have been abandoned long ago.

Signs of an official business style of speech

Of course, for us the main indicators of the officiality of a document are the organization’s seal and signature responsible person, but when we're talking about Regarding the style of speech, completely different signs come to the fore.

Objectivity, information content and reliability.
The absence of words that can be interpreted in two ways.
Impeccable construction of phrases and documents from a legal point of view.
Conciseness of wording, striving for maximum brevity, use complex sentences with frequent use of complex conjunctions and verbal nouns.
Neutrality of presentation, lack of emotional coloring, preference for direct word order, almost complete neglect of individualization of style.
The use of speech cliches when constructing phrases.
Using standard phrases to describe typical situations.
Logic of presentation, its narrative character.

All these features of the official business style of speech make it the most closed and stable among all book styles. Time brings its changes to this language, but the main points - phraseological units, specific speech and syntactic turns - remain unchanged. In other styles of speech, the use of cliches has long been considered a disadvantage, but in formal conversations they are welcome. Actually, such a stereotyped text, combined with a lack of emotional coloring and big amount enumerations, which are also a sign of the official style, and make documents so difficult to read and .

The purpose of the formal business style of speech

At first glance, all this linguistic inertia and conservatism were invented to emphasize the isolation of business from other spheres of life. As a result, the average person gets a headache from trying to understand all the intricacies, and is forced to pay money to specialists.

On the one hand, this is true, a number of specialists (document specialists, lawyers, archivists) are partly translators from official business speech to colloquial speech, understandable to the majority of the population. But you shouldn’t look for the tenacious clutches of a global conspiracy here, because on the other hand, the official business style of speech is designed to minimize the likelihood of errors and simplify work with various kinds of documentation. In colloquial speech, we often use expressions with strong emotional overtones, love ambiguity, often use argot and do not disdain irony. Can you imagine what, for example, a supply agreement written spoken language? On compliance with delivery deadlines, liability for violation of the agreement and the conformity of the delivered goods ordered could be forgotten. That is, a special style of presentation for official papers was created to exclude the possibility of speculation and different interpretations of information depending on the education of the people working with them. And to speed up work with various kinds of documents, drafting standards have been invented. Everything is regulated: from the location of the details to the order in which the address is written on the envelope. This allows you to quickly find the information you need without revising the entire document. For example, an accountant paying for the rental of premises is only interested in the terms of payment, details and duration of the contract. The clear structure of the document allows you to quickly access this information; otherwise, the time for processing the contract would greatly increase.

Introduction

Currently, the term “rhetoric” is used in a narrow and broad sense. Rhetoric (in the narrow sense) is the designation of a philological discipline that studies the theory of eloquence, methods of constructing expressive speech in all areas speech activity(primarily in various oral and written genres). Rhetoric (in a broad sense) is called non-rhetoric or general rhetoric. Its rapid and productive development is caused by the emergence of new linguistic sciences - text linguistics, semiotics, hermeneutics, theory of speech activity, psycholinguistics. Neorhetoric is searching for ways practical application of these disciplines, is developed at the intersection of linguistics, literary theory, logic, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, and psychology.

The goal of the work is to master the culture of business speech and communication, develop own style service relationships, image formation.

For a management specialist or businessman, achieving this goal means acquiring the most important component of professional activity.

Thus, speech, the ability to communicate, and etiquette are the main “tools” for creating the image of a business person, that is, self-presentation, constructing one’s image for others. A noble image guarantees a leader or entrepreneur half the success and constant satisfaction from work. We must not forget that harmonious communication is always based on awareness of the importance of life and adherence to ethical standards, such as tact, delicacy, respect for the honor and dignity of the individual, and justice. Intelligence as a quality of internal culture - a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people - is invariably reflected in external behavior and manifests itself in charm.

Features of official business style

Modern official business style is a functional variety of the Russian literary language used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

The official business style refers to the bookish and written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, agreements, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by speeches and reports at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, office telephone conversations, and oral orders.

The general extralinguistic and actual linguistic features of this style include the following:

1) accuracy, detail of presentation;

2) standardization of presentation;

3) the obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation.

Indeed, the language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy, not allowing any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms.

Business speech is impersonal, stereotypical, and lacks an emotional element.

A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. Voluntariness in texts is expressed semantically (choice of words) and grammatically. Thus, in management documentation we constantly encounter first-person forms of the verb (I ask, I propose, I order, I congratulate), with modal forms, obligation (must, necessary, follows, proposed).

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, three substyles are usually distinguished within OA:

1) diplomatic (types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memoranda, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative (types of documents such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state importance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

3) managerial (types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, instructions, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, official phone conversation, oral order).

Diplomatic style. This variety of OA style serves the area international relations. The scope of documentation of the diplomatic substyle is law and to a greater extent than in other substyles. - politics, as it is associated with the implementation of the international policy of the state.

Legislative substyle. Legal documents are distinguished by greater stylistic and linguistic homogeneity than documents of other substyles. In these texts one can note the widespread use of legal terminology.

The legislative substyle uses abstract vocabulary and practically no expressive-emotional language means, evaluative vocabulary. Evaluative words of this kind, such as parasite, criminal, acquire terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, contrasts and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and rest, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and compulsorily, withhold and accrue.

The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has originally been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, determined by the content and composition of documents.

Managerial substyle. The scope of application of the managerial sub-style is various administrative and departmental, relations of production. The types of documents of the management sub-style differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

In the texts of the managerial substyle, along with neutral and book vocabulary words and stable phrases with the coloring of an official business style are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum allowance, notify).

The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves different areas of social and industrial activity, a wide variety of terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. In official texts, it is not recommended to use synonyms, replacing with them the direct names of objects and actions. Unlike the legislative substyle, there are few antonyms here. In management sub-style texts, abbreviations, complex abbreviations, various means codification.

Only in the texts of the managerial substyle are used verb forms in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to specification, with a precise indication of the author of the text. In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used, and constructions with the words must and must are used relatively rarely. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as impute, oblige, impose an obligation.