Nominative case of a noun

Represents the concept expressed by the given name as the center of the action signified by the verb. Thus, the most common use of the I. case is as the subject. Less often, I. case is used predicatively (as a predicate), and also as a... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

See nominativo... Five-language

An independent case form that performs a nominative function and, as a “direct case,” is opposed to indirect cases... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Nominative case- Nominative case … Russian spelling dictionary

Nominative case- linguistic The original case form in which the noun is used as the name of a person, object, phenomenon; answers the questions: who? What? ... Dictionary of many expressions

- (nominative presentation, segment) is a figure of speech in the first place of which there is an isolated noun in the nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase. Its function is to arouse special interest in the subject... ... Wikipedia

nominative, nominative, nominative. In the expression: nominative case (gram.) a case that answers the question: who is what?, or, in other cases (for example, in adj.), depending on the word in this case. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

NOMINATIVE: nominative case, a case answering the question: who (what)? Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

The nominative case of a noun, naming an object or person in order to evoke an idea of ​​them. Such a nominative is usually distinguished intonationally as an isolated syntactic unit, followed by a sentence, thematically with it... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

This term has other meanings, see Case (meanings). Cases ... Wikipedia

Books

• Visiting musician, Bulat Okudzhava. Bulat Okudzhava compiled this book from works of an autobiographical nature. Some of them are published for the first time...
• The girl of my dreams, Bulat Okudzhava. The book by the famous Soviet writer B. Sh. Okudzhava consists of autobiographical stories and short stories, published at different times in periodicals...

Illustration.

It’s no secret that Russian grammar is a very difficult subject, and not only for foreign students educational institutions both for independent language learners, but also for native speakers. One of difficult topics, which requires patience and perseverance, in this regard - the declension of names in Russian, since there are many features and subtleties that are not so easy to guess and think out logically, as well as many exceptions that do not obey general rule. I will try to cover all aspects of this issue in this article.

Declension. General concept and varieties

Even from the school curriculum, many remember that declension is a change in cases. There are only six cases in Russian:

• Nominative;
• Genitive;
• Dative;
• Accusative;
• Instrumental;
• Prepositional.

For each case you can ask a question:

• for the nominative it is “Who? What?";
• declining the name in the genitive case, they ask the question “Whom?” What?";
• in the dative - “To whom?” What for?";
• For the accusative, the questions “Whom?” What?";
• in the instrumental noun changes in accordance with the questions “By whom?” How?",
• in the prepositional – “About whom? About what?".

When forming a question, to make the task easier, you can substitute a verb with a similar control:

Doesn't have anyone, what? Owed to whom, what? Thinking about who, what? Lives by whom, what?

Declension types

There are 3 types of declension of names in Russian: 1st, 2nd and 3rd.

According to the first type, nouns are declined female with endings in -а(-я). According to the second - masculine and neuter gender in -o(-e). The third declension includes those that are feminine and end in a soft sign.

For personal names, several subgroups can be distinguished, differing in the type of change by case:

Declension of male names ending with a consonant and -th

They change according to the second type, for example:

The same applies to foreign names translated into Russian:

However, you should remember the exceptions to this rule - these are the Russian names Lev and Peter. They have indirect cases the ending moves to the last syllable, in addition, a vowel is dropped in the name “Leo”.

Also worthy of attention is the declension of masculine names that are double. Moreover, in names of Russian origin both parts change, and in nouns foreign origin- only the last part.

	Andrey-Victor	Shoy-Syuryun
	Andrey-Victor	Shoy-Syuryun
	Andrey-Victor	Shoy-Syuryuna
	Andrey-Viktor	Shoi-Syuryunu
	Andrey-Victor	Shoy-Syuryuna
	Andrey-Victor	Shoi-Syuryun
	Andrey-Victor	Shoy-Syuryune

The second variety is masculine and feminine names ending in -a. All changes occur according to the first declension:

Foreign names ending in -a are declined similarly to the examples given:

			Mustafa

The declension of masculine and feminine names with endings in the nominative case in -iya, -ya, -ya, -eya also occurs according to the first declension, regardless of their origin:

Pay attention to one important feature!

• Personal names that end in -iya receive the same ending “-ii” in three cases at once - these are the genitive, dative and prepositional cases.
• Names ending in -ya receive “-е” in the prepositional and dative cases, and “-ы” in the genitive case.

The declension of female names with a zero ending and a soft sign at the end is built according to the 3rd type.

Attention! Female names of foreign origin ending in a hard consonant and -i do not change by case, for example, Maryam, Elizabeth, Dolores, Carmen. There is a group of names that fit this rule, but fluctuate between indeclinability and the 3rd declension, these are Gazelle, Guzel, Lucille, Nicole, Aigul, Asel, Mirel, Babigul, Cecile. IN colloquial speech they can change, but in the official one, as a rule, they remain unchanged.

Male and female names that end with a vowel, excluding -a and -ya, are classified as indeclinable names.

For example, Nellie, Sergo. Also, names of foreign origin with vowels at the end - Babbu, Bakke, Chamzy - do not change.

Sometimes the names of foreign writers and literary heroes are used in combination with a surname.

For example, Jules Verne, Conan Doyle, Oscar Wilde, Sherlock Holmes, Robin Hood. Often the speaker does this: he declines only the last name, leaving the first name unchanged, but this is not entirely true, because both must change: the legend of Robin Hood, the books of Oscar Wilde.

Please note that in colloquial speech it is permissible to inflect parts of the surname, but in written speech it is recommended to decline both parts.

So, we have looked at how to correctly decline names of Russian and foreign origin, what exceptions to the rules exist, what to do if a lexical unit is written with a hyphen, and whether there are indeclinable and controversial names.

In order to correctly change personal names by case, you must first familiarize yourself with the tables of declension of common nouns. This way the structure and cause-and-effect relationships will be most clear. So, the first type (feminine and masculine nouns ending in -a, -ya):

The second declension, which includes neuter nouns ending in -о, -е:

Third declension, which includes feminine nouns with soft sign at the end:

• Declension of surnames and personal names in Russian literary language, L.P. Kalutskaya;
• Difficulties in inflecting nouns. N. A. Eskova;
• Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language, edited by D.E. Rosenthal;
• Etymological and morphological analysis declination of surnames of the pre-revolutionary era and transformations of communist-Soviet power. A. N. Pogrebnoy-Alexandrov;
• Academic "Russian Grammar" 1980.

Have you ever been bothered by cases? There has never been a case where your son or daughter’s notebooks, “shot through” with red in many places, were corrected Rare people who have an innate sense of language and linguistic flair, do not stumble when declensions of nouns, especially in school childhood.

Using case inflection, the noun is placed in the required form, with which other words naming an object, sign or action are consistent. This property allows nouns to combine, within the grammatical rules of the language, with other nouns, as well as with adjectives and verbs, to create phrases and sentences. The nominative case is the first of six, initial form nouns naming persons, objects, phenomena, etc. To the names animate objects you can ask the question: “who?” TO inanimate noun in this case you can ask the question: “what?”

The nominative case is a grammatical case form inherent in the subject-producer of an action or the bearer of a state, a sign in syntactic construction. Subject name is independent grammatical form, i.e. it poses a question to the dependent word of the phrase included in the sentence.

The nominative case is usually used correctly. There are errors associated with its use instead of the instrumental or form. For example, sometimes they say: “There is no point in going there with three hundred dollars,” instead of “There is no point in going there with three hundred dollars.” Or: “You need to cover more than five hundred kilometers” instead of “You need to cover more than five hundred kilometers.”

Nominative case for words in singular in Russian grammar it is indicative of the absence of an ending, or rather, the presence of the so-called ending in many nouns belonging to the masculine gender, for example: poplar, finger, table. And in feminine nouns that denote names or masculine gender there are endings -a, -ya, for example: feminine gender - girl, winter, lid, masculine gender - Vova, uncle, Kolya, dad.

Nominative plural these nouns have the ending -и, -ы, for example: girls, winters, covers, uncles, dads. Although masculine nouns can also have endings -a, -ya, for example: teachers, professors. The form of the nominative plural is also formed with the help of an additional sound in the stem and the ending -я, for example: leaf - leaves, son - sons (a disjunctive appears in the letter. It happens that the plural ending is attached to a truncated stem, for example: Christian - Christians.

Range syntactic functions The nominative case is limited in that it is not governed by a verb and does not combine with prepositions. In order to correctly form case forms, even the simplest ones, you need to be a native speaker and know the rules of word formation.

In third grade, students are introduced to the concept of “case” and learn that nouns change according to case. Despite the fact that in school curriculum only 6 cases are studied; for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics to study in primary school. Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why define case? In order to subsequently write the endings of words correctly based on the case and declension of the noun.

Case- This fickle a sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (decline) according to cases. Changing by case means changing nouns by question. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word changes by case, its ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship with other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Dry names of cases are very difficult for a child to remember. He needs associations. Therefore, a child’s acquaintance with cases can begin with a fairy tale.

Tale about cases

Once upon a time there lived Case.
He had not yet been born, but they were already thinking about what name to give him and decided to call him Nominative.
Born - became Parent. He liked this name even more.
He was a baby, he was given food and toys, and he became Dative.
But he was a big mischief-maker, they blamed him for all sorts of tricks, and he became accusative.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and now called him Prepositional.
That’s exactly what they said when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
Nominative, Genitive,
Dative, Accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To remember the order of cases, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan Gave Birth to a Baby Girl, Ordered to Carry the Diaper.

Table of cases of the Russian language

Please note that in almost all cases you can remember the reference word by the first letters.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Prepositions of cases and semantic questions

Nominative case - no prepositions. Semantic questions: who? What?

Genitive case: at, from, to, for, from, without, after, about (y), near (y), against, from under, because of. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases: p. Semantic questions: where? where? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: to, by. Semantic questions: where? How?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Semantic questions: where? Where?

Instrumental case: above, between, before. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - under, for, with. Semantic questions: where? How?

Prepositional: oh, about, at. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on. Semantic questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

Direct case– this is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be the subject.

Indirect cases– all others except the nominative. In a sentence, words in indirect cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you must:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun refers, pose a question from it;
2. Based on the question and preposition (if there is one), find out the case.

Seagulls circled above the waves. Circling (over what?) above the waves (etc.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only by questions asked. Let's formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. For two questions we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) the cat. Replace the cat with inanimate object: I caught (what?) a feather. Whom? What? - Accusative.

I couldn't reach (who?) the cat. Replace with inanimate: I couldn’t reach (what?) the branch. Whom? What? - Genitive

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns of 1st, 2nd, 3rd declension

Russian Name Case	Latin Name Case	Questions	Prepositions	Ending
				Singular			Plural Number
				1 cl.	2 cl.	3 cl.
Nominative	Nominative	Who? What? (There is)	--- ---	And I	Oh, oh	---	Y, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What? (No)	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	Y, -i	And I		Ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	Dative	To whom? Why? (ladies)	to, by	E, -i	U, -yu		Am, yam
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What? (I see)	in, for, on, about, through	U, -yu	Oh, oh	---	Y, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	Instrumental	By whom? How? (proud)	for, above, under, before, with	Oh (oh) To her	Om, -eat		Ami, -yami
Prepositional	Prepositive	About whom? About what? (Think)	in, on, about, about, about, at	E, -i	E, -i		Ah, -yah

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms or prepositions

How to distinguish the nominative and accusative cases:

A noun in the nominative case is the subject of a sentence and does not have a preposition. A noun in the accusative case is a secondary member of the sentence, it can be with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) puts cucumbers (V. p.) in the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish the genitive and accusative cases:

If the questions in R. p. and V. p. (whom?) coincide, the cases are distinguished by the endings of the words: in R. p. the endings are –a (ya) / -ы (и). In V. p. the endings are –у (у).

Paw (who?) of a marten - R.p. / I see (who?) a marten - V. p.

If both questions and endings coincide, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending –a(ya) – instead of the words. Then in R. p. the ending will be -у(и), and in V. p. the ending will be -у(у).

The paw of (who?) a bear - I see (who?) a bear.

We check:

Paw of (who?) (fox) bear - R. p. - I see (who?) (fox) bear - V. p.

How to distinguish the genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition “with”:

If the preposition “s” coincides in R. p. and Tv. etc. distinguish them by case and semantic questions (from where? in R. p. and with what? in Tv. p.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Picked up (from where?) from the ground - R. p. / picked up a box (with what?) with earth - V. p.

How to distinguish the dative and genitive cases, which are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in D. p. will coincide in pronunciation with the word in R. p. (their endings in writing are different). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother’s name is Natasha

R. p. – wrote a letter to Natasha’s grandmother [and] – this is Natasha’s grandmother

How to distinguish the dative and prepositional cases if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different in these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) on the sea - prepositions to, by

P. p. – located (where?) in the sea – prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish the instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions in TV. p. and v. p. you need to focus on case questions and endings.

TV p. – hid (where?, behind what?) behind the chest of drawers

V.p. – hid (where?, for what?) behind the chest of drawers

How to distinguish the accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. and P. p. coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - ascended (where?, on what?) onto the pedestal

P. p. – stood (where?, on what?) on a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am Nominative case,
And I don’t have other people’s clothes on me.
Everyone recognizes me easily
And the subjects are called.
I don’t like prepositions since childhood,
I can't stand being around you.
My questions are WHO? So what?
No one will confuse it with anything.

And I case Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look like an accusative
I happen sometimes
But in the text you will discern
Always two cases.

I am called Dative,
I work diligently.
WHOM should I give it to? Call for what?
Only I can say.

And I am Accusative case,
And I blame it all on the ignorant.
But I love excellent students,
I catch “fives” for them.
Who to call, what to play,
I'm ready to give the guys some advice.
Don't mind making friends with pretexts,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental case
I am filled with all sorts of hopes.
Create! - How? Create! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I am the prepositional case,
My case is complicated.
I don't like light without excuses.
ABOUT WHOM? ABOUT WHAT? I told?
Oh yes, we need excuses
I have no way without them.
Then I can tell
What is the dream?

Nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional...
It's difficult to remember them all.
Always keep in your memory
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He is the beginning case,
Questions – WHO? So what?
It contains mom, dad, elephant, playpen,
Both school and coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHO? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And not a single hamster...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

This is an apple, tell me
I will give it to WHOM? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vitya?
No, probably no one...

Accusative

Oh! The toys are a mess!
I don’t understand it myself:
Blame WHOM? So what?
A doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to compose songs.
WITH WHOM? WHAT should I use to study sheet music?
Write to me with a pen or pen,
Or colored pencil?

Prepositional

I'm thinking about WHO? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Or rather, I'm thinking about
I'm so tired of school...

But now all cases
I have firmly memorized it.
Try teaching it that way too,
After all, knowledge is POWER!!!

Polak Frida

Nominative is you
picking flowers
and the genitive is for you
the trill and clicking of the nightingale.
If it's dative, it's all for you,
happiness named in fate,
then accusative... No, wait,
I'm not simple in grammar,
want new cases
Shall I offer you? - Offer!
- The countercase is the case,
the recognition case is
loving, affectionate,
kissing is the case.
But they are not the same -
expectant and languid,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them,
but in grammar there are only six!

Kirsanov Semyon

The nominative exclaimed:
- My birthday boy is THAT,
Which is amazing
Learns science!
“TOGO,” said the PARENT, “
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
“THAT,” answered the DATIVE, “
I'll give you a bad name
Who hasn't loved diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
“TOGO,” said the ACCUSETIVE, “
I will blame
Who read the book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said CREATIVE, -
I'm just fine
Who is very respectful
Refers to work.
“ABOUT THAT,” said the PREPOSITIONAL, “
I'll offer a story
Who in life can do
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything has awakened from sleep:
SPRING is moving around the world.

It's like we're blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to go out
Towards young SPRING.

I'll drown in green leaves
And I’ll blame SPRING for this.

Nature breathes only one
Unique SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Bawling songs ABOUT SPRING.

Tell others about it
And you will repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until evening
I dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For the snowflake collection
I collected with my tongue.
Dancing around the fire
And he jumped around the yard.
Do I need to do homework?
I don't care about that!
Here I am standing at the blackboard
And I sigh with sadness.
But the genitive case
I won’t forget, even if I kill you. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
Gave to cases
I would then be a giver
DATIVE named!
And how I daydream,
Dressing up as Santa Claus
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
And WHO else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
Cat, hare, hippopotamus,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to get to the locomotive,
I'm flying along the ground, rushing!
I'll deliver gifts to everyone
And then I’ll return home! (T. Rick)

Accusative

I am the accusative case,
I blame everyone everywhere.
There's no hope
That I won’t make a mistake.
Substitute the word “see”
And define me.
- “If you want to know a lot,
Hurry up and learn to read!”
To remember the ACCUSATIVE,
I learned... to fly!
How can I fly to the ceiling?
Yes, I’ll wave over the threshold,
I fly out the window,
I'm heading for the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT will I see and WHOM -
I'll name one!
I see a river, I see a garden -
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful it is all around!
They are building a club not far away,
Painting a boat on the sand...
That's enough, I'm going back to school,
I fly into class lightly. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone,
Be considered smart
We need to understand everything now
In the CREATIVE case.
What is there to say for a long time?
So I decided... to create!
Pencil, took paper
And I painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a great guy I am!
The bush is blooming in front of the castle,
A snake lives under a snag,
A falcon flies over the road,
Behind the fence the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On its big leaf.
I decorated the view with difficulty
A forest, a cloud over a pond.
Come on, I'll turn over the leaf.
And I’ll start creating again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country
Hit enemies with an arrow
Water them with resin from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
Better world finish the job!
I'll close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I'm bored in class.
Well, I'd rather dream.
I really like to dream!
I wish I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown:
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight.
I dream of earrings
I dream of boots.
In the evenings in the dark
I dream of an eagle:
I will fly with him in freedom.
I will go to school...
Oh, I'm already dreaming...
ABOUT THE PREPOSITIONAL case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who?, what?
2) Genitive case - no one?, what?
3) Dative case - give to whom?, to what?, determines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case - I see who?, what?, denotes the direct object of the action;
5) Instrumental case - I create with whom?, with what?, defines the instrument, some types of temporary belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - think about whom?, about what?

7) Vocative case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case we only have the word “God!” (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimon, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by “cutting off” the ending or by specially adding the ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions “At”, “In” and “On”. Characteristic question: Where? What does it have to do with it? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) - but what about in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?

9) Dividing case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lie a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set the heat (not heat), Turn up the heat (not move), Young man, no fire is there?

10) Counting case - found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not steps).

11) Positive case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From home. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.

12) Deprivative case - used exclusively with verbs of negation: I don’t want to know the truth (not the truth), cannot have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separation case - similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set the heat (instead of heat), increase the speed (instead of adding speed).

14) Waiting case - It is also the genitive-accusative case: Waiting for (who? what?) a letter (not a letter), Waiting for (who? what?) mom (not moms), Waiting by the sea for weather (not weather).

15) Permutative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from accusative case(in whom? in what?). It is used exclusively in figures of speech like: Become a pilot, Run for deputy, Take a wife, Be fit to be a son.