This year, 2016, marks the 450th anniversary of the founding of the city of Orel.
The fortress city of Orel was not the most fortified outpost on the turbulent frontiers. Let's say that its fortifications were noticeably inferior to neighboring Mtsensk. Nevertheless, it was Oryol that over time became not only a district, but also a provincial city, and later a regional center.
The modern administrative division of the Oryol region is represented by 24 administrative districts and 3 cities ski districts.
Administrative division of the Oryol province in the period from 1798 to the 1920s. There were 12 counties (Bryansky, Trubchevsky, Sevsky, Dmitrovsky, Karachevsky, Bolkhovsky, Mtsensky, Orlovsky, Kromskoy, Maloarkhangelsky, Livensky, Yeletsky). In the first two decades after the establishment of the Oryol province (in 1778 - 1798), there was also a Deshkinsky district (then abolished), and in the southwest of the province at first there was no Dmitrovsky district, but there was a Lugansky district. Of course, territorially the Oryol province did not coincide with the modern Oryol region. The province did not include the Novosilsky district, but it partially included the territory of several neighboring and not only neighboring regions (for example, even part of the Sumy region). Only the administrative border between the Oryol and Kursk regions appears for the most part to be continuous with the administrative border between the Oryol and Kursk provinces.
The configuration of the Oryol district of the Oryol province itself, of course, has little in common with the outlines of the modern Oryol region. It can be noted that the elongation of the county along the Rybnitsa valley is obviously the result of the sequence of land development inXVI - XVIIcenturies And therefore, the configuration of the Oryol district of the provincial period is partly successive in relation to its earlier outlines. Exactly the same can be said about the neighboring Mtsensk district, which is similarly extended along the watershed between Optukha and Zusha.
But as for the provincial period of the existence of the Oryol district, those who wish can study it without much difficulty using Schubert’s maps of the 1860s. and according to the General Land Survey Plans of the last quarterXVIIIcentury. PGMs are more detailed, more meaningful, but in some places they are difficult to read, and they are not without spatial distortions. Schubert's maps are closer to modern topographic ones, but not as detailed as PGM. And in the most general terms, you can easily find a small-scale map of the Oryol governorship.
We will get acquainted below with the cartographic display of the territory of the Oryol district, which is distant in time from the PGM almost as much as the PGM of Catherine’s times is from us.
No, you will not see original maps of that time below. Cartographic materials before the PGM are either small-scale or do not look like a map, but rather like an outline. Therefore, the map presented below is, of course, modern, but it is based on a source dating back to 1595. And the map displays the territory of the Oryol district within the boundaries that took place 421 years ago.
Let me allow myself a small “lyrical” digression from the topic. In general, when compiling this map of the Oryol district in 1595, I consoled myself with the hope that in the end I would be able—no, not to profit, of course, from the result of the work—but to financially compensate for the time spent on work. In reality, at the moment I do not see any income for myself in this at all, but only risks associated with additional expenses. Well, if so, let this map be just a kind of gift for the anniversary of the founding of the city. And those who want to get a printed copy can download the map here and print it on an A1 sheet themselves (scale 1: 150000).
I can also note that working on the map was made somewhat easier for me by the fact that the displayed territory largely coincides with the landscape most familiar from cycling trips. That is, in this case, I can remember cycling tourism with a kind word.
Below the map I will duplicate in text format the material “From the compiler” placed on the map. I will provide the material “Explanation of the origin of some toponyms...”, as well as alphabetical lists of settlements and names of landowners (not placed on the map for lack of space) in the form of separate posts. A list of surnames can be useful (among other things) in that it can be used to clarify the spelling of a surname if it is not clearly readable on a compressed map file.
So, the map:
From the compiler.
The city of Orel was founded in 1566 as a fortress on the turbulent borders of the Moscow state. Three decades later, through the efforts of scribe Dementy Yakovlev and clerk Leonty Sofonov, a document was created describing the villages of the Oryol district. The document, better known today as the “Scribe Book of the Oryol District 1594/95”
In 1595, the Oryol district was administratively divided into 5 camps. Taichuk's camp was located exclusively on the right bank of the Oka, the rest - on the left (and only the Kamensky camp included a small section of meadows opposite modern Zhukovka). The boundaries between the left-bank camps passed mainly along watersheds and only in some places - at the sources of the Mezenka, at the Muratovsky well, at Nepolod, at Tsvetyny and at the Sorochizhsky well - arbitrarily.
The boundaries of the county itself followed clear natural landmarks only in the north; in some places they passed along watersheds, often arbitrarily, and in the south there is no need to talk about a clear boundary of the county at all.
According to V. Nedelin, the city of Orel in the first time after its founding was populated by service people from Belev, Mtsensk, Bolkhov, Novosil, Karachev. He also provides information about the arrival of service people from Krapivna in Oryol.
Perhaps there is no doubt that the main migration flow was directed to Oryol district from the north. Indirect confirmation of this is the noticeably greaterʹ greater development of Kamensk Stan compared to others - moreʹ higher density of settlements, a large number of households, a low proportion of nameless landholdings. Some surnames of landowners in the county are associated with more northern places: Metsnyankin, Serpukhovitinov, Pronsky, Kolugin.
Some of the settlers arrived in the county from the western side. Perhaps, not only from near Karachev. The surname Putivltsev indicates a connection with the southwestern outskirts of the state, and the surname Litvinov, perhaps, even indicates people from the territory that was then under the rule of Lithuania.
In addition to these two, there was a third direction - from the Don. Among other landowners, the Scribe Book mentions 8 Don chieftains: Yolka Kostentinov/ich/ Shishkin, Ugrim Kostantinov/ich/ Mansurov, Ostafiy Petrov/ich/ Martynov, Mikita Ofonasiev/ich/ Sidyachiy and Vasily Ofonasiev/ich/ Sidyachiy, Mikhail Vasilyev/ ich/ Okulov, Bezson Grigoriev/ich/ Likhotin, Bezson Fadeev/ich/ Talyshmanov. However, only 8 personalities out of 1938 landowners indicate that the migration flow from the Don was relatively small.
Theoretically, in an almost deserted middleXVIcenturies, in the forest-steppe space of the “wild field” (but far from the paths of horse raids), tiny settlements could well have been lost. Such, albeit a very small population of “walking people”, with the expansion of the state’s borders, could also replenish the county.
In 1595, settlements and other landholdings were represented in Oryol district by different options. The fortress city is Oryol. There were 5 villages (Upper Mezin, Nizhny Mezin, Onakhino, Grigoryevskoye, Nikitskoye), and 1 village (Mikulich). Villages in all cases are located near churchyards. And it is not entirely clear: do the villages owe their status to the proximity of the churchyard or to the presence of a church in the village itself? It is also unclear why, out of many settlements, one is designated specifically as a “village” - perhaps there was a chapel there.
Most of the settlements in the county are listed as villages.
Small new settlements were called repairs. In general, there are fewer repairs than a village, but in particular there are frequent exceptions.
Previously abandoned villages, settlements and loans are called wastelands in the Scribe Book.
And relatively recently, lands taken for arable land or haymaking without residential buildings are indicated as loans.
The names of settlements are most often derived either from the full names of the owners, or from the features of the nearby area. The value of the Scribe Book also lies in the fact that it was created during the emergence of villages, and the text directly mentions the persons from whose names the name of the village comes. It is noteworthy that some villages and villages have retained their names to this day, while others have changed their names over the years in accordance with the names of the landowners. It is curious in this regard that in many cases continuity was maintained despite, for example, the events of the Time of Troubles.
In the most general terms, unnamed items are younger than items named by patronymic, and those are younger than those named by surname. All of them are younger than the points named after the first names, patronymics and last names of the persons of the former owners, who are no longer named in the Scribe Book. Oikonyms named after local features and hydronyms are probably older than those named after the full name of the owners. But all this is only in the most general terms. In reality, pochinok (even named by name) may turn out to be older than the village named by surname. The owner's middle name in one book entry may turn out to be a surname in another entry (not only the formation of settlements, but also the formation of new surnames in the book is sometimes noticeable). And in the case, for example, with Bogdanovka, there is a controversial question: what came first from the surname - an oikonym or a hydronym?
When compiling the map, a puncheon with an area of about 4 hectares (on the map scale) was chosen to depict one yard. This value is close to the arable area of the average landowner, but five times less than his total land allotment. On average, of course. For example, Mitka Fedorov /ich / Kurapov had an order of magnitude less land than Ofonasei Klementyev /ich / Zhilin: and he had 16 plots of arable land alone, a total of 243 plots in two camps, including (no one else has such rights in the district there were!) even the rivers themselves (Oka from the mouth of Itka to the upper reaches, Krom from Oka to the mouth of Kremecha).
Peasant households were located on the lands of the landowner (if there were no households of the landowner himself in the village, then his land is not shown in red on the map.
For these reasons, the area of a settlement on the map does not reflect the real area of the settlement.
But it gives an approximate idea of the population in each locality.
Judging by the dynamics of natural growth based on individual cases in the villages of the neighboring Fatezh districtXVIII- sir. XIXcenturies, it turns out that each family, on average, successfully raised three boys (and three girls). This, therefore, does not take into account cases of early mortality. And if we arbitrarily transfer the resulting picture to the realities of the endXVIcenturies, then the following results. At the time of the census, the scribes, of course, did not find all the children in the families - some had not yet been born, some had already grown up - but, in general, a certain average number must have appeared to their gaze. Thus, it turns out that in the average household at the time of the census there should have been two parents and three children. Let us arbitrarily add one more person to the factor of early mortality and to the possible cohabitation of older people. We get: on average, about 6 people/yard.
Now we can estimate the population of both the entire Oryol district (but without the city of Oryol with adjacent settlements), and its camps separately:
mill |
Population, thousand people |
share of landowners/ peasant households (rounded) |
number of settlements, borrowings and wastelands |
number of graveyards |
|||
Untitled |
with titles |
||||||
Nepolotsk |
2,0 |
46% / 53% |
|||||
Kamensky |
5,2 |
33% / 65% |
143 |
151 |
|||
Korchakovsky |
6,6 |
52% / 46% |
171 |
209 |
|||
Nugorsky |
2,4 |
40% / 58% |
|||||
Taychukov |
2,4 |
73% / 26% |
|||||
Total |
18,6 |
47% / 51% |
500 |
573 |
|||
*the population of Orel itself, together with the adjacent settlements, is comparable to the population of a single camp.
It is noticeable that in the Taichuk camp - the least closed by natural boundaries from the “wild field” - there is the highest proportion of landowner households of service people.
When compiling a map of the Oryol district in 1595, in addition to the Scribe Book (and a general guideline in the form of pp. 238-239 of V. Nedelin’s book “The Primordial Eagle”), cartographic sources were used:
Topographic maps M 1:200000 (XX century),
Schubert maps (1860s),
General survey plans (GLM) 1778 - 1887. (Orlovsky, Dezhkinsky, Bolkhovsky and Karachevsky districts; but the PGM of Mtsensk district was not considered).
To put it simply, only every second settlement in the Scribe Book can be tied quite well to the area using the listed maps. When displaying the remaining items, the sequence of their mention in the Scribe Book was taken into account. When compiling it, the scribes, although they wrote out a winding trajectory through the county, with some exceptions, still depicted the settlements sequentially.
While working on the map, it was discovered that some settlements changed their position over the centuries. For example, the Kovynev repair in the upper reaches of Nepolod has moved about 1 km upstream over four centuries. The village of Obaldueva in the lower reaches of Nepolod first moved 1 km up the river, and then spread from the northern bank to the southern one.
The village of Kasyanova is not only now found several kilometers from its previous location, but has also “moved” from the left bank of the Oka to the right.
The village of Taynaya in 1595 was located in the middle of the Taichuk Forest at the upper reaches of the Vyazovik, i.e. somewhere at the edge of the modern Medvedevsky forest. And now Tainoe stands on the left bank of the Oka not far from the mouth of Medvedevets (formerly Vyazovik).
The village of Maksimovskaya was located in a completely different place from where the village of Maksimovsky is now located.
The Nikitsky Church was moved from the left bank of Orlik to the right - to Solntsevo - somewhere in the period from the 1780s to the 1860s.
There are some rather confusing cases. For example, the modern village of Saburovo stands on the Tson River. But in 1595 there was nothing there yet except the village of Kholkhova. But in 1595 the village of Saburovo was mentioned on both sides of the Orel River (i.e. Orlik). On the map of the PGM of Catherine’s times, Saburovo is indicated only on the left bank of the Orlik. On Schubert's map, the village of Telegina is shown in that place, but only on the right bank. On maps of the 20th century. buildings on the site of the village of Telegina are shown as part of the village of Obraztsovo.
The village of Rozinkovo (on Sukhaya Orlitsa) mentioned in the Scribe Book coincides in its location with the village of Razinkovo on the PGM, the village of Orekhova on the Schubert map, and the villages of Loshakovo and Khokhlovka on the map of the Red Army. And on the maps of the 20th century, it again coincides with the village of Orekhova (moreover, Loshakovo is already signed on the opposite side of Sukhaya Orlitsa). When in the first half of the 1990s. I myself asked the locals about the settlement in which I found myself, and they named Loshakovo, Orekhovo, and Volobueva (by the way, it is also on the maps of Schubert and the Red Army).
Many small settlements in the middle reaches of the Mezenka have now been transformed into two - the village of Dyache and the village of Pakhomovo. Several settlements near the Skorodny Forest merged into one village, Kleymenovo.
From the point of view of a modern geographer, the descriptions in the Scribe Book are not always “correct”. The right side of the river is sometimes indicated, for example, when looking upstream. There is a rather confusing nomenclature of small hydronyms on Gorodenka (in Kamensky Stan) and on Zhitovka (in Nugorsky Stan). Sorochizhsky well and Berezovy otvershek are, it seems, the names of the same tract.
The scribal book, while giving a very complete “freeze frame” of 1595, sometimes gives hints about earlier years. For example, the toponym Kuzmodemyanskaya Luka raises the assumption that once upon a time - even before 1595 - the Church of St. Kozma and Demyan stood in the bend of the Oka River. Or that the village of Metsnyankina, named after his surname, was founded by people from Mtsensk.
The scribe book of 1595 reflects the result of the development of space, which arose directly as a result of the founding of the Orel fortress. In the same 1595, a fortress was rebuilt in Kromy, and in 1596 - in Kursk. These events determined the subsequent formation of the southern administrative border of the Oryol district slightly north of Krom and at the sources of the Oka and Svapa.
One negative event of those years can be especially noted, with which the compilation of scribe books was directly related - the abolition of St. George's Day. The peasants lost the right to move from one landowner to another, and became his property. However, one should not project literary images of landowners of the 19th century onto persons endowed with estates of the 16th century. After all, this was a service class, and not everyone had peasants dependent on them.
When drawing up the map, we considered
Lies between latitudes 52° and 53° and longitudes 3° and 9° from Pulkovo (33½ 39½° from Greenwich); its length is 380 ver. from W to E, the greatest width is 220 ver., at the western end, the smallest is 52 ver., in Maloarkhangelsk district. Borders on N with lips. Kaluga and Tula,... ...
I lies between latitudes 52° and 53° and longitudes 3° and 9° from Pulkovo (33 1/2 39 1/2° from Greenwich); its length is 380 in. from W to E, the greatest width is 220 centuries, at the western end, the smallest is 52 centuries, in Maloarkhangelsk district. Borders on N with lips. Kaluga and Tula... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
According to the 1897 census, there are 2,033,798 inhabitants in O. province (983,327 men, 1,050,471 women), of which 244,008 are in cities; The most populated cities are: Orel (70 thousand), Yelets (47 thousand), Bryansk (25 thousand), Bolkhov (21 thousand), Livny (20 thousand). The population is almost... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
This term has other meanings, see Dmitrovsky district. Dmitrovsky district Coat of arms of the district center Coat of arms of the province ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Livensky Uyezd (meanings). Livensky district Coat of arms of the district center Coat of arms of the province ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Oryol district (meanings). Oryol district Coat of arms of the district center Coat of arms of the province ... Wikipedia
A hostel in the Oryol province, Livensky district, near the village of Nikolskoye. Established in 1884, with a school for girls and an almshouse... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Coordinates: 52°51′ N. w. 36°26′ E. d. / 52.85° n. w. 36.433333° E. d. ... Wikipedia
As part of the RSFSR. Formed on September 27, 1937. Area 24.7 thousand km2. Population 897 thousand people. (1974). It is divided into 19 districts, has 7 cities, 11 urban-type settlements. Center of Orel. O. o. awarded the Order of Lenin (June 1, 1967).... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The general name for the highest local administrative unit. According to the definition of A.D. Gradovsky, a city is a space of land within which authorities directly subordinate to the central government operate. In Western Europe the highest local... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Books
- , Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1903 edition (St. Petersburg publishing house). IN… Category: Library Science Publisher: YOYO Media, Manufacturer: Yoyo Media,
- Proceedings of local committees. Volume 28. Oryol province, Reproduced in the original author’s spelling of the 1903 edition (St. Petersburg publishing house)… Category: Humanities Series: Publisher: YOYO Media,
The Oryol province was formed in 1796 from lands included in 1776 in the governorship of the same name. In turn, the Oryol governorship was formed in the territories previously allocated to the Oryol and Sevsky provinces (most of the land, the former jurisdiction of the Belgorod province), as well as Livensky and Yeletsky district (the former jurisdiction of the Voronezh province). Subsequently, the borders of the districts of the Oryol province changed several times. The last changes to the composition and boundaries of the districts of the Oryol province were made under Alexander the First, after which throughout the subsequent period of the pre-revolutionary history of Russia the boundaries of this province no longer changed.
The modern Oryol region is greatly truncated in its borders compared to the pre-revolutionary Oryol province, and in fact represents only its central part.
In the Oryol province in whole or in part
There are the following maps and sources:
(except for those indicated on the main page of the general
all-Russian atlases, where this province may also be)
Land survey map of the Oryol province
Survey map is a non-topographical (without indicating latitudes and longitudes), hand-drawn map of the late 18th century (after the redistribution of borders in 1775-78) on a scale of 1 inch = 2 versts 1 cm = 840 m or 1 inch = 1 verst 1 cm = 420 m. As a rule, the county was drawn on the parts that are shown on the assembly sheet. Some of the maps date back to the period of Catherine II 1775-96, Paul I, having come to power, changed the boundaries of counties within the provinces (which, in turn, Alexander I returned to its original place, but with some changes), while some of the maps from the General Land Survey fund survived only during this period.
Lists of populated places in the Oryol province in 1871 (according to 1866 data)
This is a universal reference publication containing the following information:
- status of a settlement (village, hamlet, hamlet - proprietary or state-owned, i.e. state);
- location of the settlement (in relation to the nearest highway, camp, well, pond, stream, river or river);
- the number of households in the locality and its population (the number of men and women in the revision souls according to the 10th revision of 1858);
- distance from the district town and camp apartment (camp center) in versts;
- presence of a church, chapel, mill, fairs, etc.
Lists of populated places in the Oryol province in 1927.
Also a universal reference publication containing the following information:
- name of the locality;
- type of settlement;
- name of the nearest village council;
- location (which river it is on, etc.);
- number of farms;
- the number of current population as of December 17, 1926;
- distance from some points;
- presence of institutions, enterprises and organizations.
The information in the book is divided by districts of the Oryol province of that time.
