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Big encyclopedia of oil and gas. Dialect words: examples and meaning. What is a dialect word

Sometimes, reading works of Russian literature of the 17th-19th centuries, many people are faced with such a problem as misunderstanding of individual words or even entire phrases. Why is this happening? It turns out that it’s all about special dialect words that intersect with the concept of lexical geography. What is dialectism? What words are called dialectisms?

The concept of “Dialectism”

Dialect is a word, which is used in a certain area, understandable to the residents of a certain territory. Most often, dialectisms are used by residents of small villages or hamlets. Interest in such words arose among linguists back in the 18th century. Shakhmatov, Dal, and Vygotsky made a great contribution to the study of the lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Examples of dialectisms indicate that they can be varied in appearance.

The following types of dialectisms are distinguished:

  • Phonetic. For example, only one letter or sound in a word is replaced. “myashki” instead of “bags” or “Khvyodor” instead of “Fedor”;
  • Morphological. For example, there is confusion of cases, numerical substitution. “Sister came”, “At my place”;
  • Word-forming. The population changes suffixes or prefixes in words when speaking. For example, guska - goose, pokeda - bye;
  • Ethnographic. These words are used only in a certain area. They appeared based on natural or geographical features. There are no more analogues in the language. For example, shanezhka - cheesecake with potatoes or “poneva” - skirt;
  • Lexical. This group is divided into subsections. She is the most numerous. For example, onions in the southern regions are called tsybul. And needlewort in northern dialects is needles.

Also, dialects are usually divided into 2 dialects: southern and northern. Each of them separately transmits all the flavor of local speech. Central Russian dialects stand apart, as they are close to the literary norms of the language.

Sometimes such words help to understand the order and life of people. Let's look at the word “House”. In the north, it is customary to call each part of the house differently. The canopy and porch are a bridge, the rest rooms are a hut, the attic is a ceiling, the hayloft is a story, and the zhirka is a room for pets.

Dialectisms exist at the syntactic and phraseological levels, but are not studied separately by scientists.

Examples of “local” words in literature

It happens that previously the word was not used at all, only sometimes it could be heard dialectisms in artistic speech , but over time they become commonly used and are included in the Russian language dictionary. Example, verb “rustle”. It was originally used in work of art“Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. It meant “onomatopoeia.” Another word is “tyrant”. This was the name of the man in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky. Thanks to him, this word is firmly entrenched in our everyday speech. Previously, such nouns as tues, ukhvat and owl were dialectal. Now they have quite confidently occupied their niche in explanatory dictionaries of the modern language.

Conveying the rural life of the Ryazan peasants, S. Yesenin in each of his poems uses any dialectisms. Examples of such words include the following:

  • in a dilapidated shushun - a type of women's outerwear;
  • kvass in a container - in a wooden barrel;
  • Dracheny - food made from eggs, milk and flour;
  • popelitsa - ash;
  • damper - the lid of a Russian stove.

A lot of “local” words can be found in the works of V. Rasputin. Every sentence from his story is replete with dialectisms. But they are all used skillfully, as they convey the character of the heroes and the assessment of their actions.

  • become cold - freeze, cool down;
  • pokul - bye, goodbye:
  • to party - to rage, to rage.

Mikhail Sholokhov in “ Quiet Don” was able to convey all the beauty of Cossack speech through dialect.

  • base - peasant yard;
  • Gaydamak - robber;
  • kryga - ice floe;
  • plow - virgin soil;
  • zaimishche - water meadow.

In the author’s speech of “The Quiet Don” there are whole phrases that show us the way of life of families. The formation of dialectisms in speech occurs different ways. For example, the prefix “for” says that an object or action should become the same as the original object. For example, twisted, baited.

Also in “Quiet Don” there are many possessive pronouns, which are formed using the suffixes -in, -ov. Natalya's wipe, Christon's back.

But there are especially many ethnographic dialects in the work: savory, Siberian, chiriki, zapashnik.

Sometimes, when reading a work of literature, it is impossible to understand the meaning of a word without context, which is why it is so important to read the texts thoughtfully and completely. What words are called dialectisms, you can find out by looking at the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”. You can also find such words in a regular explanatory dictionary. Next to them there will be a mark obl., which means “regional”.

The role of dialects in modern language

The role of such words can hardly be overestimated. They are designed to perform important functions:

The dialect is currently mainly spoken only by the older generation. In order not to lose the national identity and value of such words, literary scholars and linguists should do a lot of work; they should look for speakers of dialects and enter the found dialectisms into a special dictionary. Thanks to this, we will preserve the memory of our ancestors and restore the connection between generations.

The significance of works with dialectal usage is very great. Indeed, despite the great difference from the literary language, they, although slowly, but they expand their vocabulary Russian vocabulary fund.

The lexical composition of the Russian language is diverse and very interesting. It contains many original words known only to a narrow circle of people. In lexicology they are called limited in use and are distinguished into special groups. These include professional, obsolete and dialect words.

The latter can most often be heard in rural areas. They exist mainly in the living colloquial speech and usually reflect the realities existing there. Moreover, to name the same object, residents can equally use different variants: and “local”, commonly used.

Dialectal word - what is it?

“A fawn is grazing behind the house.” Not many people who hear this phrase will understand what it means. we're talking about. This is understandable. A foal is sometimes called a foal in a Russian village.

Dialecticisms are words that are actively used by residents of a certain area and are not included in any of the lexical groups of the literary language. Their distribution may be limited to a few settlements or an entire region.

Interest in the “local” word in Russia arose back in the 18th century. Since then, leading linguists and linguists, including V. Dal, A. Potebnya, A. Shakhmatov, S. Vygotsky and others, have done a lot of work in this direction. They considered various options and examples of using the word dialect. In literature, both domestic and foreign, this word today intersects with such concepts as linguistic geography (features of vocabulary in different territories), social dialectology (age, profession, social status of speakers of local dialects are taken into account).

Groups of dialects in Russian

There are several variants of dialects in Russia. The main principle of combining dialect words into groups is territorial. In accordance with it, the southern and northern dialects are distinguished, which, in turn, include several dialects. Between them are Central Russian dialects, which became the basis for their formation and therefore are closest to the literary norm.

Each group has its own dialect words. Examples of their relationships (including commonly used ones): house - hut (north) - hut (southern); talk - beat (northern) - gutar (south).

Formation of dialect words

Each dialect, as a rule, has its own features. In addition, in science it is customary to distinguish several groups, which include dialect words with different methods of formation (examples are given in comparison with the norm).

  1. Actually lexical. They either have no connection at all with words in the literary language (for example, a squirrel in the Pskov region is veksha, a basket in the Voronezh region is sapetka), or they are formed from an existing root and retain its basic meaning (in the Smolensk region: to bathe means to take a steam bath).
  2. Lexico-word formation. They differ from commonly used words only in one affix: poor fellow - in trouble on the Don, talkative - talkative in Ryazan, etc.
  3. Phonemic. The difference from the existing literary norm lies in one phoneme (sound): andyuk instead of turkey, pahmurny - i.e. cloudy.
  4. Osemantic. They are completely identical to commonly used words in sound, spelling and form, but differ in lexical meaning: begovoy in the Smolensk region - agile, noodles in the Ryazan region - the name of chickenpox.

Detailing life through dialect words

Many territories have their own peculiarities of life, customs, and relationships between people, which most often find expression in speech. In such cases, it is possible to recreate a complete picture of life through dialect words. highlighting individual details in the general structure of everyday life:

  • methods of laying sheaves of hay or straw (common name - baburka) in the Pskov region: soyanka - small stacking, odonok - large;
  • the name of a foal in the Yaroslavl area: up to 1 year - sucker, from 1 to 2 years - strigun, from 2 to 3 years - duck.

Designation of ethnographic or geographical features

Another option is when dialects and their meaning always arouse interest among “outsiders”) help to understand the very structure of life. So, in the north it is customary to build a house and all outbuildings under one roof. Hence a large number of “local” words denoting different parts of one building: bridge - canopy and porch, hut - living room, basement - attic, tower - living room in the attic, povet - hayloft, zhirka - a place in a barn for livestock.

In the Meshchersky region, the main economic sector is forestry. A large group of names is associated with it, which is formed by dialect words. Examples of words: sawdust - sawdust, pine needles - pine needle, cleared places in the forest - cutting, a person engaged in uprooting stumps - stump.

The use of dialect words in fiction

Writers, working on a work, use all available means to recreate the appropriate atmosphere and reveal the images of the characters. Dialect words play an important role in this. Examples of their use can be found in the works of A. Pushkin, I. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Prishvin and many others. More often, writers whose childhood spent in the village turn to dialect words. As a rule, the authors themselves provide footnotes containing the interpretation of words and where they are used.

The function of dialectisms in a work of art can be different. But in any case, they give the text uniqueness and help realize the author’s idea.

For example, S. Yesenin is a poet for whom the main means of recreating rural life are Ryazan dialect words. Examples of their use: “in an old-fashioned shabby shushun” - a type of women’s clothing, “there is kvass at the doorstep” - for dough.

V. Korolenko uses local words when creating a landscape sketch: “I look ... at the padi” - gorges. Or from I. Turgenev: “the last... squares (large thickets of bushes) will disappear.”

For so-called “village” writers, one of the ways to create a literary image is the hero’s speech, which includes dialect words. Examples: “God (God) helped (helped) you” from V. Astafiev, “they (they) ... will spoil (destroy) the earth” - from V. Rasputin.

The meaning of dialect words can be found in the dictionary: in the explanatory one they will be marked obl. - regional or dial. - dialectal. The largest special dictionary is the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”.

The entry of dialectisms into the literary language

Sometimes it turns out that a word that was once used only by a certain group of people becomes common. This is a long process, especially in the case of “local” words, but it also occurs in our time.

Thus, few people would think that the fairly well-known word “rustle” is dialect in origin. This is indicated by I.S. Turgenev’s note in “Notes of a Hunter”: “the reeds rustled, as we say,” i.e. c The writer uses the word for the first time as onomatopoeia.

Or no less common - tyrant, which during the time of A. Ostrovsky was a dialect in the Pskov and Tver provinces. Thanks to the playwright, it found a second birth and today no one raises any questions.

These are not isolated examples. Previously, eagle owl, tues, and ukhvat resembled dialect words.

The fate of dialect words in our time

Due to the increase in last years migration processes within the country, the dialects are now spoken mainly by the older generation. The reason is simple - their language was formed in those conditions when the integrity of the people in individuals was strong. The more significant is the work of people who study dialect words, which today are becoming one of the ways to study ethnographic and cultural development, the identity of the Russian people, emphasize its individuality and uniqueness. For the modern generation, this is a living memory of the past.

Russian folk dialects, or dialects(gr. dialektos- adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia they call stag grip, clay pot- makhotka, bench - conditional etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in oral speech peasant population; In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.

The dialects reflect the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech have been preserved, which are the most important source for restoring historical processes that once affected our language.

Dialects differ from the common national language various features- phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.

1. Lexical dialectisms are words known only to native speakers of the dialect and have neither phonetic nor word-forming variants outside of it. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are words beet (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (talk); in the northern - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki- "pies prepared in a special way" etc. A nki- "special potato pancakes" nardek- "watermelon molasses" man A rka- "a type of outerwear" poneva- “a type of skirt”, etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants, etc.

3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have in a dialect unusual meaning: bridge- "the floor in the hut" lips- “mushrooms of all varieties, except white ones”, scream(someone) - “to call”, myself- “master, husband,” etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai (tea), chap (chain)- consequences of “clattering” and “clinking”, characteristic of northern dialects; hverma (farm), bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life) and under.

5. Derivational dialectisms are words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: peven (rooster), guska (goose), heifer (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), forever (always), otkul (from), pokeda (for now), evonny (his), ichniy (theirs) etc.

6. Morphological dialectisms are forms of inflection not characteristic of a literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go); ending -am in nouns instrumental case plural (under the pillars); ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive case singular:for me, for you and etc.

Dialectal features are also characteristic of the syntactic level and the phraseological level, but they do not form the subject of studying the lexical system of a language.


Preface………………………………………………………3

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..6

Chapter 1. The concept of dialect…………………………………………….8

§ 1.1 Dialects in modern Russian…………………...8

§ 1.2 Dialects and literary language (study of dialects using examples from the story “Wooden Horses” by F.A. Abramov, “Fairy Tales” by I.A. Bunin, “Peasant Children” by N.A. Nekrasov……………………10

Chapter 2. Dialectological studies…………………………….14

§ 2.1. History of turning to the dialect……………………………..14

§ 2.2. Dialectology yesterday and today……………………………...15

§ 2.3. Geography of dialects………………………………………………………18

§ 2.4. Classification of Russian dialects…………………………….23

§ 2.5. Thematic groups of dialects of the Russian language……………..26

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...33

Bibliography……………………………………………………………...34

Preface.

Modern Russian is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. Its greatness is created by a huge vocabulary, a wide ambiguity of words, a wealth of synonyms, inexhaustible possibilities of word formation, numerous word forms, peculiarities of sounds, mobility of stress, clear and harmonious syntax, and a variety of stylistic resources. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of the Russian national language and the literary Russian language. The national language - the language of the Russian people - covers all spheres of people’s speech activity, regardless of education, upbringing, place of residence, profession; it includes dialects, special vocabulary, jargons, that is, the Russian national language is heterogeneous: it contains special varieties of language.

So let's talk about dialects. A remarkable expert on folk speech, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, recalled a curious episode in his story “Talk”. Monks came to the author to ask for alms for the needs of their monastery. Dahl wrote: “I sat them down, started asking them questions and was surprised from the first word when the young man said that he was from Vologda. I asked again: “Have you been in that region for a long time?” “For a long time, I’m still there.” “Where are you from?” “I’m a tamody,” he muttered clearly, bowing. He had just managed to utter this word - tamody, instead of local, when I looked at him with a smile and said; “Aren’t you from Yaroslavl, father?” He turned purple, then turned pale, looked, lost, at his friend and answered, confused: “No, darling!” - “Oh, and also from Rostov,” I said, laughing, recognizing in this not, my dear, a genuine (real, genuine) Rostovite.

Before I had time to utter these words, the “Vologda resident” fell at my feet - don’t kill me.

Two tramps were hiding under the monastic robes..."

As can be seen from this passage, by the peculiarities of a person’s speech, one can quite accurately determine the region, city or district where he comes from or has lived for a long time.

And here modern case. A journalist who was working on an article for Victory Day contacted the dialectology department of the Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. He had archival materials from the war: a tape recording the stories of five soldiers, natives of different places in Russia, and a list of names and addresses of these soldiers. However, the journalist did not know which story belonged to whom. Dialectologists analyzed the linguistic characteristics of each speaker and were able to determine where someone was from.

Even residents of neighboring villages sometimes differ from each other in their dialect and are clearly aware of this. Everyone's Gavorka is different: theirs is poking, ours is different - such a statement was recorded in the Smolensk region. Therefore, a proverb arose among the people: “What is the city, then it is noisy, what is the village, so is the ritual, what is the courtyard, so is the talk.”

When you come from the city, it sometimes seems that in the village they speak a different language, something like Russian: Ishsho the gray shugunok, you put it in the holes - and you have a cave. This phrase can be heard in the speech of natives of the Kursk and Oryol regions, and it means: “If you put a whole cast iron cabbage soup on the handle, it will go into the stove.” Often the most familiar words in dialects have a completely different meaning. In the Novgorod and Tver regions they say: Don't throw noise over the threshold! At the same time, the word noise (or noise) here refers to indoor litter, garbage. And here is an example from dialects near Moscow: Our ftaragodnik is very brooding (a second-year brooder is a two-year-old foal or calf, a brooder is vigorous).

The townspeople also think that in a dialect it is permissible to say anything and any way they want, that dialect is a corrupted, incorrect language. In fact, each local language is a harmonious system, the elements of which are interconnected. Violation of the laws and rules of speech hurts the ears of its speaker in the same way as us - mistakes in the speech of a foreigner. In the example about the cast-iron cabbage soup, each h* of the literary language in the dialect corresponds to a sh* (stove-peshka, cast-iron-shchugunok), each c* corresponds in the dialect with (whole-sely), and the long soft shch has a hard shsh (still-ishsho, cabbage soup).

Modern dialects are the result of the development of ancient Russian dialects, the history of which goes back to ancient times. And the literary Russian language itself is also a “descendant” of dialects: it is based on the dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding it.

Relevance of this work is to show the preservation of dialects in the Russian language, despite the various factors influencing our speech.

Novelty of the work is to show the various areas of use of dialects of the Russian language.

primary goal course work - characterize the dialects of the Russian language.

To achieve this goal, the work needs to solve a number of relevant tasks:

· Consider the concept of dialect;

· Analyze the structure of dialects of the Russian language;

· Identify the reasons for the emergence of dialects of the Russian language, trace the dynamics of their development.

Object of work are various Russian dialects, without limiting the territories of people's settlement.

Introduction.

Range of working terms. Limits of derivation.

To explain the main terms of this work, we use the “Modern Dictionary of the Russian Language”, 2007, in which we take the following derivations:

    A dialect or dialect is (from the Greek dialektos - dialect, adverb), a variety of a given language used as a means of communication by persons connected by a close territorial, professional or social community.

    An adverb is the largest unit of dialect division, determined by linguistic, cultural and historical characteristics of the delimitation of dialects.

    Dialectism is linguistic (phonetic, grammatical, etc.) features inherent in dialectal speech, interspersed into the literary language. Sometimes used as a stylistic device in works of art.

    Dialectology - (from dialect and logos - word, teaching), a branch of linguistics that studies history and current state dialects (adverbs) and dialects of a particular language.

    Descriptive dialectology is a science that studies modern dialects of the second half of the 20th century.

    Historical dialectology is a science that studies the history of the development of dialects, as well as individual linguistic features.

    Linguistic geography is a branch of linguistics that studies the territorial distribution of linguistic phenomena.

    Ethnography - (from the Greek ethnos - tribe, people; also ethnology), the science of ethnic groups (peoples), studying their origin and settlement, life and culture.

    Isogloss - (from iso... and Greek glossa - language, speech), a line on a dialectological map showing the boundaries of the territorial distribution of a particular linguistic phenomenon.

    Legend - maps, a set of symbols and explanations for the map.

    Area - (from the Latin area - area, space), the area of ​​distribution on the earth's surface of any phenomena, certain species (genera, families, etc.) of animals and plants, minerals, etc.

Chapter 1. The concept of dialect.

§ 1.1. Dialects in modern Russian.

A dialect is a language system that serves as a means of communication for a small territorially closed group of people, usually residents of one or several rural settlements. In this meaning, the term “dialect” is synonymous with the Russian term “dialect”. A dialect is also called a set of dialects united by common linguistic features. The continuity of the territory of distribution as a condition for the unification of dialects into a dialect is not recognized by all researchers.

It is customary to distinguish between territorial dialects - varieties of language used in a certain territory as a means of communication by the local population - and social dialects - varieties of language spoken by certain social groups of the population.

A dialect can differ from a standard language at all levels of the language system: phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic. So, for example, some northern dialects of the Russian language are characterized by a rounded pronunciation, replacing the sound “Ch” with “C” (“tsai” instead of “chai”, “tserny” instead of “black”, etc.). Another feature of some northern dialects is the coincidence of the endings of the instrumental and dative cases of the plural of nouns. For example: “work with your hands” instead of the all-Russian “work with your hands.” But, of course, the biggest differences are in the area of ​​vocabulary. So, in Northern Russian dialects, instead of the all-Russian “good” they say “baskoy”, instead of “neighbor” they say “shaber”; V Siberian villages gooseberries are called the word “argus”, the hut is called the word “buda”, and instead of the all-Russian “branch” they say “gilka”.

Dialectal differences in the Russian language as a whole are very small. A Siberian easily understands a Ryazan, and a resident of Stavropol understands a Northern Russian. But in countries such as Germany or China, the differences between individual dialects can be even greater than the difference between Russian and Polish. Since in such countries communication between people speaking different dialects is very difficult or even impossible, the role of a national literary language in them increases sharply. Literary language serves here as a factor uniting the entire population of the country into one people. On the other hand, there are languages ​​in which there is no dialect division at all. An important difference between dialects and literary languages ​​is the absence of an independent form of writing in dialects (exceptions are few).

The relationship between dialects and literary language in modern European countries much the same. For dialect speakers - residents of rural areas - it is typical to have (at least partial) knowledge of a literary language and treat it as a prestigious language (official, written, cultural language). The prestige of a dialect is limited to the territory of its distribution.

There are cases when a dialect, as a result of the formation of its own literary norm, became a separate independent language.

It can be considered that the function of the “language of literature” in relation to dialects is performed by the language of folklore; Moreover, the language of folklore works often does not coincide with the dialect of the environment in which these works exist. An important difference between dialects and literary languages ​​is the absence of an independent form of writing in dialects (exceptions are few).

The functions of a more or less pure dialect are steadily decreasing, and now the most typical areas of its use are the family and various types of situations of relaxed communication between fellow villagers. In all other communicative situations, mixed forms of dialect speech can be observed. As a result of the erasure of dialect features under the influence of the literary language, so-called semi-dialects are formed

The speech of the inhabitants of a modern village, firstly, is socially stratified and, secondly, has a situational conditionality; in other words, it is distinguished by properties that are traditionally considered specific to the literary language. The social and situational heterogeneity of the modern territorial dialect is a consequence of the changes occurring in it, taking place under the powerful influence of the literary language. One of the obvious features of the modern linguistic situation in Russia is the intensification of the use of elements of urban vernacular in unusual, previously uncharacteristic spheres of communication - in the media, in official speech, in journalism, in the author's narration of literary texts. Many linguists think so, and one cannot but agree with this.

§ 1.2. Dialects and literary language (study of dialects using examples from the story “Wooden Horses” by F.A. Abramov, “Fairy Tales” by I.A. Bunin, “Peasant Children” by N.A. Nekrasov.

Literary language (standard) is a standardized language that has rules that all members of society are required to observe. Dialect (dialect) is the smallest territorial variety of language, spoken by residents of several regions. A combination of dialects is called an adverb.

A respectful attitude towards the literary language is understandable and justified: thereby its cultural value and social significance are realized. And the reasons for the disdainful attitude towards dialects go back to the Soviet past. At the time of collectivization, all aspects of village life were updated and replaced, and as a result, the traditional and linguistic cultures of the peasantry suffered equally.

Literary language constantly influences dialects, and they are gradually destroyed. But everything is interconnected, in turn, dialects complement the standard language and even partially merge into its composition. For example, the word “bagel” was borrowed from southern Russian dialects. If the literary language were torn away from dialects, from the “soil”, then it, like Antaeus, would lose all its power and would become like a dead language, which is what the Latin language is now...

“Oh, what a house it was! There were four living quarters alone: hut-wintering, hut-petnitsa, tower with carved balcony, upper room lateral. And besides them, there were also canopy bright with stairs to the porch, yes cage, Yes tell a story seven fathoms in length - they used to drive up it in pairs - but below, under the povetya, yard with different in flocks and stables.

And so, when the owners were not at home (and during the day they are always at work), there was no greater joy for me than wandering around this amazing house. Yes, wander barefoot, slowly. Waddle.

So that not only with your heart and mind, but with the soles of your feet, you can feel the past times.”

This is a description of a peasant house from the story “Wooden Horses” by Fyodor Aleksandrovich Abramov. It contains words that are incomprehensible to many of us, the meaning of which can only be guessed at. And some familiar words appear in an unusual meaning. So. word hut Abramov means not “a peasant house as a whole,” as indicated in dictionaries of modern literary language, but “a living room in a house.” These rooms can be warm; (with stove) - winter quarters, winter houses - or cold (without oven) - summer girls, summer. It turns out that a similar meaning of the word hut known throughout the Russian North, it is also found in Siberia. L is a familiar word yard here means “the non-residential part of a peasant house located behind the dwelling, in which livestock is kept.”

The words given above are called dialectisms. These are linguistic features of dialects, dialect words and expressions included in literary speech. Writers often use them in their works to convey local flavor and create a speech portrait of characters.

In our example, the well-known words hut and yard used in a meaning different from the usual one. Such dialectisms are called semantic(from Greek"semantikos" - "denoting"). This type of dialectism includes the words tower"a separate superstructure on top of the building", flock"house for livestock", "shed".

The text contains dialectisms of another kind: tell -"a hayloft located above the yard."

This lexical dialectism. They have literary synonyms: story - hayloft, kbchet - rooster; basque - beautiful; bayat, gmtasht - talk. Many semantic and lexical dialectisms are mentioned in explanatory dictionaries of the literary language as they are used in fiction, newspapers and magazines, and are heard in colloquial speech when village problems are touched upon. In dictionaries these words are usually marked dial(dialectal) or region(regional).

Dialectal features are inherent in all levels of language; therefore, dialectisms are not only semantic and lexical, but also phonetic, grammatical, and word-formative.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, a native of the Oryol region, who knew the dialect of his native places well, wrote in the story “Fairy Tales”: “This Vanya, getting off the stove, means, putting on a malakhai, girds himself with a sash, puts a small piece in his bosom and goes to this very guard.” Sash, edge - phonetic dialectisms that convey the characteristic features of the characters’ pronunciation. Getting off, putting on, putting away instead gets off, puts on, puts on - example of grammatical dialectism, reflecting the features of dialect morphology: absence -T at the end of 3rd person verbs.

Here is an excerpt from the poem “Peasant Children” by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov:

The big time didn’t have time to leave, Look - everyone’s lips are so black. They gave me a hard time -blueberry ripe...

Chernitsa- word-formation dialectism. This word is formed using the suffix

-its unlike literary blueberries with suffix –ik.

Another type of dialectism is associated with the peculiarities of life and economy in a certain area These are ethnographic dialects. These include the names of objects. clothes that have no analogues in the literary language. “Women in checkered coats threw wood chips at clever or overzealous dogs,” - wrote Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in “Notes of a Hunter.” Panev- skirts worn by married peasant women in the south of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Dialecticisms are usually used by writers who themselves come from a village. If the author uses dialect words, the meanings of which he represents only approximately, then oddities arise. Here modern example: “During the day he dozed, hearing through oblivion how the grips and stags rattled in the old woman’s hands...” However, ukhvat and rogach are names for the same object in different dialects. Rogach is the name for ukhvat in Ryazan, Tula, some Tambov, Lipetsk, Voronezh and Belgorod dialects, i.e. in the south of Russia. In most Russian dialects, the name ukhvat is common.

Writers who stylize their works as folk speech and use the skaz form especially often resort to dialectisms: Nikolai Semenovich Leskov, Pavel Petrovich Bazhov, Stepan Grigoryevich Pisakhov, Boris Viktorovich Shergin. They draw imagery and inspiration from the colloquial language. It is not for nothing that B.V. Shergin, in his essay “Dvina Land,” wrote about one of the Pomeranian storytellers: “I was eager to listen to Pafnuty Osipovich and later awkwardly retold his beautiful, beautiful words.”

Chapter 2. Dialectological studies.

§ 2.1. The history of turning to dialect.

Every year, in winter and summer, people who have made the study of dialects their profession go on expeditions. To get to remote villages you have to walk for many kilometers along the Russian off-road, along forest paths. Somewhere they will lift you on a tractor, somewhere you can only fly by helicopter... to record folk speech, researchers use modern equipment, so their backpacks are no lighter than those of tourist kayakers.

However, at the end of the difficult path, a warm welcome awaits the linguist: the villagers are very hospitable, open and ready to selflessly spend their time, answering the most intricate questions for hours. They treat inquisitive guests good-naturedly and with humor. One day, students needed to establish the local instrumental case form of the noun spoon, that is, as they say in this village: spoon, spoon or spoon. So they asked the question: “Grandma, what do you eat?” To which we received an answer full of irony: “We eat the same way as you - with a poker.”

New sounds, archaic words or meanings, and apt figurative expressions found in dialects bring particular joy to dialectologists. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal began his grandiose work of collecting dialect materials after hearing from the coachman the word rejuvenates, which in some dialects means “covers with clouds, becomes cloudy.” This meaning is probably related to another: “begins to ferment, foam”: rejuvenates beer, honey. This was his first entry, which laid the foundation for the future dictionary.

This is how, with individual words and vivid expressions, dialectology began (from the Greek Dialektos - conversation, dialect, adverb and logos - word, teaching) - the science that studies local dialects (dialects).

§ 2.2. Dialectology yesterday and today.

The origins of dialectological research go back to the 18th century. In the essay “A Conversation between a Foreign Person and a Russian about Old and New Spelling...” the poet Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky drew attention to the Moscow akan and the tsk in some dialects. The first actual linguistic discussions about dialects appeared in the works of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. He was born in the Arkhangelsk province, which means he himself was a speaker of one of the northern dialects and was well aware of how heterogeneous Russian speech is. In “Materials for Russian Grammar” the scientist cites many regional, mainly northern words, and for the first time identifies three main “Russian dialects” - Moscow, northern and Ukrainian, of which the Moscow dialect is considered the main one. Lomonosov makes another important observation: unlike the dialects of other languages ​​known to him (for example, German), Russian dialects are quite similar, so that people living in different places understand each other: “The Russian people, living across a great space, despite the long distance, speak everywhere in a language intelligible to each other in towns and villages.”

The Patriotic War of 1812 shook up Russian society, causing rapid growth national identity. Interest arose in the life of the peasantry: in its customs, beliefs, culture, language. Ethnography began to develop intensively. Features of folk speech at that time were considered as ethnographic characteristics. Dialectology was not yet a special science; closely adjacent to ethnography, it was included in it only as component. Therefore, researchers collected mainly “exotic” words and expressions associated with customs and traditions.

Detailed work was carried out by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, and later by the Russian Geographical Society, created in 1845 on the initiative of V.I. Dalia. As a result, the “Honeycomb of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” was published in 1852, where dialect words from different places of the Russian state were collected.

The compilers of the dictionary had to solve many questions: how to write down dialect words orthographically, how to more accurately convey their meanings, which phonetic and morphological option to include in the title of the dictionary entry (for example, the preposition for has the variants glya, zlya, and the adverb yet- assho, even, shshto, looking for, issho, looking for). These and other issues were discussed at special scientific meetings. An important contribution to this work was made by philologist and ethnographer Academician Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky. Gradually, rules for compiling regional dictionaries and scientific principles of dictionary work were developed. Dahl took these principles into account when creating “ Dictionary living Great Russian language."

At the end of the 19th century, it became clear that systematic dialectological surveys of various regions of Russia were necessary. In 1903, with the support of the outstanding philologist Academician Alexei Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov, the Moscow Dialectological Commission was organized. In 1931 it was liquidated.

The members of the commission took an important step, without which no line of research can become a real science: they developed methods of dialectology and compiled more advanced programs for collecting dialect data. Before this, only individual words, proverbs, descriptions of rituals, and some phonetic and morphological features of dialects were recorded. Working according to the program, researchers had the opportunity to study dialect as a system, and not just a list of random isolated facts. The information collected in this way provided a holistic picture that could be effectively analyzed, data from individual dialects could be compared, and complete and comprehensive descriptions of each of them could be made.

The commission organized expeditions in which famous scientists and university professors took part. They meticulously recorded the speech of the peasants, had long conversations with them, delving into the meaning of words, capturing the smallest differences between sounds.

Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, who knew and loved the village very well, involved the speakers of the dialects themselves, the peasants, in the collecting activities. Thanks to the efforts of the scientist and the peasant Ivan Stepanovich Grishkin, who helped him, who subtly sensed the sound differences between his dialect and the literary language, the talented work “Samples of the dialect of the village of Leki, Yegorievsky district, Ryazan province” appeared. I. S. Grishkin noticed, for example, the existence in his own speech of two sounds (o), one “real” and the other “false”, pronounced as a diphthong (oo). By that time, linguists already knew that in some modern dialects and monuments of Russian writing, two types of o are distinguished: ordinary and closed (ộ). The diphthong (uo) in the dialect of the village of Leki is pronounced exactly in the place of the closed one (ộ).

In the 10-20s of the 20th century, many descriptions of the dialects of various regions of Russia were compiled and published. This great work was carried out by scientists, teachers and simply amateur dialectologists. Modern linguists still turn to research done during the commission's work as an important scientific source.

Research into dialects continues to this day. Over the past decades, a lot of new information has been accumulated. On their basis, the “Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language”, “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, and various regional dictionaries were created.

Dialectology, like any science, has several ongoing investigations. Descriptive dialectology studies modern dialects of the second half of the 20th century. Their sound structure is now analyzed not by ear, but with the help of modern acoustic equipment and computers.

New survey programs have been developed that make it possible to compile very complete and accurate descriptions of dialects.

The history of the development of dialects, as well as individual linguistic features, changes in the declension system of nouns and verb tenses is studied by historical dialectology.

This science is closely connected with history, archeology, ethnography, folklore - after all, the fate of the dialect is inseparable from the life of the people. Each historical period - the tribal system, the era of the ancient Russian principalities before the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the time of the rise of the Moscow principality in the 15th century, etc. - left its mark on modern Russian dialects. The boundaries of linguistic phenomena often coincide with ancient political boundaries. Thus, the boundaries of the distribution of the words petun (rooster) and leash, priuz (‘flail - a hand-threshing tool) quite accurately correspond to the borders of the Novgorod Republic.

Dialects sometimes retain archaic features that reflect the characteristics of the Proto-Slavic language, the ancestor of all Slavic languages.

§ 2.3. Geography of dialects.

Dialectology studies territorial varieties of language - local dialects and therefore cannot do without maps. German and French scientists first tried to compile linguistic maps at the end of the 19th century.

In 1876 in Germany, linguist Georg Wenker began a special survey of German dialects in order to subsequently compile a linguistic atlas - a collection of maps. Later, his work was continued by Ferdinand Wrede and in 1926 some of the maps were published. In France, the same work was carried out by Jules Gilleron and Edmond Edmond, who helped him. As a result, in 1902-1910, the “Linguistic Atlas of France” was published in Paris.

In Russia, the idea of ​​linguistic mapping was first put forward by the outstanding philologist Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky. In the 50s of the 19th century, he wrote: “The first accessory... of linguistic geography should be... a map of languages, dialects and dialects, a map on which the place of political, religious and all other boundaries is taken by the boundaries of the linguistic diversity of peoples.”

If a thought arises almost simultaneously in the minds of different scientists in different countries, if an idea is in the air, it means that it has become an urgent need of science. Thus, a new direction appeared in dialectology - linguistic geography. Its main method is mapping. This is done using special symbols: color fills, shading, signs.

How is a linguistic map read? Consider the map “Verbs meaning “to cultivate the land with tools” in East Slavic dialects.” To understand it correctly, you must first carefully study legend(from lat. 1e§epc1a - “what should be read”), i.e. a list of symbols.

There are three signs on the map below. Yellow shading shows the distribution of the verb yell(this is the territory of the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, as well as the northern and northwestern dialects of the Russian language); green fill - verb spread plow in this meaning. From the map it is clear that it is known only in Russian.

In linguistic geography, the area where a particular linguistic feature occurs is called habitat(from lat. agea - “area”, “space”), and the line limiting it is isogloss. The areas vary in size: some include dialects of only a few villages, others occupy vast spaces. From the map it follows that in the north and northwest

both verbs are used plow And yell, coexisting in the same dialects. This is shown by the combination of signs. The third sign - a line with teeth facing the direction where the linguistic phenomenon is known, indicates the presence of plow another meaning - “sweep the floor, yard, street 1: she is a broom in the hutplows; give a fuck bridge(canopy).

By comparing the information provided by the map with materials from various dictionaries, written monuments, and information from other Slavic languages ​​and dialects, one can draw conclusions about the antiquity of that other linguistic phenomenon. Thus, when comparing the linguistic map with the historical one, it was discovered that dialects, where the word plow used

in the meaning of sweeping", are located on the territory of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Researchers of the ancient Russian language give numerous examples of the use of the verb plow

The map considered is lexical-semantic; it shows where this or that word exists and what its meaning is. However, there are other maps - phonetic, morphological, syntactic. They can be used to judge the pronunciation of sounds and dialectal features grammatical forms and much more.

linguistic atlas. TO Currently, more than 300 different language atlases have been published in the world. Among them are the “Linguistic Atlas of Europe”, “Common Slavic Linguistic Atlas”, “Common Carpathian Dialectological Atlas”, etc. The variety of Russian dialects is shown on the maps of the “Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language”, work on which has been carried out for more than 40 years. in the meaning of sweeping", are located on the territory of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Researchers of the ancient Russian language give numerous examples of the use of the verb plow in written monuments (chronicles, acts) not only in the meaning of “to cultivate the land”, but also “to clear the land of forests and bushes”. This speaks to the antiquity of the meaning of “revenge”, “to cleanse” and its connection with the meaning of “to cultivate the land”.

The considered map is lexical-semantic; it shows where this or that word exists and what its meaning is. However, there are other maps - phonetic, morphological, syntactic. They can be used to judge the pronunciation of sounds, the dialectal features of grammatical forms, and much more.

If linguistic maps are combined according to a certain principle - the generality of the territory in which dialects are widespread, the linguistic level, the relationship of languages ​​- and systematized, it will turn out linguistic atlas. TO Currently, more than 300 different language atlases have been published in the world. Among them are the “Linguistic Atlas of Europe”, “Common Slavic Linguistic Atlas”, “Common Carpathian Dialectological Atlas”, etc. The variety of Russian dialects is shown on the maps of the “Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language”, work on which has been carried out for more than 40 years.

§ 2.4. Classification of Russian dialects.

When studying dialects, it is important not only the features by which they differ or, conversely, by which they are similar, but also those territories within the boundaries of which a certain set of distinctive features is particularly clearly represented.

There can be several principles for classifying dialects, depending on the tasks that are set.

In relation to the literary language, all dialects are distributed according to the “center-periphery” principle: dialects “move away” from the “center” depending on how much they differ in their characteristics from the literary norm.

Depending on their origin, Northern Russian and Southern Russian dialects are distinguished, with Central Russian dialects transitioning between them. If we take into account the equally important historically important opposition “East-West”, then this principle of classification will coincide with the previous one, because in the “center” there will again be dialects, especially close to the literary language, which formed its basis.

Historically, according to the nature of their distribution, Russian dialects are divided into indigenous (“mother”), which are common in the central regions of Eastern Europe, and “new” dialects, i.e. dialects of new settlement territories. “New” dialects in some of their features may be more archaic than their mother dialects; their study provides a lot for recreating past stages of the development of Russian dialects, however, in the classification of dialects by territory, such dialects are usually not taken into account. For example, the Pomeranian group of dialects, the northernmost in the North Russian dialect, is sometimes not distinguished as independent, although the settlement of the coasts of the northern seas by the Slavs began in the 11th century, i.e., even before the formation in the 15th century of stable dialect regions that have survived to this day.

According to the distinctive features of the language, groups of dialects are united regardless of the territory of settlement; this is the basic principle of the classification of dialects adopted in dialectology. Its advantage is that, depending on the characteristics underlying the classification, a dialect can be represented as a dialect of a separate village, as a group of neighboring dialects, and as an independent dialect. The disadvantage of this principle is that on the map the isoglosses of each individual phenomenon turn out to be intricately intertwined and form a chain of random and historically moving boundaries that is apparently irreducible to a system. In this case, all other principles of classification “help”, and above all the historical one.

The sequence in constructing a classification is determined by a known sum of characteristics selected for this purpose.

A dialect is the smallest unit of a dialect, homogeneous in terms of speech characteristics in a common territory of distribution in the same ethnic sphere. “Talk” is at the same time the most vague term in meaning: depending on the quantity and quality of distinctive features, one can describe the dialect of one person, the dialect of one village, and in general the “talk” of all Russians. Therefore, very conditionally, we recognize as “dialect” a specific dialect system, “local speech” in all its features, both distinctive and common to the Russian language. The dialect is the most real unit of dialect division.

A group of dialects is a larger unit, and the larger such a group is in the area of ​​distribution of dialects, the fewer features that distinguish it from all the others. At each individual stage of dialect development, it is the groups of dialects that have the property of representing really existing dialect complexes, defined by the total sum of features and at the same time reflecting the language system.

An adverb is the largest unit of dialect division; it is determined by linguistic, cultural and historical signs of delimitation of dialects, and in the narrow sense of the word it actually means “dialect” (in a broad sense, a dialect is opposed to a literary norm).

In the Russian language, there are two main dialects - Northern Russian and Southern Russian and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them. Central Russian dialects are characterized by a combination of Akanya with Northern Russian features. By origin, these are mainly Northern Russian dialects, which have lost their Okanian dialects and adopted some features of the southern dialects. Central Russian dialects developed as a result of intensive inter-dialect contacts on the territory of the historical central regions of the Russian state. It was these dialects that formed the basis of the national Russian language. Within these three main groups (two dialects and Central Russian dialects), groups and subgroups of dialects are distinguished: northern dialect: Ladoga-Tikhvin, Vologda, Kostroma; Central Russian dialects: Pskov, Vladimir-Volga region; southern dialect: Kursk-Oryol, Ryazan.

Northern and southern dialects differ in a complex of linguistic differences (phonetic, morphological, lexical), forming binary oppositions. The main ones:

Northern dialect: distinguishing non-high vowels after hard consonants in unstressed syllables (okanye); Southern dialect: non-distinction of non-high vowels after hard consonants in unstressed syllables.

Akanye is the non-distinction between o and a, okanye is the distinction between o and a.

(no) catfish (me) sama ) [herself]

(no) soma(s) herself →[soma]→[herself]

water (flowers) fire (from a cannon) [fired "lit"]

water (flowers) →[pol"it"] burn →[pal"it"]

Northern dialect: stop formation of the phoneme g and its pronunciation as k at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant; Southern dialect: fricative formation of the phoneme g and its pronunciation as []1, and at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant as [x]. Northern dialect: absence of j in intervocalic2 position (del[ae]t, de[aa]t or del[a]t); Southern adverb: preserving intervocalic j (does). Northern dialect: forms of gender. and wine cases of personal and reflexive pronouns me, you, yourself; Southern dialect: gender forms. and wine cases of personal and reflexive pronouns: me, you, yourself; Northern dialect: hard t in 3 l molds. units h. and pl. including verbs (wears, wears); Southern dialect: soft in 3 liter forms. units and many more including verbs (he wears, they wear); Northern dialect: the presence of consistent postpositive particles –ot, -ta, -tu, -te, -you, -ti (izba-ta); Southern dialect: absence of consistent postpositive particles.

§ 2.5. Vocabulary of Russian dialects.

Dialectology studies mainly the specific part of the dialect dictionary, its composition and origin, change and development of word meanings. In order to correctly determine the subject of research, you need to know what a dialect word is and what its characteristic features are.

The main feature of a dialect word is its use in a limited territory, in other words, “the presence of isoglosses in the word within the territory occupied by the language.” Therefore, one cannot consider dialect words known to the literary language and denoting the realities of old peasant life “ethnographisms” or local nature: barn, canopy, polati, bast shoes, zipun, beam, gulley; special terms of all-Russian distribution: shuttle, weft, reed (terms of weaving); colloquial vocabulary, as well as variants of words of foreign origin included in the speech of speakers of dialects from the literary language: ahtobus, dilator, fershal, semi-clinic. All these words are not limited locally in their use, and are not associated with certain groups of dialects. Thus, a dialect word is “a word that has a local distribution and at the same time is not included in the vocabulary of a literary language (in any of its varieties).

In the vocabulary of dialects, the following most general groups of dialect words can be distinguished:

    Actually, lexical dialectisms are local words, the roots of which are absent from the literary language, or dialectal derivatives from the roots presented in the literary language: Pskov veksha-squirrel, rogozitsya-to play mischief, Voronezh sapetka-basket, Smolensk banitsya-to wash in a bathhouse, to steam, t .d.

    Lexical-word-formative dialectisms differ from their corresponding literary language equivalents in their morphemic composition. These are words with the same roots and having the same lexical meaning as in the literary language, but with different affixes: Pskov plotka - roach, Don bedakha - poor fellow, Ryazan talkative, talkative - talkative, Tula pity - regret, etc.

    Phonemic dialectisms coincide in meaning with the corresponding words of the literary language, but differ from them in one or two phonemes, and phonemic differences are not related to the phonemic and morphological patterns existing in dialects. In these words, the lexicalization of some phonetic phenomenon occurred: arzhanoy - rye, andyuk - turkey, vyshnyaya - cherry, pakhmurny - cloudy, avzhe - already.

    semantic dialectisms are identical in sound form to the corresponding words, but differ from them in their meanings: Pskov - flood - drown, Smolensk begovoi - agile, Ryazan noodles - chicken pox, mermaid - garden scarecrow, etc.

Thematic groups of dialect words.

The vocabulary of dialects is rich in words that reflect the uniqueness of the subsurface conditions of a particular area, the peculiarities of economic life and the way of life of the population. Characteristic is the detailing of names, especially in the part that relates to the leading sector of the economy, the predominance of specific names, and the relative (compared to the literary language) limitation of thematic groups.

In addition to words naming various objects and realities, dialects contain a lot of so-called non-subject vocabulary, denoting concepts common to all native speakers: verbs, adjectives, adverbs, auxiliary parts of speech.

Verbs of speech are represented in all dialects. They can denote the process of speaking as such: Perm bayat, Pskov balaqat; characterize the pace of speech, the manner of speaking, the physiological features of this process: Pskov ram - speak quickly, babble - speak incessantly, fart - speak under your breath, grunt - say angrily, dissatisfied, gundavit - speak under your nose; reflect the content of the speech, its direction: Pskov babble - talk in vain, chatter, boast - lie.

Most Northern Russian dialects know a group of adverbs with a general meaning of the past tense: summer, winter, spring, autumn, morning, night; as well as the adverbs seigod, segodu - this year, seleto - this summer. To indicate an indefinite time of action in the past, the adverbs onogdy, onogdys, onomedni, recently, recently, the other day are used.

Numerous adjectives related to the characteristics of a person give an idea of ​​​​the person’s appearance, his mind and spiritual qualities, and character traits. For example, in Pskov dialects: shchapny - beautiful, mummy, modely - thin, skinny, karzuby - toothless, mushroom - with thick lips, etc.

Dialect dictionaries.

Regional dictionaries are devoted to describing the vocabulary of folk dialects. Depending on the object of lexicography, consolidated dictionaries are distinguished that describe the vocabulary of all dialects of the Russian language; regional dictionaries, including the vocabulary of a group of closely related dialects, a certain territory, region; dictionaries of the bottom dialect - vocabulary of one locality; dictionaries of one person - vocabulary of one native speaker of the dialect.

Based on the composition of the dictionary, a distinction is made between complete dialect dictionaries, which include all dialect and all-Russian words known to the literary language, and local and differentiated dialect dictionaries, which describe dialect vocabulary that has certain differences in dialects from literary vocabulary.

In recent decades, new types of dictionaries have appeared that describe certain groups of dialect vocabulary - thematic dictionaries, vernacular dictionaries, dictionaries that reveal various kinds of systemic connections in the vocabulary - phraseological, motivational, reverse dictionaries that provide material for studying the word-formation system of dialects, the laws of morphemic compatibility, identifying structural and semantic types.

Conclusion.

We conducted a study of dialects of the Russian language. We gave the concept of dialects of the Russian language, analyzed their structure, and examined the reasons for their occurrence. In this work, we used the achievements of all disciplines studying the Russian language, trying to be at the level of modern research of Russian dialects.

In conclusion, we can say that a dialect is one of our national assets, for example, like oil, gold, achievements in the field of culture, which must be treated with care. Entomologists try to preserve endangered insect species, botanists try to preserve plant species. But this does not mean that we should all breed rare animals or exotic flowers in our homes. Of course, it is convenient for everyone to speak the same language (dialect) - it is always clear what is being said. But then the “greatness and power”, the variety of shades, originality, culture, historical roots, connection of times are lost... Yes, there is an “official” language, but there are also dialects that should not be forgotten. After all, it is not necessary for everyone to speak different dialects, but the more knowledge you have in this area, the more educated you can consider yourself.

In Wells, schools teach ancient dialects in addition to English as the official language. This position is secured by a whole block of decrees of the UK Ministry of Education. Why don't we adopt this experience!

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