Real nouns denote substances that are homogeneous in their composition,
subject to measurement, division, but not counting (i.e. uncountable!): wheat, tobacco,
caffeine, oil, silver, clay, lime, perfume, iron, bronze. Every part of a substance
formed during division, retains the properties of the whole.
Real nouns m.r. may have a variant ending such as “a” and “u”: a pack of tea, a pack
tea. Some nouns have a variant ending in P. p. with “a” and “y”: on honey, on honey.
Among the material nouns, the following thematic groups can be distinguished:
Names of food products and medicines: salt, cereals, sugar, analgin, aspirin, streptocide.
Names of materials: brick, wallpaper, plaster, clay.
Names of crops: oats, rye, barley, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries.
Names of types of fabrics: chintz, wool, silk, kiwi, velvet.
Names of minerals, metals, chemical elements and their compounds: coal,
steel, tin, copper, oil, oxygen, calcium, helium.
Real nouns do not have special word-formation indicators,
and the real meaning is expressed only lexically.
Grammatical features of real nouns:
There can only be singular(flour, honey, tea, milk, tin) or only
plural (canned food, cream, yeast, perfume).
They are not combined with cardinal numbers, since they are not counted.
Subject to measurement - combined with nouns denoting units
measurements of mass and volume: a liter of milk, a kilogram of sugar, a ton of wheat.
With the words a lot/little, they take the singular form: little sugar, a lot of gasoline.
Some real nouns that have only a singular form
can be used in the plural form if they mean:
A). various grades or types of substances: lubricating oils, stainless steels;
b). products made from materials: rare emeralds, polished marbles;
V). a large number of grains or substances occupying any space:
endless snow, desert sands, waters of the world's oceans.
Question 16. Collective nouns
Collective nouns denote a collection of homogeneous objects or
living beings as an indivisible whole: foliage, oak tree, aspen tree, children, relatives, students,
teaching, professorship, peasantry, humanity.
Grammatical features of collective nouns:
Invariance in numbers, have only the form of a singular number.
Incompatibility with cardinal numbers and with words denoting units
They can be combined with the words a lot/little or how many, but they only have the form
singular: few relatives, few leaves, many midges.
Derivational suffixes of collective nouns:
Stv-, -est-:
youth
beast[j]e, crow[j]e
relatives, children
pioneers, aristocrats
poor, infantry
These nouns are combined with words denoting units of measure:
a kilogram of potatoes, half a kilogram of raspberries.
The following are not collective nouns: collective, people, detachment, regiment, herd, flock, pile, grove
(all of them denote countable objects and are used with ordinal numbers)
Each common noun can be classified as one of the following types of LGR: concrete, abstract, real or collective nouns.Specific nouns are those used to designate objects of reality or persons (textbook, leg, bone, sister, etc.). Grammatically concrete nouns are characterized by the fact that they can be combined with quantitative numerals, i.e. The objects and phenomena they designate are countable (two sisters, three bones, ten textbooks). Such nouns, as a rule, have both singular and singular forms plural(textbook - textbooks, leg - legs, sister - sisters), i.e., as they say, they come into correlation by number. An exception in this sense are nouns that name paired objects (gates, glasses, trousers) and have only plural forms.
Abstract (abstract) are nouns used to denote abstract concepts of quality, action and state (joy, marathon, pain, running, annoyance, tact, confusion, etc.).
From the grammatical characteristics of this LGR of nouns, we highlight the following:
- most of the abstract names have only singular forms (health, fragility, despair, etc.); some abstract names have only plural forms (more precisely, they are formalized grammatically as plural nouns): debates, vacations, elections, twilight, etc.;
- abstract nouns are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be defined using indefinite quantitative words: a lot of happiness, a little bit of luck, a little patience, etc.;
- in the morphemic structure of nouns of a given LGR there are often suffixes - awn, -ot-, -izn-, -ism-, - rel-, etc. (anger, harshness, kindness, curvature, pan-Islamism, running around), which have a specific material meaning.
- types of food products (cream, sugar, sour cream, cottage cheese);
- types of crops (wheat, barley, millet);
- chemical elements, chemical compounds, alloys (alkali, aerosol, tin);
- various types of materials (fabric, suede, wood, fiber);
- medications(citramon, aspirin);
- food and other types of waste (sawdust, slops).
Collective nouns are nouns used to designate a set of persons who are homogeneous in some respect (relatives, fools, youth), animals, insects, birds (gnus, crow, mosquito, beast), “objects” flora(foliage, pine needles, spruce forest) or objects (linen, shoes, furniture, dishes) as an indivisible whole, as a collective unity.
Grammatically, collective nouns are characterized by being inflected like inanimate nouns. Collective nouns normally have only singular forms (the exceptions are the words money, jungle, finance) and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals. As a quantitative definition for collective nouns, only individual indefinite-quantitative names such as a lot, a little, little, etc. can be used. For example: few relatives, a little foliage, a lot of midges, etc.
As an independent LGR, some scientists (R.N. Popov, P.P. Shuba) identify single nouns (singulatives - from the Latin singularis - “single”), which correlate with collective nouns (student - student, professor - professorship, leaf - foliage, poor man - poor people) or material nouns (straw - straw, snow - snowflake, pea - pea). Objects or persons denoted by these nouns can be counted (two pearls, five peas, etc.); they can have singular and plural forms (ice floe - ice floes, peasant - peasants).
Giving singularities the status of an independent LGR seems inappropriate, since with such an interpretation the boundary between singular and specific names nouns are blurred. In this regard, we note that in most school and university textbooks, singular nouns are considered as a subcategory of concrete ones. Grammatically specific are nouns that can be combined with cardinal (and collective) numerals and defined by ordinal words (“first”, “second”, etc.): “four steps”, “a wolf and seven kids”, “to ride in the first carriage." Concrete nouns overwhelmingly have forms of both numbers. The exception is nouns known only in the plural form, i.e. words like gates, jeans, tights, as well as names of so-called individual items - Pskov region, Chomolungma, etc. (see also below for details).
The grammatically non-specific nouns include real, collective and abstract nouns (all these categories of words are not combined with cardinal and collective numerals, with ordinal words and have the form of only one number).
Real nouns are words that name types of food products and semi-finished products (cream, sour cream, cottage cheese, yeast, pork, soup, cereals, cookies), types of agricultural crops (wheat, millet, garlic, carrots, radishes), chemical elements and their compounds, alloys, etc. (iron, magnesium, aerosol, acid, alkali), various materials(acrylic, fiber, suede, glass, parquet, cellophane), medicines (aspirin, validol, corinfar), food and other waste (sawdust, sawdust, slop), etc.
In addition to the above common features, characteristic of all non-specific nouns, masculine material nouns also have the ability to have variant endings in the genitive case (singular): “a kilogram of sugar and sugar”, “a pack of tea and tea”, etc., and some - in prepositional case: in smoke and in smoke, on honey and on honey (see about them below).
Collective nouns are words that name a set of persons who are homogeneous in some respect (agents, generals, fools, nobility, mafia, youth, flock, relatives, humanity), animals, birds, insects, etc. (crows, midges, animals, birds), “objects” of the plant world (foliage, pine needles, birch trees, jungle), household items (linen, shoes, furniture, dishes), products of activity (writings, non-selling - about non-selling goods), substances (drugs), etc., presented as a single whole. Among them, nouns stand out whose collectiveness is reflected “externally” - in the corresponding suffix: professorship, generals, youth *, mosquito, foliage, midges, pine forest, poor people, humanity, etc. Another group consists of nouns whose collective meaning is expressed only semantically: nobility, vile, pine, jungle, mafia, curls, finance, etc.
* All collective nouns containing the collective suffix have only singular forms. Proper Use such nouns implies that not only they themselves, but also words that agree with them and words that replace them in the composition complex sentence("he", "which") would be in the same form. Therefore, there is an error in phrases like the following: “Why don’t you take measures to create conditions for young people for cultural, meaningful leisure, so that they grow [need: she grew] spiritually” (Amur pr. 1964. April 10) .
Note. Semantically similar nouns such as collective, people, detachment, regiment, herd, flock, pile, grove, etc. are not collective nouns. Naming an object consisting of many units, these nouns are grammatically specific, since they denote countable objects and therefore can be used with cardinal and collective numerals, with ordinal words and have forms of both numbers: “two youth groups”, “first squad”, "flocks of migratory birds."
Abstract (or abstract) nouns are words that name some quality, property (“fragility of porcelain”, “tactfulness of behavior”, “depth of feeling”), some feeling, state (annoyance, pain, cold, admiration, health), action, movement of someone or something (sparkling, running, debate, election, marathon, assembly), etc. Abstract masculine nouns, like real nouns, can have variant endings in the genitive case (singular): “enter without noise” and “how much noise (noise) over trifles!”, “out of fear” and “out of fear” (see .about them below).
The assignment of nouns to one or another semantic-grammatical category is closely related to polysemy. Thus, in all the examples proposed above, nouns were given in their direct meanings. In figurative meanings, belonging to a category most often changes (and therefore, the grammatical properties of words in these meanings may also change). For example, the noun import in its direct meaning (“importation of goods into the country from abroad”) is abstract, and in the context below, where it is used figuratively (metonymically), it is collective (its grammatical properties remain the same): “We came to him home... Chandelier - crystal, parquet flooring shines, wall "Christina", one import" (Lit. Gaz. 1980 No. 36). Exit when we're talking about about action (i.e. about the direct meaning) is an abstract noun, but when it means the place through which they exit, i.e. figurative (metonymic) meaning, it is specific (and acquires the corresponding grammatical properties: it can be combined with a cardinal numeral, an ordinal word and have forms of both numbers): “There were three exits from the dining room: one in large rooms, the other to mine, and the third led to the library" (Dost.). The noun oak in the literal meaning (as a designation of a large deciduous tree) and in figurative metaphorical (“stupid man”) refers to specific ones, and in figurative metonymic (“wood of this tree”) – to material ones (with all the ensuing grammatical “consequences”): “the cabin is trimmed with oak”, etc. .
cm. real nouns (in the article there is a noun).
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Counterintelligence Dictionary
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Border Dictionary
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Big legal dictionary
-
Large legal dictionary
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Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary
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Dictionary of legal terms
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- - ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law
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Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
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Dictionary Ozhegova
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