This man was active and restless in a good way, he did not know how and could never sit idle. His head was always filled with semi-delirious, but brilliant plans that could not be brought to life, and some ideas, in spite of everything, were actually implemented; only God knows how this could have turned out. Nevertheless, he succeeded in a lot, he fed the whole country with cheap bread and built housing for the majority of citizens.
According to the Russian historian Roy Medvedev, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was kind, but poorly educated, and he never learned to write without errors until the end of his life. No one has fully calculated whether such a ruler brought more harm or benefit, but the fact that he was far from being a superfluous person remains an objective fact. Let's find out together how his fate turned out and let's not make value judgments, guided solely by the facts.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev: a short biography of “Kulibin” of the twentieth century
When modern experts decide what Nikita Khrushchev brought more for the country in his time, they rely more on deeds and achievements, but completely forget about the moral situation. Of course, Malenkov, who was then laying claim to the Soviet “throne,” was much more literate and better understood how the state mechanism works, and Beria was an ideal organizer, while at the same time Molotov was considered a great man, he had weight and authority, but behind their backs The fear of the people, left over from Stalin, always loomed. Khrushchev, and only he, could stop this fear and completely eliminate it in just a year of his tenure in a leadership position, which he did with success.
Interesting
In 1970, in the American publishing house Little, Brown and Company, after a long preparatory work, in which Oxford students Strobe Talbott and Bill Clinton (the future President of the United States) were involved, Nikita Sergeevich’s memoirs were published entitled “Khrushchev Remembers”. As soon as this became known to the government, he was called to the carpet before the Party Control Committee. Then he completely “disowned” the essay and even suggested that he should be arrested and put to death if he was guilty of anything.
Personal qualities and merits
He did not become an ideal ruler, but he managed to break the shackles of fear and give people hope, albeit weak, but quite tangible. It was he who debunked the myths about Stalin as best he could, fought the remnants of manifestations of the cult of personality and released hundreds of thousands of political prisoners, while others were rehabilitated after illegal repressions. During the years of Khrushchev's rule, the “Peace Program” was introduced, and nuclear tests in the air, in space and under water were prohibited. Surprisingly, collective farmers, who were not even given passports under Stalin, began to receive stable salaries, and pensioners were able to survive on pension payments, which were noticeably increased.
The pace of housing construction under his “illiterate” rule caught up and surpassed population growth, and the first flight into space, the first satellite and a nuclear power plant were also discovered and launched during the years of Nikita Sergeevich’s life. You can remember the shoe with which he knocked on the UN podium, or you can also remember the fact that he dispersed this huge flywheel of state “entrepreneurship and activity”, which is spinning to this day.
Khrushchev's childhood and youth: a simple guy from the village?
Official version
According to the official version, the father of the future general secretary was Sergei Nikanorovich Khrushchev, a miner by profession who regularly went down into the mine near the village of Kalinovka, which belonged to the Olkhovskaya volost of the Dmitrievsky district of the Kursk province. His mother was allegedly a peasant woman, Ksenia Ivanovna. There was another child in the family, Nikita’s younger sister, Irina.
In the biography it was usually written that the boy hardly studied at school, there was no time, and in the summer he worked as a shepherd. At the age of fourteen, the family moved closer to the mine in Yuzovka, where Nikitka became an apprentice mechanic at the Eduard T. Bosse Machine-Building and Iron Foundry. From the twelfth year of the last century he began to work as a miner, and in the fourteenth he was called up to the front. However, when the NKVD began to delve into the documents, it turned out that this whole version was a complete phony. So what was it really like?
Real version
On April 3 (15), 1894, in the village of Kalinovka, Ksenia Ivanovna, who worked as a servant in the house of the Polish gentleman Alexander Gasvitsky, gave birth to a baby named Nikita. Everyone knew perfectly well that his father was the master himself, and a little later Irishka, also an illegitimate Gasvitskaya, was born. The Pole could not marry Ksenia, and besides, he was already married, but he did not leave “his own.”
When the boy grew up and in 1914 they tried to take him into the army, it was his father who contributed to the fact that he was left alone. Instead, he “pushed” his son to the German Kirsch, who was buying up land. It turned out that during his years of life, Khrushchev was never a shepherd or a miner; he was a clerk, a manager, as they would now say “an effective manager.”
The years of the reign of Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev
It turns out that the NKVD, represented by Stalin, Malenkov, Molotov and Yezhov, as well as God knows who else, were aware of the “criminal” and not at all proletarian biography of Nikita Sergeevich and hid this fact from the general public? And so it was, perhaps Joseph Vissarionovich himself decided that it would be easier for him to keep Khrushchev on a short leash. Be that as it may, it is worth understanding in detail and step by step how it all happened.
After the February events of the seventeenth year of the twentieth century, Khrushchev was elected a member of the Rutchenkovsky Council of Workers' Deputies, then a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee, and then chairman of the miners' trade union. In 1918, Nikita Sergeevich joined communist party Bolsheviks, did not stand aside during the civil war, and in the twenty-second he went to study at the workers' faculty of the Dontechnikum in Yuzovka, where he became the party secretary of the educational institution.
A difficult path to the top: N. S. Khrushchev - climbing the party ladder
Nikita Sergeevich was promoted mainly along the party ladder, so he did not put much emphasis on his studies. It was generally difficult for him to acquire knowledge, since sitting and cramming something was unbearable for this active and active guy. In the twenty-ninth he entered the Industrial Academy of Moscow, where he was immediately appointed secretary of the party committee, who simply could not get bad grades. It was rumored that Nadenka Alliluyeva, the wife of “himself,” who studied with Nikita in the same course, helped in this promotion.
- The party worker’s career took off sharply, first he became the first secretary of the Baumansky and Krasnopresnensky district committees of the CPSU in the thirty-first, and in 34-38 the first secretary of the Kyiv city committee of the CPSU (b).
- In March 1935, Khrushchev was appointed first secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. At one point he was even approved for the so-called troika of the NKVD, but he lasted there for no more than two dozen days, after which he was removed, without having signed a single “execution” order or “landing” document, he lacked the acumen.
- When the “case of Rykov and Bukharin” surfaced in the thirty-seventh year of the twentieth century, Khrushchev became the only one who dared to go “against the will” of Stalin and advocated for the transfer of materials to the prosecutor’s office, instead of the NKVD. This did not lead to disgrace, to the great surprise of those around him, and in 1938 he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, and on top of that, also a candidate member of the Politburo.
- During the Great Patriotic War, Nikita Sergeevich did not stand aside and went to fight, and following Stalin’s orders, he became the culprit of the catastrophic and terrifying encirclement of the Red Army near Kiev in 1941 and near Kharkov in 1942. From October of the same year he was in the forward command echelon behind Mamayev Kurgan, and ended the war as a lieutenant general.
From 1944 to 1947, N.S. Khrushchev worked as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR. In December 1949, Nikita Sergeevich returned to Moscow, where he became secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) / CPSU. It is unclear for what reasons, but in a short time he managed to win the trust of Stalin, who was then already afraid of even his own shadow. Things were coming to the end of the reign of the bloody tyrant, he became old, sick, fresh blood was needed and it was found in the person of the unprepossessing, not very well educated, but purposeful and assertive, active Khrushchev.
On the last day of Joseph Vissarionovich’s life, namely in March fifty-third, a plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held, at which it was decided to concentrate on the activities of the party. After the leader’s funeral, it was Khrushchev who was the main initiator of the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria, as well as the abolition of his influence on any spheres of the state administrative apparatus. On September 7, 1953, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was unanimously elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, that is, he actually became the sole ruler of a huge country.
Worth knowing
In 1954, just a year after taking up the leadership post, Nikita Sergeevich decided to transfer the Crimean region to the Ukrainian SSR. According to the words of Khrushchev’s son, which he voiced in 1914, this was due to economic considerations during the construction of a canal from the Kakhovka reservoir.
In 1956, three years after Stalin's death, Khrushchev launched a campaign to debunk and overthrow his cult of personality. This raised such a wave that it was very difficult to stop, and a year later the decision was made to remove Khrushchev. Then Marshal Zhukov intervened, and the conspirators, represented by Molotov, Kaganovich, Malenkov and “Shepilov, who joined them,” according to the official wording, were removed from the CPSU Central Committee, and in sixty-two they were completely expelled from the party. Four months later, the same fate befell Zhukov himself, who so passionately supported Nikita Sergeevich.
Khrushchev's foreign policy turned out to be dynamic and effective. He was the first leader Soviet Union, who traveled overseas to visit the United States, where he met with President Dwight Eisenhower in 1959, although before that he had met him in Geneva in 1955. There, at the UN General Assembly, he knocked on the podium with his shoe, advocating for nuclear disarmament. In sixty-one, Nikita Sergeevich even managed to meet with American President Kennedy in Vienna, at the Schönbrunn Palace.
The end of Khrushchev's reign: a dastardly conspiracy and displacement
Khrushchev's policy was excessively soft and also careless, as people said. Accustomed to Stalin’s firm hand, people noticeably relaxed, became bolder, and began to openly express their opinions and understanding, which led to the collapse of this castle built on the sand. In October 1964, a special plenum of the Central Committee was convened, to which they “forgot” to invite Nikita Sergeevich. He was just on vacation in Pitsunda and it was decided to remove him with the wording “for health reasons.” Now Marshal Zhukov, who would always support him, was no longer around due to the fault of Khrushchev himself, which is why he flew out like a cork from a bottle.
According to documents discovered much later, at that time Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, who came after Khrushchev, advocated for his physical elimination, to which the current KGB chairman Vladimir Semichastny did not agree. He made many mistakes as a leader, but his merits cannot be diminished. He dreamed of “catching up and overtaking”, for this he sowed everything with corn, which almost led to the collapse of agriculture, but he resettled the entire population from miserable slums into neat five-story panel “Khrushchev” buildings, which, however, turned out to be no less pitiful.
Since then, he settled at the state dacha in Zhukovka-2, which was left behind him. It’s interesting that there he began to work closely on his projects, setting up greenhouses with hydroponic installations, made homemade gliders and tractors, and, as usual, scolded the new order, like a true former manager. He became the first and only Soviet ruler who left the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and head of the USSR alive.
Personal life and death of Nikita Sergeevich: a memory for centuries
Many are accustomed to believing that Nikita Khrushchev was a mediocre politician and a bad manager, but judging by what he achieved during his short career, this is not entirely true. He achieved a lot, significantly increased the country's authority on the world stage, provided the working class with cheap housing and guaranteed work, and his personal life was no less interesting than his political and government activities.
Wives and children
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was a cheerful and optimistic person, so he chose the right women as his wife. He first married in 1914 at the dawn of his party career. His wife’s name was Efrosinya Ivanovna Pisareva, and already in her twenties she died during an epidemic of the rash type. During the six-year marriage, a daughter and a son appeared in the family.
- Julia (born in 1916), later became the wife of the director of the Kyiv Opera, Viktor Gontar.
- Leonid (born 1917), military pilot who died during the Great Patriotic War Patriotic War.
After the death of his wife, Khrushchev did not remain alone for long; in the twenty-second he met a girl, Marusya, about whom little is known, except that she was already raising a child from her first marriage. After the breakup, Nikita Sergeevich continued to help her financially. The third wife, Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk, appeared two years later, in the twenty-fourth, but this marriage was registered only in the sixty-fifth, which did not prevent her from giving birth to her husband four children, three of whom survived.
- The first daughter, born in 1926, died in infancy before she could get a name.
- Rada (born in 1929), married to Adzhubey, subsequently worked for more than fifty years as editor of the popular magazine “Science and Life”.
- Sergei (born in 1935), rocket systems engineer, professor, immigrated to the USA, where he died.
- Elena (born in 1937), later a scientist.
The Khrushchevs lived first in Kyiv in former house Poskrebyshev, accused of treason, often visited the dacha in Mezhygorye, and then moved to Moscow. First they settled on Maroseyka, and then in the “House on the Embankment”, as well as in a state mansion on the Lenin Hills. After Khrushchev’s dismissal, they remained living at the dacha in Zhukovka-2.
The Death of a Great Corn Aficionado and His Remembrance
Khrushchev’s politics and rule were not ideal, but he managed to end his years in peace, taking care of his family and his ideas, which literally arose in him in batches. In addition, his loved ones were amazed that he began to listen to enemy “voices”, turned the receiver continuously, tuning first to one wavelength, then to another, fortunately, Soviet VEFs were able to catch anything, almost alien signals. The information coming “from there” was not encouraging, and Nikita Sergeevich periodically fell into periods of angry depression.
On September 11, 1974, in his seventy-eighth year of life, he quite expectedly suffered a heart attack, which was not at all surprising given his nervous state. He died instantly, without suffering; the doctors called simply stated his death. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, and the monument on his grave was created by the great Soviet and American sculptor Ernst Neizvestny.
In 2015, in Moscow, a memorial plaque was installed on the house at 19 Starokonyushenny Lane, where Nikita Khrushchev lived. Interestingly, there is also Khrushchevsky Lane nearby, but it got its name back in the nineteenth century and has nothing to do with the leader of the Soviet Union, and in September 2011, his monument was unveiled in the village of Kalinovka. Commemorative coins and stamps were issued in his honor, as well as numerous films, both artistic and documentary.
ERA OF N.S.’S RULE KHRUSHCHEV
Introduction……………………………………………………..3
1. Beginning of work history……………………………..4
2. Khrushchev's reforms. Intentions and effectiveness………7
3. Khrushchev’s cult of personality and the decline of his power…………...11
Conclusion……………………………………………………13
List of sources…………………………………………..14
INTRODUCTION
“They laughed at Khrushchev, they scolded him, but in the eyes of the overwhelming majority ordinary people he was a laughingstock, and they did not dislike him, much less hate him. And most importantly, they were not afraid of him and he was not afraid. It seemed that the whole country after Stalin had been permeated for centuries by the icy wind of fear, but they were not afraid. They saw him as their people's leader, albeit with quirks, but one of their own! It’s not for nothing that in some places they talked about Khrushchev - “the people’s king!”
One of the Western researchers, Mark Frankdand, in his work on Khrushchev, noted: “Khrushchev’s reign is worthy of an epitaph that very few politicians deserve: both in the eyes of his people and in the eyes of the whole world, he left his country in a better condition than he found it.” .
“The People's Tsar”, whose reign is worthy of an epitaph and whose reign is still perceived ambiguously in our country. Some praise him, others criticize him, despite all the reforms he carried out over the years of his reign. Isn't this a problem? Why and why is he being criticized, what are the “pros” and “cons” of his rule?
I will try to answer all these questions further in the work I present.
1. BEGINNING OF YOUR EMPLOYMENT BIOGRAPHY
"I started working in a very early age, said Khrushchev in Bulgaria. “I spent my childhood and youth in the mines. If Gorky went through the school of people’s universities, then I was brought up in a miners’ “university”. For the working man, it was also a kind of Cambridge, a “university” for the disadvantaged people of Russia.”
Khrushchev's career developed rapidly. Already in 1932, he was elected second secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee. At the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 39-year-old Khrushchev became a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Soon he was elected first secretary of the city committee and second secretary of the Moscow regional party committee, i.e. Kaganovich's chief deputy for work in Moscow and the region. In 1935 Kaganovich was appointed People's Commissar of Railways and, on his recommendation and with the consent of Stalin, Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the Moscow Regional Party Committee. In this regard, the newspaper Rabochaya Moskva wrote: “Comrade. Khrushchev, a worker who went through the school of struggle and party work starting from the very grassroots, is an outstanding representative of the post-October generation of party workers educated by Stalin.”
Work in the capital had a number of features. It gave Khrushchev the opportunity to meet all the leaders of the country. As the first secretary of the regional committee, Khrushchev acquired many important connections for him. Lively, friendly, sociable, energetic Nikita Sergeevich seemed to have no enemies then. He was inquisitive, determined and brave, but also cunning and cautious. He was not fully educated. However, nature did not deprive Khrushchev of his original mind and intuition. In addition, Khrushchev worked very hard, he had a truly outstanding business temperament.
He visited enterprises in the capital and region, held meetings of collective farm chairmen and radio roll calls of districts. He could be seen at meetings of teachers, scientists, and beet growers in the region. Having heard about any method of work, for example, about underground gasification of coal, Khrushchev immediately got excited about the idea and encouraged experiments to be carried out in the Moscow region coal basin.
Khrushchev paid the main attention to the construction of the first and second stages of the metro. This was a grandiose project for those times, not only construction, but also political, since it was decided to build “the best metro in the world.” On the occasion of the solemn launch of the first stage of the metro, many builders were awarded orders, 37 of them with the Order of Lenin. The first on this list was N.S. Khrushchev. He received his first order.
During the Second Five-Year Plan, Moscow with its industrial zone became the country's largest industrial base, a center of science and higher education. It was during these years that the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow was approved, which provided for new construction that was significant on the scale of the 1930s. The Moscow-Volga canal also required a lot of attention. Gradually, Khrushchev gained not only confidence, but also popularity. In January 1936 By decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the precision electromechanics plant in Moscow was named after N.S. Khrushchev.
During the Great Patriotic War N.S. Khrushchev was a member of the military council of the Kyiv military district, controlled the work of industry and transport of the Republic of Ukraine. While in the active army, Khrushchev paid a lot of attention to the partisan movement. Hundreds of large and small partisan detachments operated in the republic, and dozens of underground regional committees functioned. Khrushchev was constantly among the troops, near the front line, in a fire-prone zone.
Khrushchev participated in the development of plans for the Red Army's counteroffensive at Stalingrad and spoke at a large rally marking the end of the Battle of Stalingrad.
According to Marshal A. Vasilevsky, Khrushchev was an energetic, courageous man, he constantly visited the troops, never stayed too long at headquarters and command posts, he tried to see and talk with people, and, I must say, people loved him.
2. KHRUSHCHEV'S REFORM. INTENTION AND PERFORMANCE.
With the death of Stalin, the country ended the period of a “pure” totalitarian regime, which had a charismatic leader, based on an active and powerful repressive apparatus, on a pervasive ideological uniformity, a regime that sought to daily control the affairs and thoughts of every individual.
With the death of Stalin, a complex, controversial, heroic, but also bloody page in the history of Soviet society ended. It entered a new stage of its development with difficulty and timidly.
In September 1953 At the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party, Khrushchev was elected First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
Since the late 50s. The search for new approaches in economic policy is becoming increasingly active. In 1957 attempts are being made to reform the management of the national economy. Khrushchev's reform activities in general view focused on two areas of its activity:
1. Industry management.
2. Reform in agriculture.
One of the largest reorganizations was carried out in 1957. restructuring of management on a territorial basis. According to Khrushchev, leadership from the center big amount enterprises were unable to provide fast growth industrial production. A number of all-Union and Union-Republican ministries of industry and construction were abolished. With the exception of aviation, shipbuilding, radio engineering and chemical.
Instead, territorial administrations were established - Councils of the National Economy (SNH). The organization of economic councils had some effect, in particular, counter transportation was reduced, and many small industries that duplicated each other at enterprises of different ministries were closed. There has been some reduction in administrative and management personnel in production. Inter-industry equipment repair enterprises have been created. Management bodies have moved closer to enterprises.
However, there were no fundamental changes in economic development. Enterprises, instead of the petty tutelage of ministries, received the petty tutelage of economic councils. Parochial orders have noticeably intensified. With the liquidation of a number of ministries, the unity of technical policy and scientific and technological progress the industry as a whole.
In this regard, republican councils of the national economy were formed. But they did not eliminate the shortcoming. Industry began to experience a slowdown in production growth and labor productivity. The management of industries turned out to be fragmented across economic regions.
October 2, 1965 The councils of the national economy were abolished and industrial ministries were again formed.
In 1959, while in the USA, N.S. Khrushchev promised to show the Americans “Kuzka’s mother” not only in science and technology, but also in agriculture. He came to the conclusion that it is possible to raise the “virgin meat land” only by solving the problem of feed production.
Khrushchev took a number of measures to expand the grain and feed supply for livestock raising and increase agricultural production. These tasks were solved mainly by administrative-command methods. The most typical of those years was the “corn epic”, when Khrushchev began intensively introducing corn into Agriculture. They promoted it all the way to the Arkhangelsk region. This was an outrage not only against the centuries-old experience and traditions of peasant agriculture, but also against common sense, since the increase in corn yields was directly dependent on the level of political consciousness. Khrushchev noted at that time: “If in certain regions of the country corn is being introduced formally, and collective farms are harvesting low harvests, then it is not the climate that is to blame, but the leader. We need to replace those leaders who do not give corn the opportunity to develop to its full potential.”
Historians, in particular Danilov S.Yu. and Nikitin V.M. give the following assessment of the economic policy of Khrushchev’s reforms:
1. They were based on the voluntarism of the country's first person.
2. In terms of their goals, they were utopian and did not take into account the true state of the economy.
3. In selected areas of achieving goals economic policy was contradictory.
4. The methods of carrying out reforms were purely command-administrative and anti-democratic. The opinion of the masses was virtually not taken into account.
The main reason for the success of the reforms was that they revived economic methods management of the national economy and began with agriculture.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev(April 17, 1894, Kalinovka village, Kursk province - September 11, 1971, Moscow) - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee from 1953 to 1964, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1958 to 1964. Hero of the Soviet Union, Three times Hero of Socialist Labor.
He debunked the personality cult of Stalin, carried out a number of democratic reforms of the apparatus, improved relations between the USSR and capitalist countries, and quarreled the USSR with China, and rehabilitated some political prisoners.
He began the first programs of mass housing construction (Khrushchev) and human space exploration.
short biography
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province. In 1908, the Khrushchev family moved to Yuzovka. At the age of 12 he began working in factories and mines in Donbass.
In 1918, Khrushchev was accepted into the Bolshevik Party. He participates in the Civil War, and after its end he is engaged in economic and party work.
In 1922, Khrushchev returned to Yuzovka and studied at the workers' faculty of the Dontechnikum, where he became the party secretary of the technical school. In July 1925, he was appointed party leader of the Petrovo-Maryinsky district of the Stalin province.
In 1929 he entered the Industrial Academy in Moscow, where he was elected secretary of the party committee.
From January 1931 - secretary of the Baumansky and then Krasnopresnensky district party committees; in 1932-1934 he worked first as second, then first secretary of the Moscow City Committee and second secretary of the Moscow Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1938 he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine and a candidate member of the Politburo, and a year later a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). In these positions he proved himself to be a merciless fighter against “enemies of the people.”
During the Great Patriotic War, Khrushchev was a member of the military councils of the South-Western direction, South-Western, Stalingrad, Southern, Voronezh and 1st Ukrainian fronts. He was one of the perpetrators of the catastrophic encirclement of the Red Army near Kiev (1941) and near Kharkov (1942), fully supporting the Stalinist point of view. He ended the war with the rank of lieutenant general precisely because he supported all of Stalin’s ideas.
In the period from 1944 to 1947 he worked as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, then again elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. Since December 1949 he is again the first secretary of the Moscow regional and secretary of the Central Party Committees.
In June 1953, after the death of Joseph Stalin, he was one of the main initiators of the removal from all posts and the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria. In September 1953, Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the Central Committee. Since 1958 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. He held these posts until October 14, 1964. The October plenum of the Central Committee, organized in the absence of Khrushchev, who was on vacation, relieved him of party and government posts “for health reasons.” After this, Nikita Khrushchev was under virtual house arrest. Khrushchev died on September 11, 1971.
After Khrushchev’s resignation, his name was virtually banned for more than 20 years; in encyclopedias he was accompanied by an extremely brief official description: His activities contained elements of subjectivism and voluntarism. During Perestroika, discussion of Khrushchev's activities became possible again; his role as the “predecessor” of perestroika was emphasized, at the same time attention was drawn to his own role in the repressions, and to negative sides his leadership. The only case of perpetuating the memory of Khrushchev is still the naming of a square in Grozny after him in 1991. During Khrushchev’s life, the city of the builders of the Kremenchug hydroelectric power station (Kirovograd region of Ukraine) was briefly named after him, which after his resignation was renamed Kremges, and then Svetlovodsk.
Khrushchev reforms
In the field of agriculture: increasing purchase prices, reducing the tax burden.
The issuance of passports to collective farmers began - under Stalin they did not have freedom of movement.
The creation of economic councils is a failed attempt to change the departmental principle of economic management to a territorial one.
The development of virgin lands and the introduction of corn into the crop began. The passion for corn was accompanied by extremes, for example, they tried to grow it in Karelia.
Settlement communal apartments- for this purpose, the mass construction of “Khrushchev” buildings began.
Khrushchev announced in 1961 at the XXII Congress of the CPSU that by 1980 communism would be built in the USSR - “The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism!” At that time, the majority of people in the socialist bloc (together with China, more than 1 billion people) received this statement with enthusiasm.
During the reign of Khrushchev, preparations began for the “Kosygin reforms” - attempts to introduce them into a planned socialist economy individual elements market economy.
A significant moment in the development of the USSR economy was also the refusal to implement the National automated system- a system of centralized computer management of the entire economy of the country, developed by the USSR Academy of Sciences and brought to the stage of pilot implementation at individual enterprises.
Despite the reforms being carried out, the well-being of the majority of Soviet people left much to be desired.
Main political actions
- The fight against Stalin's personality cult.
- Release from prisons and camps and rehabilitation of millions of victims of Stalin's repressions.
- Transfer of the Crimean peninsula to the Ukrainian SSR.
- Full or partial rehabilitation of a number of repressed peoples, restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957.
- Start space program- launch of Sputnik No. 1 and flight into space of Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
- The deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba, which triggered the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.
- Construction of the Berlin Wall.
- Forceful suppression of the uprising in Hungary (1956).
- Meeting with American Vice President Richard Nixon in Iowa.
Nikita Khrushchev is one of the most prominent politicians of the USSR. Born April 15, 1894. Coming from a peasant background, he reached the heights of power. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, whose biography began in the village of Kalinovka, began his career in 1909 as a mechanic in the Donbass mines.
He joined the Bolshevik Party in 1918. In 1922, Khrushchev met Nina Kukharchuk, a woman who would be called Khrushchev's wife. However, in reality, Khrushchev and Kukharchuk will not become spouses very soon - in 1965.
In 1928, Khrushchev became head of the organizational department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. A year later he began his studies at the Industrial Academy. But after 2 years he was sent to party work in Moscow. Since 1935 he was the first secretary of the Moscow Committee and the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU (b). Since 1944 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Council of People's Commissars) of Ukraine and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine.
Speaking about this policy, it is necessary to mention the fact that it was Khrushchev’s activities that led, in many ways, to the organization of repressions both in Ukraine and in Moscow. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a member of the front councils and by 1943 had risen to the rank of lieutenant general. He was also entrusted with the leadership of the partisan movement behind the front line. After the end of the Second World War, Khrushchev took the initiative to strengthen collective farms. This contributed to a noticeable reduction in bureaucracy.
The year of Stalin's death became for Khrushchev not only one of the most difficult, but also the most successful. In 1953, Khrushchev and Malenkov managed to prevent Beria's attempt to seize power. Soon after this, Malenkov, who received the post of Secretary of the Central Committee, refused it.
During Khrushchev's reign, both the internal policy of the party and the view of international relationships. It was announced the start of a large-scale project to develop virgin lands, the goal of which was to increase grain yields. Domestic policy Khrushchev led not only to a noticeable increase in the standard of living of almost the entire population of the country, but also to the beginning of the process of rehabilitation of victims political repression. Along with all this, Khrushchev tried to modernize the party system. The period of his reign is today known as the “Khrushchev Thaw.” The weakening of censorship in the country also affected cultural life. First of all, the “thaw” manifested itself in literature. Covering reality from a more critical position became acceptable.
Khrushchev's foreign policy also differed markedly from the line pursued by his predecessors. Relations between the USSR and the USA improved significantly after negotiations with Eisenhower. But this fact has caused certain difficulties in relations with socialist countries. camps. Already at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, a thesis, perhaps impossible before, was voiced that a war between socialism and capitalism does not seem absolutely inevitable. Moreover, Khrushchev’s speech at the 20th Congress contained very harsh criticism of Stalin’s personality cult and his activities in general, as well as political repression. It was received extremely ambiguously by the leaders of other countries. English translation was published quite soon. In the Soviet Union, this speech became available only in the 2nd half of the 80s. However, serious economic miscalculations soon led to a noticeable weakening of Khrushchev’s positions. Kaganovich, Molotov, Malenkov and some other political figures conspired against Khrushchev. They were not successful in their endeavor and were dismissed by the decision of the Plenum of the Central Committee.
Khrushchev's resignation, by decision of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, occurred in 1964. As a member of the Central Committee, Khrushchev no longer held responsible positions. He died on September 11, 1971. After Khrushchev left power, the reforms briefly outlined in that article were curtailed. However, the international situation remained relatively favorable until the introduction of USSR troops into Afghanistan.
- Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 17 (5), 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province.
- Khrushchev's father was a poor peasant who got a job in a coal mine in the Donbass.
- Khrushchev received his primary education at a parochial school.
- 1908 – beginning labor activity future First Secretary. He works as a shepherd, mechanic, and boiler cleaner. At the same time, he is a member of trade unions and, together with other workers, participates in strikes.
- 1917 – beginning Civil War. Nikita Khrushchev fights for the Bolsheviks on the Southern Front.
- 1918 – joining the Communist Party.
- Nikita Khrushchev's first marriage ended tragically in 1920. His first wife, Efrosinya Ivanovna (before Pisarev's marriage) dies of typhus, leaving two children, Yulia and Leonid.
- Having completed the war as a political commissar, Khrushchev returned to work at a mine in the Donbass. Soon he entered the working faculty of the Donetsk Industrial Institute.
- 1924 - Khrushchev marries for the second time. His chosen one is Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk, a teacher of political economy at the party school. Three children were born in this marriage: Rada, Sergei and Elena.
- 1928 - after completing his studies, Nikita Khrushchev begins to engage in party work. Noticed by management, he goes to study at the Industrial Academy in Moscow.
- January 1931 - the beginning of party work in Moscow.
- 1935 – 1938 – position of first secretary of the Moscow regional and city committees of the CPSU (b). At this time and later, already in Ukraine, he took an active part in organizing repressions.
- January 1938 - appointment as first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Khrushchev becomes a candidate member of the Politburo.
- 1939 - appointment as a member of the Politburo.
- Second World War– Khrushchev is a member of the military councils of several fronts, is listed as a political commissar of the highest rank, and leads the partisan movement behind the front line.
- March 11, 1943 - during one of the battles, Khrushchev’s son Leonid, a military pilot, goes missing. Officially, he is considered killed in battle, but there are many versions of the further development of his fate: from execution by order of I.V. Stalin before going over to the Nazi side.
- The same year - receiving the military rank of lieutenant general.
- 1944 – 1947 – position of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Council of Ministers) of the Ukrainian SSR.
- Post-war period - Nikita Sergeevich is again in Ukraine, heads the Communist Party of the republic.
- December 1949 - transfer to Moscow, appointment as first secretary of the Moscow Party Committee and secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
- In his new position, Nikita Sergeevich begins to introduce his own initiatives: through consolidation, he reduces the number of collective farms by almost 2.5 times, and dreams of creating so-called agricultural cities instead of villages, in which collective farmers would live. Khrushchev published his thoughts on this matter in the newspaper Pravda. The next day, the same newspaper published an article in which these proposals were politically correct called “debatable.”
- October 1952 - Khrushchev speaks as a speaker at the 19th Party Congress.
- 1953 – I.V. dies. Stalin. Khrushchev and Beria are vying for the post of head of state. Teaming up with G.M. Malenkov, Khrushchev eliminates his opponent, and eliminates him physically: Beria is arrested and some time later shot.
- September 7, 1953 - Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev becomes First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. For a short time after this, the struggle for power continues now between recent allies - Khrushchev and Malenkov, who took the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Nikita Sergeevich wins again.
- Beginning of 1954 - on the initiative of the First Secretary, a grandiose project was launched - the development of virgin lands in order to increase grain production.
- The same year - Khrushchev becomes a Hero of Socialist Labor (for the second and third time - in 1957 and 1961).
- 1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU, which became the brightest point in political biography Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. He gives a secret report on Stalin's "cult of personality" and declares that war between communism and capitalism is unnecessary. This marks the beginning of a political “thaw” and the rehabilitation of victims of political repression begins.
- June 1957 - a conspiracy against Khrushchev is brewing in the former Politburo, and now in the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. The First Secretary is summoned to a meeting at which the members of the Presidium vote seven to four for his resignation. In response, Nikita Sergeevich convenes a Plenum of the Central Committee, which overturns the decision of the Presidium. The members of the Presidium were immediately dismissed and replaced by Khrushchev's supporters.
- The same year - Khrushchev comes out with a demand for Western countries to end the Cold War.
- March 1958 - Nikita Sergeevich takes the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
- September 1959 - trip to the USA at the invitation of President D. Eisenhower. Since then, the USSR has been pursuing a “soft policy” towards the United States. It was decided to fight capitalism by all means except military.
- The same year, Khrushchev was awarded the International Lenin Prize “For Strengthening Peace Between Nations.”
- September 1960 - new visit of the First Secretary to the USA. Khrushchev heads the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. His reports contain calls for universal armament.
- June 1961 – meeting with American President John Kennedy. Upon his return, Khrushchev introduced the famous slogan “Catch up and overtake America!” He begins to reform agriculture, ordering the massive sowing of fields with corn, including where it cannot grow due to the unsuitable climate.
- The same year - the XXII Party Congress. A program was adopted according to which communism in the USSR should be built by 1980.
- In this period foreign policy The union is noticeably tightening. As a result of the Berlin Crisis, the Berlin Wall was built. Soviets violate testing moratorium nuclear weapons and carry out several explosions.
- 1962 – shooting of a workers’ demonstration in Novocherkassk.
- The same year - the Cuban Missile Crisis brings the world to the threshold of a third, this time nuclear, war.
- October 14, 1964 - by decision of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Khrushchev was relieved of the post of First Secretary. In its place comes
