In this article I will tell you how to properly perform electrical installation. hidden electrical wiring V wooden house, according to regulatory technical documents type PUE and PTEEP, as well as rules fire safety.
I'll start with some not very happy statistics. You all watch the news and know that most often fires occur due to damage to electrical wiring. You can find out what types of damage can occur during operation in my article.
Fires cause enormous damage to material property, and worst of all, they can lead to the death of people.
Causes of fires?
Don't be surprised, but there are several reasons.
1. Savings on electrical installations
The desire to save money on electrical installation work by hiring unprofessional and illiterate people leads to disastrous consequences. These would-be electricians install hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house without doing it.
2. Irresponsibility and negligence of the property owner
What are the manifestations of negligence and irresponsibility?
Yes, everything is very simple. To the owner wooden house, and not only at home, but also in apartments, it is necessary to periodically carry out a number of basic electrical measurements:
- RCD measurement
- and etc.
A lot of wood dust accumulates in the voids of a wooden house, and the smallest spark from a short circuit can lead to a fire. But the worst thing is that it is very difficult to determine the source of the fire, much less put it out.
I think this is all clear to you.
Human factor
The second reason for the peculiarity of installation is the human factor. During electrical installation, you can accidentally damage the insulation of wires and cables. During electrical measurements, this fault may not be identified, found or detected.
But during operation, when electrical wiring lines are loaded with current (especially in winter period), heating of wires and cables occurs, the insulation between the cores deteriorates or is completely absent, resulting in a short circuit.
Attention!!! The walls of PVC corrugation and plastic boxes (channels) burn out during a short circuit, which will ultimately lead to a fire.
Is it possible to use a metal hose?
From many electricians, with extensive experience and work experience, I hear the opinion that electrical installation of hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house using a metal hose is completely safe.
I will now explain to you why this opinion is wrong.
Metal hose, as well as PVC corrugation and plastic box(channel), protects the electrical wiring in the house from minor mechanical influences, but does not serve as protection against ignition in the event of a short circuit in the electrical wiring. This property of materials is called localization ability.
What is localization ability?
Localization ability- this is the property of a fireproof material in which a wire or cable is laid to withstand short circuit currents in an electrical circuit without burning the walls of the fireproof material. Those. During short circuit currents, the walls of the metal hose easily burn out, which ultimately leads to a fire.
I think everything is clear now. Installation of hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house using a metal hose is STRICTLY PROHIBITED!!!
P.S. This is where I end part 1 of the article. To be continued. Subscribe to new articles.
A house built of wood is good. A lot of people prefer wood as a material for walls and this is not surprising. Let's compare wood with another popular building material - brick. A house made of wood is built much faster, wood is cheaper than brick, the heat transfer of wood is much lower, which means insulating the house will cost less. Not to mention the environmental friendliness and beauty of wood. Of course, wood is not a panacea; it has many disadvantages, and one of them is that it is easily flammable. There are fire-resistant impregnations, but they do not completely solve the problem, and besides, they must be impregnated regularly. That is why in our article, which talks about how to make wiring in such a house, the theme of fire safety rules when electrifying a wooden house will be a common thread.
Basic requirements for electrical installation
Depending on the area, configuration of your home and energy consumption, you need to think through all the nuances of installing electrical wiring, as well as a number of measures before and after completion of work:
- Draw up a power supply diagram; without it, work cannot begin;
- Decide on materials: types, brands, cross-sections of cables and wires, their quantity. It's the same with boxes, sockets, pipes and everything else;
- Now you can begin practical actions. First of all, you need to prepare the walls for laying pipes, installing boxes and sockets according to the power supply diagram;
- Choose distribution board depending on the number of consumers and their power, we install it;
- We lay the wires in the pipes and place them in pre-prepared channels, after which we connect the sockets.
The requirements are clearly demonstrated in the video:
House power supply diagram
Depending on how much electricity your home will consume, an electrical supply diagram or project is made. The project is done when peak (all electrical appliances in the house are turned on simultaneously and at maximum power) consumption is more than 10 kW. In this case, the implementation of the project is mandatory and it is subject to registration with the organization supplying electricity. The project has quite serious requirements: it must contain data from electrical diagrams external and internal power supply up to the ratings of fuse links. Therefore, carry out the project in in full Only a specialist can.
Even if the consumption is less than 10 kW, the circuit is still needed. It shows the exact locations of all elements and the routes of wires, preferably indicating all distances. This must be carefully thought out and verified taking into account the location of the furniture and household appliances so as not to fuse extension cords later.
Cable entry into the house
Electrical installation is divided into two types: external and internal.
External installations include building entry and external lighting. Entering the building – important element fire safety systems, input can be air or underground. The following rules apply:
For underground input, if the house has a basement, the cable is inserted directly through the foundation through a pipe at least 1 meter from the foundation, depth - 70-80 cm. If there is no basement in the house, the cable rises along the wall of the house in a pipe to a height of at least 1.8 meters. Entering under the foundation is strictly prohibited.
Input distribution device (IDU)
It is to the ASU that the cable comes from overhead line. Here, at the ASU, the voltage is distributed throughout the house through circuit breakers and fuses. The grounding bus also comes here, connects to the grounding wires in the cable and grounds all electrical installations and lighting fixtures in the house. The ASU, or simply the shield, must be made specifically for a wooden house.
The housing of the ASU must be metal. It is very convenient to place an electric meter here, but this must be provided for by the design of the input distribution device.
Preparing the walls
When conducting internal wiring it is usually placed between the wall and the decorative covering. In this case, it is necessary to exclude direct contact of the cable with the wall surface and decorative covering. To do this, the conductor can be placed in a non-flammable metal hose, covering the latter on all sides with insulation in the form of cement or alabaster mortar. But the most reliable and safest way is to place the conductor in pipes, although this is more expensive.
If there is no decorative coating, then you need to make channels for the pipes and cut and hollow out spaces for sockets and switches. In this case, you need to think about how to close these channels beautifully and carefully.
Materials
In a wooden house, everything related to the electrical supply must be non-flammable:
- The cable and wires must be copper and insulated from a material that does not support combustion, for example VVGng;
- Sockets and switches must have a metal backing, and the plastic housing must be non-flammable, which must be indicated in the product certificate.
When choosing a cable, try to choose a cable from the same manufacturer with colored cores. This will avoid installation errors. It is customary to connect wires by color as follows:
If you decide to do internal wiring, you need to choose pipes. They can be steel or copper. Steel pipes less convenient for installation, since with small bending radii you will have to bend the pipe hot, warming up the pipe each time gas burner or blowtorch. It is easier to work with copper pipes, but they have another drawback - the price is several times higher.
The diameter of the pipe should be such that the cable occupies no more than 40% of the pipe volume. The wall thickness should be 2.8-3.2 mm. Make sure that there are no burrs or sharp edges on the edges of the pipes that could cut through the insulation.
We insert metal branch boxes into previously prepared places and connect them to the pipes using soldering or welding.
After completing this stage of work, we check that all these elements are grounded.
Wiring
Now we lay wires or cables in the pipes. It is advisable to take a three-wire or five-wire, with a grounding wire, depending on the connected load. The cable is pulled using a pulling cord. At the end of the stretching, be sure to measure the insulation resistance to make sure there is no damage.
Now we connect the wires to sockets, switches and lighting fixtures. Connections inside distribution boxes can be done in several ways:
Open wiring
A cheaper and simpler wiring option compared to hidden wiring. It is carried out along the surface of the wall. The following devices are used for this:
- Cable channel;
- Electrical plinth;
- Roller insulators.
Cable channel is a box consisting of two parts. One is attached to the wall, cables and wires are laid in it, the second locks them from above. In this case, the wires must be in non-flammable insulation. The convenience of cable channels lies in the easy accessibility of wiring. The material from which they are made must be non-flammable.
Electrical skirting board It is stamped from non-flammable plastic and has channels inside for laying cables.
Roller insulators have been known for a long time; in some places they have even been preserved in old houses. Now they are worried new life, they are used to carry out open wiring in new houses, although this is necessary certain style home, appropriate interior, otherwise it will look ridiculous. With this type of wiring, a special stranded wire with PVC insulation and decorative silk braiding with non-flammable impregnation is mounted on the rollers.
The article describes the most common methods of electrifying a wooden house, and whichever one you choose, always respect electricity, and it will repay you in kind, bringing warmth and light into the house.
But the resinous mass of dried wood - dangerous object for the appearance of a random spark: can turn into a tragedy due to technological errors or negligence during installation.
Therefore, for installing electrics in a wooden house in a hidden way You can only undertake this if you have basic technical training and have thoroughly studied the rather strict current regulatory documents:
- GOST R 50572.1-93;
- SNiP 3/01/01-85;
- SNiP III-4-80;
- SNiP 2.08.01(6.17).
- “Rules for the construction of electrical installations” (PUE).
Isn’t it better to entrust this important stage of construction professionals?
Why is hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house so attractive?
Surely aesthetics of walls and ceilings:
- there are no wiring elements that violate the design of the room;
- sockets and switches recessed into the wall do not cause inconvenience when arranging furniture;
- the wall surface is easier to use for wallpapering;
- correctly executed wiring increases the fire safety level of the building;
- ease of replacing the cable in the pipe;
- less risk of mechanical damage to wiring;
- protruding electrical fittings do not collect dust and do not become a support for cobwebs.
What makes hidden electrical wiring an object of increased danger?
- Inaccessibility for constant inspection of the insulation condition and replacement of areas that have undergone aging and destruction (microdamage can cause a short circuit);
- complications in the work of adding new points to the electrical circuit after time has passed;
- technical complexity of installation, effective only during the construction of the house;
- the need to create false structures that can hide insulating pipes;
- high cost of work and materials;
- costs for special tools.
What are the features of installing hidden wiring in a wooden house?
- You must be prepared for the fact that according to the wiring diagram you will pull not only wires and cables, but also meters of steel or copper pipes - required condition isolation. In a wooden house, not even a centimeter of wire should come into contact with the wood. Pulling a cable or wire through a tube is a troublesome task that requires patience.
- To install insulating pipes into the body of the wall, you will have to tap, drill, and cut out a place for wiring. This work is dusty, dirty, labor-intensive.
- Vertical channels are drilled while laying the crowns of the log house, horizontal ones (with a special drill) - after completion of the construction of the walls.
- A conductor is placed in the holes - a wire with which the cable will be pulled.
- All installation sites for wiring elements and transitions from one room to another must be well insulated metal boxes, sleeves, “glasses”, linings, asbestos wrapping or insulation with alabaster plaster.
- The number of main channels becomes significant: for a large number it will be necessary, as insulation, corrugated pipe quite large in diameter, which is difficult to hide in a log wall.
- The importance of the residual current device (RCD) is increasing; several such devices can be installed in hidden wiring: to disconnect the external circuit, the internal circuit and the circuit with the highest power load.
Rules for performing internal wiring in a wooden house
- Electrical wiring is carried out only on the basis of a diagram agreed upon with specialists, with a minimum number of turns and bends.
- The electric main is laid exclusively in non-combustible materials.
- During installation, priority is given to fire safety objectives, and aesthetic wishes are not so important.
- It is advisable to lay channels in the structural recesses of door and window openings, under baseboards, overhead lining of the ceiling.
- Corrugated pipes used as channel insulation are protected on all sides with asbestos gaskets during installation. For the same purposes, taking into account the estimated power of the wiring, alabaster or cement plaster and concreting are used.
- Galvanized insulating pipes and ducts are connected using threads and welding. Sharp edges are protected plastic plugs. Copper protective elements in the connection are flared.
- The thickness of the pipe walls is selected taking into account the cross-section of the wire cores (example: 2.8 mm for an aluminum core of 10 mm2, or a copper wire of 4 mm2).
- The cable (together with the insulating layer) inside the insulating pipe should occupy up to 40% of the internal volume.
- The insulation resistance is measured twice: before pulling through the pipe and after.
- Distribution boxes must remain freely accessible.
- For hidden wiring, wires and cables with triple insulation coating and marking “ng” are used.
Wiring in the ceiling of a wooden house
To the advantages wooden floors can be attributed:
- high load-bearing capacity;
- vibration resistance;
- maintaining the geometry of the structure;
- reducing the overall weight of the structure;
- construction speed;
- versatility of use;
- Suitable for floor screeds.
Flaw there will be one, and it will be revealed during the fire:
- wooden floors quickly catch open fire;
- have a tendency to collapse.
What should I do?
- Cable protection with pipes.
- Metal tray for complex floor layouts.
- Taking risks is not always a noble cause.
Therefore, there are no concessions for electrical distribution across floors: only the placement of cables in pipes. By the way, electrical distribution over floors is the most convenient way hidden wiring devices. In this case, the grooves for pipes to switches and sockets are descended from the main cables.
True, if the change in direction of the wires is very frequent and at different angles, then it is more rational to use blank copper trays with covers instead of pipes. You can lay out several wires in them at once and in any direction. They perfectly isolate the wiring from the wood of the floors and are attached to each other using rivets. In order to reduce the cost of work, such trays are also made of galvanized steel.
The process of laying trays is complicated by the need to take into account and bypass structural elements at home or trim them and then strengthen them. In this case, you cannot do without skills in performing tin work.
It will be necessary to ground each tray separately. When turning, the trays can form an angle that is dangerous for the integrity of the cable, so corrugated insulation is placed on it in this place.
Tray insulation for hidden wiring can also be used with inside ceilings, subsequently covering the entire structure of the false ceiling with plasterboard or tongue and groove boards treated with fire retardants.
The most primitive installation method is electrical wiring on the floors in layers of alabaster or cement plaster, when one layer is laid down, and after applying the wires, 2-3 cm of a new layer are added. This method is very risky for fire safety (due to the likelihood of cracking) and is rarely used.
- The type of cable for a wooden house will be different from that used in urban areas.
- The most suitable cable is NYM, it has triple insulation and a sheath of non-flammable material(polyvinyl chloride).
- The greatest reliability in protecting the electrical network from emergency failures are provided by difavtomats, which combine 2 protective devices - automatic switch and RCD (residual current device).
- It is worth remembering: grounding each distribution box and each pipe will not be superfluous.
- The pipe connection must be reliable: use welding or soldering.
- When choosing pipes, give preference to copper pipes: they bend better and easily take the shape of the prepared gutter.
- To protect the cable from damage when pulling, you must use plastic end sleeves.
- The shrinkage of the house should be taken into account to prevent pinching of the main.
- When covering walls with clapboard or wooden wallpaper you can do without drilling the walls by passing the main distribution pipes through the hollowed out grooves.
- Can be combined hidden wiring with open: in places where wires are connected to sockets or switches.
This article is devoted to the topic. We all know that construction is in fashion wooden houses has always existed, because a tree has huge benefits compared to many building materials claiming to be environmentally friendly. The main disadvantage of wooden houses is their very good susceptibility to combustion. That is why, electrical wiring in a wooden house First of all, it must meet building safety criteria. It's not enough to have very good wire, it still needs to be installed correctly. According to statistics, in 80% of cases, gross errors are made during installation, but this is wood and any miscalculation here can lead to a fire, and a fire means loss of property, and in some cases, human lives.
In wooden houses, electrical wiring should first of all begin with your serious approach to this issue, since your safety and the safety of your loved ones depends on it. There is a huge variety of protective electrical materials specially made for wooden houses. In most cases, the main mistakes are made in not knowing these materials properly and inability to use them. We are not even talking about the owners’ lack of knowledge of wooden houses; the electricians themselves do not know them or neglect them in installation; 70% of electricians are self-taught and do not have the proper education, skills and experience, I know from own experience work in this area. But the worst thing is not this, but the fact that these unfortunate electricians do not even strive to learn the knowledge of this profession; in most cases, their knowledge in this area is not much different from yours.
Choosing a wire
It is worth starting with the electrical work of a wooden house, of course, by drawing up. Next, you need to select a wire. It is for electrical wiring in wooden houses that there are special non-flammable or low-burning wires:
- , VVGng-P(A) - copper wire with a solid core, can be two, three, four or five cores. Has double insulation. Inner layer consists of polyvinyl chloride insulation, using multi-colored cores. The outer layer consists of a non-flammable plastic composition. The note in the wire brand “ng” means it is not subject to combustion. The temperature of use of the wire is from +50 to -50 degrees Celsius. Letter (A) - indicates the fire retardant category according to GOST R IEC 60332-3-22.
Wooden houses are chosen as housing for many reasons: some are contraindicated to live in concrete “boxes”, others like beautiful log cabins. However, living in them is closely related to the concept of safety. That is why electrical wiring in a wooden house is considered one of key aspects.
We will talk about how to properly install electrical wiring in a wooden house. Let us tell you what schemes Consumables and electrical installation products are used in laying lines along walls made of timber or logs. With our advice, you can create a secure and trouble-free network.
Even if all logs, beams and boards are treated with fire retardants, they remain vulnerable to accidental fire. For this reason, the stages of constructing an electrical system - from design to installation of sockets and switches - need to be known to both skilled “do-it-yourselfers” and owners who supervise the work of hired builders.
According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, for residential buildings with a power consumption of no more than 15 kW, drawing up an electrical network design is not required. But the company supplying electricity must provide a diagram and data on the total power consumption. This is necessary for calculating the allocated power on the line and installing a meter.
Some electricity supply companies, when concluding a contract, still require a project that includes, in addition to the internal wiring diagram, installation points for sockets, switches, junction boxes, and an electrical panel with a meter
In the process of developing a project, you need to take into account all the nuances: the exact location of electrical installations, the choice of cable and wiring method, the need for grounding, etc. How the project is drawn up and preparation for installation work, let's look at it in more detail.
Step #1 - drawing up a diagram and work plan
You can do the design yourself if you have experience in such work, or with the help of specialists by concluding an agreement with a design organization.
A professionally drawn up document contains the following points:
- electrical panel diagram;
- electrical installation plan;
- calculations for installing a ground loop;
- outputs outside the house, if any - autonomous sources of electricity;
- equipment installation plan with specifications;
- if approval is required, a package of permits;
- explanatory note.
But first you should contact Energosbyt to obtain technical specifications - technical specifications, which are signed according to SNiP.
Owners who apply for a connection with a power of less than 15 kW will have to collect the least amount of paperwork. They need to write a list of electrical appliances and calculate their total power. If the power consumption is more than 35 kW, it is necessary linear diagram electricity supply. For 380 V networks, a three-line diagram is drawn up.
