For answers to tasks 29-32, use a separate sheet. First write down the number of the task (29, 30, etc.), and then the answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
TYPES OF DEVICES
Adaptability is the relative expediency of the structure and functions of an organism, which is the result of natural selection.
Body Shape animals allows them to move easily in the appropriate environment, makes organisms unnoticeable in the environment, for example, the rag-picking seahorse. Disguise- similarity of an organism with any object in the environment in color and body shape, for example, a stick insect. Protective coloration hides an organism in the environment, making it invisible, for example, a grasshopper. Dismembering coloring- alternating light and dark stripes on the body creates the illusion of alternating light and shadow, blurring the contours of the animal, for example, zebra, tiger. Warning coloring- bright coloring, indicating the presence of toxic substances or special stinging defense organs, the danger of the organism to a predator, for example, a bumblebee, a wasp. Mimicry- imitation of unprotected organisms by well-protected ones, for example, dead nettle. Adaptive behavior- habits, instincts aimed at protection from enemies and the actions of environmental factors (threatening pose, warning and scaring off the enemy, freezing, caring for offspring, storing food, building a nest, burrow, etc.).
Plants have also developed adaptations for protection, reproduction and distribution: spines; bright colors of flowers in insect-pollinated plants; different maturation times of stamens and ovules prevent seed dispersal. Modifications of various organs in plants are adaptations to endure unfavorable conditions and vegetative propagation.
1) What is the nature of adaptations in living organisms? Explain your answer.
2) Some animals have colors that combine bright colors, for example, black and red, black and yellow. What is the biological significance of this coloration?
3) How do plants adapt to lack of moisture? Give examples.
Show answer
1) Adaptations are relative and temporary in nature, since they help the organism to survive only in the conditions in which they arose.
2) This coloring is called warning; it indicates the presence of toxic substances or special stinging defense organs in the animal, and the danger of the organism to a predator.
3) They store water in leaves or stems (aloe, cactus); long roots (camel thorn); leaves are covered with a waxy coating or pubescent, hard shoots (saxaul, feather grass) or modified into spines (cacti).
Study the table “Chemical composition of laminaria saccharide”. Answer the questions.
Chemical composition of kelp sugar
1) To compensate for the deficiency of which element is it recommended to use kelp?
2) How many daily doses of this element does 100 g of dry matter of kelp contain?
3) What disease can be prevented by eating kelp?
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
3) endemic goiter.
Look at the tables and complete tasks 31 and 32.
Energy costs for various types of physical activity
Vasily is the leading player of the water polo team. Using the data from the tables, offer Vasily a menu that is optimal in terms of calorie content, allowing him to compensate for energy costs after a workout that lasted 1 hour and 35 minutes.
When choosing, keep in mind that Vasily loves chocolate ice cream and drinks tea without sugar.
In your answer, indicate energy costs, recommended dishes, calorie content of lunch and the amount of fat in it.
Show tablesEnergy and nutritional value of products
Basic terms and concepts tested in the examination paper: species, binary nomenclature, class, classification, department, order, order, family, systematics, genus, taxon, phylum.
Plant taxonomy, the branch of botany concerned with the natural classification of plants. Individuals with many similar external and internal characteristics are grouped into groups called species. Buttercup is one type, buttercup kashupsky is another, etc. Species similar to each other, in turn, are combined into one genus: for example, all buttercups belong to the genus of the same name - Buttercup, and all clematis - plants of the ranunculaceae family - are combined into the genus Clematis. Certain similarities between buttercups, anemone, columbine, clematis and some other genera make it possible to combine them into one family - the ranunculaceae. Families are united into orders, orders into classes. So, for example, all ranunculaceae belong to the order Ranunculaceae. Classes are formed from orders. All buttercups belong to the class of dicotyledonous plants. All dicotyledonous flowering plants are included in the division of angiosperms. And all plants form the plant kingdom. A hierarchical system of groups of different ranks arises. Each such group, regardless of rank, for example the genus Buttercup, the Ranunculaceae family, or the order Ranunculaceae, is called taxon. A special discipline deals with the principles of identifying and classifying taxa - taxonomy .
Taxonomy- a necessary basis for any branch of botany, because it characterizes the relationships between various plants and gives plants official names, allowing specialists from different countries to exchange scientific information.
The first serious attempts to create a scientific classification of plants found their most complete expression in the works of the brilliant Swedish botanist of the 18th century. Carl Linnaeus, from 1741 to 1778 professor of medicine and natural history at Uppsala University. He classified plants primarily by the number and arrangement of stamens and carpels (the reproductive structures of a flower). Linnaeus introduced into use the so-called binary nomenclature - a system of double names of plant species, which he borrowed from the German botanist Bachmann (Rivinius): the first word corresponds to the genus, the second (specific epithet) to the species itself. Linnaeus had many students, and some of them traveled to America, Arabia, South Africa and even Japan in search of new plants.
The weakness of Linnaeus's system is that his rigid approach at times did not reflect the obvious proximity between organisms or, on the contrary, brought together species that were clearly distant from each other. It is known, for example, that three stamens are characteristic of both cereals and pumpkin plants, and, for example, in Lamiaceae, which are similar in many other characteristics, there may be two or four. However, Linnaeus himself considered the goal of botany to be precisely the “natural” system and managed to identify more than 60 natural groups of plants.
The following systems for classifying plants and animals are currently accepted.
The main principle of combining organisms into one taxon is the degree of their relationship. The further they are separated from each other in their relationships, the larger the taxonomic group they form. Organisms are systematized based on different characteristics. Plants are classified according to their body structure, the presence or absence of certain organs or tissues, the structure of the flower, the seed, and a number of other characteristics. Animals are also classified according to the degree of relatedness, external and internal similarity, feeding methods and a number of other characteristics. The most important taxonomic group for biologists is the species - a group of individuals similar in external and internal structure, occupying a certain area and producing fertile offspring when crossed. It is believed that a species is a group that actually exists in nature, because all evolutionary transformations occur at the population-species level.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS
Part A
A1. The main struggle for existence occurs between
1) classes 3) families
2) departments 4) types
A2. Habitat is the area of distribution
1) squad 2) species 3) kingdom 4) class A
AZ. Indicate the correct classification order
1) class – phylum – family – order – species – genus
2) type – class – order – family – genus – species
3) order – family – genus – species – department
4) species – genus – type – class – order – kingdom
A4. Indicate the characteristic on the basis of which two finches can be classified as different species
1) live on different islands
2) vary in size
3) bring fertile offspring
4) differ in chromosome sets
A5. Which plant taxonomic group is incorrect?
1) class dicotyledons
2) department angiosperms
3) coniferous type
4) cruciferous family
A6. Lancelet belongs to
1) class of chordates 3) type of animals
2) subclass of fish 4) subtype of skullless fish
A7. Cabbage and radish belong to the same family based on
1) structure of the root system
2) leaf venation
3) stem structure
4) structure of the flower and fruit
A8. In which case are the “kingdoms” of the organic world listed?
1) bacteria, plants, fungi, animals
2) trees, predators, protozoa, algae
3) invertebrates, vertebrates, chlorophylls
4) spores, seeds, reptiles, amphibians
Part B
IN 1. Choose three plant family names
1) dicotyledons
2) bryophytes
5) moths
6) Rosaceae
AT 2. Choose three names of animal orders
2) reptiles
3) cartilaginous fish
5) tailless (amphibians)
6) crocodiles
VZ. Match the taxon with the group of animals that form this taxon
AT 4. Establish the sequence of subordination of systematic groups of plants, starting with the largest
A) department Angiosperms D) genus Wheat
B) family Cereals D) class Monocots
B) type awnless wheat
CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES
CLASS MONOCOTONS
4.1. Liliida subclass
4.1.1. Liliaceae family The Liliaceae family is the main and most primitive in the ancient order Liliales, in which the typical characteristics of the Monocot class are most clearly expressed. The taxonomy of Liliaceae has not been brought to its logical conclusion. Therefore, in the scientific and educational literature there is no consensus on the species composition of the Liliaceae family. Liliaceae includes about 200 genera and up to 4000 species of perennial plants growing in different climatic zones of the globe. However, lilies are most widespread in the extratropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. They are especially numerous in the subtropics with periodic droughts, as well as in steppes and semi-deserts. In mountainous areas, lilies reach the level of alpine meadows. The natural flora of Belarus contains 25 species from 15 genera, but many introduced varieties are used in vegetable growing and ornamental landscaping. The family is dominated by herbaceous plants. However, in the tropics there are tree-like ones: dracaena (Dracaena drago), yucca carnerosana (Yucca carnerosana), aloe Bainesii (Aloe bainesii) and the “grass tree” - Kingia australis, etc. Creepers (Myrsiphyllum) are less common. An indoor leaf succulent is tree aloe (A. arborescens); in natural habitats it forms the habit of a woody plant. Most lilies are characterized by the formation of underground bulbs characteristic of ephemeroids (onion - Allium, lily - Lilium, tulip - Tulipa), corms (colchicum - Colchicum) or rhizomes (hellobee - Veratrum, lily of the valley - Convallaria, asparagus - Asparagus). These modifications of the shoots ensure the preservation of renewal buds during the summer heat and winter cold. The aboveground stem is straight, less often curly, leafy or leafless, called a flower-bearing arrow. The leaves are more or less fleshy, sessile; narrow, less often wide; entire-edged with parallel or arcuate venation. The leaf arrangement is alternate; in the crow's eye (Paris) 4–10 leaves form a whorl on the stem. The flowers are single, like the colchicum, or numerous, like the lily of the valley. The inflorescences are very diverse: paniculate (hebore), racemose (Eremurus), sometimes an umbrella (onion). The flowers are actinomorphic, bisexual. The perianth is simple, usually consisting of six free leaflets or fused into a long tube. The perianth is usually corolla-shaped, less often like a crow's eye; of the eight tepals, four form an outer cup-shaped circle. The androecium consists of 6, sometimes 4 or 8 stamens arranged in two circles. The gynoecium is syncarpous of three carpels. The stigma is usually sessile, like a tulip. Ovary superior, very rarely semiinferior; three-locular, less often one- or four-locular, with numerous ovules. Flower formula:P 3+3 A 3+3 G (3) orP (3+3) A 3+3 G (3). The fruit is a 3-lobed capsule (onion) or berry (lily of the valley). Seeds with endosperm. Plants are pollinated in most cases by insects, rarely by wind, and in the tropics by birds. Lilies are of great economic importance. Numerous types of onions and asparagus are valuable vegetable crops. The genus Onion (Allium) is represented by bulbous or rhizomatous plants. Bulbs are simple (onion - A. cepa) and complex (garlic - A. sativum). The leaves are either flat, like those of the onion (A. porrum) and garlic, or tubular, like those of the onion and allium (A. fistulosum). The inflorescence is an umbrella, covered with a membranous wrapper before blooming, located on the flower-bearing arrow and includes up to 2000 flowers. The flowers are small, bisexual on long stalks; greenish, white, purple, pink, yellow and other colors. Sometimes bulbs develop in the inflorescence - brood buds. The fruit is a triangular, three-lobed capsule. Pollinated by bees and flies. There are 6 wild species found in Belarus. In culture, the most widespread onion is the onion, which comes from Central Asia. The bulbs contain 2–15% sugars, 12–16 mg% essential onion oil, which has a bactericidal effect, inulin, phytin, saponins, vitamin C, potassium salts, phosphorus, and iron. The leaves are rich in vitamins. The varieties are divided into spicy (Bessonovsky), semi-sharp (Strigunovsky) and sweet (Kata, etc.). Among the numerous varieties in Belarus, Vetraz, Dyyament and Supra are recommended for production. Garlic is cultivated everywhere in central and central Europe, the Caucasus, and the Asian region. The bulb consists of numerous bud-teeth sitting on a flat bottom. The leaves are flat. Each subsequent leaf grows inside the tube of the previous one and emerges above it. As a result, a false stem up to 50 cm high is formed. Baby buds are often formed in the inflorescence. Fruits and seeds, as a rule, are not formed. Garlic cloves contain about 35% dry matter, up to 27% carbohydrates, 8% protein, up to 30 mg% vitamin C, inulin and phytoncides. Along with onions, it is widely used in folk medicine. The winter variety Vitazhenets is valuable in Belarus. Porrey onion (A. porrum), baton onion (A. fistulosum), shallot onion (A. ascalonicum), and slime onion (A. nutans) are also of nutritional value. Of the wild species, victory onion (Allium victorialis) and bear onion, or wild garlic (Allium ursinum) are used. Asparagus (Asparagus) is a delicious vegetable crop. These are rhizomatous plants with a highly branched stem. The leaves are very small, filmy-scaly, with small spines at the base. Numerous green, mostly needle-shaped branches - cladodes - usually emerge from the axils of the leaves, replacing leaves. Plants are dioecious and dioecious. Perianth of 6 fused leaflets, 6 stamens, fruit - berry. Boiled young tender etiolated shoots, rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and amino acids, are eaten. It is impossible to overestimate the decorative value of lilies. The most important of them are lilies (Lilium): white lily (L. candidum), yellow lily (L. monodelphum), royal lily (L. regale), curly lily, or martagon (L. martagon). They have large elegant flowers with a persistent pleasant scent. Tulips are grown not only in gardens and parks. They are the target of the flower industry in the Netherlands and other countries around the world. More than 10 thousand varieties have been created, many of which belong to the Gesner Tulip species (Tulipa gesneriana). Spectacular ornamental plants are Eremurus, in which the arrow reaches 2 m in height and up to 800 flowers of red and other colors are collected in one racemose inflorescence. Other ornamental lilies include the splendid crocus (Colchicum speciosum), yellow grouse (Hemerocallis flava), Edward's hazel grouse (Fritillaria eduardii), Siberian lily (Erythronium sibiricum), hyacinths (Hyacinthus), miniature spring scillas (Scilla), muscari (Muscari) . Medicinal plants include medicinal plant (Polygonatum officinale), lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), aloe tree (Aloe arborescens), etc. Colchicine, extracted from autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), is used in genetics to double the number of chromosomes. In forests and among shrubs, rhizomatous poisonous plants that are also medicinal are quite common: lily of the valley, kupena, raven's eye and others. Meadow onion (A. angulossum) and Lobel's hellebore (V. lobelianum) are also poisonous. They cause nervous excitement and cardiac dysfunction. 8 species of protected plants of the Liliaceae family are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus. These are Tofieldia calyculata, bear onion (Allium ursinum), onion (Allium schoenoprasum), autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), meadow goose onion (Gagea pratensis), goose onion (Gagea spathacea), forest tulip (Tulipa sylvestris ), curly lily (Lilium martagon).
Daylily
RUSSIAN FILLER GRUSE Red Data Book of the Chelyabinsk Region
Fritillaria ruthenica Wikstr. Family Liliaceae Liliaceae.
Lily of the valley
Daffodils
Daffodils 
^
Yellow onion
Lily
Crow's eye 
4.1.2. Sedge family The sedge family (Suregaceae) is the only representative of the order Cyperales. It includes about 100 genera and over 4000 species. The Sedge family is cosmopolitan. It is widespread from the equator to the high latitudes of both hemispheres. Although most sedge species are concentrated in the tropical zone, many sedges in the cold and temperate zones are an integral component of meadow and swamp vegetation. In the flora of Belarus there are 93 species from 15 genera. The vast majority of sedges are hygrophytes, growing in excessively wet places (forest reed - Scirpus sylvaticus). At the same time, sedges are found in moderately humid forests (forest sedge - Carex sylvatica, hairy sedge - C. pilosa), in steppes and on dry slopes (low sedge - C. humilis), sandy deserts (swelled sedge - C. physodes). Sedges are mostly perennial rhizomatous, often very large herbs (reed - Scirpus, papyrus - Cyperus papirus) up to 1.5 - 5 m high and up to 7 cm in diameter. In equatorial West Africa, the almost tree-like Microdracoides squamosa is found. On stones and rocks near waterfalls, and even as epiphytes on the bark of trees, shrubby cephalocarpus (Cephalocarpus) grow in South America. Among the sedges there are also vines, such as Scleria secans, which grows in tropical rainforests. Relatively few representatives of the genera syt and reed are annuals. The root system is formed by adventitious roots extending from the lower part of the stem or from the nodes of the rhizomes. The stems are triangular (sedges), less often cylindrical (reeds) or almost flat, usually made of parenchymal tissue and poorly differentiated into nodes and internodes. The nodes are usually very close together at the base of the stem, sometimes located along its entire length (scleria, sword grass - Cladium). The stems are usually leafy, but some plants (marshweed - Eleocharis) have a leafless stem, closed at the base by a leaf sheath. The leaves are linear or linear-lanceolate with a long, closed and rarely open (Cololeochloa) sheath. At the junction of the sheath and the leaf blade there may be (sedge, coleochloa) a tongue in the form of a narrow plate or cilia. In most sedges, the leaf blades are bilateral, triangular or almost cylindrical in diameter; with rough or sharp edges due to the presence of teeth mineralized with calcium salts and silica. The leaf arrangement is usually alternate three-row, less often two-row. Sedge flowers are collected in various spikelets located in the axils of leaf-shaped bracts. Spikelets form complex inflorescences - spike-shaped, paniculate, umbellate, racemose or capitate. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, bisexual or unisexual. Based on the structure of spikelets and flowers, the Sedge family is divided into 3 subfamilies - Cyperoideae, Rhynchosporoidae (Rhynchosporoideae) and actually Sedges (Caricoideae). Sytaceae are characterized by bisexual flowers, with or without perianth; the spikelets are usually multi-flowered. Rhynchosporaceae are inhabitants of warm countries, usually have bisexual flowers, small spikelets, 1–3 flowers. The sedge subfamily is distinguished by unisexual flowers that do not have a perianth. The perianth is either completely atrophied (sedge, sedge), or greatly reduced and consists of 6 (in reeds 3) scales, or 3 – 14 (usually 6) fine-toothed bristles, or 6 or more silky hairs. In bisexual and male flowers there are 3 stamens, very rarely 1 - 2, 6, 12, located in one circle. The stamens have long drooping filaments and elongated, dehiscent anthers. During microsporogenesis, the tetrad of microspores is reduced. It contains only one pollen grain, covered, in addition to intine and exine, by the membrane of the tetrad mother cell. In a bisexual and female flower, the gynoecium consists of 2–3 fused carpels. The gynoecium can be enclosed in a sac consisting of 2 fused bracts. The ovary is superior, unilocular, with one ovule. The pistil style is long, with 2–3 long stigmatic branches. Flower formulas are varied. For example, in a bisexual flower of cotton grass vaginalis – P ∞ A 3 G (3). In vesicular sedge, the female flower has the formula ♀ P 0 A 0 G (3), and the male flower has the formula ♂ P 0 A 3 G 0 . The fruit is nut-shaped, indehiscent, triangular, slightly biconvex or spherical with a hard pericarp. Seeds with a small embryo surrounded by a well-developed starchy or oily endosperm. The structure of the inflorescence is an important systematic feature by which sedges are divided into equal-spikes and heterospikes. In equal-spikes (fox sedge - C. vulpina), there are male flowers in the upper part of the spike, and female flowers in the lower part, or vice versa (spreading sedge - C. remota). Variegated sedges have separate male and female spike-shaped inflorescences. At the same time, plants are monoecious (sedge pauciflora - C. pauciflora), when male and female ears are located on the same plant, and rarely dioecious (sedge dioecious - C. dioica), when different ears are located on different plants. Sedges are wind-pollinated plants. Their reproduction is carried out by seeds, which are spread by wind, water, birds, and also vegetatively - by rhizomes. In natural phytocenoses, sedges are a place for nesting of birds and habitat for wild animals (reeds, cotton grass, sedge, grass, sword grass), a place for the accumulation of fresh water (coastal sedge - C. riparia). Cotton grass (Eriophorum vaginatum), lake reed (Scirpus lacustris), along with other species, take part in peat formation. Long-rhizome species, such as sand sedge (C. arenaria), are good sand fixers. The economic importance of sedges is relatively small. In ancient Egypt, the pith of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) stems was used to make writing material. It was cut into longitudinal strips, folded into two layers - one across the other and compressed until they naturally bonded. The dried strips were polished with pieces of ivory and glued into scrolls 20 - 30 cm wide and up to 40 m long. Tuberous formations on the rhizomes of sweet swampweed (Eleocharis dulcis), edible almond (chufa, or ground almond - Cyperus esculentus), tuber rush (Bolboschoenus) and The succulent rhizomes of tropical reeds and papyrus are used for food. In particular, chufa is cultivated in Spain and Italy for its small tubers, up to 3 cm long, which contain up to 50% carbohydrates, 25% oil, 9% protein. The quality of the oil is almost equal to olive and nut oil. Reed, fimbristyllis, papyrus, rhynchospora are used as building materials and for the manufacture of wickerwork. Forest reeds, cotton grass, swollen sedge and other species of cobresia (Kobresia) are used as feed for domestic and wild animals. Antibiotics of sweet mire and other sedges have medicinal value. The poisonous species is cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium), which causes diarrhea in animals. A houseplant and greenhouse ornamental plant is the common leaf plant (Cyperus alternifollius). The flora of Belarus is rich in sedges. Of the 68 species, the most common are soddy sedge (C. cespitosa), grayish sedge (C. cinerea), hare sedge (C. ovalis), swollen sedge (C. rostpata), bladder sedge (C. vesicaria), etc. Numerous species cotton grass (Eleocharis) – 6 species, cotton grass (Eriophorum) – 4 species. Of the reeds (Scirpus), lake reed (S. lacustris) and forest reed (S. sylvaticus) are widespread. Rare and endangered sedge species grow on the territory of Belarus. The Red Book of the Republic of Belarus includes common swordgrass (Cladium mariscus), Davell's sedge (C. davalliana), Buxbaum's sedge (C. buxbaumii), hairy sedge (C. capillaris), bird's-foot sedge (C. ornithopoda), and squat sedge ( C. supina), common sedge (C. flacca), common sedge (C. otrubae), small-flowered sedge (C. pauciflora), common sedge (C. paupercula), rhizomatous sedge (C. rhizina), shadow sedge (C. umbrosa) . Literature: 1, 5 (p. 292 – 310), 6 (p. 508 – 510), 8 – 12, 14 (p. 443 – 447), 15 (p. 477 – 483), 17. ^ 4.1.3. Family Poagrass The Poaceae family, or Gramineae, belongs to the order Poales. This is one of the largest families of flowering plants, numbering up to 700 genera and 10,000 species. About 150 species from 70 genera have been recorded in the natural flora of Belarus. Poagrass are evenly distributed throughout the landmass of the globe. In the tropical zone, approximately the same number of their species grow as in countries with a temperate climate, and in the Arctic latitudes they occupy first place among other families in terms of species composition. Poagrass play a vital role in the formation of the vegetation cover of meadows, steppes, prairies and savannas. Lowland meadows are characterized by bluegrass (Poa), fescue (Festuca), timothy grass (Phleum), brome grass (Bromopsis), and grass grass (Briza). Feather grass (Stipa), fescue (Festuca valesiaca), and wheatgrass (Agropyron) are common in the steppes. In the prairies, the primary role belongs to chloris (Chloris), buffalo grass (Buchloе dactyloides). The shifting sands are inhabited by the seline (Stipagrostis) and the sand-lover (Ammophila). The role and diversity of bluegrass in forests and peatlands is great. The wide distribution of bluegrass is associated with the structure of their vegetative and reproductive organs, physiological and biochemical characteristics, which allow plants to have very high adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions. The family contains typical mesophytes - these are almost all cultivated cereals: rye (Secale), wheat (Triticum), barley (Hordeum), corn (Mais), oats (Avena) and others, hygrophytes - rice (Oriza), manna (Glyceria) , as well as xerophytes - white grass (Nardus stricta), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), feather grass, wheatgrass, etc. And common reed (Phragmites australis) can grow in various types of swamps and on mountain slopes. Representatives of the family are perennial (meadow fescue - Festuca pratensis), biennial (foxtail - Alopecurus geniculatus) and annual herbs (canary grass - Phalaris canariensis, field grasses), less often tree-like plants (bamboo - Bambusa). Closely related to bamboo, Dinochloa, spiny liana-like species are known. The root system of bluegrass is fibrous during seed and vegetative propagation. The main root is formed from the embryonic root, but completes its development early. It is replaced by numerous, well-developed adventitious roots. The stem is a straw with pronounced nodes and hollow or core-filled internodes. Signs of the anatomical structure of the stem are used in the taxonomy of cereals. Thus, most extratropical species (fescue, wheat, rye) are characterized by internodes with a wide cavity and an arrangement of vascular bundles in two circles, with smaller bundles located in the outer circle and serving the remains of the primary bark. In tropical species (corn, millet, sorghum), the internodes have a small cavity or are filled with parenchyma. The intercalary meristem is localized at the bases of the internodes. The rudimentary tubercles of the lateral axillary buds may also form here. However, the aerial bud buds do not develop and lateral shoots do not form from them. Therefore, bluegrass is characterized by tillering, i.e. formation of lateral shoots from the buds of the underground part of the stem. Tillering can be dense (nardus stricta), loose (soft wheat - Triticum aestivum) and rhizomatous (creeping wheatgrass - Elytrigia repens). The leaves consist of a sheath covering the stem, which is usually open, a linear leaf blade, and a ligule, a membranous outgrowth located at the junction of the sheath and the leaf blade. Sometimes the tongue is absent or a row of hairs develops instead. In some cereals (barley - Hordeum), the edges of the vagina at the bend form bilateral linear outgrowths - ears. The epidermis of the leaf contains motor cells that ensure the folding of the leaf during the hot season. In many forms, around the vascular bundles there is a parenchyma sheath involved in photosynthesis. The leaf arrangement is two-row, alternate. Many bluegrass plants are monocarpic plants, i.e. bloom and bear fruit once in a lifetime (cultivated field cereals, bamboos with woody stems). Most species have bisexual flowers. In the case of dioecious flowers, plants can be either monoecious (corn - Zea) or dioecious (pampas grass - Cortaderia selloana). Flowers with membranous perianth are collected in elementary inflorescences - spikelets, which in turn form complex inflorescences: spike (rye, wheat, barley), complex raceme or panicle (oats - Avena, millet - Panicum), plume (timothy - Phleum, foxtail - Alopecurus). In corn, female flowers are collected in a cob, and male flowers are collected in a panicle. At the base of the spikelet there are glumes. The tares (Lolium) have only one. In wheat, rye and many other plants, the spikelet bears two glumes - upper and lower; millet, rice (Oryza), fragrant spikelet (Anthoxanthum) and others have more than two. The structure of glumes includes a keel, a keel tooth and a shoulder, the size and shape of which are taken into account when determining the types and varieties of cereals. The spikelet consists of an axis on which there is either one (barley) or several flowers (wheat), arranged alternately in two rows. Flowers in spikelets are formed in the axils of the lower floral scales of leaf origin. The keel teeth of the lower scales may be short or develop into an awn in spinous forms. In Persian wheat (Triticum persicum), awns are formed on both the flowering and glumes. Opposite the lower lemma in the flower there is a two-keeled upper lemma, formed by two fused leaflets of the outer perianth circle. The inner circle of the perianth is usually represented by two films, or lodicules. Bamboo and feather grass have three. During flowering, water actively enters the lodicules; they increase in size and push the lower and upper flower scales apart, allowing the flowers to open. Most bluegrass flowers have three stamens, but there can be six (rice, bamboo, sugar cane - Saccharum officinarum), two in the fragrant spikelet and even one (cinna - Cinna). The pistil is formed by two fused carpels, a style with a bipartite pinnate stigma. Ovary superior. Flower formula: P (2) +2 A 3 G (2). The fruit is dry, indehiscent, single-seeded, called a caryopsis and has a thin pericarp tightly adjacent to the seed coat. Often in membranous species of wheat, barley, oats and other plants, when the grain ripens, its pericarp sticks together with the flower scales tightly adjacent to it. In contrast, in naked forms (rye, soft wheat, etc.), the seeds do not stick to the scales. The seed embryo has one developed cotyledon - the scutellum, which borders the endosperm. The second cotyledon is the epiblast, reduced. The embryonic bud is surrounded by a leaf-shaped structure called coleoptile, which protects the seedlings as they emerge from the soil surface. Seedling roots are protected by a root sheath, or coleorhiza. The endosperm of the seed is well developed, rich in starch and protein. Seeds have different durations of post-harvest ripening. In winter forms it is short, even freshly harvested seeds can sprout; in spring forms it is long, up to several months. Some species, including certain varieties of wheat, are “two-handed”, i.e. can sprout both during autumn and spring sowing. Most cereals are wind-pollinated plants. These are corn, rye, sorghum, Sudan grass, timothy, brome, fescue and others. To optional, i.e. optional self-pollinators include wheat, Aegilops, etc. For chasmogamous (open-flowering) wind-pollinated cereals, the daily rhythm of plant flowering is of great importance. The timing of flower opening ensures the success of cross-pollination in the population. More strict, ablative, self-pollination is characteristic of cleistogamous (closed-flowering) barley and oats. Apomictic propagation, in which seeds are formed without the fusion of germ cells, occurs in tropical millet and sorghum grasses. Viviparia is observed less frequently in Poagrass. Thus, in the Arctic species of bluegrass (Poa), fescue (Festuca), and pike (Deschampsia), reproduction occurs by bulbous buds, which are formed in an inflorescence from spikelets. Taking into account the diversity of anatomical and morphological characteristics of the vegetative and reproductive organs, the Poat grass family is divided into subfamilies. The multi-volume “Plant Life” identifies six subfamilies: Bamboo (Bambucoideae), Rice (Oryzoideae), Poa (Pooideae), Reed (Arundinoideae), Polt (Eragrostideae), Millet (Panicoideae). ^ Subfamily Bambooaceae formed by tall tropical and subtropical woody plants (Arundinaria, bamboo, Dendrocalamus) and herbaceous plants (Maclurolyra, Piresia). Bamboo is widespread in Africa, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia, where it has nutritional and technical importance. ^ Subfamily Rice combines herbaceous annual and perennial self-pollinating plants. They are characterized by laterally flattened spikelets with one developed flower. There are four glumes, two lodicules, and six stamens. The inflorescence is a one-sided, spreading or compressed panicle. The most important crop in world agriculture is rice (Oryza sativa), used for the production of cereals, flour, alcoholic beverages, paper and wickerwork. TO subfamily Poagrass belongs to the majority of extratropical herbaceous annual and perennial grasses. Many of them have filmy leaf tongues. Single- and multi-flowered spikelets are collected into a complex spike (wheat), panicle (oats), plume (timothy). There are two glumes and lodicules, and three stamens. This includes grain, cereal, and forage grasses. The genus Wheat (Triticum) has about 30 species. Two types are most common in culture: soft wheat (T. aestivum), which is distinguished by a hollow stem under the inflorescence and a loose long ear with splayed awns, seeds with a mealy endosperm, and durum wheat (T. durum), in which the stem under the inflorescence is made , the ear is laterally compressed, dense, the awns are straight, the seed has a glassy endosperm. Valuable varieties of soft winter wheat in the conditions of Belarus are Zavet, Spektr, Premiera, etc. Wheat grain contains many gluten-forming proteins and therefore is the main grain crop. It is also used for the production of cereals, starch, and alcohol. In rye (Secale cereale) the inflorescence is a non-fragile spinous compound spikelet, the spikelets are two-flowered, often with the primordium of a third flower. It is characterized by high winter hardiness and unpretentiousness to soils, therefore it is widely cultivated in Belarus. Valuable varieties are Talisman and Zarnitsa. Used for food and feed purposes. As a result of intergeneric hybridization of wheat and rye, triticale amphidiploids were obtained, varieties of which have good prospects for use in agriculture. The genus Barley (Hordeum) has a dense, brittle spinous spikelet, single-flowered spikelets, sitting in groups of three on the ledge of a segment of the spike shaft. Leaves with well developed ears. Common barley (N. vulgare) has a wide, 4-6-sided spikelet, all spikelets are fertile. In double-row barley (H.distichon), the spike is linear, flat, the middle spikelet is fertile, and the lateral spikelets are sterile. The spring barley varieties Stratus, Yakub, and Sonor are distinguished by their high productivity. Grains are used to make cereals, beer, and animal feed. Oat (Avena sativa) is an annual plant, leaves with a long tongue, panicle inflorescence, large spikelets, 2–3 flowers. There are membranous and glabrous forms. Oatmeal is valued as a dietary product. The grain is used for animal feed. Meadow grasses of the Poat grass subfamily are brome, bluegrass, fescue, timothy and others; feather grass is typical for the steppes. For subfamilies Reed Characterized by tall, perennial herbaceous plants with multinodal stems, highly developed rhizomes and multi-flowered spikelets. They can be found in forest clearings and swampy meadows. Countries with warm climates have the greatest species diversity. Reed species include common reed (Phragmites australis), pampas grass (Cortaderia) subfamily Polevichaceae Herbaceous plants native to the arid regions of the tropics predominate. In the southern regions of Belarus, weedy species of bentgrass (Eragrostis) are occasionally found, on the salt marshes of North Africa, the bentgrass (Aeluropus) is common, and in the North American prairies - distichlis (Distichlis). ^ Subfamily Millets is the most highly specialized in the family. The spikelets are usually two-flowered, located singly or in groups of 2-3 on spike-shaped branches. The subfamily includes millet (Panicum miliaceum), barnyard grass (Echinochloa), barnyard grass (E. frumentaceae), sorghum (Sorghum), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), as well as the most important food and feed crop of world agriculture - corn (Zea mays). Corn grain is processed into cereal, flour, starch, molasses, alcohol and other products. In the conditions of Belarus, there is not enough heat for the grain to fully ripen, so corn is grown for livestock feed. For these purposes, heterotic corn hybrids Bemo 182 SV, Polessky 212 SV, Krasnodar 194 MV and many others are used. The Bluegrass family is of exceptionally great economic importance. They played an outstanding role in the formation of a sedentary lifestyle for many peoples of the world in connection with the transition from collecting the seeds of cereal plants to their cultivation and baking. The main grain crops in Belarus are soft wheat and rye. Cereals are obtained from barley, oats, millet, rice, and corn. Beetroot (Hierochloe) and fragrant spikelet (Anthoxanthum) contain aromatic substances used in perfumery, food industry and medicine. Poisonous is water manna (Glyceria aquatica), which in its fresh form causes convulsions and cardiac dysfunction in animals. Many cereal grasses are the main components of natural hayfields and pastures and have been introduced into cultivation. These are timothy grass (Phleum pratensis), hedgehog grass (Dactylis glomerata), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), giant bentgrass (Agrostis gigantea), awnless brome (Bromus inermis), perennial tares (Lolium perenne), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis), meadow bluegrass (Rhoa pratensis), tall ryegrass (Arrhenatherum elatius), etc. Red fescue (F. rubra), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and others are used in ornamental gardening as lawn grass. To fix moving sands, sand grass (Ammophila arenaria) and sand grass (Leymus arenarius) are used. Many cereals can be used as building materials. In tropical countries, strong and lightweight bamboo stems are used as water pipes. High quality paper is made from feather grass and rice. Among the cereals there are many weeds. These are creeping wheatgrass (Elytrigia repens), rye grass (Bromus secalinus), barnyard grass (chicken millet), annual bluegrass (Poa annua), and some species of bristle grass (Setaria). Weeds in the meadows are low-value forage meadow grass, or pike grass (Deschampsia cespitosa), and white beetle (Nardus stricta). LITERATURE 1. Herbaceous plants of the USSR. T. 1. / Yu.E. Alekseev, V.N. Vekhov, G.P. Gapochka et al. M.: Mysl, 1971. 487 pp.: ill. 2. Herbaceous plants of the USSR. T. 2. / Yu.E. Alekseev, V.N. Vekhov, G.P. Gapochka et al. M.: Mysl, 1971. 309 pp.: ill. 3. Plant life. In 6 volumes / Ch. ed. A.L. Takhtajyan. T. 5 (1). Flowering plants / ed. A.L. Takhtajyan. M.: Education, 1980. 432 pp.: ill. 4. Plant life: In 6 volumes / Ch. ed. A.L. Takhtajyan. T. 5 (2). Flowering plants / ed. A.L. Takhtajyan. M.: Education, 1981. 512 p.: ill. 5. Plant life: In 6 volumes / Ch. ed. A.L. Takhtajyan. T. 6. Flowering plants / ed. A.L. Takhtajyan. M.: Education, 1982. 544 p.: ill.
Systematics (classification, taxonomy) is the science of the diversity of living organisms and their distribution into groups based on (evolutionary) relatedness.
Systematic units (taxa) in decreasing order:
Phylums and orders are used in the classification of animals, and divisions and orders are used in the classification of plants and fungi.
The largest of the above systematic units is the superkingdom. The smallest (original, minimal, basic unit of taxonomy) is the species.
Types/divisions are divided into classes, classes into squads/orders, squads/orders into families, etc. And vice versa: genera are made up of species, families are made of genera, orders/orders are made of families...
Taxonomists can distinguish many additional taxa - subphylum, subclass, etc. For example, a person belongs to the Vertebrates subtype.
All species have a “double name”: the first word is the name of the genus, the second is the name of the species.
Choose one, the most correct option. In the system of the organic world, vertebrates are
1) subtype
2) type
3) class
4) squad
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. The basis of the natural system of classification of the plant world is
1) kinship, common origin of groups
2) similarity in the external structure of plant organisms
3) similarity of vital processes in a plant organism
4) adaptability of organisms to their environment
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What is the name of a group of plants that includes related species?
1) family
2) gender
3) class
4) population
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Type of chamomile combines
1) various flowering plants
2) a set of individuals based on their relationship
3) related plant genera
4) plants of one natural community
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Taxonomists divide plant families into
1) orders
2) squads
3) childbirth
4) types
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. There is no division in plant taxonomy
1) bryophytes
2) dicotyledons
3) flowering
4) gymnosperms
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What subkingdoms do animals belong to?
1) invertebrates and vertebrates
2) arthropods and chordates
3) unicellular and multicellular
4) birds and mammals
Answer
Choose three options. What systematic taxa characterize mucor?
1) Prokaryotes
2) Eukaryotes
3) Cell Empire
4) kingdom Mushrooms
5) kingdom of Plants
6) kingdom Animals
Answer
Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The terms of taxonomy of organisms include
1 class
2) population
3) individual
4) view
5) organism
Answer
Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Thuja
2) Conifers
3) Cypress
4) Thuja occidentalis
5) Eukaryotes
6) Plants
Answer
1. Establish the sequence in which systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) clover
2) legumes
3) red clover
4) angiosperms
5) dicotyledons
6) plants
Answer
2. Establish the sequence in which systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Dandelion
2) Compositae
3) Dandelion officinalis
4) Dicotyledons
5) Angiosperms
6) Plants
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of the plant, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Wild radish
2) Radish
3) Angiosperms
4) Dicotyledons
5) Plants
6) Cruciferous
Answer
4. Arrange the systematic categories of plants in the correct sequence, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Ranunculaceae
2) Angiosperms
3) Buttercup is caustic
4) Plants
5) Dicotyledons
6) Buttercup
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of systematic categories used in classifying plants, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) violet
2) dicotyledons
3) tricolor violet
4) angiosperms
5) violet
Answer
6. Establish the correct sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa of warty birch, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) warty birch
2) birch
3) angiosperms
4) plants
5) dicotyledons
6) eukaryotes
Answer
7. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) plants
2) bush cherry
3) Rosaceae
4) dicotyledons
5) angiosperms
6) cherry
Answer
8. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of plants, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) White yasnotka
2) Yasnotka
3) Angiosperms
4) Dicotyledons
5) Plants
6) Lamiaceae
Answer
9. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Hogweed Sosnovsky
4) Umbrella
5) Dicotyledons
6) Hogweed
Answer
10. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Bear's ear mullein
4) Norichnikovye
5) Dicotyledons
6) Mullein
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of systematic plant taxa, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Meadow bluegrass
2) Bluegrass
3) Angiosperms
4) Monocots
5) Plants
6) Cereals
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of systematic plant taxa, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Onion
2) Monocots
3) Bow
4) Plants
5) Onions
6) Flowering
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Monocots
4) Liliaceae
5) Two-leaf mine
6) Mine
Answer
4. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Gladiolus
2) Iris
3) Angiosperms
4) Plants
5) Monocots
6) Gladiolus imbricata
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Arrowhead
2) Chastukhovye
3) Angiosperms
4) Plants
5) Monocots
6) Common arrowhead
Answer
Establish the sequence of systematic taxa of the fungus, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) order Agariaceae
2) Amanitaceae family
3) class Agaricomycetes
4) genus Amanita
5) department Basidiomycetes
6) species Amanita muscaria
7) kingdom Mushrooms
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Sarcodaceae
2) Protozoa
3) Amoeba
4) Animals
5) Sarcoflagellates
6) Common amoeba
Answer
1) Animals
2) Euglena green
3) Protozoa
4) Sarcoflagellates
5) Euglena
6) Flagellates
Answer
1) South Russian tarantula
2) tarantula
3) arthropods
4) arachnids
5) spiders
6) wolf spiders
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Scorpios
2) Animals
3) Imperial Scorpion
4) Eukaryotes
5) Arachnids
6) Arthropods
Answer
1. Establish a sequence reflecting the systematic position of the Housefly species in the classification of animals, starting with the smallest group. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Diptera
2) Arthropods
3) Flies
4) Animals
5) Housefly
6) Insects
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) animals
2) mosquito
3) arthropods
4) insects
5) dipterans
6) malaria mosquito
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) Coleoptera
2) insects
3) bronze
4) green bronze
5) animals
6) arthropods
Answer
4. Establish the sequence of arrangement of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Insects
2) Leaf beetles
3) Coleoptera, or Beetles
4) Colorado potato beetle
5) Arthropods
6) Animals
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Animals
2) Lepidoptera
3) Insects
4) Moths
5) Arthropods
6) Birch moth
Answer
6. Establish the sequence of taxonomic names, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Arthropods
2) Eukaryotes
3) Hemiptera
4) Insects
5) Animals
6) Pea aphid
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of taxonomic names, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) fish
2) stingrays
3) chordates
4) cartilaginous fish
5) vertebrates
6) sea cat
Answer
1) Cartilaginous
2) Tiger shark
3) Cranial (Vertebrates)
4) Chordates
5) Sharks
6) Animals
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordata
2) Pisces
3) Bony fish
4) Pollock
5) Codfish
6) Vertebrates
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Common salmon
2) Salmon
3) Bony fish
4) Salmonids
5) Animals
6) Chordata
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Vertebrates
2) Pisces
3) Bony fish
4) Crucian carp
5) Carp-like
6) Chordata
Answer
Establish the correct sequence in the classification of the pond frog, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Pond frog
2) Amphibians
3) Animals
4) Real frogs
5) Tailless
6) Chordata
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of arrangement of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordata
2) Snakes
3) Reptiles or Reptiles
4) Central Asian cobra
5) Scaly
6) Aspid snakes
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of animals, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Round heads
2) Lizards
3) Reptiles
4) Vertebrates
5) Long-eared roundhead
6) Chordata
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Vertebrates
2) Animals
3) Chordata
4) Viper snakes
5) Reptiles
6) Common viper
Answer
1. Establish the correct sequence of systematic animal taxa, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) passerines
2) fieldfare thrush
3) chordates
4) birds
5) blackbirds
6) thrush
Answer
2. Establish the sequence of arrangement of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordata
2) Chicken
3) Animals
4) Guinea fowl
5) Birds
6) Turkey
7) African guinea fowl
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Vertebrates
2) Animals
3) Birds
4) White partridge
5) Partridge
6) Chordata
Answer
4. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Birds
2) Animals
3) Chordata
4) Vertebrates
5) Barn swallow
6) Swallow
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
3. Establish the sequence in which systematic groups of animals are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Rodents
2) Squirrel
3) Squirrel
4) Common squirrel
5) Chordates
6) Mammals
Answer
4. Establish the correct sequence of arrangement of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Common hedgehog
2) Animals
3) Chordata
4) Insectivores
5) Mammals
6) Hedgehogs
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Hares
2) Mammals
3) White hare
4) Chordates
5) Lagomorpha
6) Animals
Answer
6. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordata
2) Animals
3) Mammals
4) Cetaceans
5) Keith
6) Whale blue
Answer
7. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Artiodactyls
2) Animals
3) Mammals
4) Chordates
5) Sika deer
6) Deer
Answer
8. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Marsupials
2) Kangaroo
3) Giant kangaroo
4) Chordates
5) Mammals
6) Animals
Answer
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