Words without ending examples. What is zero ending? Are there first, second and third endings

I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second and third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be the declension for nouns and the face for verbs.

The null ending is the ending that occurs in a number of mutable words. It differs from other endings in that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse... Zero endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator of grammatical form, as are the "normal" endings for the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Let's compare:

Table : zero ending masculine nouns have 2 skl. - this is the indicator of I.p.
Table a: the ending a at inanimate nouns masculine 2 cl. - this is the indicator of R.p.
Horse: zero ending for nouns female 3 sq. - this is the indicator of I.p. or V. p.
Horse and:the ending and feminine nouns have 3 skl. - this is the indicator of R.p., D.p. or P. p.

Attention:

V different forms the stem of one word will be the same. In our examples, these are the basics: table and horse.

It is a grave mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. There are no endings only for unchangeable words, for example, for adverbs.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow a, in excess of at, left a.

The ending is a variable significant part of the word, which forms the forms of the word and serves to connect words in a phrase and a sentence. This formative morpheme expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case.

Not all words have an ending. Only mutable words have it. It happens that a word has an ending, but it is not visible or audible, i.e. it is not expressed in letters and sounds - it is a zero ending. In addition, the ending is not always at the end of a word. A word can have two endings. Sometimes, to highlight the ending, you have to use phonetic transcription.

The ending is a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of a word (gender, person, number, case), and not lexical meanings as word-formation morphemes.

The ending differs from formative suffixes in the nature of the grammatical meaning it expresses.

Endings can only have changing parts of speech(inflected, conjugated or variable in gender and number):

inflected nouns,
adjectives,
numerals,
pronouns,
Verbs,
participles.

To highlight the ending, you need to change the shape of the word:

change number:
meadow () - meadow (a),
herbs (a)- herbs (NS),
dare () - dared (NS);
change gender for adjectives and participles:
white (th)- white (th)- white (and I) thinking (uh)- thinking (and I), sat () - sat (a);
case for parts of speech that are declined: House () - House (a)- House (y), syn (uh)- syn (his)- syn (his) ;
face for verbs: write (y)- write (ete)- write (NS) .

The part of the word that changes when changing the form of a word, is the ending.

The ending is not included in the stem of the word since it only has grammatical meaning.

Word ends different parts speeches can be the same, but their endings are different, i.e. words have different morphemic structures. Examples:

small and vision - adjective small and noun vision at the end of the word have -th ... Changing the gender of the adjective: small (s) - small (s) - small (s) , we define the changing part - the last two letters change, therefore, -th - the ending. Declining a noun vision (e) - vision (i) - vision (s), define the end -e .
yawning and angry - verbal participle yawning has no ending, because it is an unchangeable word, and the adjective sl (th) - evil (oh) - evil (s)) has an ending -and I .
in vain and Earth - adverb in vain has no ending, because it is an immutable word, and a noun landl (i) - earth (s) - earth (s) has an ending -I am .
banner and biology - nouns banner (i) - banner (and)-banner (eat) and biologists (i) -biologists (s) -biologists (u) have the same endings -i.

Attention! Second person plural verbs the present and future numbers and forms of the imperative mood of these verbs may coincide, but have a different morphemic structure, i.e. have two options for morpheme parsing:

Execute (imperative, you-full-and- (those), - - imperative) second task after completing (present, you-complete- (it)) first.
you-years-and- (those) (commanding mood) - you-yo (ithe) ;
you-lech-and- (those) (second conjugation, commanding declination) - you-lech- (ita) etc.

In verbs of the first conjugation unstressed ending- (ete) the sound is the same as the imperative mood, but it is written differently:

jump-and- (those) (command nakl.) - jump out- (ee ) (first conjugation (to jump), second person, plural).

With the help of the ending, the forms of the words being changed are formed.

The ending expresses the different grammatical meanings of the parts of speech:

the number and case of nouns, numerals, personal pronouns (without a preposition or with )
noun 2nd declension, TV point, singular by whom? by what? elephant( ohm), father ( ohm), end ( eat
gender, number, case of adjectives, participles, pronouns
face and number of verbs in the present and future tense:
gender and number of verbs in the past tense, short adjectives

In addition to distinguishing the forms of the word, endings sometimes perform meaningful function:

bread (s) - cereals and bread (s) - products baked from flour; husbands are husbands, teeth are teeth, leaves are leaves.

Sometimes it's easy at the end define not only the shape, but also Part of speech. For example:

In a phrase, unchangeable words obey the main word in meaning, using word order and intonation: run fast, run upstairs.

Immutable words have no endings:

Immutable parts of speech	Examples of
gerunds	seeing, hearing, collecting, washing
adverbs	bald, fun, better, in German, first of all, unbearable, married
non-declining nouns (usually borrowed):	cocoa, necklace, pots
non-declining adjectives:	khaki, burgundy, beige
comparative adjectives:	stronger, higher
possessive pronouns denoting belonging to a third person:	him, her, them
interjections and onomatopoeia:	cheers, ah!
Service parts of speech:
alliances	though
	about
	let be

Attention! The absence of an ending in a word is not graphically indicated. When morphemic and word-formation parsing, you cannot put a zero-ending sign! The whole word is included in the stem.

The verbal participles and adverbs are unchangeable parts of speech, therefore they have no endings. Do not confuse adverbs and adverbs with adjective endings. You can change the endings of adjectives:

doom / a/ t - dum / a/I am- adverbial suffix;
nice ( and I) - the ending of the adjective, which can be changed: sweet, sweet.

Zero endings

Declined or conjugated (mutable!) Parts of speech in some forms may have a null ending.
The zero ending is not expressed in sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing. You can find it by changing the forms of the word. If, when the form of the word changes, the ending appears, expressed in letters and sounds, then e
The null ending conveys a specific grammatical meaning:

table (), horse () - Im. n., male genus, second declension; clouds (), puddles (), mam () - the meaning of the genitive plural.

When you change the form of such words, a pronounced (sounds, letters) ending appears after the stem.

Zero endings have:	Examples of
masculine nouns singular 2 declension in the nominative and accusative cases:	forest () - forest (a), forest (y); house () - house (s), house (y); elephant () - elephant (a), elephant (y); hero () - hero (me) [g'irOy "(a)];
feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in the nominative singular:	mouse () - mouse (s); night () - night (s), net () - set (s)
nouns in genitive plural of different genera:	clouds () - clouds (a) - clouds (and), fox () - fox (s) - fox (s), soldier () - soldier (s), windows () - windows (o); articles () - article (s) [article "(a)]
short adjectives and masculine participles singular:	handsome () - handsome (a), clumsy - awkward (a), bad () - bad (a); wounded () - wounded (s) - wounded (s), conceived - conceived (s), conceived (s);
possessive adjectives in I. p. m r unit	fox-iy () - fox (i) -li [th "(a)], shark (), wolf () (see below why this is so) mother's (), fathers ()
masculine past tense verbs singular in the indicative and subjunctive mood:	sang (), sang () would - sang (a), washed () sya - washed (a) with;
for verbs of the imperative mood singular:	learn (), see (), write ();
numerals in the nominative and accusative cases:	ten () - ten (s), ten (s)

Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between words with a zero ending and unchangeable words, because in a word with a zero ending, it is indicated at morpheme parsing words, but in immutable words - no (no ending)!

noun already () (already (u), already (oh)) has a zero ending, and the adverb already Is an unchangeable word and therefore has no ending.
network() - noun ( set (s), set (yam)),
sess (th ) - a verb, where the ending of the indefinite form — (th),
start (th) - verb,
five() - numeral ( heel (s)),
way() - noun ( put (s), put (s)),
though - union and unchangeable word, so there is no ending,
let be — , unchangeable word - no ending,
thinking - verbal participle, unchangeable word - no ending.

The ending can be inside a word:

If the word has, then the ending is in front of it, inside the stem of the word: uch (y) smile, uch (look) Xia, learned (uh) Xia(after the end there is a verb -sya / -s - the most common case); go (eat)-te; in the middle of compound pronouns: how (Oh)-or as (Wow)-or as (Wow) something to (ohh) something.
In some compound words: to Komsomolsk (e)-on-Amur (e) .

Two endings in a word.

In compound words, it is possible to distinguish two endings:

for nouns: armchair (O)-bed () - armchair (a)-bed (and) ;
in numerals: five () ten () - toe (and) ten (and) .

But, in complex nouns and adjectives that are written together, after the first there is a connecting vowel, and not an ending: myself- O-years () , red- O-skin (uh) .

The ending is highlighted by the sound composition

using transcription, since the spelling does not reflect the morphemic composition of the word:

Masculine possessive adjectives na -ii:
fox (), wolf (), bear (), where - ui is a suffix and has a null ending. When declining, a fugitive - and - drops out of the suffix, the suffix remains, which sounds like [th ’] , and on the letter is transmitted by the separating soft sign: fox (him) [fox'th - ‘(willow)], wolf (him) [wolf’ - (willow)], bear (him) [m'edv'ezh-’- (willow)] - the suffix sounds in the transcription [th ’] and ending.
In the following words, the suffix -й- also appears in the sound composition of the word: guns [gun-th '- (a)],gun [gun-th '- (o)]; sparrow ya [sparrow'th '- (a)], sparrow yu [sparrow'th '- (y)] ; edge, edge [edge '- (y)]. Suffix -th- is also preserved during the formation of related words: rifle, passerine [ sparrow-y-in- (th)] ... In these words and the like (dancer, grumbler; gorge, knowledge, aspiration; May, tram etc.), not all forms have the endings indicated by letters.

List of used literature

Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades. - 4th ed. - M.Zh. Iris-press, 2010
Panova E.A., Pozdnyakova A.A. Reference materials on the Russian language for preparation for exams. - M .: - LLC "Astrel Publishing House", 2004.-462 p.
Svetlysheva V.N. Reference book for high school students and those entering universities / VN Svetlysheva. - M .: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011 - ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.

One of the features of the Russian language is the presence of endings in words. The ending is the part of the word after the root and suffixes. Changing the endings for a logical bundle of words in a sentence corresponds to the rules of the Russian language, the norms of which answer the question of how to determine the ending. On short example sentences of three words, when the ending changes in two of them, the changed meaning is clearly visible: the present has become the past, singular- plural: "I read a book" - "I read books". The endings of the verb and noun have changed, changing the sentence itself.

Verb endings: how to define them

As one of the main members of the sentence, the verb can change, "adapting" to the rest of the words. And here the concept of how to determine the end of the verb comes to the fore. It depends on the conjugation. There are two conjugations in Russian: I and II. For verbs I conjugations, words end in -u, -yu, -em, -et, -eh, -ut, -yut, -ete. Take the verb "think" and conjugate it: I think, I think, I think, I think, I think, I think. And only 11 verbs are included in the exception. You just need to remember them in order to correctly determine the endings: drive, hold, breathe, hear, watch, see, hate, offend, twirl, depend, endure.

If the verbs endings -y, -yu, -it, -you, -im, -at, -yat, -ite, then they refer to the II conjugation. For example, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking. Determining the ending of a verb is easy if the ending is stressed. In other cases, you have to conjugate the verb. But not all verbs correspond to I and II conjugation. There are also multi-conjugated verbs: run, want and dawn. The endings of these verbs fit both I and II conjugation: run - run - run, but run - run - run; I want - want, but want - want - want. If the verb is imperative, the ending is always like the second conjugation: -ITE. It is necessary to remember the verbs - to put - to drive - to go: with the endings in the imperative mood, they look like this: put - put - go.

Determining the ending of a noun

Knowing the declensions, you can answer the question of how to determine the ending of a noun. In the nominative case, the ending does not raise much doubt. Difficulties can arise when, for a bunch of words in a sentence, this noun must be changed in gender, number and case, that is, it must be declined. Basically, nouns are inflected according to the rules. But, for example, a masculine noun in the nominative plural may not have the same ending as the declension rule 1 says: instead of "I" or "Y" the ending will be "A" or "I". Example: forest - forests; address - addresses; poplar - poplar.

There is a group of words that have several endings in plural nominative case. As a rule, these are professional words that have become literary: you can write and say "constructors and constructors", "instructors and instructors", etc. And in the genitive plural, some nouns get a zero ending, -ОВ, -ЕВ or -ЕЙ ... These are the words: felt boots (from felt boots), tangerines (from tangerines), nails (from nails).

In order not to be mistaken in how to correctly determine the endings of a few more words, you need to remember that they are diverse and you just need to remember them. They are all neuter with the ending in –ME: burden, stirrup, udder, time, seed, crown, banner, name, flame and tribe. These are nouns in genitive, dative and prepositional cases the singular is pumped into -И, and in the instrumental case they have an ending, like in nouns of the II declension: -EM.

1. The ending is a morpheme that usually appears at the end of a word and indicates a connection of this word with other words. The ending expresses the meanings of gender, number, case, person.

The ending is often referred to as the mutable part of the word.

Wed: book - books - book.

This means that changing the ending does not change lexical meaning the words.

Endings do not participate in word formation. These are always formative morphemes. They are used to form the forms of the same word.

2. Endings express grammatical meanings:

gender, number, case- for nouns ( book- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular, nominative), adjectives ( the big Book- the ending - and I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), participles ( written book- the ending - and I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), some pronouns ( my book- the ending - I am indicates feminine, singular, nominative), some numerals ( one book- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular, nominative);

case- some pronouns ( no one- the ending - Wow indicates the genitive case) and numerals ( no five- the ending - and indicates the genitive case);

faces and numbers- for verbs in the present and future tense ( think- the ending - NS indicates 1 person, singular);

kind and number- for verbs in the past tense ( read- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular).

3. The ending can be expressed by one or more sounds.

No knife, cut with a knife.

But the ending could be zero... The zero ending is not expressed in sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing, however, it is the absence of a materially expressed ending that has a certain grammatical meaning, for example: knife□ - zero ending indicates masculine, singular, nominative.

Null endings are found in the following forms:

for nouns in the form of the nominative case, singular, masculine (2 declensions) and feminine (3 declensions);

Table□ , daughter□ .

for some nouns in the genitive, plural form;

Tired□ , no business□ , no soldier□ .

for short adjectives in the singular, masculine;

Merry□ , happy□ .

for verbs in the past tense, singular, masculine;

Was reading□ , sang□ .

for possessive adjectives with the suffix -ii.

Fox□ , wolf□ .

Note!

1) End sounds (and letters) are not endings in the form of genitive, plural, 1 declension and 2 declension - armies□ , foothills□ , saucer□. This is part of the basis, and the ending here is zero. For verification, you can compare the form data with the nominative, singular.

So, noun army[arm'ij b] has the ending -я (sound [b]), and [j] is the stem of [arm'ij]. In order to prove this, you can decline the word: in the army[j] NS, armies[j] her and others. In all these forms [j] is preserved. So, [j] is part of the stem, because the ending is a variable part of the word. Only in the genitive case is this sound graphically expressed using the letter y ( armies), and in other forms it does not receive a special designation.

In forms like foothills, saucer we see a similar phenomenon. Only here there is also vowel fluency ( and, e).

Wed: foothills[pr'i e dgor'j b] - foothills[pr'i e d'or'ij]; saucer e[bl'utts ъ] - saucer[bl'udts].

2) In the nominative, singular, masculine form of qualitative and relative adjectives, -ii is the ending (this is a variable part of the word, cf .: blue - blue). In the same forms of possessive adjectives ( fox, wolf) th is a suffix. It persists with declination. Only in other forms the suffix is truncated - [j], and it is not graphically expressed in writing. The presence of this suffix is signaled by the separator b.

Wed: wolf - wolf[j] his, fox - fox[j] his.

4. The ending is usually found at the end of a word.

Exceptions are:

the endings before the postfixes -sya (for reflexive verbs, participles), -te (in the plural of the imperative mood), -something -something(for indefinite pronouns);

Learning, student, we go those, someone, someone, someone.

compound endings, where endings follow each root.

Three hundred, no five ten.

Note!

Undeclinable and non-conjugated words: adverbs (for example: always, very), service parts ( under, and, as if, not), immutable nouns (for example: coat, coffee), unchangeable adjectives (for example: beige, marengo) have no endings! Don't confuse no endings with zero endings!

The spelling of the endings is determined by the part of speech belonging to the word and therefore will be considered when characterizing the corresponding parts of speech.

5. The foundation is a part of a word without an ending. The stem is the carrier of the lexical meaning of a given word.

6. With declination and conjugation, the stem can change - decrease or increase.

For example: leaf □ and leaf [j] - I am- in the plural, the stem has increased due to the suffix -j-. Such changes in the stem are typical, as a rule, for the verb: for most verbs, the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present tense do not coincide.

Wed: train - be and railway - at- the base in the present tense has been reduced (the suffix is lost - a); cheat - be- cheat-aj - hut- v this case the base in the present tense, on the contrary, has increased due to the sound [j], which is part of the present tense suffix and the imperative mood (cf. chit-ai).

Note!

1) In feminine nouns with a final (final letters) -И ( army, sandal, revolution and others) and neuter with the ending -ie ( being, tension, retribution etc.) is a vowel and refers to the stem, since it is preserved during the declension of nouns.

Wed: army -I, army -i, army -ey; being -th, being -th, being -th.

2) In masculine nouns with the ending -th ( proletarian, sanatorium, region and others), this consonant also refers to the stem, since it is preserved in the declension of nouns, cf .: edge, edge[j] - i, kra[j] -yu, kra[j] - eat... V indirect cases[j] is not graphically marked with a special sign. Its presence is indicated by vowels i, e, u after another vowel (see item 1.5).

Thus, these nouns are in the nominative, singular, like others ( table□ , horse□ and the like) have a zero ending:

edge□ , proletarian□ , sanatorium□ .

7. Since there are several postfixes in the Russian language, that is, suffixes that can be located after the endings, then the foundation some forms of words can be torn.

How Wow- the end - Wow, the basis is like .. then; uch it sya - ending - it, the basis of study .. study.

It is necessary to distinguish between the basis of a specific form of the word and the basis of the word (in word formation).

The stem of a particular word form is represented by a part of the word without an ending.

Recording - be, wrote down - a, write down - at.

The stem of the word is determined by initial form the words. It includes the root, prefixes, and derivational suffixes and postfixes. Formative suffixes and postfixes will not be included in the derivational basis.

For example, in order to identify the basis of the word in the verb form, I wrote down - a, you must first indicate the initial form of the verb (infinitive) write down and drop the ending (in other concepts, the formative suffix) indefinite form -be: write-.

Note!

1) The word-formation base of the verb is determined by the form of the infinitive. This is especially important to take into account, since, as noted, in the verb: a) the stems of the present tense and the infinitive often do not coincide, b) it is enough big number formative suffixes (-l - in the past tense, -and - in the imperative mood).

2) Verb reflexive postfix -sya (learn be Xia, we be sya) is not formative, therefore it must necessarily be included in the stem of the word.

3) As noted, in some cases, the singular and plural forms of nouns differ not only in endings, but also in formative suffixes. In this case, the word stem (for word formation) is also determined by its initial form - singular, nominative, cf.: a son□ /sons- the basis of the word (for word formation) - son-.

4) As noted, the participle and gerunds occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and special forms verb. Since in this manual they are considered as independent parts of speech, the participle suffixes ( -om / -em / -im; -shch / -ych / -asch / -ych, -nn / -n / -enn / -en / -t, -sh / -vsh) are classified as part of the derivational basis of the word.

In addition to the usual changeable words in the Russian language, there are words without an ending. These words refer to unchangeable parts of speech, such as a participle, an adverb. But before going into details, it is necessary to define what the ending is.

The ending is one of the significant parts of the word, the morpheme, with the help of which other forms of the word are formed, under the influence of gender, number, case. Usually the ending is at the end of a word and is a link for sentences and phrases. In some rare cases, the ending may be in the middle. In order to highlight the ending, the word must be changed in number, case, etc. Words that do not change have no endings.

There are two types of parts of speech in Russian - independent and official. Interjections, particles, conjunctions and prepositions are service parts of speech, they have no lexical meaning, but only act as an addition and connection to independent parts speech. Therefore, they have endings. There are words with a lexical base without an ending. For example, taxi, coffee, high. They are full-valued parts of speech, but with the course of historical circumstances they do not change and therefore do not have endings. Prepositions complement these words.

To change the meaning of an unchangeable word, a dependent word is added to it, for example, black coffee - masculine, singular. This definition comes from an adjective (black) that complements an unchangeable word.

Unchangeable words also include those borrowed from other languages, for example, allegretto, rendezvous, mashed potatoes. Adverbs are one of the unchangeable full-valued words - fast, high. In such words, the last letter "o" is often mistakenly considered an ending, although this is a characteristic suffix for adverbs. The verbal participle, on an equal footing with everyone, is an unchangeable member of the sentence, because it has the grammatical connotation of an adverb: restraining, reading.

Zero-ending words

Another example is words without an ending that, when changed, form it, for example, night, horse, door. When exposed to numbers, the case ending appears - night - nights - nights, door - doors - doors. In Russian, philologists call such cases the zero ending. There is no ending in its initial form.

The Old Church Slavonic language had a letter, which meant that the word had an ending in a changed form, under the influence of cases and numbers. Kol, stol. Over time, the letter became obsolete and out of use, and words began to be written without it.

Words without ending in loan words

Borrowed words in many publishing houses are used as native, for example, le, safari, madam. But many of these words never became full-fledged parts of the language: taxi, coat, metro. Words have vowels at the end, they are often perceived as an end. In fact, the whole word is the basis that we meet almost every day. It is important to remember that these words do not change. It is illiterate to speak: play the piano, grandmother with a coat, roll with coffee.

Examples of words without ending

Below are words that have no endings:

Magneto.
Veto.
Sushi.
Variety show.
Bungalow.
Balance.
Libretto.
My lady.
Casino.
Pony.
Indigo.

Words without a part of the word ending and unchangeable parts of speech that do not have an ending can be distinguished. To do this, you need to know that words with a zero ending have endings for declensions and changes in number, etc., for example, the word "piano" is unchangeable, it has no endings under any circumstances. And the word - night, with the plural there is an ending "and" - night.

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