And Kopytin art therapy. Art therapy in the context of culture and technology. Participation in an art therapy club

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Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Psychotherapy, North-Western State Medical University. I.I. Mechnikov.

Born on February 4, 1959 in Voronezh. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Kemerovo State Medical Institute in 1982. Subsequently he studied in clinical residency at the Department of Psychiatry of the same institute. Even during his clinical residency training, he showed interest in studying and using the artistic expression of mentally ill patients for the purpose of diagnosing and increasing the effectiveness of the treatment and rehabilitation process. In 1983, he developed an original projective color technique (“Mosaic”), which he began to actively use in working with patients.

From 1984 to 1999 he worked as a local psychiatrist for adults in St. Petersburg. In 1986, he entered correspondence graduate school in clinical psychology at the Leningrad Psychoneurological Research Institute named after. V.M. Bekhterev. In 1990, he successfully defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences in the specialties of “medical psychology” and “psychiatry” (dissertation topic: “Experimental psychological methods in the differential diagnosis of depressive conditions”).

Since the late 1980s, he has been mastering art therapy methods and making attempts to introduce them into the activities of psychiatric institutions in Leningrad / St. Petersburg, including organizing and conducting the first interactive art therapy groups in Russia on the basis of outpatient psychiatric institutions. Since the mid-1990s, he began to actively promote art therapy and conduct the first advanced training programs in art therapy in the Russian Federation (on the basis of the Institute of Practical Psychology “Imaton”, St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education).

Together with a group of colleagues in 1997 he created a regional public organization“Art Therapy Association” and in the same year established the “International Journal of Art Therapy “Healing Art””. Since the mid-1990s, it has been developing cooperation with leading foreign centers and professional organizations in the field of art therapy and organizing numerous scientific and practical forums on the problems of studying psychopathological expression, using the creative potential of people with disabilities, and art therapy. Engaged in writing and preparing the first publications in Russian (monographs, collections scientific works, methodological guidelines) in this area; develops theoretical and methodological issues related to the use of art therapy in medicine, education and the social sphere, creates an original psychotherapeutic approach - systemic art therapy (SAT). He is engaged in scientific research into its effects.

Since 2000, he has been a member of the section of art and psychiatry of the World Psychiatric Association and in 2006 he was elected to the position of vice-chairman of the section. Since 2010 – member of the scientific and editorial board of the journal, member of the editorial board of the journals “Medical Psychology in Russia” (www.medpsy.ru), “Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy” - “Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy: International Journal for Theory, Research and Practice” (www .bmdpjournal.net).

In 2010, at the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute named after. V.M. Bekhtereva is defending her dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences (specializing in medical psychology) on the topic “Systemic art therapy: theoretical basis, methodology of application, treatment, rehabilitation and destigmatizing effects.”

List of main works:

Monographs and collections of scientific papers

Kopytin A.I. Fundamentals of art therapy / A.I. Kopytin. – St. Petersburg: Lan, 1999. – 254 p.
Workshop on art therapy (edited by A.I. Kopytin). – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000. – 285 p.
Kopytin A.I. Systemic art therapy / A.I. Kopytin. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. – 216 p.
Kopytin A.I. Theory and practice of art therapy / A.I. Kopytin. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. – 368 p.
Kopytin A.I. Guide to group art therapy / A.I. Kopytin. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2003. – 320 p.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy for children and adolescents / A.I. Kopytin, E.E. Svistovskaya. – M.: Kogito-Center, 2006. – 197 p.
Art therapy - new horizons (edited by A.I. Kopytin). – M.: Cogito-Center, 2006. – 336 p.
Kopytin A.I. Analytical art therapy techniques. / A.I. Kopytin, B. Kort. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2007. – 186 p.
Practical art therapy: treatment, rehabilitation, training. – M.: Cogito-Center, 2008. – 288 p.
Kopytin A.I. Guide to phototherapy / A.I. Kopytin, D. Platts. – M.: Cogito-Center, 2009. – 184 p.
Kopytin A.I. Phototherapy techniques / A.I. Kopytin. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2010. – 128 p.
Art therapy for women's problems (edited by A.I. Kopytin). – M.: Kogito-Center, 2010. – 270 p.
Kopytin A.I. Guide to child, adolescent and family art therapy / A.I.
Kopytin, E.E. Svistovskaya. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2010. – 250 p.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy for mental disorders. / A.I. Kopytin. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2011. – 368 p.

Methods of art therapeutic assistance to children and adolescents: domestic and foreign experience (edited by A.I. Kopytin). – M.: Cogito-Center, 2012. – 285 p.
Kopytin A.I. Application of some clinical and psychological techniques for the differential diagnosis of depressive states / A.I. Kopytin // Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after. S.S. Korsakov. – 1990. – No. 4. – P. 95-99.
Kopytin A.I. Drawing test R. Silver for assessing the cognitive and emotional spheres of personality / A.I. Kopytin // Psychological Journal. – 2004. – No. 5. – P. 90-97.
Kopytin A.I. Some problems of using art therapy in psychiatry / A.I. Kopytin // Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after. S.S. Korsakov. – 2004. – No. 5. – P.77-82. Kopytin A.I. Early analogues and
modern methods
art therapeutic work with psychiatric patients / A.I. Kopytin // Social and clinical psychiatry. – 2005. – No. 2. – P. 90-102. Kopytin A.I. “Dialogue” with the visual arts of mentally ill people as a tool for destigmatization / A.I. Kopytin // Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after. S.S. Korsakov. – 2007. – No. 12. – P. 71-77. Kopytin A.I. Art therapy as
component
systems of psychiatric care / A.I. Kopytin // Mental health. – 2009. – No. 3. – P. 72-78.
Kopytin A.I. Changes in the mental and social status of drug addicts in remission during group art therapy / A.I. Kopytin, O.V. Bogachev // Psychological Journal. – 2009. – No. 1. – P. 86-95.

Kopytin A. The Silver Drawing Test of Cognition and Emotion: standardization in Russia / A. Kopytin // American Journal of Art Therapy. – 2002. – Vol. 40, May. – P. 223-258.
Kopytin A. Photography and art therapy: an easy partnership / A. Kopytin // Inscape. The Journal of the British Art Therapy Association. – 2004. – No.2. – P. 49-58.
Kopytin A. Using silver drawing test for assessing normal and traumatised children and adolescents living in the areas affected by Chernobyl nuclear accident / A. Kopytin // Trauma und Kreativitat. Therapie mit kunstlerischen medien (eds R. Hampe, Ph. Martius, A. Reiter, G. Schottenloher, F. Von Spreti). – Bremen: Verlag Universitat Bremen. – 2004. – P. 407-416.
Kopytin A. Fantasizing about violence: using the Draw-a-Story Test in assessing adult psychiatric patients who committed severe criminal acts and delinquent adolescents (Chapter 7) / A. Kopytin, V. Sventsitskaya, E. Svistovskaya // Aggression and Depression assessed through art (ed. R. Silver).
– New York: Brunner and Routledge. – 2004. – P. 141-160.
Kopytino A. Meno terapija dirbant su priklausomybe turinciais paaugliais / A. Kopytino // Dailes terapija. Seminaru uzrasai (Rasa Kucinskiene). – Vilnius: Kronta. – 2006. – P. 65-84.
Kopytin A. Promoting understanding and tolerance through art: antistigma experience by the means of interactive exhibitions / A. Kopytin // Collection of scientific papers. – Riga: Riga Stradins University. – 2008. – P. 124-128.
Kopytin A. Antistigma experience by a means of interactive exhibitions / A. Kopytin // The person in art (eds. Hans-Otto Thomashoff and E. Suhanova). – Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. – 2008. – P. 123-139.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy for attraction and rehabilitation of patients with various mental disorders / A.I. Kopytin // Menu terapija reabilitacijoje: situacija ir perspektivos.
Republikines mokslines-praktines konferencijos. – Klaipeda: Klaipedos universitetas. – Klaideda, November 2-4, 2009. – P. 80-95.
Kopytin A. How to overcome psychiatric stigma through art / H.O. Thomashoff, E. Sukhanova, A. Kopytin //Advances in psychiatry (eds. G. Christodoulou, M. Jorge, J. Mezzich). – Athens: BETA Medical Publishers. – 2009. – P. 223-236.

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Psychology of the St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education and the Department of Psychotherapy of the North-Western State Medical University. I.I. Mechnikov.

Since the late 1980s, he has been mastering art therapy methods and making attempts to introduce them into the activities of psychiatric institutions in Leningrad/St. Petersburg, including organizing and conducting the first interactive art therapy groups in Russia on the basis of outpatient psychiatric institutions. Since the mid-1990s, he began to actively promote art therapy and conduct the first advanced training programs in art therapy in the Russian Federation (on the basis of the Institute of Practical Psychology "Imaton", St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education).

Together with a group of colleagues, in 1997 he created the regional public organization “Art Therapy Association” and in the same year established the “International Journal of Art Therapy “Healing Art””. Since the mid-1990s, it has been developing cooperation with leading foreign centers and professional organizations in the field of art therapy and organizing numerous scientific and practical forums on the problems of studying psychopathological expression, using the creative potential of people with disabilities health, art therapy. Engaged in writing and preparing the first publications in Russian (monographs, collections of scientific papers, methodological manuals) in this area; develops theoretical and methodological issues related to the use of art therapy in medicine, education and the social sphere, creates an original psychotherapeutic approach - systemic art therapy (SAT). He is engaged in scientific research into its effects.

Since 2000, he has been a member of the section of art and psychiatry of the World Psychiatric Association and in 2006 he was elected to the position of vice-chairman of the section. Since 2010 - member of the scientific and editorial board of the international journal "Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy" - Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy: International Journal for Theory, Research and Practice.

List of main works

Monographs and collections of scientific works:

Kopytin A.I. Fundamentals of art therapy/A.I. Kopytin. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 1999. - 254 p.
Workshop on art therapy (edited by A.I. Kopytin). - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000. - 285 p.
Kopytin A.I. Systemic art therapy/A.I. Kopytin. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 216 p.
Kopytin A.I. Theory and practice of art therapy/A.I. Kopytin. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. - 368 p.
Kopytin A.I. Guide to group art therapy/A.I. Kopytin. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2003. - 320 p.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy for children and adolescents/A.I. Kopytin, E.E. Svistovskaya. - M.: Cogito-Center, 2006. - 197 p.
Art therapy - new horizons (edited by A.I. Kopytin). - M.: Cogito-Center, 2006. - 336 p.
Kopytin A.I. Analytical art therapy techniques./A.I. Kopytin, B. Kort. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2007. - 186 p.
Practical art therapy: treatment, rehabilitation, training. - M.: Cogito-Center, 2008. - 288 p.
Kopytin A.I. Guide to phototherapy/A.I. Kopytin, D. Platts. - M.: Cogito-Center, 2009. - 184 p.
Kopytin A.I. Phototherapy techniques/A.I. Kopytin. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2010. - 128 p.
Art therapy for women's problems (edited by A.I. Kopytin). - M.: Cogito-Center, 2010. - 270 p.
Kopytin A.I. Guide to child, adolescent and family art therapy/A.I. Kopytin, E.E. Svistovskaya. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2010. - 250 p.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy for mental disorders./A.I. Kopytin. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2011. - 368 p.
Methods of art therapeutic assistance to children and adolescents: domestic and foreign experience (edited by A.I. Kopytin). - M.: Cogito-Center, 2012. - 285 p.

Kopytin A.I. The use of some clinical and psychological techniques for the differential diagnosis of depressive states/A.I. Kopytin//Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after. S.S. Korsakov. - 1990. - No. 4. — P. 95-99.
Kopytin A.I. Drawing test R. Silver for assessing the cognitive and emotional spheres of personality / A.I. Kopytin//Psychological journal. - 2004. - No. 5. — P. 90-97.
Kopytin A.I. Some problems of using art therapy in psychiatry/A.I. Kopytin//Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after. S.S. Korsakov. - 2004. - No. 5. — P.77-82.
Kopytin A.I. Early analogues and modern methods of art therapeutic work with psychiatric patients/A.I. Kopytin//Social and clinical psychiatry. - 2005. - No. 2. — P. 90-102.
Kopytin A.I. “Dialogue” with the visual arts of mentally ill people as a tool for destigmatization/A.I. Kopytin//Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after. S.S. Korsakov. - 2007. - No. 12. — P. 71-77.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy as an integral part of the mental health care system/A.I. Kopytin//Mental health. - 2009. - No. 3. - pp. 72-78.
Kopytin A.I. Changes in the mental and social status of drug addicts in remission during group art therapy/A.I. Kopytin, O.V. Bogachev//Psychological journal. - 2009. - No. 1. — P. 86-95.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy in the clinic of borderline states/A.I. Kopytin//Mental health. - 2009. - No. 8. - pp. 58-65.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy in psychiatry and general medical practice/A.I. Kopytin // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I.I. Mechnikov. - 2009. - No. 3 (30). — pp. 142-148.

Kopytin A. The Silver Drawing Test of Cognition and Emotion: standardization in Russia/A. Kopytin//American Journal of Art Therapy. - 2002. - Vol. 40, May. — P. 223-258.
Kopytin A. Photography and art therapy: an easy partnership/A. Kopytin//Inscape. The Journal of the British Art Therapy Association. - 2004. - No. 2. — P. 49-58.
Kopytin A. Using silver drawing test for assessing normal and traumatised children and adolescents living in the areas affected by Chernobyl nuclear accident/A. Kopytin//Trauma und Kreativitat. Therapie mit kunstlerischen medien (eds R. Hampe, Ph. Martius, A. Reiter, G. Schottenloher, F. Von Spreti). — Bremen: Verlag Universitat Bremen. - 2004. - P. 407-416.
Kopytin A. Fantasizing about violence: using the Draw-a-Story Test in assessing adult psychiatric patients who committed severe criminal acts and delinquent adolescents (Chapter 7)/A. Kopytin, V. Sventsitskaya, E. Svistovskaya//Aggression and Depression assessed through art (ed. R. Silver). — New York: Brunner and Routledge. - 2004. - P. 141-160.
Kopytino A. Meno terapija dirbant su priklausomybe turinciais paaugliais/A. Kopytino//Dailes terapija. Seminaru uzrasai (Rasa Kucinskiene). — Vilnius: Kronta. - 2006. - P. 65-84.
Kopytin A. Promoting understanding and tolerance through art: antistigma experience by the means of interactive exhibitions/A. Kopytin//Collection of scientific papers. — Riga: Riga Stradins University. - 2008. - P. 124-128.
Kopytin A. Antistigma experience by a means of interactive exhibitions/A. Kopytin//The person in art (eds. Hans-Otto Thomashoff and E. Suhanova). - Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. - 2008. - P. 123-139.
Kopytin A.I. Art therapy in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with various mental disorders/A.I. Kopytin//Menu terapija reabilitacijoje: situacija ir perspektivos. Republikines mokslines-praktines konferencijos. — Klaipeda: Klaipedos universitetas. - Klaideda, November 2-4, 2009. - P. 80-95.
Kopytin A. Photography and art therapy: possibilities for partnership/A. Kopytin//KunstReiz. Neurobiologische aspekte kunstlerischer therapien (eds. R. Hampe, P. Martius, D. Ritschl, F. von Spreti, P. Stalder). — Berlin: Frank & Timme. - 2009. - P. 479-492.
Kopytins A. Terapeitiskie faktori makslas terapijas grupa/A. Kopytins/K. Marninsone//Makslas terapija: teorija un prakse (ed. K. Martinsone). — Riga: Drukatava. - 2009. - P. 422-431.
Kopytin A. How to overcome psychiatric stigma through art/H.O. Thomashoff, E. Sukhanova, A. Kopytin //Advances in psychiatry (eds. G. Christodoulou, M. Jorge, J. Mezzich). — Athens: Beta Medical Publishers. - 2009. - P. 223-236.

Copied from the site "Self-knowledge.ru"

The book includes works of domestic and foreign experts in the field of art therapy. It covers a wide range psychological problems, which are most often encountered by women of different ages and social status, and a number of forms of art therapeutic work.

The materials presented in the book show that women now have the opportunity to receive counseling and psychotherapeutic services that take into account gender differences and are free from reductive, dogmatic interpretations of their experience and behavior. They also confirm that art therapy has significant potential for working with a variety of women's problems, often acting as a tool for “social therapy”.

The work belongs to the Psychology genre. It was published in 2010 by Cogito Center Publishing House. On our website you can download the book "Art Therapy for Women's Problems" in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format or read online. The book's rating is 3.75 out of 5. Here, before reading, you can also turn to reviews from readers who are already familiar with the book and find out their opinion. In our partner's online store you can buy and read the book in paper form.

A. I. Kopytin

Theory

and practice

ART THERAPY

Saint Petersburg

Moscow ■ Kharkov ■ Minsk 2002

Alexander Ivanovich Kopytin Theory and practice of art therapy

Series “Golden Fund of Psychotherapy”

Editor-in-Chief E. Stroganova

Zanedushchiy iicMxojiui ical edition L. Vinonurop

Deputy iaa. psychological edition by I. Karpov

Art editor V. Shimkevich

Leading editor A. Borin

Literary editor A. Efremov

Cover artist K. Radzevich Proofreaders L. Komarova, M. Roshale

Layout by I. Oschyutnv

BBK 53.57 UDC 615.851 Kopytin A. I.

K65 Theory and practice of art therapy - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. - 368 p.: ill. - (Series “Golden Fund of Psychotherapy”),

ISBN 5-318-00710-4

The book presents the basics of the theory of art therapy and some models of its application in large areas of psychotherapeutic therapy. The results of studies assessing the effects of using art therapy in the clinical field and testing the diagnostic capabilities of drawing techniques are described. The book KPYuChZh1 outlines the provisions of the concept of systemic art therapy developed by the author. Description of various multimodal techniques and processes of non-verbal communication in the art therapy process. The connection between modern art therapy and the artistic practice of Yavan Shrda is discussed. The book is addressed to doctors, psychotherapists, psychologists, social workers and other specialists in the field of mental health protection, as well as students of psychological and medical faculties of universities.

©A. I. Kopytin, 2002

ISBN 5-318-00710-4

CJSC “Peter Buki. 196105, Sint-Psggrburg, Yi1"di1nayaup., no. 67.

License ID No. 01940 mOS.OU.00. Tax benefit - All-Russian product classifier OK 0O5-93, tone 2; D53OOO - GNP and brochures

Padpisanov seal 12/21/01. Format 70*100"/,. Conditions p, l, : 9, b7. Circulation 5000 copies. 3 order No. 2449.

Printed from transparencies at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Printing Diaori named after A. M. Gorky Miiiisgvrspsh of the Russian Federation for printing chips,

11tler!|broadcasting and mass communications.

197110. St. Petersburg, Chkalovsky pr., 15.

Part I. BASIC CONCEPTS.

CONCEPT OF SYSTEMIC ART THERAPY

Chapter 1. Definition of art therapy 14

Conclusion 20

Chapter 2. History of art therapy and art therapeutic education 21

Predecessors and pioneers of art therapy 22

Creation of the first professional associations 31

Integration into state system healthcare. Changes

in the conditions and remuneration of art therapists 34

Art therapy education 37

Conclusion 43

Chapter 3. Main factors of psychotherapeutic influence

in art therapy 45

Artistic Expression Factor 45

Psychotherapeutic relationship factor 54

Factor of interpretation and verbal feedback 62

Chapter 4. Art therapeutic process and its systemic description 67

Preparatory stage 70

The stage of formation of a system of psychotherapeutic relationships and the beginning

visual arts client 74

The stage of strengthening and developing psychotherapeutic relationships

and the most productive visual activity of the client 79

The final stage (termination) 87

Conclusion 92

Part P. GROUP ART THERAPY

Chapter 5. Forms of group art therapy 96

Studio open group 98

Dynamic (analytical) closed group 102

Thematic group 105

Conclusion 108

Chapter 6. Factors of psychotherapeutic influence

in group art therapy 109

Artistic Expression Factor 109

Factor of intragroup communication processes and relationships 130

Interpretation and Verbal Feedback Factor 138

Conclusion 153

Chapter 7. Description of the group art therapy process 154

Bikinis, goddesses and Mickey Rourke 155

Gradaemnoy and heavenly 163

Chapter 8. Nonverbal communication and different shapes creative

self-expression in group art therapy 174

The role of nonverbal communication and various forms of creativity

self-expression in art therapy 174

The connection between nonverbal communication and various forms of creativity

expression with group processes 177

in nonverbal communication 186

Performance, installation, work with objects and land art 196

Conclusion 217

Part III. SPECIAL ISSUES IN ART THERAPY

Chapter 9. Art therapy in working with psychiatric patients 221

Brief overview of history and main approaches to use

art therapy in working with psychiatric patients 221

The main problems of using art therapy at work

with psychiatric patients 223

Study of the effects of art therapy at work

with psychiatric patients: main tasks 230

Choosing art therapy models 231

Equipment for an art therapy room; periodicity,

structure and content of sessions.;, 233

Composition of groups and procedure for referral to art therapy 235

Objectives of art therapeutic work 237

Registration of the progress of sessions and methods of dynamic assessment of art therapeutic work and its results 238

Clinical description of group art therapy work 240

Example! 240

Example 2 261

Mechanisms and processes associated with achieving positive effects of art therapy in working with psychiatric patients

patients 268

Artistic expression factor 270

Psychotherapeutic and intra-group factors

communication processes and relationships 274

Interpretation and Verbal Feedback Factor 279

Conditions for maintaining the positive effects of art therapy over time 282

Conclusion 287

Chapter 10. Intercultural research in art therapy and Russian

standardization of drawing test Silver 289

Goals and objectives of the study 291

Brief description of drawing test Silver 292

Cognitive aspect 293

Forecasting task 293

Life drawing task 293

Imagination task 293

Emotional aspect 294

Scale for assessing the emotional content of drawings 295

Self-Image Rating Scale 296

Characteristics of respondents 296

Results and discussion 299

Conclusions 310

CONCLUSION 312

Appendix 1. ART THERAPY WEB RESOURCES 316

Appendix 2. ART THERAPY CENTERS

EDUCATION 319

Belgium 319

University of Leuven, in collaboration with the Lemmens Institute 319

UK 321

University England Polytechnic 321

Central School of Speech and Drama L 323

South Devon College 324

University of Hertfordshire 326

Goldsmith's College, University of London 332

University of Sheffield 335

Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh 337

Germany 338

Dresden School of Art 338

University of Münster 339

School of Art Therapy Nurtingen 340

Netherlands 340

University vocational education Arnhem

and Nijmegen 340

Institute of Vocational Education of the Northern Netherlands... 344

University of Vocational Education Enschede 346

University of Vocational Education Limburg 347

University of Vocational Education Utrecht 349

Finland 351

University of Fine Arts and Design Helsinki 351

North Karelia Polytechnic 352

Sibelius Academy 353

France 353

René Descartes University, Paris 353

Sweden 357

Umea University 357

LITERATURE 359

Introduction
Recent years have become a time of rapid development of psychotherapy in our country and the active development of its new forms and models. Art therapy, a treatment method based on the use of artistic creativity, is of great interest to specialists and potential clients. However, until recently in Russia, clearly not enough was known about this extremely interesting and promising direction, which became the reason for its most bizarre interpretations. There are a lot of people who call themselves art therapists without any reason.

The level of awareness about this area of psychotherapy, even in academic circles, unfortunately, still leaves much to be desired. Despite the desire of the compilers of the “Psychotherapeutic Encyclopedia* (Karvasarsky, 2000) “to present with maximum completeness and objectivity* “all the basic information about psychotherapy and its methods” (p. 9), the information about art therapy provided in it can hardly be called complete and objective. Most of it is drawn from foreign publications 25-30 years ago. When describing domestic achievements in this area, nothing is said about the existence in our country of an art therapeutic association, the journal “Healing Art” published by it, the conduct of basic art therapeutic training courses and the existence of very interesting practical centers using art therapy methods.

Also not mentioned are the books on art therapy in Russian that have appeared in recent years (Kopytin, 1999; Kopytin, 2000), thanks to which many first learned about real art therapy. Of course, they are clearly not enough, and there is an urgent need to familiarize domestic readers with history

10 Introduction

development, theoretical foundations and methods of art therapy within the framework of its comprehensive, systematic description.

In our opinion, such a systemic description should include: a characterization of art therapy as an independent psychotherapeutic direction, organically connected with social, cultural, political and institutional contexts;

the idea of art therapy as a professional movement associated with a community of specialists united on the basis of a certain system of theoretical views and empirically developed techniques;

analysis of various therapeutic and correctional factors of art therapy;

description of the art therapeutic process as a series of stages that naturally replace each other, each of which reflects the dynamics of artistic expression, the client’s behavior and his relationship with the psychotherapist;

characteristics of the features of group art therapy and art therapy group.

This book is an attempt at such a systematic description of art therapy. Since it includes several aspects of systemic analysis, it would be a mistake to consider the concept of “systemic art therapy” that we use as a direct analogue of systemic family psychotherapy. Striving for the most complete and comprehensive analysis of art therapy as a method with its characteristic factors of therapeutic and correctional influence and the dynamics of various changes occurring in the process of work, the author used various theoretical models. Therefore, his approach could also be called eclectic. The author considers the use of this approach to be the most justified, taking into account both the features of the method itself, which appeared at the intersection of various disciplines and forms of praxis, and the modern stage of development of art therapy.

In recent years, new original concepts of art therapy have been actively developed, which complement traditional psychodynamic, behavioral and humanistic ideas about the nature and mechanisms of the healing effects of exercises artistic creativity. When developing them, elements are widely used general theory systems, social theories and cultural theories. For example, largely thanks to the use of ideas from general systems theory and postmodern concepts in the art therapeutic environment, there is a growing awareness of the limitations of any “umbrella” theories of orthodox psychology and psychiatry with their desire to explain human behavior and experience within the framework of any one theoretical model. Methodological pluralism in problem analysis modern man and determining approaches to solving them turns out to be more adequate to the existing realities of life and contributes to the development of such forms of art therapy that take into account gender and age, race and ethnicity, cultural and social experience and other characteristics of patients. This trend is associated with a revision of traditional concepts of health and illness and the recognition that the content of these concepts is largely determined by social institutions, discursive models of culture, the system of values and attitudes of representatives of various

Entered 11

professional groups. Modern art therapeutic theory, as well as the effective use of methods practical work and research is impossible without critical study social structures and socially accepted ways of representing mental experience. This, in turn, requires art therapists to master those “territories” that have traditionally been occupied by sociologists and cultural theorists, as well as a comprehensive analysis of linguistic and nonverbal (in particular, visual) discursive models.

Much attention has recently been paid to the study of non-verbal communication, and therefore various forms of creative expression of participants in the art therapeutic process are included in the field of view of specialists. There are good reasons to believe that a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of nonverbal communication and various forms of creative self-expression will make art therapeutic work more effective. This can be facilitated by art therapists mastering certain forms and strategies of contemporary art, in particular such as installation, performance, working with objects, etc. Unfortunately, in modern art therapeutic literature, clearly insufficient attention is paid to all these issues. Taking this into account, one of the chapters of the book is entirely devoted to their discussion and contains numerous examples illustrating the features of non-verbal communication in art therapy and the use of innovative forms of multimodal work.

The book reflects the theoretical views, clinical and research experience of the author. Its first two parts outline the initial art therapeutic ideas and the author’s concept of art therapy, and the third part is devoted to the results of the clinical application of this concept and research on the standardization of the Silver drawing test. Chapter 9 provides a description of art therapeutic work in clinical settings, from the planning stage to the assessment of achieved results and the development of recommendations for further improvement, as well as expanding its clinical and social base. This material reflects the work done by the author of the book on the practical implementation of the systems approach and related models of scientific research in art therapy. For example, when studying the effects of using art therapy in working with mentally ill patients, the author sought to take into account the characteristics of the institutional culture and policy of a state psychiatric institution, the system of relationships and experience of patients, the cultural, social/microsocial and economic resources at their disposal, as well as many other contextual factors.

During the Russian standardization of the drawing test Silver Special attention addressed the study of culture-dependent and culture-independent variables of graphic production. The results of this study indicate significant differences between the drawings of respondents of different gender, age and cultural background and confirm how important it is for any modern research to maintain a “postmodern sensibility” associated with close attention to various systemic and extra-systemic phenomena.

In recent years, contacts between representatives of art therapeutic communities have noticeably intensified different countries. Implementation of international educational and research projects, intensive exchange of information in this area dictate the need to develop uniform principles and standards of art therapeutic activity and a system of theoretical ideas that would be highly “convertible.” The author of the book is convinced that the theoretical “neutrality” of the systemic approach in combination with postmodern “intertextuality” could serve as the basis for professional communication and the use of the strategy of “sheta descriptions” in modern art therapy.-

These features of the systemic approach and the postmodern paradigm act as a prerequisite for the interactivity of art therapy, as well as high self-criticism, mobility and professionalism of specialists and their ability to efficient work in the conditions of a modern multicultural society.

As an independent direction in psychotherapeutic work and type professional activity art therapy began to develop relatively recently. Sensitively responding to the changes taking place in society over the past few decades, representatives of the art therapeutic movement were able to create not only a certain system of theoretical ideas, but also a developed network of services offered to representatives of a wide variety of social groups. On modern stage development of art therapy, it is characterized by recognition of the diversity of forms human experience and ways of its reflection in various models of cultural and professional discourse. In the context of postmodernism, none of the currently existing theories of psychology or psychotherapy can be considered sufficient or more “true” than others. Therefore, the author of the book hopes that, taking advantage of his experience and thoughts, readers will look for their answers to the questions of what art therapy is and how it could be used. While acknowledging the relativity of any belief system, he also hopes that his readers will be able to move beyond existing theoretical and ideological frameworks and turn to practice as the main means of testing the effectiveness of their chosen methods. In this sense, the author’s position could be called pragmatic and open to the development of new ideas and forms of experience. “The most important thing in a structure is not the structure, but what leads beyond its limits... Chance, chance, event, freedom go beyond the limits of structure as the law of conformity” (Avtonomova, 1991). For the author of this book, art therapy is just such an opportunity, a chance, an event and freedom, and he would like it to become the same for many others - clients and those professionals who are mastering or already using art therapeutic methods.

A. I. Kopytin

Contemporary clinical art therapy

Tutorial

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Reviewers:

S. M. Babin, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Psychotherapy of Northwestern State Medical University named after. I. I. Mechnikova

M. E. Burno, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology, Sexology RMAPO

Introduction

The development of art therapy as a scientific and practical discipline in our country and abroad is marked by the strengthening of its position as a necessary component of the activities of various medical, social, educational institutions. The scientific and methodological basis of art therapy is being improved. Its procedures and programs of treatment, prevention and rehabilitation are regulated, intended for different categories of sick and healthy people. Requirements for the evidence base and effectiveness of art therapy and the training of specialists capable of providing professional art therapy services are increasing.

Historically formed as a type of helping activity that combines artistic and psychological (therapeutic) practice, art therapy has given rise to a variety of forms and methods. Some of them are characterized by the predominance of the artistic component, more space visual activities and are often referred to as “therapeutic art» ( therapeutic art, art as therapy). Others attach importance not only to the process of visual activity, but also to the perception and discussion of the created product, working with the holistic personality of the client/patient based on one or another model psychological counseling, psychotherapy. In recent years, the word “art psychotherapy” has been increasingly used to denote them.

Therapeutic fine arts and art psychotherapy complement each other and create significant opportunities for working with different people and solving various problems of treatment, rehabilitation, harmonization and human development. They can constitute a repertoire of forms and methods of work, which are selected and implemented by the same specialist, taking into account the individual characteristics of the client or group. To do this, a specialist must go through a relatively long path of additional professional training (master's or post-master's degree) in art therapy, as is typical in some countries. At the same time, therapeutic fine art and art psychotherapy can be practiced by different specialists - an artist who has mastered the basics of psychology, in the first case, and a psychologist/psychotherapist who has mastered at least the basics of artistic activity, in the second. Their professional functions, opportunities and remuneration can be regulated accordingly. It is along this path that art therapy is developing in our country today.

This publication is devoted to art therapy as one of the actively emerging approaches to the therapeutic and preventive use of visual activity. Its history, theory and methodology, tools for practical work in medicine and the social sphere, planning and implementation of interventions, and studied effects are presented. Many years of experience in teaching, practical work and research in art therapy allowed the author of the book to paint a holistic picture of its development and current state, as well as present numerous practical examples. The publication actually serves as a textbook that allows you to master this subject area, starting from the basics and ending with fundamental issues of the formation and positioning of art therapy in the system of scientific knowledge, as well as its use in various areas of practical application.

The publication reflects the specifics of domestic art therapy, the features of its development in the post-Soviet period. Having comprehensively studied and mastered the achievements of foreign art therapy schools, the author nevertheless identifies the strengths and advantages of domestic art therapy, offering a holistic and comprehensively substantiated concept of art therapeutic intervention, successfully implemented by him and his students.

Chapter 1. Art therapy in the past and present

1.1. Art therapy: definition, history and current state

1.1.1. What is art therapy?

According to the generally accepted international definition, art therapy is one of the areas of creative art therapy ( creative arts therapies), along with such areas as music therapy, dance movement therapy and drama therapy. All of them use the creative activity of clients/patients as a factor of therapeutic and preventive influence, but with a predominant reliance on one of the modalities through which clients express themselves creatively - visual arts, music, movement and dance, or the art of theater. Accordingly, there are specialists who carry out their work using these modalities - art therapists, music therapists, dance movement therapists and drama therapists.

In recent years, other highly specialized areas of creative art therapy (for example, poetry therapy) or integrative forms that combine all possible types creative expression (expressive arts therapy – expressive arts therapies). Since a monomodal approach predominates in the foreign practice of creative art therapy and in the training of specialists, a combination of different modalities in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures is usually achieved by implementing a team approach, when a client, undergoing, for example, a rehabilitation course, attends classes not only with art therapist, but also from other specialists.

In a number of countries (USA, UK and some others), various forms of creative art therapy are considered as independent paramedical specialties, requiring appropriate long-term professional (master's or post-master's) training, designed for at least two or three years. Completion of such programs allows persons with different basic education (not lower than bachelor’s level) in the field of art, pedagogy, psychology, medicine (usually nursing specialists - nursing) or social work master a sufficient amount of knowledge and develop a set of skills necessary to provide psychological and psychosocial assistance to different groups of the population based on the use of art.

There are also countries, including Russia, where creative art therapies do not have the status of independent specialties. They are considered highly specialized methods psychological assistance, for mastery of which and for the subsequent application of which in one of the areas of helping activities (therapeutic, rehabilitation, advisory, etc.) it is necessary to have the appropriate professional qualifications psychologist or psychotherapist and complete an appropriate additional education program.

In both countries, it is possible to use the supporting or developing potential of art not by professional art therapists, psychologists or psychotherapists, but, for example, by teachers, artists or representatives of other creative professions who have not undergone special master’s or post-master’s training. However, their activities cannot be considered a form of psychological or therapeutic assistance, but belong to the field of art or education (for example, art education, special or correctional pedagogy or art pedagogy).

Appeal to existing definitions art therapy and other areas of creative art therapy allows us to better understand their main content and purpose. According to the Resolution of the Russian Art Therapy Association, art therapy is characterized as “a system of psychological and psychophysical therapeutic and correctional interventions based on clients/patients engaging in visual arts, building and developing therapeutic relationships. It can be used for the purpose of treating and preventing various diseases, correcting disrupted behavior and psychosocial maladjustment, rehabilitating people with mental and physical illnesses and psychosocial limitations, achieving more High Quality life and human development."

According to the definition of the American Art Therapy Association, art therapy is considered as a type of “therapeutic application of visual activity in the context of the professional relationship of the art therapist with people who have certain illnesses, injuries or difficulties of mental adaptation, or those who strive for personal development. Through the creation of visual products and discussion of images and the process of their creation, they can come to a better understanding of themselves and others, cope with symptoms of illness and stress or the effects of trauma, develop cognitive skills and develop a positive, life-affirming outlook” (AATA, 2003, p. 3).