Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Belgorod Law Institute
Department of Russian and Foreign Languages
Discipline Russian languageEssayOn the topic of: " Functional styles modern Russian
Prepared by:
Listener of group 342
Koptev E.A.
Checked:
professor of the department
Antonova I.T.
Belgorod 2008
INTRODUCTIONE
The concept of “speech culture” or “speech culture” includes two stages of mastering a literary language: 1) correctness of speech and 2) speech mastery.
Correct speech is compliance with the norms of oral and written literary language (pronunciation, stress, grammar, word usage, etc.).
Speech skill, in contrast to correct speech, is not only following the norms of the literary language, but also the ability to choose from coexisting options the most semantically accurate, stylistically appropriate, expressive, intelligible, etc.
Speech culture is an integral part general culture person. For a lawyer, mastery of speech culture becomes necessary professional quality, since language acts as a tool of his professional activity: all legal norms are fixed in the forms of language, law enforcement acts also have a linguistic form . Forming and formulating legal norms, protecting them in various procedural acts, explaining these norms to citizens, a lawyer must have an impeccable command of the language.
A lawyer has to deal with people of a wide variety of professions with different levels of culture. And in each case it is necessary to find the right tone, words that argue and correctly express thoughts.
In addition, every lawyer also acts as a speaker, as a propagandist of legal knowledge, giving lectures; The prosecutor and lawyer make public speeches every day in trials, so a lawyer needs to have public speaking skills.
It depends on whether the accepted norms of oral or writing, how adequately the terms and words he uses reflect the content of the information, whether individual phrases and sentences are correctly formulated, whether the texts of legal and other documents are drawn up, public opinion is largely formed about the level of general and professional culture of the corresponding lawyer, depends on his personal authority and the authority of the state body or public organization which he represents.
Practice shows that the level of language training of many legal practitioners does not meet modern business needs law enforcement. Unfortunately, we often come across lawyers who do not know how to draw up documents that meet the requirements of official business style speech, current legislation, rules of record keeping; They do not know how to structure their speech expediently and logically, or express their thoughts accurately and convincingly.
This textbook aims to teach the construction of oral and written speech in professional legal activities, deepening and systematization of knowledge of the norms of functional styles of the modern Russian language. The material in the textbook promotes active mastery of the norms of official business style, instilling skills in stylistic analysis and drafting legal texts of various types (in law enforcement and law-making), and professional verbal communication skills.
The practical goals of the textbook determine its content, structure as a whole and the construction of individual chapters.
After each theoretical topic, questions and assignments are proposed that are problematic in nature, model some situations of professional speech communication and can be used both for self-test and in work with a teacher.
To consolidate and generalize the material being studied, at the end of each topic there are given Control questions and tasks.
The application contains directory, including V in the form of condensed formulations the most difficult spelling and punctuation rules, using which students and listeners can independently work on improving grammatical skills.
For current control on spelling and punctuation, the textbook contains special texts for written exercises And dictations of varying degrees of difficulty.
Samples of documents for official and household purposes And legal documents, given in the appendix to the textbook, can be used in the classroom to teach the preparation of official business papers.
Texts for oral exercises will help organize work with students and listeners to develop skills related to the need for public speaking.
The textbook contains the necessary theoretical material about the language of law and the functions of the language of law, about the accuracy of word usage in written and oral speech, about the features of the language of law, about visual media in oral public speech.
Functional styles of modern Russian
literary language. Journalistic, scientific
and official business styles, their features. Functional
stratification of the modern Russian literary language.
Extralinguistic factors in the formation and development of styles
Functional stratification of the modern Russian literary language. Linguistic features of styles and extralinguistic factors in the formation and development of styles. Spoken and book styles
The language is used in everyday life, in production, in the government sphere, in various fields of science and culture. The choice of language means in each case depends on the goals and conditions of communication. So, you yourself can easily determine in which communication situation a different phrase appeared : "In connection with the above, we consider it necessary to notify...", or " Due to the undeveloped problem of prosodic means...", or " He, they say, realized it, but it’s too late..." Here are book passages taken from an official business note, scientific article, are adjacent to a colloquial phrase.
For example, a weather report will say: " Heavy rains occurred in the Central Chernozem Zone. Rainfall is expected in the coming days in the Moscow region". The same can be described differently: " And indeed, a cloud appeared. Her forehead appeared first. Broad forehead. It was a big cloud. She was approaching from somewhere below. It was a hulk who looked from under his brows. He, having risen above the city to half, turned his back looked over his shoulder and began to fall on his back. The rain continued for two hours". (Yu. Olesha).
The functional stratification of the Russian language is manifested in the fact that in certain communicative situations different sets of linguistic means are activated. Thus, in the protocols, clarifying constructions (participial and participial phrases; circumstances of place, time, manner of action, expressed by nouns with prepositions): " A motorcycle driven by S. was moving in the direction of Udmurtskaya Street along Moskovsky Prospekt in the third row at a speed exceeding 45 km/h".
In abstract reasoning, information is transmitted by other linguistic means (personal forms of the verb, personal pronouns, words in a figurative meaning): " The motorcycle is formidable. You can't play with him. When we think that speed is associated with danger, it is not the image of a car that appears in our minds, but the image of a motorcycle rapidly crossing out our field of vision"(Y. Olesha).
Each given communicative sphere is characterized by different sets of linguistic means (styles).
Functional styles- these are varieties of language, determined by the spheres of human activity and having their own norms for the selection and combination of linguistic units.
It should be noted that the goals of communication, its spheres, situations and other non-linguistic factors have a significant impact on the nature of the statement, on the speech we create.
It is known that different levels languages are unequally associated with extra-linguistic phenomena. Style, compared to other aspects of language, is especially closely and deeply connected with extralinguistics. This is understandable: the phenomenon of style is formed as a result of the functioning of language in a specific utterance under the influence of extralinguistic factors. The category of style cannot be understood and explained; it generally cannot exist outside of the extralinguistic, since the phenomenon of the functioning of language and all stylistic changes in language and speech are not carried out outside of place, time and the participants in communication themselves. All this, taken together, certainly makes itself felt in live communication, and certainly affects the nature of speech, the colors of linguistic units and the interrelations of the elements of the utterance.
So, style is a phenomenon closely related to the extra-linguistic, or more precisely, conditioned by this extra-linguistic, outside of which style cannot be understood and assessed. Style is a phenomenon that can be understood only by taking into account the goals, objectives, situation and sphere of communication and the very content of the statement.
Therefore, extralinguistic factors are chosen as the basis for the classification of functional styles and their internal differentiation, considered, of course, in unity with the linguistic principles themselves.
First of all, functional styles correlate with the sphere of communication corresponding to a certain type of activity. The type of activity itself must be correlated with a specific form of social consciousness - science, law, politics, art - according to which functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, artistic. As the extralinguistic basis of the colloquial-everyday style, one should name the sphere of everyday relations and communication, and ultimately - everyday life as the area of relations between people outside their direct production and socio-political activities.
Style system of the Russian language Book styles are contrasted with colloquial styles as fixed in written form, more organized, stable and traditional in following norms, more complex in the use of linguistic means. The functional stratification of language presupposes the existence of three groups of linguistic units: 1) specific linguistic units typical of a particular style and used only within a given sphere of communication (mainly lexical units, some syntactic constructions). For example, in a formal business style: live at the address(cf. live), issue a warrant to occupy residential premises(cf. get an apartment, give an apartment), schedule the case for hearing etc.;2) relatively specific linguistic units. They can belong to several styles and be used in different communication areas. These are some morphological forms and syntactic constructions: infinitives, participial and participial phrases, passive constructions (in official business and scientific style), incomplete sentences(in conversational and journalistic style), etc.;3) nonspecific units of language that are equally characteristic of colloquial and book styles; inter-style, or neutral. These are basically words and phrases that denote the most general processes, actions, signs, states: work, urban, busy, have, fast, very, white etc. In each style there is a certain ratio of specific, relatively specific and non-specific linguistic units. The use of specific or relatively specific language means in a style that is inappropriate for them is regarded as an error. So, the phrase is incorrect: " He appeared at the trial as a witness", used in colloquial speech. Official business style.Lexical, It is known that the activities of lawyers are multifaceted: it is directly related to the preparation of various documents and to participation in the debates of the parties on trial, and to the promotion of legal knowledge, etc. This obliges them not only to know the factual material well, but also to be able to present it in an accepted form, in other words, each time to make an appropriate choice from the means that the language has. However, their search is often carried out largely intuitively, which significantly reduces the quality of speech. For the activities of lawyers important acquires knowledge of the features of primarily two language styles - official business and journalistic. In fact, when drawing up various legal documents, such as an interrogation protocol, a court decision and the like, a lawyer must have a good understanding of the specifics of the official business style. To speak before an audience (in court or to explain laws), he needs to know the main features of the journalistic style. The features of the official business style were formed as a manifestation of its social function or purpose: it serves the relationships of people that arise in the production process. Formal business style- this is the style of government acts, laws, international documents, charters, instructions, administrative and clerical documentation, business correspondence and so on. With its help, communication is carried out between various institutions and organizations, as well as contact between authorities and citizens. The official business style is also used in the activities of the police, prosecutor's office and court. The purpose of this style shaped the choice of linguistic means. Of all linguistic styles, business style is considered the most conservative and monotonous. It’s understandable, because he serves the office. And any business process requires rigor in the preparation of documents, accuracy and brevity in the presentation of their content. Official business speech is characterized by the character and stylistic connotation of prescription and obligation, since the normative and regulatory function is expressed in laws and in official documents in general rights approved by state authorities. In accordance with the named properties official business speech its integral, specific stylistic features are accuracy, conciseness, specificity, objectivity and accessibility. Precision in business style plays a special role, since unambiguous expression is required in official documents. Clarity of wording, strict normalization and standardization are necessary in a business document. Official business speech is characterized by frequent repetition and uniformity of speech means, which is why language cliches appear in it. They are caused by the fact that the topic of business speech is strictly defined, limited, the situations of its application are relatively few and of the same type. Facts of the same type are documented in documents of a certain type, homogeneous in name, form and content. Examples of clerical stamps are expressions like in pursuance of the order, for the purpose of improvement, for the past period, bring to the attention- stereotypical, template, but appropriate in a business document, in standard official business texts. A stamp in a business document helps to express a thought more specifically, concisely and in a more general way. Consequently, what is commonly called a clerical stamp is a completely justified and even necessary sign of an official business functional style. Lexical, morphological and syntactic features of business speech are determined by the main features of business style and vary depending on the genre and content business document, i.e. depending on the latter’s affiliation with a particular branch of state and public activity. These language features official business style, due to their attachment to business speech, their functional conditionality and consistency of use, are the functional and stylistic norm of official business style. Lexical features. Business style vocabulary is characterized by the widespread use of professional terminology (legal, etc.): claim, code, legal capacity. A characteristic feature of business style is the use of stable phrases and standard phrases: subject to satisfaction, to avoid, to impose a penalty, to come to an agreement; criminal case, prosecutorial supervision, investigative authorities. Business speech is distinguished by the absence of words with the meaning of a subjective assessment, which is explained by the properties of speech, the task of an objective attitude to the events being presented, devoid of emotionality and a subjective view of things.The specificity of business speech requires the use of words only in their direct meaning.
Morphological features. The official business style is of a purely personal nature. Therefore, it is characterized by the predominance of the name over the verb, the widespread use of verbal nouns ( non-compliance, performance), as well as the use of numerous noun phrases that give the text an official tone.
Nouns denoting positions in business style are usually used only in the masculine gender ( investigator Ivanova, witness Petrov, director, accountant).
For business texts It is also typical to use nouns denoting names of people based on a characteristic associated with some action or state, for example: witness, adoptive parent, buyer, accused, victim, prisoner.
The need for accuracy and objectivity in the presentation of events in a business document causes the predominance of nouns over pronouns in business style.
Business texts are characterized by the frequent use of verbs in the imperative mood and infinitives. This linguistic feature is associated with the imperative nature of the official business style, with its prescriptive-regulatory function : The court should have left the application without consideration and explained the right to bring a claim on a general basis.
Business speech is also characterized by the use complex prepositions: in virtue of, in part, for the purpose of, in relation to.
Syntactic features. In order to achieve laconicism and precision in a business style, parallel syntactic constructions (participial and participial phrases, constructions with verbal nouns) are often used.
Stringing case forms: to analyze the results of experiments, implement the decisions of the meeting, familiarize those gathered with the achievements of advanced production.
Special form of the predicate: to strike - to strike, to insult - to insult, to accuse - to bring charges.
Passive designs: Traces were found, he was convicted of fraud, the marriage was dissolved.
A characteristic feature of business speech is also the predominance of complex sentences: a simple sentence cannot reflect the sequence of facts to be considered in an official business plan: He was found guilty of taking advantage of Popov’s housing difficulties, abusing his trust, and received 2 million rubles from him, allegedly for payment to the housing cooperative, and after some time he deceived Marchuk in the same way.
Business style syntax is characterized by strict and certain order words in a sentence. This is caused by the requirement of logic, consistency, and accuracy of presentation of thoughts in business texts.
A stylistic feature of business speech is also the predominant use of indirect speech. Direct speech in an official business style is resorted to only in cases where verbatim quotation of legislative acts and other documents is necessary.
Substyles of official businessspeech style.
Lexical, morphological and syntactic features
Scope of operation legislative substyle - right, legal relations between citizens, as well as between individual organizations and institutions. The legislative substyle includes the following genres: law, civil and criminal act, decree, code, constitution, various charters.
Lexical peculiarities
1. Use of legal terminology ( appeal, cassation, plaintiff).
2. Use of Latinisms (de jure, de facto).
3. Use of archaisms ( head of state) and historicisms
(decree).
4. The use of antonyms, since the laws reflect polar
interests - rights and responsibilities of citizens.
Morphological peculiarities
1. Use of abbreviations ( Ministry of Internal Affairs, RF) and compound words (taxpayer, testator).
2. The use of imperative verbs (exercise control, provide assistance).
Syntactic features
1. Frequent use of incentive, imperative sentences with words must, must (The accused is not must prove your innocence).
2. Predominant use of indirect speech.
3. Conditional infinitive constructions (If the applicant requests to register...).
Scope of operation administrative and clerical sub-style is administrative-departmental relations (official correspondence, documentation).
The administrative-clerical substyle includes the following genres: administrative acts, circulars, orders, instructions, as well as various clerical documentation: application, characteristics, autobiography, power of attorney, receipt.
Lexical features 1. Widespread use of bureaucracy ( undersigned, proper, following). 2. Use of departmental words (training part, grade book, travel certificate).Morphological features The use of personal verb forms and personal pronouns ( I, Ivanov Petr Dmitrievich; please provide it to me).Syntactic peculiarities 1. As a rule, complex sentences are used, as well as sentences with item-by-item listing, for example, in acts, protocols.2. Less often than in other types of business speech, a verb in the imperative mood and incentive, imperative sentences are used (they are used only in the genres of order, instruction). Graphics, writing and arrangement of details play a big role in clerical style. So , the official business style, as one of the varieties of literary speech, has clearly defined specifics, reflecting its social purpose. Publicistic style. Lexical,morphological and syntactic features The journalistic style has a different social purpose and other linguistic features. It is used in socio-political literature, periodicals, political speeches, and speeches at meetings. One of the important areas of its application is the activities of lawyers. Journalistic style, unlike other styles of modern literary speech, performs social function influence (propaganda and agitation), which is closely intertwined with the message function. The indicated originality of the style could not but affect its linguistic specificity. It manifests itself in the informative richness of speech, specificity, expressiveness and emotionality of presentation. According to the last feature, the named style is clearly opposed to the official business style. The expressiveness and emotionality of the presentation are determined by the task of actively influencing the audience. In this regard, a wide variety of lexical and grammatical means are used in journalism. The main linguistic features of this style are as follows. Lexical features. The journalistic style uses a variety of vocabulary and phraseology, including words that express emotions and expression. This is how I concluded my speech about I.A. Goncharov A.F. Horses: " At the new cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra a river flows, one of the banks of which rises steeply. When Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov died, when the inevitable thing happened to us allordinary history , his friends - Stasyulevich and I - chose a place - on the edge of this steep bank, and the author rests thereOblomov... on the edgebreaks ...(Koni A.F. Memories of writers. L., 1965. P.225). Imagery and the emotionality associated with it are manifested here, in particular, in the fact that the author used the titles of the writer’s works not quite normally, but by giving them expression. A special group of vocabulary that is used in the journalistic style is formed by words denoting socio-political concepts (freedom, democracy, progress, forum, state, society etc.), and also professional vocabulary different fields of knowledge. The named style is also characterized by standardized combinations in which words are used in a figurative sense: pre-election watch, tournament orbit.Morphological features. A morphological sign of a journalistic style can be considered the use of personal and possessive pronouns ( I, you, we, my, yours, ours), defining personal character the entire narrative, its expressiveness. Personal forms of verbs are often represented by the 3rd person in a generalized personal or impersonal meaning ( we are informed, conveyed, said, reported, noted etc.).The use of the 1st person plural form is also typical. verbs with the meaning of incitement to action: Let's meet, let's celebrate.Syntactic features. A specific feature of the journalistic style is the presence of a widely developed system of expressive syntax. These include constructions with nominative themes: Nuremberg. The ancient Bavarian city was chosen for the trial of fascism. An important attribute of journalistic speech is various types interrogative sentences (problematic questions, questions of negation, non-existent different kinds emotional expression, rhetorical questions): Is it possible to convince judges of something without convincing yourself? In the journalistic style, the actualization of logical significant members of the sentence is actively used. This is served by the inversion often found in journalistic texts ( reverse order words): The lawyers made their speeches - very different speeches. Journalistic style is used in different types public speeches, including in debates between the parties in court, and in the promotion of legal knowledge. Characteristics This style - the relevance of the issue, passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation - are determined by the social purpose of journalism - reporting facts, forming public opinion, actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person. Scientific style.Lexical,morphologicaland syntactic peculiarities The scientific style of the Russian literary language is most clearly manifested in the organization of the speech system when people communicate due to the need to express, transmit and preserve scientific information. The principles of objectivity, abstraction and logic characterize the most important stylistic qualities of scientific speech: impersonality (non-subjectivity) , generality (distraction from particular, unimportant features) and emphasized logic of presentation, which determine the choice of linguistic means. Lexical features. The scientific style is characterized by the use special vocabulary, a certain terminology of commonly used vocabulary, limited use of emotional and evaluative vocabulary. A characteristic feature of scientific speech is the widespread use of terminological vocabulary: hypothesis, pneumothorax (accumulation of air in the pleural cavity), icosahedron (twenty-sided), presumption, action.Morphological features. Characteristic use of pronouns we, our to express the author's position: Our experiment was as follows... Of the personal forms of the verb, the 1st person plural forms are usually represented. ( celebrate, celebrate) or 3rd person plural. ( register).For nouns with real value The use of plural forms is typical. ( resins, oils, steels, concretes This style is also distinguished by the predominance of the present tense form of the verb: The visual part of the brain highlights the contour elements of geometric shapes. Derivative (nominal) prepositions and conjunctions are common in the scientific style: during, as a result, at the expense of, in accordance with and etc. Syntactic features. Often used in scientific style complex sentences and simple ones, complicated by participial and participial phrases, isolated definitions, introductory constructions. simple sentence there is a clearly expressed tendency towards direct word order. Passive constructions are widespread: the characteristics of an organism are encoded in DNA; krypton compounds obtained...Varieties of scientific style The scientific style is distinguished by the unity of norms for the selection and use of linguistic means. The scientific style functions primarily in written form. But with all this, there are also such varieties as oral report, conversation, public speaking. The oral form leaves a significant imprint on the nature of speech in these genres. In the case of the oral form, the speech may be unprepared (for example, participation in a discussion), and then it has the characteristics of oral spontaneous speech. In such a speech, self-interruptions, introductory colloquial words, deviations from written norms of word order, etc. are possible. A prepared speech (for example, a report at a conference) implies oral spontaneous perception, and the speaker always - consciously or unconsciously - takes this into account and constructs his speech in such a way so that it is easier to perceive by ear. He usually uses different ways division of the speech flow, uses a variety of constructions with nominative themes, repetitions, introductory phrases, insertion and connecting constructions. Scientific works also have their own stylistic features. A monograph and a textbook, a report, a lecture, a message in different audiences, an article for a scientific or popular science magazine are different from each other. The task of popularization scientific knowledge determines the existence popular science style(or substyle). The degree of popularization can be different, therefore the activity of linguistic means that serve to achieve simplicity and clarity of presentation also turns out to be different depending on the nature of the addressee. Popular scientific literature in own meaning is addressed to a wide audience and has as its task not only the dissemination of scientific knowledge, but also the influence on the mass reader, the formation of certain views and beliefs in him, which brings popular science literature closer to journalism both in functional tasks and in linguistic terms . Popular science text usually contains open author's inclusions, often addressed directly to the reader and marked by the use of various expressive means of language. Here the author’s “I” is manifested, and “we” is not abstract, but concrete and contact-establishing in nature. For this purpose, various interrogative constructions, exclamatory sentences, and addresses are used. The use of special terms is reduced, the names of complex concepts are given a descriptive form. For the purpose of clarification, comparisons and elements of figurative narration are used, which, however, never reach such a degree of specification as in artistic speech. Popular scientific presentation requires from the author not only high scientific awareness, but also journalistic talent , the ability to present scientific questions accurately, interestingly, and intelligibly. last years The rapid development of science and technology has made it necessary to develop forms of brief standardized description of scientific and technical achievements. Dictated by various goals, such genres as abstracts, abstracts, patent descriptions, and technical instructions have developed. Because the we're talking about about scientific and technical information, they are based on linguistic means of the scientific style. The need to unify the form of expression within each genre brings them closer together according to the principle of organizing linguistic means with works of business style. On this basis, the listed genres are sometimes combined into a special scientific-business style(or substyle). CONCLUSIONS 1. Functional styles are varieties of language, determined by areas of human activity and having their own norms for the selection and combination of linguistic units.2. Book styles are contrasted with colloquial styles as fixed in written form, more organized, stable and traditional in following norms, and more complex in the use of linguistic means.3. Official business style is the style of government acts, laws, international documents, charters, instructions, administrative and clerical documentation, business correspondence, etc.4. Journalistic style - the style of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, speeches at meetings, rallies, ceremonial speeches, etc. The main means of the journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for emotional impact.5. Scientific style is the organization of the speech system when people communicate in connection with the need to express, transmit and preserve scientific information. LITERATURE1. Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya E.I. Russian speech etiquette. M., 1986. 2. Alekseev N.S., Makarova Z.V. Oratory in court. L., 1985. 3. Alshevsky T.V., Piskarev I.K. Samples of court documents on criminal and civil cases. M., 1983. 4. Boyarintseva G.S. Lawyer's speech culture. Saransk, 1987. 5. Velts R.Ya., Dorozhkina T.N.. Rhetoric. Ufa, 1995. 6. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988. 7. Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. A book about good speech. M., 1997. 8. Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.There are quite a few definitions of the concept of style. Styles- peculiar registers of the language that allow you to switch it from one tonality to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the utterance, taking into account the situation where the utterance occurs. If we compare these definitions, we can highlight the most general provisions: style(from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a type of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain sphere of social activity, for which it uses features of text construction specific to a given style and linguistic means of expressing its content. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding common features in them.
Functional styles- these are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of linguistic means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives set and resolved in the process of communication.
The functions of language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, at first the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of language. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.
The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by conditions associated with the life of society itself, and called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:
A) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (style fiction), household sphere(conversational style).
b ) form of speech: written or oral;
V) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;
G) way of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, relate to public communication)
d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - abstract, textbook, report; for official business - certificate, agreement, decree; for journalistic - article, report, oral presentation; for fiction style - novel, story, sonnet) ;
e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. In each style, all functions of language are implemented (communication, message or influence), but one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.
Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, fiction style. However, this classification is controversial, art style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transmission of information, but its transmission artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious-preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to the high style, which are often archaic*.
Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, outline laws in precise and strict words, sound with light, charming verses, or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts. So, a language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.
Extralinguistic, or extra-linguistic, style-forming factors of functional styles
- these are those phenomena of extra-linguistic reality in which verbal communication takes place and under the influence of which the selection and organization of linguistic means occurs, i.e. speech acquires its own stylistic characteristics. The use of language by speakers does not occur in a vacuum, but in a certain non-verbal context of a speech act, the factors of which, as well as the properties linguistic personality, influence the style of speech. These factors are very diverse. For the formation of functional styles, the so-called basic (or primary) factors are especially important. Basic specific style features functional styles are formed under the influence of such E. s. f., as a sphere of communication associated with one or another type of activity, correlative with the form of consciousness (science, art, politics, law, religion, everyday consciousness in the everyday sphere); the form of thinking (logical-conceptual, figurative, deontic, etc.), the purpose of communication is the main one (as opposed to the individual intention of a specific speech act), determined by the purpose of these types of activities in society; type of content (usually differing in different areas communication); functions of language (communicative, aesthetic, expressive, phatic, etc.); typical (basic) communication situation (formal/informal). Other (conditionally secondary) factors determine stylistic features, although they are characteristic of a particular function. style, but not essential and therefore found in other styles (usually with modification), but, most importantly, forming features not of the macrostyle, but of more specific varieties (substyle, genre, etc.). These are the conditions of communication and forms of speech that are not directly related to the purpose of the form of consciousness itself and the corresponding type of activity, but to the implementation of additional tasks of communication in some more specific type of activity, the conditions for its “course,” taking into account the uniqueness of the audience; in addition - interpersonal or mass communication, direct or indirect; oral or written form of speech, prepared/unprepared (spontaneous); monologue/dialogue; specific situation communication; kind of literature; specificity of the genre; relationships between speakers; their social role; individual intentions of the speaker (up to the manifestation of his style of thinking in speech), etc. These factors determine the stylistic features of speech, as if superimposed on the main, macro-style specificity, otherwise revealing more specific features of speech (for example, features of the popular science substyle in the field scientific speech, as if added to the latter and somewhat transforming it, or genre: article - review - review, etc.). Basic factors and their corresponding style features are invariant. Thus, in speech (text) there is, as it were, a hierarchy of stylistic features that constitute unity: secondary factors and stylistic features characterize the internal differentiation of each function. style into substyles, genres, etc. (see Classification and internal differentiation of functional styles). However, they are interconnected with the primary ones.
The situation is more complicated with the determination of the basic factors of decomposition. speech ( colloquial-everyday function. style– see), regarding which there are different points of view (see: ABOUT. Sirotinina, 1997). But most likely, the basic factors here should be recognized as formality/informality, immediacy/mediation, preparedness/unpreparedness of communication, which, together with goal setting, determine the type of work of consciousness in this area. For some functions styles, eg. newspaper-journalistic, the conditions of communication are essential (thus, the short time frame for creating newspaper texts determines the transition of expressive means to standard ones) ( V.G. Kostomarov, 1971).
Stylistic features are in an intermediate relationship from extralinguistic factors to linguistic means. Based on basic extralinguistic factors, a constructive principle of function. style(see) as a style-forming factor that determines the principles of selection and combination of linguistic means, organizing them into a system. The term-concept “extralinguistic” itself is quite conventional, since we are talking about functional. the nature of language, the conditionality of the stylistic distribution of linguistic means; therefore this term “acquires its own linguistic significance” ( D.N. Shmelev).
The study of extralinguistic factors of communication, their influence on the nature of speech and its stylistic originality was facilitated not only by the development of functional. stylistics, but also sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguo-sociopsychology, theory of speech acts, pragmatics. In this case, it is obviously advisable to distinguish, on the one hand, factors (and their influence on speech) that are consciously realized by the speaker in the process of generating speech (writing a scientific work or newspaper article, etc.), and, on the other hand, factors independent of the desires of the speaker (for example, gender, age). It is the first ones that are associated with the concept of style, in particular functionality. style (as a conscious phenomenon).
When defining the function. styles and their classification, it is of paramount importance to rely on the type of activity corresponding to one or another form of social consciousness, since the nomination “sphere of communication” is broad and vague. Based on it, V.A. Avrorin identifies 12 spheres of communication, and Yu.M. Skrebnev generally believes that there are an infinite number of them. Meanwhile, it was the correlation in style of the sphere of communication with the specified extrafactor that made it possible to identify five intuitively realized functions. styles (usually studied in stylistics different countries): scientific, official business, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and, naturally, religious.
E. s. f. studied to varying degrees (in relation to one or another functional style). Meanwhile, their insufficient study and consideration in the study of functionalities. styles have a negative impact when solving certain issues of stylistics, for example: classification of styles, their internal differentiation, interaction, etc. E. s. f. scientific style(see), including such deep ones as the epistemic situation (in the unity of its three aspects - ontological, methodological, axiological), phases (stages) of the productive activity of a scientist - from problematic situation to the idea/hypothesis, its proof and conclusion), background knowledge, factors determining the composition of scientific. text, the subject of speech and his dialogue with the addressee, etc. ( M.P. Kotyurova, E.A. Bazhenova, L.M. Lapp, M.N. Kozhina, L.V. Krasilnikova, N.M. Razinkina, E.S. Troyanskaya, O.A. Lapteva, V.A. Salimovsky and etc.).
The importance of accounting for E. s. f. undoubted; especially in terms of explaining certain phenomena of style. Thus, taking into account the “shuttle nature” of scientific-cognitive activity and thinking made it possible to determine the high status of the categories of retrospection and prospection and the retrospective/prospective principle of development of a scientific text.
Extensive literature is devoted to the issue of extralinguistic, including style-forming, factors ( D.H. Himes, V. Labov, M.A.K. Halliday, R. Fowler, R. Posner, scientists of the Prague School - B. Gavranek, F. Travniček, J. Filipec, K. Gauzenblas, J. Mystrik, M. Jelinek, J. Kraus). The latter develop the idea of subjective and objective E. s. f. and styles. In Russian stylistics, the problem under consideration is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, L.P. Yakubinsky, G.O. Vinokura, R.A. Budagova, A.N. Vasilyeva, M.N. Kozhina, V.G. Kostomarova, M.P. Kotyurova, V.L. Nayer, O.B. Sirotinina and many others. etc.
Lit.: Vinokur G.O. On the tasks of the history of language, in his book: Favorite works in Russian language. – M., 1959; Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics. Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. – M., 1963; Kozhina M.N. To the foundations of functionality. stylistics. – Perm, 1968; Hers: On speech systematicity scientific. style compared to some others. – Perm, 1972; Hers: Russian Stylistics. language. – 3rd ed. – M., 1993; Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. – M., 1971; Vasilyeva A.N. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language. General concepts stylistics. – M., 1976; Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres // Aesthetics of verbal creativity. – M., 1979; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of language use. units. – M., 1980; Nayer V.L. Levels of linguistic variability and the place of functional styles // Scientific literature. Language, style, genres. – M., 1985; Kotyurova M.P. On the extralinguistic foundations of the semantic structure of a scientific text. – Krasnoyarsk, 1988; Veshchikova I.A. Publ. style as a unit in the functional system. varieties of language, "Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. Philology", 1992. - No. 1; Baranov A.G. Functional-pragmatic text concept. – Rostov n/d., 1993; Sirotinina O.B. Studying colloquial speech as one of the problems of Russian stylistics, "Stylistyka-VI". – Opole, 1997; Hausenblas K. Vystavba slovesných komunikatů a stylistíka. Čsl. přednašky pro VI mezd. Sjezd slavistů. – Praha, 1968; Jelinek M. Stylove rospeti soucasne spisovne čestiny // Bĕlič, Daneš č etc. Kultura českého jazyka. – Liberec, 1969; Kraus J. Uvod do stylistiky pro informačni pracovniky. – Praha, 1977; Wilkoń A. Tipologia odmian językowych wspolczesnej polszczyzny. – Katowice, 1987; Halliday M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic. The social interpretation of language and meaning, – London, 1990; Toshovich B. Functional style. – Beograd, 2002.
M.N. Kozhina
Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
- is a set of various techniques for analyzing a text (and its linguistic means), with the help of which stylistics forms knowledge about the patterns of language functioning in various spheres of communication; methods of theoretical development of the observed and...
- is a functional model. style, which is a subdivision of each of the functions. styles to more private ones species formations, structured according to the field principle, i.e. highlighting the center (core) of the style and its periphery, including cases of intersection and... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
- (from Latin stilus, stylus - a pointed stick for writing, then - manner of writing, originality of syllable, style of speech). In linguistics there is no single definition of the concept of S., which is due to the multidimensionality of the phenomenon itself and its study with various points… … Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
- – a situation in which speech interaction between communicants takes place. Her the most important parameters are usually described on the basis of classical models of the communicative act (K. Bühler, R. Jacobson, etc.). According to R. Jacobson’s model, these... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
There are quite a few definitions of the concept of style. Styles are peculiar registers of a language that allow you to switch it from one key to another. Language style is a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the utterance, taking into account the situation where the utterance occurs. If we compare these definitions, we can highlight the most general provisions: style (from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a type of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain sphere of social activity, for which it uses specific characteristics for a given style features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding common features in them.
Functional styles are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of linguistic means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives set and resolved in the process of communication.
The functions of language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, at first the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of language. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.
But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and logical appearance of writing, business speech develops. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, regulate* life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources in itself, is enriched, develops, and forms new variety, new functional style.
The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by conditions associated with the life of society itself, and called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:
- a) sphere of social activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), everyday life (conversational style).
- b) form of speech: written or oral;
- c) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;
- d) method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except conversational, relate to public communication)
- e) genre of speech (each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - abstract, textbook, report; for official business - certificate, agreement, decree; for journalistic - article, report, oral presentation; for the style of fiction - novel, story, sonnet);
- f) the goals of communication corresponding to the functions of language. In each style, all functions of language are implemented (communication, message or influence), but one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.
Based on the listed factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, and fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial; artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transmission of information, but its transmission through artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious-preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to the high style, which are often archaic*.
Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, outline laws in precise and strict words, sound with light, charming verses, or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts. So, a language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.
A functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization 1 .
The concept of style (or syllable) as a special quality of speech originated in ancient poetics and rhetoric (Greek stylos - a stick pointed at one end, which was used to write on wax tablets; the other end of the stick was shaped like a spatula - it was used to level the wax, erasing what was written). The ancients said: “Turn the stylus!”, which meant in the literal sense, “erase what is written,” and in the figurative sense, “work on the syllable, think about what is written.” With the development of the science of language, scientists' ideas about what style is have changed. Conflicting opinions on this issue are expressed by modern scientists. However, what is common is the recognition of the functional nature of styles, their connection with a certain sphere of speech communication and types of human activity, the understanding of style as a historically established and socially conscious set of methods of use, selection and combination of language units.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish between the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic) 2. They are contrasted with the style of informal speech - colloquial-everyday - colloquial), the extralinguistic basis of which is the sphere of everyday relations and communication (everyday life as an area of relations between people outside their direct production and socio-political activities).
The areas of application of language significantly influence the topic and content of the statement. Each of them has its own current topics. For example, in scientific field problems are discussed first scientific knowledge world, in the sphere of everyday relations - everyday issues. However, in different areas the same topic can be discussed, but the goals are pursued differently, as a result of which statements differ in content.
The classification of functional styles is often associated with the functions of language, understood as specific goals of communication. Thus, there is a known classification of styles based on the three functions of language: communication, message and influence. The communication function is best suited to the conversational style, messages - scientific and official business, influence - journalistic and literary-artistic 3. However, with such a classification there is no differentiating basis that allows us to distinguish between scientific and official business, journalistic and literary and artistic styles. The functions of language characterize it as a whole and are inherent to one degree or another in any style. In speech reality, these functions intersect and interact with each other; a specific utterance usually performs not one, but several functions. Therefore, the functions of language in classifying styles can only be considered in combination with other factors.
The scope of use of language, the subject matter and purpose of the statement determine the essential features of style, its main style-forming features. For a scientific style, this is a generalized abstract nature of presentation and emphasized logic; for an official style, it is a prescriptive and obligatory nature of speech and accuracy that does not allow for discrepancies; for a conversational style, it is ease, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication, etc.
Style-forming factors determine the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in a particular style and their specific organization.
Notes:
1. The definition of style is given in the works of: Vinogradov V.V. Results of the discussion of issues of stylistics //VYa. 1955. No. 1. P. 73; Golovin B. N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988. P. 261; Sirotinina O. B. Stylistics as a science of the functioning of language // Basic concepts and categories of linguistic stylistics. Perm, 1982. P. 12; Kozhina M. N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. P. 49; and etc.
3. Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics: Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. M., S. 6; Rosenthal D. E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. 1987. P. 22.
T.P. Pleschenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Taps. Stylistics and culture of speech - Mn., 2001.
