Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..………3
1 “System” and analytical activities……………….. ……………..…...5
1.1 The concept of “system”………………………………………………………………………………5
1.2 Analytical activities................................................................... ...........................10
2 System analysis in control systems research……..………….....15
2.1 Fundamentals of system analysis. Types of system analysis.……..………..….15
2.2. Structure of system analysis……………………………..……….…...20
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..25
Glossary…………………………………...……………………………………………………..27
List of sources used………………………...………………………29
Appendix A "Characteristics of the main properties of the system"......................31
Appendix B “Types of management decisions of an organization”......32
Appendix B “Characteristics of types of analysis”……………...……………….33
Appendix D “Characteristics of types of system analysis”……...34
Appendix D “Sequence of system analysis according to Yu.I. Chernyak.”36
Introduction
System analysis is a set of studies aimed at identifying general trends and factors in the development of an organization and developing measures to improve the management system and all production and economic activities of the organization.
Systematic analysis of the activities of an enterprise or organization is carried out mainly on early stages work to create a specific management system. This is due to the labor intensity design work on the development and implementation of the selected management system model, justifying its economic, technical and organizational feasibility. System analysis allows us to identify the feasibility of creating or improving an organization, determine which complexity class it belongs to, and identify the most effective methods scientific organization of labor, which were used previously.
The properties of any phenomenon are split into opposites, and appear before the researcher in the form of general and special, quality and quantity, cause and effect, content and form, etc. Any object must be considered as a system.
In this case, a system is understood as a set of objects characterized by a certain set of connections between large objects and their parts, functioning as a single whole, i.e. subordinate to a single goal, developing according to common laws and patterns.
Each object itself can be considered as a system with its own subsystems. Moreover, the degree of detail of systems and their division into subsystems is practically unlimited. The properties of the system and objects are homogeneous and characterized by common parameters. System analysis involves the study of a clear formulation of the final goal, which expresses the ideal desired state of the object of analysis and is formalized in the form of a development concept. It is always associated with an alternative approach, i.e. consideration of many possibilities, taking into account the maximum possible number of all variables that determine the state and change of the analyzed object, therefore this topic is very relevant .
Object research is system analysis itself, as an analytical activity.
Goals studying this topic is the understanding that the most effective approach to studying control systems is system analysis, which allows you to study complex phenomena and objects as a whole, consisting of interrelated and complementary elements.
Item Research is a process of systems analysis.
The task The work is to analyze a number of issues: 1. The concept of “system”. 2. Types of analytical activities. 3. Essence, types and structure of system analysis.
Methods This coursework's research involves collecting and combining information from various sources.
Literature review: When writing this course work, 18 sources of literature were used, mainly educational ones, such authors as: V. S. Anfilatov; A. S. Bolshakov; V.A. Dolyatovsky; A.K. Zaitsev; A. V. Ignatieva; I. V. Korolev; E. M. Korotkov; V. I. Mukhin; Yu. P. Surmin et al.
Practical significance This work lies, first of all, in the possibility of using the results of the work to select the optimal method of system analysis in the field of control systems research. Also, the research results may be useful for writing coursework and theses students of various faculties conducting their research in the field of control systems research.
1 Research of control systems
1.1 The concept of “system”
The word "system" is of ancient Greek origin. It is derived from the verb synistemi - to put together, to put in order, to found, to connect. In ancient philosophy, he emphasized that the world is not chaos, but has an internal order, its own organization and integrity. In modern science, there are quite a lot of different definitions and interpretations of the concept of system, which are thoroughly analyzed in the works of V.I. Sadovsky and A.I. Uemova.
Modern science needs to develop a clear scientific definition of the system. This is not easy to do, because the concept of “system” is one of the most general and universal concepts. It is used in relation to a wide variety of objects, phenomena and processes. It is no coincidence that the term is used in many different semantic variations.
A system is a theory (for example, Plato's philosophical system). Apparently, this context of understanding the system was the earliest - as soon as the first theoretical complexes arose. And the more universal they were, the greater the need for a special term that would denote this integrity and universality.
A system is a complete method of practical activity (for example, the system of theater reformer K. S. Stanislavsky). Systems of this kind developed as professions emerged and professional knowledge and skills accumulated. This use of the term arises in the guild culture of the Middle Ages. Here the concept of “system” was used not only in a positive sense as a means of effective activity, but also in a negative sense, denoting with it what fetters creativity and genius. The aphorism of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) is brilliant in this sense: “As for the system, you should always reserve the right to laugh at your thoughts of the previous day the next day.”
A system is a certain method of mental activity (for example, a number system). This type of system has ancient origins. They began with writing and calculus systems and evolved to information systems modernity. For them, their validity is fundamentally important, which was well noted by the French moralist Pierre Claude Victoire Boist (1765–1824): “To build a system on one fact, on one idea is to build a pyramid with its sharp end down.”
A system is a collection of natural objects (for example, solar system). The naturalistic use of the term is associated with autonomy, some completeness of natural objects, their unity and integrity.
A system is a certain phenomenon of society (for example, an economic system, a legal system). The social use of the term is determined by the dissimilarity and diversity of human societies, the formation of their components: legal, administrative, social and other systems. For example, Napoleon Bonaparte stated: “Nothing moves forward when political system, in which words contradict deeds.”
A system is a set of established norms of life and rules of behavior. We are talking about some normative systems that are characteristic of various spheres of people’s lives and society (for example, legislative and moral), which perform a regulatory function in society.
From the above definitions, one can identify the general points that are inherent in the concept of “system” and, in further research, consider it as a purposeful complex of interrelated elements of any nature and the relationships between them. The obligatory existence of goals determines the purposeful rules of interrelations common to all elements, which determine the purposefulness of the system as a whole.
At the same time, there are frequent statements that the use of the concept of a system has made a revolution in the development of science, indicates a new level of scientific research, determines its prospects and practical success.
The concept of “system” is most often defined as a set of interrelated elements that determine the integrity of education due to the fact that its properties are not reduced to the properties of its constituent elements. The main features of the system are: the presence of various elements, among which there is necessarily a system-forming one, connections and interactions of the elements, the integrity of their totality (external and internal environment), the combination and correspondence of the properties of the elements and their totality as a whole.
The concept of “system” has two opposing properties: limitation and integrity. The first is an external property of the system, and the second is an internal property acquired in the process of development. A system can be delimited, but not integral, but the more the system is isolated, delimited from the environment, the more internally holistic, individual, and original it is.
According to the above, it is possible to define a system as a delimited, mutually interconnected set, reflecting the objective existence of specific individual interconnected sets of bodies and not containing specific restrictions inherent in private systems. This definition characterizes a system as a self-propelled set, interconnection, and interaction.
The most important properties of the system: structure, interdependence with the environment, hierarchy, multiple descriptions, which are presented in Appendix A ( see Appendix A).
System composition. The internal structure of the system represents the unity of the composition, organization and structure of the system. The composition of the system is reduced to a complete list of its elements, i.e. it is the totality of all the elements that make up the system. The composition characterizes the richness, diversity of the system, and its complexity.
The nature of a system largely depends on its composition, a change in which leads to a change in the properties of the system. For example, by changing the composition of steel when adding a component to it, it is possible to obtain steel with specified properties. Composition as a certain set of parts, components of elements constitutes the substance of the system.
Note that composition is a necessary characteristic of the system, but by no means sufficient. Systems that have the same composition often have different properties, since the elements of the systems: firstly, have different internal organization, and secondly, they are interconnected in different ways. Therefore, in systems theory there are two additional characteristics: system organization and system structure. They are often identified.
Elements are the building blocks from which the system is built. They significantly influence the properties of the system and largely determine its nature. But the properties of the system are not reduced to the properties of the elements.
The concept of a system function. Function translated from Latin means “execution” - this is a way of manifesting the activity of a system, stable active relationships between things, in which changes in some objects lead to changes in others. The concept is used in a variety of meanings. It can mean the ability to activity and the activity itself, role, property, meaning, task, dependence of one quantity on another, etc.
The function of the system is usually understood as:
The action of the system, its reaction to the environment;
Multiple states of system outputs;
With a descriptive or descriptive approach to a function, it appears as a property of the system that unfolds dynamically;
As a process of achieving a goal by a system;
As actions coordinated between elements in the aspect of implementing the system as a whole;
The trajectory of the system, which can be described mathematically
dependency connecting the dependent and independent variables of the system.
The concept of consistency in management. Management usually refers to the impact on a system in order to ensure its functioning, focused on maintaining its basic quality in the face of environmental changes, or on the implementation of some program that ensures stability, homeostat, and the achievement of a certain goal. Management activities are very closely related to the systems approach. It is the need to solve management problems that forces us to widely use system ideas and transfer them to the level of technological management schemes. Management needs are the most important driving force for the development of a systems approach.
First of all, management acts as the operation of a control object, which is a system and quite often a complex system. The principle of systematicity appears here as a way of representing an object characterized by composition, structure and functions. The management paradigm here receives from systematicity the idea of integrity, interconnectedness and interdependence, taking into account the structural features of the object-system. In this case, it is not the rigid determination of the object that begins to play a major role, but the regulatory impact on the structure and the environment surrounding the object.
Consistency also acts as a systematic approach to management, i.e. as a method management activities. Here it is no longer just recognition of the systemic nature of the object, but also systematic work with him.
A management decision is a set of influences on a control object to bring it to the desired state. The management decision, to be very precise, is not the transformations of the object themselves, but the information, the model of these transformations. Management decision is a key link in management activities.
The nature of a management decision as a model for transforming a management object can only be understood from a systemic perspective, comprehending its structure and functional role in the management system. In management practice, a significant variety of types of management decisions has emerged. If we rely on a systems approach in their classification, then in relation to the organization the world of decisions looks like it is presented in Appendix B ( see Appendix B).
The systems approach turns out to be the most important and productive for the study of socio-economic phenomena. Management belongs to the class of just such phenomena.
Thus, an analysis of the variety of uses of the concept “system” shows that it has ancient roots and plays a very important role in modern culture, acts as an integral of modern knowledge, a means of comprehending all things. At the same time, the concept is not unambiguous and rigid, which makes it extremely creative.
1.2 Analytical activities
Analytical activity (analytics) is a direction of intellectual activity of people, which is aimed at solving problems arising in various fields life. Analytical activity is becoming the most important characteristic of modern society. The terms “analysis”, “analytics”, “analytical activity” and the like have become so popular that their content seems simple and unambiguous. But you just have to set yourself the task of analyzing something, i.e. transfer thinking from the terminological level to the technological level, the level of specific activity, then a number of quite complex issues: What is analysis?, What are its procedures? and so on.
The concept of “analysis” contains two semantic approaches. With a narrow approach, a certain set of thinking techniques is understood, a mental decomposition of the whole into its component parts, which allows one to obtain ideas about the structure of the object under study, its structure, parts. With a broad approach, analysis is not limited only to the actual procedures of mental decomposition of an object into simple components, but includes oneself and the procedure of synthesis - the process of mental unification of various aspects, parts of an object into a single form. In this regard, analysis is quite often identified with research activities in general.
The origins of analytical activity go back to Socrates, who widely used the interactive method of solving problems and evidence through induction.
Nowadays, analytics is a branched and complex system of knowledge, which includes logic as the science of the patterns and operations of correct thinking, scientific methodology - a system of principles, methods and techniques cognitive activity, heuristics is a discipline whose goal is to discover new things in science, technology and other areas of life, when there is no algorithm for solving a particular cognitive problem, as well as computer science - the science of information, methods of obtaining, accumulating, processing and transmitting it.
In the 20th century Analytical activity has become professional. Analysts of various specializations have a huge impact on progress in almost all spheres of public life. In many countries, intellectual corporations, “thought factories,” information and analytical departments and services in government agencies, companies, banks, and political parties are growing like mushrooms after summer rain.
The complexity and ambiguity of processes, risk and the desire to obtain
good results, variety of information and lack of reliable knowledge force the use of analytical activities.
The implementation of analytical activity is carried out, first of all, through the use of specific methods of cognitive activity. Each of the analytical methods is a set of certain principles, rules, techniques and algorithms of analytical activity, formed into a certain system in the process of application by people. It is the lack of mastery of the arsenal of these methods that is now one of the most important problems in the training of analysts in various fields.
Analytical activity begins with the definition of an object, subject and problem, the formation of which is typical for any research activity, including analytical.
The next step is aimed at creating ideal model object and subject, which ensures the creation of a regulatory framework for subsequent research activities. After this is created normative base, you can put forward various kinds of hypotheses to understand the problem.
The next step comes down to determining the type of analysis. It represents an appeal to the classification of analytical activity proposed above. This step predetermines another - the choice of specific methods of analytical activity, i.e. involves referring to their corresponding classification. Then follows the application of methods to the subject of research in the aspect of testing hypotheses. The analytical activity ends with the formulation of analytical conclusions.
Main types of analytics. It is not possible to give a detailed description of all types of analytical activity, since there are several hundred of them in all areas of knowledge and practice. Let us dwell on the characteristics of those that are most widely used in life and have a significant impact on the development of analytical technologies. They are shown in Appendix B ( see Appendix B).
Problem analysis is based on the concept of “problem” (from the Greek obstacle, difficulty, task). A social problem is understood as a form of existence and expression of a contradiction between the urgent need for certain social actions and the still insufficient conditions for its implementation. The specifics of problem analysis were brilliantly expressed by the outstanding Russian philosopher I. A. Ilyin (1882–1954): “...in order to correctly pose a problem and correctly resolve it, not only a certainty of objective vision is needed; an intense effort of attention is also necessary for that given set of conditions, outside of which the problem itself falls or is removed.”
System analysis should be considered one of the most popular types. It is based on the laws of the systemic integrity of an object, on the interdependence of structure and function. Moreover, depending on the vector of this analysis, i.e. orientation from structure to function or vice versa, descriptive and constructive are distinguished. The main goal of descriptive analysis is aimed at finding out how the system in which the structure is specified functions. Constructive analysis involves selecting functions of the system structure for given purposes. Both types quite often complement each other.
System analysis technology is a set of steps to implement the systems approach methodology in order to obtain information about the system. Yu. M. Plotinsky identifies the following stages in system analysis: formulation of the main goals and objectives of the study; defining the boundaries of the system, separating it from the external environment; compiling a list of system elements (subsystems, factors, variables, etc.); identifying the essence of the system integrity; analysis of interconnected elements of the system; building the structure of the system; establishing the functions of the system and its subsystems; coordination of the goals of the system and its subsystems; clarification of the boundaries of the system and each subsystem; analysis of emergence phenomena; construction of a system model.
It should be emphasized that system analysis has a huge number of specific varieties, which makes this type quite promising.
Cause-and-effect analysis is based on such an important property of existence, which is causality (causality - from the Latin Gausa). Its main concepts are “cause” and “effect”, which describe the causal relationship between phenomena.
Praxeological or pragmatic analysis as a scientific direction is associated with Polish researchers Tadeusz Kotarbinski (1886–1962) and Tadeusz Pszczołowski. Praxeology is the science of rational human activity. Praxeological analysis involves understanding a particular object, process, phenomenon from the point of view of a more effective use V practical life. The main concepts of pragmatic analysis are: “efficiency” - achieving high results with minimal resources; “effectiveness” - the ability to achieve a set goal; “assessment” is a value characterizing a particular phenomenon from the point of view of efficiency and effectiveness.
Axiological analysis involves the analysis of a particular object, process, phenomenon in the value system. The need for this analysis is due to the fact that society is characterized by significant value differentiation. The values of representatives of different social groups differ from each other. Therefore, in a democratic society, the problem of harmonizing values and value partnerships often arises, since without this normal interaction between people is impossible.
Situational analysis is based on a set of techniques and methods for understanding the situation, its structure, its determining factors, development trends, etc. In teaching practice, it has become widespread as a method of developing analytical skills - the Case study method. Its essence comes down to a collective discussion of a certain text that describes the situation and is called a “case”.
Thus, the purpose of analytical activity is both to obtain a direct result, which ultimately comes down to justifying an optimal management decision, and an indirect result, when analytical activity changes the very idea of managers about those objects and processes that were analyzed.
2 System analysis in control systems research
2.1 Fundamentals of system analysis. Types of system analysis
“I am writing you a long letter because I don’t have time to make it short,” can be paraphrased: “I am making it complicated because I don’t know how to make it simple.”
System analysis is an important object of methodological research and one of the most rapidly developing scientific areas. Many monographs and articles are dedicated to him.
The popularity of systems analysis is now so great that one can paraphrase the famous aphorism of the outstanding physicists William Thomson and Ernest Rutherford regarding a science that can be divided into physics and stamp collecting. Indeed, among all methods of analysis, the systemic one is the real king, and all other methods can be confidently attributed to its inexpressive servants.
The discipline called “systems analysis” was born due to the need to conduct interdisciplinary research. The creation of complex technical systems, the design and management of complex national economic complexes, the analysis of environmental situations and many other areas of engineering, scientific and economic activity required the organization of research that would be unconventional in nature. They required the unification of the efforts of specialists from different scientific fields, the unification and coordination of information obtained as a result of research of a specific nature. The successful development of such interdisciplinary or, as they sometimes say, systemic or complex research is largely due to the capabilities of information processing and the use of mathematical methods that appeared along with electronic computing technology and at the same time provided not only a tool, but also a language of a high degree of universality.
The result of systems research is, as a rule, the choice of a well-defined alternative: a regional development plan, design parameters, etc. Thus, systems analysis is a discipline that deals with decision-making problems in conditions where the choice of an alternative requires the analysis of complex information of various physical natures . Therefore, the origins of system analysis and its methodological concepts lie in those disciplines that deal with problems of decision making, the theory of operations research and general management theory.
The formation of a new discipline should be dated to the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, when the first works on the theory of regulation appeared, when in economics they first began to talk about optimal decisions, that is, when the first ideas about the goal function (utility) appeared. The development of the theory was determined, on the one hand, by the development of the mathematical apparatus, the emergence of formalization techniques, and on the other, by new problems that arose in industry, military affairs, and economics. The theory of system analysis received especially rapid development after the fifties, when, based on the theory of efficiency, game theory, and queuing theory, a synthetic discipline appeared - “operations research.” It then gradually developed into systems analysis, which was a synthesis of operations research and management theory.
Features of modern systems analysis stem from nature itself complex systems. Having as a goal the elimination of a problem or, at a minimum, the clarification of its causes, system analysis involves a wide range of means for this purpose, using the capabilities of various sciences and practical fields of activity. Being essentially applied dialectics, system analysis gives great importance methodological aspects of any systemic research. On the other hand, the applied orientation of system analysis leads to the use of all modern means scientific research - mathematics, computer technology, modeling, field observations and experiments.
System analysis is a set of methods and tools for studying complex, multi-level and multi-component systems, objects, processes; relies on an integrated approach, taking into account the relationships and interactions between the elements of the system.
The study of objects and phenomena as systems led to the formation of a new scientific methodology - the systems approach. Let's consider the main features of the systems approach:
Applies to the study and creation of objects as systems and refers only to systems;
Hierarchy of knowledge, requiring a multi-level study of the subject: the study of the subject itself, the study of the same subject as an element of a broader system, and the study of this subject in relation to the components of this subject;
Studying the integrative properties and patterns of systems and complexes of systems, revealing the basic mechanisms of integration of the whole;
Focus on obtaining quantitative characteristics, creating methods that narrow the ambiguity of concepts, definitions, and assessments.
System analysis makes it possible to identify the feasibility of creating or improving an organization, determine what class of complexity it belongs to, and identify the most effective methods of scientific organization of labor. A system analysis of the activities of an enterprise or organization is carried out in the early stages of work to create a specific management system. This is due to:
The duration and complexity of the work associated with the pre-design survey;
Selection of materials for research;
The choice of research methods;
Justification of economic, technical and organizational feasibility;
Development of computer programs.
The ultimate goal of system analysis is the development and implementation of the selected reference model of the control system.
In accordance with the main goal, it is necessary to perform the following systemic studies:
1. Identify general trends in the development of a given enterprise and its place and role in a modern market economy.
2. Establish the features of the functioning of the enterprise and its individual divisions.
3. Identify the conditions that ensure the achievement of the goals.
4. Identify conditions that hinder the achievement of goals.
5. Collect the necessary data for analysis and development of measures to improve the current management system.
6. Use the best practices of other enterprises.
7. Study the necessary information for adapting the selected (synthesized) reference model to the conditions of the enterprise in question.
During the system analysis process, the following characteristics are taken into account:
1) the role and place of this enterprise in the industry;
2) the state of production and economic activity of the enterprise;
3) production structure of the enterprise;
4) management system and its organizational structure;
5) features of the enterprise’s interaction with suppliers, consumers and higher organizations;
6) innovative needs (possible connections of this enterprise with research and development organizations);
7) forms and methods of stimulating and remunerating employees.
System analysis begins with clarifying or formulating the goals of a specific management system (enterprise or company) and searching for an efficiency criterion that should be expressed in the form of a specific indicator. As a rule, most organizations are multi-purpose. Many goals are determined by the peculiarities of the development of the enterprise and its actual position in the period of time under review, as well as the state of the environment.
Clearly and competently formulated development goals of an enterprise (company) are the basis for system analysis and development of a research program.
The system analysis program, in turn, includes a list of issues to be studied and their priority. For example, a system analysis program may include the following sections that involve analysis:
Enterprises in general;
Type of production and its technical and economic characteristics;
Divisions of the enterprise that produce products (services) - main divisions;
Auxiliary and service units;
Enterprise management systems;
Forms of connections between documents operating at the enterprise, routes of their movement and processing technology.
Thus, each section of the program represents an independent study and begins with setting the goals and objectives of the analysis. This stage of work is the most important, since it determines
the entire course of research, the selection of priority tasks and ultimately the reform of a specific management system.
Types of system analysis. Quite often, types of system analysis are reduced to methods of system analysis or to the specifics of the systems approach in systems of various natures. In fact, the rapid development of system analysis leads to the differentiation of its varieties on many grounds, which include: the purpose of system analysis; direction of the analysis vector; the method of its implementation; time and system aspect; branch of knowledge and the nature of reflection of the life of the system. The classification on these grounds is given in Appendix D ( see Appendix D)
This classification allows you to diagnose each specific type of system analysis. To do this, you need to “go through” all the bases of classification, choosing the type of analysis that the best way reflects the properties of the type of analysis used.
So, the primary task of system analysis is to determine the global goal of the organization’s development and operating goals. Having specific, clearly formulated goals, it is possible to identify and analyze factors that contribute to or hinder the speedy achievement of these goals.
2.2 Structure of systems analysis
There is no universal methodology - instructions for conducting system analysis. This technique is developed and applied in cases where the researcher does not have sufficient information about the system that would allow formalizing the process of its research, including the formulation and solution of the problem that has arisen.
The technological aspect of system analysis was already highlighted by Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) - the last Western European philosopher-encyclopedist who wrote: “Systematic analysis should begin with the most complex phenomena of the analyzed series.
Having decomposed them into phenomena immediately following it in complexity, we must proceed to a similar decomposition of their component parts; Thus, thanks to successive expansions, we must descend to ever simpler and more general things, until we finally reach the simplest and most general. Perhaps some patience is needed to carry out these highly complex operations of consciousness.” Nowadays, the problem of the structure of system analysis is given quite a significant place in the concepts of various authors.
The detailed scheme was justified by Yu. I. Chernyak, who decomposed the system analysis process into 12 stages: problem analysis; system definition; analysis of systems structure; formulation of the general goal and criterion of the system; decomposition of the goal, identification of needs for resources and processes; identification of resources and processes, composition of goals; forecast and analysis of future conditions; assessment of goals and means; selection of options; diagnosis existing system; building a comprehensive development program; designing an organization to achieve goals. The advantage of Yu. I. Chernyak’s technology lies in its operationalism, and also in the fact that it presents the scientific tools of system analysis for each stage, as shown in Appendix D ( see Appendix D).
In our opinion, the technology of systems analysis is the result of a synthesis of the operations of the systems approach and scientific research. Hence, when technologizing system analysis, it is necessary to take into account: firstly, the type of analysis that determines its content, tools and, secondly, the main parameters of the analyzed system that determine its subject, as shown in Appendix E( see Appendix D).
The object of system analysis is real objects of nature and society, considered as systems. That is, system analysis presupposes an initially systemic vision of the object. Its subject includes diverse characteristics of systematicity, the most important among them:
Composition of the system (typology and number of elements, dependence of an element on its place and functions in the system, types of subsystems, their properties, impact on the properties of the whole);
System structure (typology and complexity of the structure, variety of connections, direct and feedback connections, hierarchical structure, impact of the structure on the properties and functions of the system);
Organization of the system (temporal and spatial aspects);
Organization, typology of organization, system composition, stability, homeostat, controllability, centralization and peripherality, optimization of organizational structure);
System functioning: system goals and their decomposition, type of function (linear, nonlinear, internal, external), behavior under conditions of uncertainty, in critical situations, functioning mechanism, coordination of internal and external functions, problem of optimal functioning and restructuring of functions;
The position of the system in the environment (the boundaries of the system, the nature of the environment, openness, balance, stabilization, balance, the mechanism of interaction between the system and the environment, adaptation of the system to the environment, factors and disturbing influences of the environment);
Development of the system (mission, system-forming factors, life path, stages and sources of development, processes in the system - integration and disintegration, dynamics, entropy or chaos, stabilization, crisis, self-healing, transition, randomness, innovation and restructuring).
In principle, when developing a system analysis methodology, one can take the stages of any scientific research or the stages of research and development adopted in the theory of automatic control as a basis. However, a specific feature of any system analysis technique is that it must be based on the concept of a system and use the laws of construction, operation and development of systems.
The main tasks of system analysis can be presented in the form of a three-level tree of functions: 1. Decomposition; 2. Analysis; 3. Synthesis
At the decomposition stage, which provides a general representation of the system, the following is carried out:
1. Definition and decomposition of the general goal of the study and the main function of the system as a limitation of the trajectory in the state space of the system or in the area of permissible situations. Most often, decomposition is carried out by constructing a tree of goals and a tree of functions.
2. Isolation of the system from the environment (division into system/“non-system”) according to the criterion of participation of each element under consideration in the process leading to the result based on consideration of the system as an integral part of the supersystem.
3. Description of influencing factors.
4. Description of development trends, uncertainties of various kinds.
5. Description of the system as a “black box”.
6. Functional (by functions), component (by type of elements) and structural (by type of relationships between elements) decomposition of the system.
At the analysis stage, which ensures the formation of a detailed representation of the system, the following is carried out:
1. Functional and structural analysis of the existing system, which allows us to formulate the requirements for the system being created.
2. Morphological analysis - analysis of the relationship of components.
3. Genetic analysis - analysis of the background, reasons for the development of the situation, existing trends, making forecasts.
4. Analysis of analogues.
5. Analysis of efficiency (in terms of effectiveness, resource intensity, efficiency). It includes the choice of a measurement scale, the formation of performance indicators, the justification and formation of performance criteria, direct evaluation and analysis of the obtained assessments.
6. Formation of requirements for the system being created, including the selection of evaluation criteria and restrictions.
System synthesis stage, problem solving. At this stage the following is carried out:
1. Development of a model of the required system (selection of mathematical tools, modeling, evaluation of the model according to the criteria of adequacy, simplicity, correspondence between accuracy and complexity, balance of errors, multivariate implementations, block construction).
2. Synthesis of alternative structures of the system that solves the problem.
3. Synthesis of parameters of the system that solves the problem.
4. Evaluation of variants of the synthesized system (justification of the evaluation scheme, implementation of the model, conducting an evaluation experiment, processing of evaluation results, analysis of results, selection of the best option).
An assessment of the extent to which the problem has been resolved is carried out upon completion of the system analysis.
The most difficult stages to perform are the decomposition and analysis stages. This is due to the high degree of uncertainty that must be overcome during the study.
Thus, an important feature of system analysis is the unity of the formalized and informal research tools and methods used in it.
Despite the fact that the range of modeling and problem solving methods used in systems analysis is continuously expanding, system analysis is not identical in nature to scientific research: it is not related to the tasks of obtaining scientific knowledge in the proper sense, but represents only the application of scientific methods to the solution of practical management problems and pursues the goal of rationalizing the decision-making process, without excluding from this process the inevitable subjective aspects in it.
Conclusion
If we try to characterize modern systems analysis again, in a very general way and from a slightly different perspective, then it is fashionable to say that it includes such activities as:
Scientific research (theoretical and experimental) of issues related to the problem;
Design of new systems and measurements in existing systems;
Implementation of the results obtained during the analysis into practice.
This list itself obviously makes no sense in the debate about what is more in a systemic study - theory or practice, science or art, creativity or craft, heuristics or algorithmicity, philosophy or mathematics - it’s all present in it. Of course, in a particular study, the relationships between these components can be very different. A systems analyst is ready to bring to the solution of a problem any knowledge and methods necessary for this - even those that he himself does not personally possess; in this case, he is not the performer, but the organizer of the study, the bearer of the purpose and methodology of the entire study.
System analysis helps identify the causes of ineffective decisions and provides tools and techniques for improving planning and control.
A modern leader must have systems thinking because:
the manager must perceive, process and systematize a huge amount of information and knowledge that is necessary for making management decisions;
the manager needs a systematic methodology with the help of which he could correlate one area of activity of his organization with another, and prevent quasi-optimization of management decisions;
the manager must see the forest for the trees, the general for the particular, rise above everyday life and realize what place his organization occupies in the external environment, how it interacts with another, larger system of which it is a part;
System analysis in management allows a manager to more productively implement his main functions: forecasting, planning, organization, leadership, control.
Systems thinking not only contributed to the development of new ideas about the organization (in particular, special attention was paid to the integrated nature of the enterprise, as well as the paramount importance of information systems), but also ensured the development of useful mathematical tools and techniques that greatly facilitate management decision-making and the use of more advanced systems planning and control.
Thus, system analysis allows us to comprehensively assess any production and economic activity and the activity of the management system at the level of specific characteristics. This will help analyze any situation within a single system, identifying the nature of the input, process and output problems. The use of system analysis allows us to best organize the decision-making process at all levels in the management system.
To summarize, we will once again try to define system analysis in its modern understanding. So: from the practical side, system analysis is the theory and practice of improving intervention in problem situations; from the methodological side, system analysis is applied dialectics.
Glossary
| No. | New concepts | Definitions |
| 1 | Adaptation | the process of adapting a system to its environment environment without losing your identity. |
| 2 | Algorithm | a description of a sequence of actions leading to the achievement of a certain goal or text representing such a description. The term comes from the name of the Uzbek mathematician of the 9th century. Al-Khwarizmi. |
| 3 | Analysis | (translated from Greek decomposition, dismemberment) - physical or mental dismemberment of some integrity into its individual parts, constituent elements. |
| 4 | Genetic analysis | analysis of the genetics of the system, mechanisms of inheritance. |
| 5 | Descriptive analysis | System analysis begins with structure and moves towards function and purpose. |
| 6 | Constructive analysis | analysis of a system begins with its purpose and moves through functions to structure. |
| 7 | Causal analysis | establishing the causes that led to the emergence of this situation and the consequences of their development. |
| 8 | System analysis | a set of methods, techniques and algorithms for applying a systematic approach in analytical activities. |
| 9 | Situational analysis | a method of teaching analytical skills through a collective discussion of some text describing a situation and called a “case”. |
| 10 | Interaction | the influence of objects on each other, leading to mutual connection and conditionality. |
| 11 | Decomposition | the operation of dividing the whole into parts while preserving the property of subordination of the component parts, representing the whole in the form of a “tree of goals.” |
| 12 | Integration | process and mechanism of unification and connectivity elements, characterized by integrativeness, system-forming variables, factors, connections, etc. |
| 13 | Modeling | a method of studying objects by reproducing their characteristics on another object - a model. |
| 14 | Paradigm | (translated from Greek - image, sample) - a set of historically formed methodological, ideological, scientific, managerial and other attitudes adopted in in their community as a model, a norm, a standard for problem solving. Introduced into scientific circulation by the American historian of science T. Kuhn in relation to scientific knowledge. |
| 15 | Black box | a cybernetic term that defines a system; there is no information regarding the internal organization, structure and behavior of the elements, but it is possible to influence the system through its inputs and register reactions through its outputs. |
List of sources used
Scientific and review literature
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2. Anfilatov, B.C. System analysis in management: Textbook. allowance /B.C. Anfilatov, A.A., Emelyanov, A.A., Kukushkin. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2008. - 368 p.
3. Bolshakov, A. S. Anti-crisis management at the enterprise: financial and system aspects.: - St. Petersburg: SPbGUP, 2008. - 484 p. .
4. Dolyatovsky, V.A., Dolyatovskaya, V.N. Research of control systems: - M.: MarT, 2005, 176 p.
5. Drogobytsky, I. N. system analysis in economics: - M.: Infra-M., 2009. - 512 p.
6. Zaitsev, A.K. Research of control systems: Textbook. - N.Novgorod: NIMB, 2006.-123 p.
7. Ignatieva, A.V., Maksimtsov, M.M. Research of control systems: Textbook. manual for universities. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2008. – 167 p.
8. Korolev, I.V. Educational and methodological complex for the course "Research of control systems". - Nizhny Novgorod: NKI, 2009. - 48 p.
9. Korotkov, E.M. Research of control systems: Textbook. - M.: "DeKA", 2007. - 264 p.
10. Makasheva, Z. M. Research of control systems: - M.: “KnoRus”. 2009. – 176 p.
11. Mishin, V.M. Research of control systems. Textbook. - M.: Unity, 2006. - 527 p.
12. Mukhin, V.I. Research of control systems: - M.: “Exam”. 2006. – 480 p.
13. Mylnik, V.V., Titarenko, B.P., Volochienko, V.A. Research of control systems: Textbook for universities. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M: Academic Project; Ekaterinburg: Business book, 2006. – 352 p.
14. Novoseltsev, V.I. Theoretical foundations of system analysis. - M.: Major, 2006. - 592 p.
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18. Timchenko, T.M. System analysis in management: - M.:RIOR, 2008.- 161 p.
Appendix A
Characteristics of the main properties of the system
| System property | Characteristic |
| Limitation | The system is separated from the environment by boundaries |
| Integrity | Its property of the whole is fundamentally not reduced to the sum of the properties of the constituent elements |
| Structurality | The behavior of a system is determined not only by the characteristics of individual elements, but by the properties of its structure |
| Interdependence with the environment | The system forms and exhibits properties in the process of interaction with the environment |
| Hierarchy | Subordination of elements in the system |
| Multiplicity of descriptions | Due to its complexity, cognition of a system requires multiple descriptions of it. |
Appendix B
Types of management decisions of an organization
Appendix B
Characteristics of types of analysis
| Analysis | Characteristic |
| Problem | Implementation of problem structuring, which involves identifying a set of problems of the situation, their typology, characteristics, consequences, ways of resolution |
| System | Determination of the characteristics, structure of the situation, its functions, interaction with the environment and internal environment |
| Causal | Establishing the reasons that led to the emergence of this situation and the consequences of its unfolding |
| Praxeological | Diagnostics of the content of activity in a situation, its modeling and optimization |
| Axiological | Construction of a system of assessments of phenomena, activities, processes, situations from the perspective of one or another value system |
| Situational | Modeling a situation, its components, conditions, consequences, actors |
| Prognostic | Making predictions about probable, potential and desirable futures |
| Recommendation | Development of recommendations regarding the behavior of the actors in the situation |
| Software-targeted | Development of activity programs in this situation |
Appendix D
Characteristics of types of system analysis
| Basis of classification | Types of system analysis | Characteristic |
Purpose systemic |
Research system | Analytical activity is structured as research activities, the results are used in science |
| Application system | Analytical activity is a specific type of practical activity, the results are used in practice | |
Vector direction |
Descriptive or Descriptive | System analysis starts with structure and moves to function and purpose. |
| Constructive | Analysis of a system begins with its purpose and moves through functions to structure | |
|
implementation |
Qualitative | Analysis of the system in terms of qualitative properties, characteristics |
| Quantitative | Analysis of the system from the point of view of a formal approach, quantitative representation of characteristics | |
| Retrospective | Analysis of past systems and their influence on the past and history | |
Current (situational) |
Analysis of systems in present situations and problems of their stabilization | |
| Prognostic | Analysis of future systems and ways to achieve them | |
| Structural | Structure analysis | |
| Functional | Analysis of the functions of the system, the efficiency of its functioning | |
Structural functional |
Analysis of structure and functions, as well as their interdependencies |
|
| Macrosystem | Analysis of the place and role of the system in larger systems that include it | |
| Microsystem | Analysis of systems that include a given one and affect the properties of a given system | |
| General system | Based on the general theory of systems, carried out from a general systemic perspective | |
| Special system | Based on special theories systems, takes into account the specific nature of systems | |
Reflection life of the system |
Vital | Involves an analysis of the life of the system, the main stages of its life path |
| Genetic | Analysis of the genetics of the system, mechanisms of inheritance |
Appendix D
Sequence of system analysis according to Yu. I. Chernyak.
| Stages of system analysis | Scientific tools for systems analysis |
| I. Problem analysis | |
Detection Precise formulation Logical structure analysis Development analysis (past and future) Defining external connections (with other issues) Revealing the fundamental solvability of the problem |
Methods: scenarios, diagnostic, “goal trees”, economic analysis |
| II. System Definition | |
Task Specification Determining the Observer Position Object Definition Selecting elements (determining the boundaries of the system partition) Definition of subsystems Environment Definition |
Methods: matrix, cybernetic models |
| III. System structure analysis | |
Defining Hierarchy Levels Defining Aspects and Languages Defining Function Processes Definition and specification of management processes and information channels Subsystem Specification Specification of processes, functions current activities(routine) and development (target) |
Methods: diagnostic, matrix, network, morphological, cybernetic models |
| IV. Formulating the overall goal and criteria of the system | |
Determining goals and requirements of the supersystem Defining the goals and constraints of the environment Formulating a common goal Definition of criterion Decomposition of goals and criteria into subsystems Composition of a general criterion from subsystem criteria |
Methods: expert assessments (“Delphi”), “goal trees”, economic analysis, morphological, cybernetic models, regulatory operational models (optimization, imitation, game) |
| V. Decomposition of the goal, identification of needs for resources and processes | |
Formulation of goals: - top rank; current processes; efficiency; development Formulating external goals and constraints Identify resource and process needs |
Methods: “goal trees”, network, descriptive models, simulations |
| VI. Identification of resources and processes, composition of goals | |
Assessment of existing technology and capacity Grade current state resources Evaluation of ongoing and planned projects Assessing the possibilities of interaction with other systems Assessment of social factors Composition of goals |
Methods: expert assessments (“Delphi”), “trees” goals”, economic |
| VII. Forecast and analysis of future conditions | |
Analysis of sustainable trends in system development Forecast of development and environmental changes Predicting the emergence of new factors that have a strong impact on the development of the system Future resource analysis Comprehensive analysis of the interaction of factors of future development Analysis of possible shifts in goals and criteria |
Methods: scenarios, expert assessments (“Delphi”), “goal trees”, network, economic analysis, statistical, descriptive models |
| VIII. Evaluation of ends and means | |
Calculating scores based on criteria Assessing Goal Interdependence Assessing the relative importance of goals Assessment of scarcity and cost of resources Assessment of the influence of external factors Calculation of complex estimates |
Methods: expert assessments (“Delphi”), economic analysis, morphological |
| IX. Selection of options | |
Analysis of goals for compatibility and inclusion Checking goals for completeness Cutting off redundant targets Planning options for achieving individual goals Evaluation and comparison of options Combining a set of interrelated options |
Methods: goal trees, matrix, economic analysis, morphological |
| X. Diagnosis of the existing system | |
Modeling of technological and economic processes Calculation of potential and actual capacities Power Loss Analysis Identification of shortcomings in the organization of production and management Identification and analysis of improvement activities |
Methods: diagnostic, matrix, economic analysis, cybernetic models |
| XI. Building a comprehensive development program | |
Formulation of events, projects and programs Determining the priority of goals and activities to achieve them Distribution of areas of activity Distribution of areas of competence Development of a comprehensive action plan within time constraints of resources Distribution by responsible organizations, managers and performers |
Methods: matrix, network, economic analysis, descriptive models, normative operating models |
| XII. Designing an organization to achieve goals | |
Assigning Organizational Goals Formulation of the functions of the organization Organizational structure design Design of information mechanisms Design of operating modes Designing mechanisms of material and moral incentives |
Methods: diagnostic, “goal trees”, matrix, network methods, cybernetic models |
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Tauride Federal University named after. IN AND. Vernadsky
Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science
Abstract on the topic:
"System analysis"
Completed by 3rd year student, 302 groups
Taganov Alexander
Scientific director
Stonyakin Fedor Sergeevich
Plan
1. Definition of systems analysis
1.1 Model building
1.2 Statement of the research problem
1.3 Solution of the stated mathematical problem
1.4 Characteristics of system analysis tasks
2.
3. System Analysis Procedures
4.
4.1 Formation of the problem
4.2 Setting goals
5. Generating Alternatives
6.
Conclusion
Bibliography
1. Definitions of systems analysis
Systems analysis as a discipline was formed as a result of the need to research and design complex systems, manage them in conditions of incomplete information, limited resources and lack of time. System analysis is a further development of a number of disciplines, such as operations research, optimal control theory, decision-making theory, expert analysis, theory of organization of systems operation, etc. To successfully solve the assigned problems, system analysis uses the entire set of formal and informal procedures. The listed theoretical disciplines are the basis and methodological basis of system analysis. Thus, systems analysis is an interdisciplinary course that generalizes the methodology for studying complex technical, natural and social systems. The wide dissemination of ideas and methods of system analysis, and most importantly, their successful application in practice became possible only with the introduction and widespread use of computers. It was the use of computers as a tool for solving complex problems that made it possible to move from constructing theoretical models of systems to wide-ranging them. practical application. In this regard, N.N. Moiseev writes that system analysis is a set of methods based on the use of computers and focused on the study of complex systems - technical, economic, environmental, etc. The central problem of system analysis is the problem of decision making. In relation to the problems of research, design and control of complex systems, the problem of decision making is associated with the choice of a certain alternative under conditions of various types of uncertainty. Uncertainty is due to the multi-criteria nature of optimization problems, the uncertainty of system development goals, the ambiguity of system development scenarios, the lack of a priori information about the system, the influence of random factors during the dynamic development of the system, and other conditions. Given these circumstances, systems analysis can be defined as a discipline that deals with decision-making problems in conditions where the choice of an alternative requires the analysis of complex information of various physical natures.
System analysis is a synthetic discipline. Three main directions can be distinguished in it. These three directions correspond to three stages that are always present in the study of complex systems:
1) building a model of the object under study;
2)statement of the research problem;
3) solving the given mathematical problem. Let's consider these stages.
system mathematical generation
1.1 Model building
Building a model (formalization of the system, process or phenomenon being studied) is a description of the process in the language of mathematics. When constructing a model, a mathematical description of the phenomena and processes occurring in the system is carried out. Since knowledge is always relative, a description in any language reflects only some aspects of the ongoing processes and is never absolutely complete. On the other hand, it should be noted that when constructing a model, it is necessary to pay primary attention to those aspects of the process being studied that are of interest to the researcher. When constructing a model of a system, it is deeply mistaken to want to reflect all aspects of the existence of the system. When conducting system analysis, as a rule, one is interested in the dynamic behavior of the system, and when describing the dynamics from the point of view of the research being conducted, there are paramount parameters and interactions, and there are parameters that are insignificant in this study. Thus, the quality of the model is determined by the compliance of the completed description with the requirements for the study, the correspondence of the results obtained using the model to the course of the observed process or phenomenon. The construction of a mathematical model is the basis of all system analysis, the central stage of research or design of any system. The result of the entire system analysis depends on the quality of the model.
1.2 Statement of the research problem
At this stage, the purpose of the analysis is formulated. The purpose of the study is assumed to be an external factor to the system. Thus, the goal becomes an independent object of study. The goal must be formalized. The task of system analysis is to conduct necessary analysis uncertainties, restrictions and the formulation, ultimately, of some optimization problem.
Here X - element of some normed space G, determined by the nature of the model, , Where E - a set that can have an arbitrarily complex nature, determined by the structure of the model and the characteristics of the system under study. Thus, the problem of system analysis at this stage is treated as some kind of optimization problem. Analyzing the system requirements, i.e. the goals that the researcher intends to achieve, and the uncertainties that are inevitably present, the researcher must formulate the goal of the analysis in the language of mathematics. The optimization language turns out to be natural and convenient here, but not the only one possible.
1.3 Solution of the stated mathematical problem
Only this third stage of analysis can be attributed to the stage that uses mathematical methods to the fullest extent. Although, without knowledge of mathematics and the capabilities of its apparatus, the successful implementation of the first two stages is impossible, since both when constructing a system model and when formulating the goals and objectives of analysis, formalization methods should be widely used. However, we note that it is at the final stage of system analysis that subtle mathematical methods may be required. But it should be borne in mind that problems of system analysis may have a number of features that lead to the need to use heuristic approaches along with formal procedures. The reasons for turning to heuristic methods are primarily related to the lack of a priori information about the processes occurring in the analyzed system. Also, these reasons include the large dimension of the vector X and the complexity of the set structure G. In this case, the difficulties arising from the need to use informal analysis procedures are often decisive. Successful solution of problems of system analysis requires the use of informal reasoning at each stage of the study. In view of this, checking the quality of the solution and its compliance with the original purpose of the study turns into the most important theoretical problem.
1.4 Characteristics of system analysis tasks
System analysis is currently at the forefront of scientific research. It is intended to provide a scientific apparatus for the analysis and study of complex systems. The leading role of system analysis is due to the fact that the development of science has led to the formulation of the tasks that system analysis is designed to solve. The peculiarity of the current stage is that system analysis, having not yet had time to form into a full-fledged scientific discipline, is forced to exist and develop in conditions when society begins to feel the need to apply insufficiently developed and tested methods and results and is unable to postpone the decision related to them tasks for tomorrow. This is the source of both the strength and weakness of systemic analysis: strength - because it constantly feels the impact of the needs of practice, is forced to continuously expand the range of objects of research and does not have the opportunity to abstract from the real needs of society; weaknesses - because often the use of “raw”, insufficiently developed methods of systemic research leads to the adoption of hasty decisions and neglect of real difficulties.
Let us consider the main tasks that the efforts of specialists are aimed at solving and which require further development. Firstly, it should be noted the tasks of studying the system of interactions of the analyzed objects with the environment. The solution to this problem involves:
· drawing the boundary between the system under study and the environment, which predetermines the maximum depth of influence of the interactions under consideration, to which the consideration is limited;
· identification of real resources for such interaction;
consideration of interactions between the system under study and a higher-level system.
The next type of task is related to the construction of alternatives to this interaction, alternatives to the development of the system in time and space.
An important direction in the development of systems analysis methods is associated with attempts to create new opportunities for constructing original solution alternatives, unexpected strategies, unusual ideas and hidden structures. In other words, we are talking here about the development of methods and means of strengthening the inductive capabilities of human thinking, in contrast to its deductive capabilities, the development of formal logical means is, in fact, aimed at strengthening them. Research in this direction has only recently begun, and there is still no unified conceptual apparatus in it. However, here, too, several important areas can be identified - such as the development of a formal apparatus of inductive logic, methods of morphological analysis and other structural and syntactic methods for constructing new alternatives, methods of syntactics and organization of group interaction when solving creative problems, as well as the study of basic paradigms search thinking.
Problems of the third type involve constructing a variety of simulation models that describe the influence of a particular interaction on the behavior of the object of study. Let us note that in systems research the goal is not to create some kind of supermodel. We are talking about the development of private models, each of which solves its own specific issues.
Even after such simulation models have been created and studied, the question of combining various aspects of system behavior into a unified scheme remains open. However, it can and should be solved not by constructing a supermodel, but by analyzing reactions to the observed behavior of other interacting objects, i.e. by studying the behavior of analogue objects and transferring the results of these studies to the object of system analysis. Such a study provides the basis for a meaningful understanding of interaction situations and the structure of relationships that determine the place of the system under study in the structure of the supersystem of which it is a component.
Problems of the fourth type are associated with the construction of decision-making models. Any systems research is associated with the study of various alternatives for the development of the system. The task of systems analysts is to select and justify the best development alternative. At the stage of development and decision-making, it is necessary to take into account the interaction of the system with its subsystems, combine the goals of the system with the goals of the subsystems, and identify global and secondary goals.
The most developed and at the same time the most specific area of scientific creativity is associated with the development of decision-making theory and the formation of target structures, programs and plans. There is no shortage of work or actively working researchers here. However, in this case, too many results are at the level of unconfirmed invention and discrepancies in understanding both the essence of the problems at hand and the means of solving them. Research in this area includes:
a) building a theory of performance assessment decisions taken or formed plans and programs; b) solving the problem of multicriteria in assessing decision or planning alternatives;
b) studying the problem of uncertainty, especially associated not with factors of a statistical nature, but with the uncertainty of expert judgments and deliberately created uncertainty associated with simplifying ideas about the behavior of the system;
c) development of the problem of aggregating individual preferences on decisions affecting the interests of several parties that influence the behavior of the system;
d) study of the specific features of socio-economic performance criteria;
e) creating methods for checking the logical consistency of target structures and plans and establishing the necessary balance between the predetermination of the action program and its readiness for restructuring when new information arrives, both about external events and changes in ideas about the implementation of this program.
The latter direction requires a new awareness of the real functions of target structures, plans, programs and the identification of those that they must perform, as well as the connections between them.
The considered problems of system analysis do not cover full list tasks. Listed here are those that pose the greatest difficulty in solving them. It should be noted that all problems of systems research are closely interconnected with each other and cannot be isolated and solved separately, both in terms of time and the composition of performers. Moreover, in order to solve all these problems, the researcher must have a broad outlook and possess a rich arsenal of methods and means of scientific research.
2. Features of system analysis problems
The ultimate goal of system analysis is to resolve the problem situation that has arisen in front of the object of the systemic study being carried out (usually this is a specific organization, team, enterprise, separate region, social structure, etc.). System analysis deals with studying a problem situation, finding out its causes, developing options for eliminating it, making decisions and organizing the further functioning of the system to resolve the problem situation. The initial stage of any system research is the study of the object of the system analysis being carried out with its subsequent formalization. At this stage, problems arise that fundamentally distinguish the methodology of systems research from the methodology of other disciplines, namely, in systems analysis a dual problem is solved. On the one hand, it is necessary to formalize the object of systemic research, on the other hand, the process of studying the system, the process of formulating and solving the problem, is subject to formalization. Let's give an example from the theory of system design. The modern theory of computer-aided design of complex systems can be considered as one of the parts of systems research. According to it, the problem of designing complex systems has two aspects. Firstly, it is required to carry out a formalized description of the design object. Moreover, at this stage, the problems of a formalized description of both the static component of the system (mainly its structural organization is subject to formalization) and its behavior in time (dynamic aspects that reflect its functioning) are solved. Secondly, it is necessary to formalize the design process. Components of the design process are methods for forming various design solutions, methods of their engineering analysis and methods of decision-making for selection the best options implementation of the system.
An important place in system analysis procedures is occupied by the problem of decision making. As a feature of the tasks facing system analysts, it is necessary to note the requirement for the optimality of decisions made. Currently, we have to solve problems of optimal control of complex systems, optimal design systems that include a large number of elements and subsystems. The development of technology has reached a level at which the creation of a simply workable design in itself no longer always satisfies the leading industries. During the design process, it is necessary to ensure the best performance for a number of characteristics of new products, for example, to achieve maximum performance, minimum dimensions, cost, etc. while maintaining all other requirements within specified limits. Thus, practice requires the development of not just a workable product, object, system, but the creation of an optimal project. Similar reasoning is valid for other types of activities. When organizing the operation of an enterprise, requirements are formulated to maximize the efficiency of its activities, reliability of equipment, optimization of systems maintenance strategies, resource allocation, etc.
In various fields of practical activity (technology, economics, social sciences, psychology), situations arise when it is necessary to make decisions for which it is not possible to fully take into account the conditions that predetermine them. Decision making in this case will occur under conditions of uncertainty, which has a different nature. One of the simplest types of uncertainty is the uncertainty of initial information, manifested in various aspects. First of all, we note such an aspect as the impact of unknown factors on the system.
Uncertainty due to unknown factors also comes in different types. The simplest type of this kind of uncertainty is stochastic uncertainty. It occurs in cases where unknown factors are random variables or random functions, the statistical characteristics of which can be determined based on an analysis of past experience in the functioning of the object of systemic research.
The next type of uncertainty is uncertainty of goals. Formulating a goal when solving problems of system analysis is one of the key procedures, because the goal is the object that determines the formulation of the problem of systems research. The uncertainty of the goal is a consequence of the multi-criteria nature of the problems of system analysis. Assigning a goal, choosing a criterion, and formalizing a goal almost always pose a difficult problem. Tasks with many criteria are typical for large technical, business, and economic projects.
And finally, it should be noted this type of uncertainty as uncertainty associated with the subsequent influence of the results of the decision on the problem situation. The fact is that a decision being made at the moment and implemented in a certain system is intended to affect the functioning of the system. Actually, this is why it is adopted, since according to the idea of system analysts, this solution should resolve the problematic situation. However, since the decision is made for a complex system, the development of the system over time can have many strategies. And of course, at the stage of forming a decision and taking control actions, analysts may not have a complete picture of the development of the situation. When making a decision there are various recommendations forecasting the development of the system over time. One of these approaches recommends predicting some “average” dynamics of system development and making decisions based on such a strategy. Another approach recommends that when making a decision, we proceed from the possibility of the worst-case situation occurring.
As the next feature of system analysis, we note the role of models as a means of studying systems that are the object of system research. Any methods of system analysis are based on a mathematical description of certain facts, phenomena, processes. When using the word “model,” we always mean some description that reflects precisely those features of the process being studied that are of interest to the researcher. The accuracy and quality of the description are determined, first of all, by the model’s compliance with the requirements for research and the correspondence of the results obtained using the model to the observed course of the process. If the language of mathematics is used when developing a model, we speak of mathematical models. The construction of a mathematical model is the basis of all system analysis. This is the central stage of research or design of any system. The success of all subsequent analysis depends on the quality of the model. However, in system analysis, along with formalized procedures, informal, heuristic research methods occupy a large place. There are a number of reasons for this. The first is as follows. When constructing system models, there may be a lack or insufficiency of initial information to determine the model parameters.
In this case, an expert survey of specialists is carried out in order to eliminate uncertainty or at least reduce it, i.e. The experience and knowledge of specialists can be used to assign the initial parameters of the model.
Another reason for using heuristic methods is as follows. Attempts to formalize the processes occurring in the systems under study are always associated with the formulation of certain restrictions and simplifications. It is important here not to cross the line beyond which further simplification will lead to loss of the essence of the phenomena being described. In other words-
However, the desire to adapt a well-studied mathematical apparatus to describe the phenomena under study can distort their essence and lead to incorrect decisions. In this situation, it is necessary to use the researcher’s scientific intuition, his experience and ability to formulate an idea for solving a problem, i.e. a subconscious, internal justification of model construction algorithms and methods of their research is used, which is not amenable to formal analysis. Heuristic methods for finding solutions are formed by a person or a group of researchers in the process of their creative activity. Heuristics are a set of knowledge, experience, and intelligence used to obtain solutions using informal rules. Heuristic methods turn out to be useful and even indispensable in studies that are of a non-numerical nature or characterized by complexity, uncertainty, and variability.
Surely, when considering specific problems of system analysis, it will be possible to highlight some more of their features, but, in the author’s opinion, the features noted here are common to all problems of systems research.
3. System Analysis Procedures
In the previous section, three stages of system analysis were formulated. These stages are the basis for solving any problem of conducting systems research. Their essence is that it is necessary to build a model of the system under study, i.e. give a formalized description of the object under study, formulate a criterion for solving the problem of system analysis, i.e. set a research problem and then solve the problem. The indicated three stages of system analysis are an enlarged scheme for solving the problem. In reality, the tasks of system analysis are quite complex, so listing the stages cannot be an end in itself. We also note that the methodology for conducting system analysis and the guidelines are not universal - each study has its own characteristics and requires intuition, initiative and imagination from the performers in order to correctly determine the goals of the project and achieve success in achieving them. There have been repeated attempts to create a fairly general, universal algorithm for system analysis. A careful examination of the algorithms available in the literature shows that they have a high degree of generality in general and differences in particulars and details. We will try to outline the basic procedures of the system analysis algorithm, which are a generalization of the sequence of stages of such analysis, formulated by a number of authors, and reflect its general principles.
We list the main procedures for system analysis:
· study of the structure of the system, analysis of its components, identification of relationships between individual elements;
· collection of data on the functioning of the system, research of information flows, observations and experiments on the analyzed system;
· building models;
· checking the adequacy of models, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis;
· research of resource opportunities;
· defining the goals of system analysis;
· formation of criteria;
· generating alternatives;
· implementation of choice and decision making;
· implementation of analysis results.
4. Defining the goals of systems analysis
4.1 Fproblem formulation
For traditional sciences, the initial stage of work consists in setting a formal problem that must be solved. In the study of a complex system, this is an intermediate result, which is preceded by long work on structuring the original problem. The starting point for defining goals in systems analysis is related to the formulation of the problem. The following feature of system analysis problems should be noted here. The need for system analysis arises when the customer has already formulated his problem, i.e. The problem not only exists, but also requires a solution. However, the systems analyst must be aware that the problem formulated by the customer represents an approximate working version. The reasons why the original formulation of the problem must be considered as a first approximation are as follows. The system for which the purpose of system analysis is formulated is not isolated. It is connected with other systems and is part of a certain supersystem, for example, an automated department or workshop management system in an enterprise is a structural unit of the automated control system of the entire enterprise. Therefore, when formulating a problem for the system under consideration, it is necessary to take into account how the solution to this problem will affect the systems with which this system is connected. Inevitably, planned changes will affect both the subsystems that are part of this system and the supersystem containing this system. Thus, any real problem should be treated not as an individual problem, but as an object among interrelated problems.
When formulating a problem system, a systems analyst should follow some guidelines. Firstly, the customer’s opinion should be taken as a basis. As a rule, this is the head of the organization for which the system analysis is being carried out. It is he, as noted above, that generates the initial formulation of the problem. Next, the systems analyst, having familiarized himself with the formulated problem, must understand the tasks that were set for the manager, the limitations and circumstances influencing the manager’s behavior, and the conflicting goals between which he is trying to find a compromise. The systems analyst must study the organization for which the systems analysis is being conducted. It is necessary to become thoroughly familiar with the existing management hierarchy, the functions of the various groups, and previous studies, if any, of the relevant issues. The analyst must refrain from expressing his preconceptions about the problem and from trying to fit it into the framework of his previous ideas in order to use his own desired approach to solving it. Finally, the analyst should not leave the manager's statements and comments unchecked. As already noted, the problem formulated by the leader must, firstly, be expanded to a set of problems agreed upon with the super- and subsystems, and, secondly, it must be agreed upon with all interested parties.
It should also be noted that each of the interested parties has its own vision of the problem and attitude towards it. Therefore, when formulating a set of problems, it is necessary to take into account what changes one or the other side wants to make and why. In addition, the problem must be considered comprehensively, including in temporal and historical terms. It is necessary to anticipate how the stated problems may change over time or due to the fact that the research is of interest to managers at other levels. When formulating a set of problems, a systems analyst must know a detailed picture of who is interested in a particular solution.
4.2 Setting goals
After the problem that needs to be overcome during the system analysis is formulated, they move on to defining the goal. Determining the purpose of system analysis means answering the question of what needs to be done to solve the problem. To formulate a goal means to indicate the direction in which to move in order to solve an existing problem, to show paths that lead away from the existing problem situation.
When formulating a goal, you must always be aware that it plays an active role in management. The definition of the goal reflected that the goal is the desired result of the development of the system. Thus, the formulated goal of system analysis will determine the entire further complex of work. Therefore, goals must be realistic. Setting realistic goals will direct all system analysis activities toward obtaining a specific useful result. It is also important to note that the idea of a goal depends on the stage of cognition of the object, and as ideas about it develop, the goal can be reformulated. A change in goals over time can occur not only in form, due to an increasingly better understanding of the essence of the phenomena occurring in the system under study, but also in content, due to changes in objective conditions and subjective attitudes that influence the choice of goals. The timing of changes in ideas about goals and aging of goals are different and depend on the level of the hierarchy of consideration of the object. Higher level goals are more durable. The dynamism of goals must be taken into account in systems analysis.
When formulating a goal, it is necessary to take into account that the goal is influenced by both factors external to the system and internal. At the same time, internal factors are the same factors that objectively influence the process of goal formation as external ones.
It should further be noted that even at the highest level of the system hierarchy there is a multiplicity of goals. When analyzing a problem, it is necessary to take into account the goals of all stakeholders. Among many goals, it is advisable to try to find or form a global goal. If this cannot be done, the goals should be ranked in order of their preference to resolve the problem in the system being analyzed.
The study of the goals of those interested in the problem should include the possibility of their clarification, expansion, or even replacement. This circumstance is the main reason for the iterative nature of system analysis.
The choice of a subject’s goals is decisively influenced by the system of values to which he adheres, therefore, when forming goals necessary step work is to identify the value system that the decision maker adheres to. For example, a distinction is made between technocratic and humanistic value systems. According to the first system, nature is proclaimed as a source of inexhaustible resources, man is the king of nature. Everyone knows the thesis: “We cannot expect favors from nature. Our task is to take them from her.” The humanistic value system says that natural resources are limited, that people must live in harmony with nature, etc. The practice of development of human society shows that following a technocratic value system leads to disastrous consequences. On the other hand, a complete rejection of technocratic values also has no justification. It is necessary not to oppose these systems, but to intelligently complement them and formulate the goals of the system’s development, taking into account both value systems.
5. Generating Alternatives
The next stage of system analysis is the creation of many possible ways to achieve the formulated goal. In other words, at this stage it is necessary to generate many alternatives, from which the best path for system development will then be selected. This stage of system analysis is very important and difficult. Its importance lies in the fact that the ultimate goal of system analysis is to select the best alternative on a given set and to justify this choice. If the generated set of alternatives does not include the best one, then none of the most advanced methods of analysis will help calculate it. The difficulty of this stage is due to the need to generate a fairly complete set of alternatives, including, at first glance, even the most unrealizable ones.
Generating alternatives, i.e. ideas about possible ways achieving a goal is a real creative process. There are a number of recommendations on possible approaches to performing the procedure in question. It is necessary to generate as much as possible larger number alternatives. The following generation methods are available:
a) search for alternatives in patent and journal literature;
b) involving several experts with different backgrounds and experience;
c) increasing the number of alternatives due to their combination, the formation of intermediate options between those proposed earlier;
d) modification of an existing alternative, i.e. the formation of alternatives that are only partially different from the known one;
e) inclusion of alternatives opposite to those proposed, including the “zero” alternative (do nothing, i.e. consider the consequences of developments without the intervention of systems engineers);
f) stakeholder interviews and broader questionnaires; g) inclusion in consideration even of those alternatives that at first glance seem far-fetched;
g) generation of alternatives designed for different time intervals (long-term, short-term, emergency).
When performing work to generate alternatives, it is important to create favorable conditions for employees performing this type of activity. Psychological factors influencing the intensity of creative activity are of great importance, therefore it is necessary to strive to create a favorable climate in the workplace of employees.
There is one more danger that arises when carrying out work on the formation of many alternatives, which needs to be mentioned. If we specifically strive to ensure that as many alternatives as possible are obtained at the initial stage, i.e. try to make the set of alternatives as complete as possible, then for some problems their number can reach many dozens. A detailed study of each of them would require an unacceptably large amount of time and money. Therefore, in this case it is necessary to carry out preliminary analysis alternatives and try to narrow the set early in the analysis. At this stage of the analysis, qualitative methods are used to compare alternatives, without resorting to more precise quantitative methods. This allows for rough screening.
Let us now present the methods used in system analysis to carry out the work of generating a variety of alternatives.
6. Implementation of analysis results
System analysis is an applied science, its ultimate goal is to change the existing situation in accordance with the goals set. The final judgment about the correctness and usefulness of system analysis can be made only on the basis of the results of its practical application.
The final result will depend not only on how perfect and theoretically justified the methods used in the analysis are, but also on how competently and efficiently the recommendations received are implemented.
Currently, increased attention is being paid to the implementation of system analysis results in practice. In this direction, the works of R. Ackoff can be noted. It should be noted that the practice of systems research and the practice of implementing their results differ significantly for systems of different types. According to the classification, systems are divided into three types: natural, artificial and sociotechnical. In systems of the first type, connections are formed and act in a natural way. Examples of such systems include environmental, physical, chemical, biological, etc. systems. In systems of the second type, connections are formed as a result of human activity. Examples include all kinds of technical systems. In systems of the third type, in addition to natural connections, interpersonal connections play an important role. Such connections are determined not by the natural properties of objects, but by cultural traditions, the upbringing of the subjects participating in the system, their character and other characteristics.
System analysis is used to study systems of all three types. Each of them has its own characteristics that require consideration when organizing work to implement the results. The largest proportion of weakly structured problems is in systems of the third type. Consequently, the most difficult practice is to implement the results of system research in these systems.
When implementing the results of system analysis, it is necessary to keep in mind the following circumstance. The work is carried out for the client (customer), who has the power sufficient to change the system in ways that will be determined as a result of the system analysis. All interested parties must be directly involved in the work. Stakeholders are those who are responsible for solving the problem and those who are directly affected by the problem. As a result of the implementation of system research, it is necessary to ensure an improvement in the performance of the customer organization from the point of view of at least one of the stakeholders; At the same time, deterioration of this work from the point of view of all other participants in the problem situation is not allowed.
Speaking about the implementation of the results of system analysis, it is important to note that in real life, the situation when research is first carried out, and then their results are put into practice, is extremely rare, only in cases where we are talking about simple systems. In the study of sociotechnical systems, they change over time, both by themselves and under the influence of research. In the process of conducting system analysis, the state of the problem situation, the goals of the system, the personal and quantitative composition of participants, and the relationships between stakeholders change. In addition, it should be noted that the implementation of decisions made affects all factors of the functioning of the system. The stages of research and implementation in this type of system actually merge, i.e. It's an iterative process. The research carried out has an impact on the functioning of the system, and this modifies the problem situation, poses new task research. A new problem situation stimulates further system analysis, etc. Thus, the problem is gradually solved through active research.
INconclusion
Important feature System analysis is the study of goal setting processes and the development of means of working with goals (methods, structuring goals). Sometimes even systems analysis is defined as a methodology for studying purposeful systems.
Bibliography
Moiseev, N.N. Mathematical problems of system analysis / N.N. Moiseev. - M.: Nauka, 1981.
Optner, S. System analysis for solving business and industrial problems / S. Optner. - M.: Soviet radio,
Fundamentals of a systems approach and their application to the development of territorial automated control systems / ed. F.I. Peregudova. - Tomsk: TSU Publishing House, 1976. - 440 p.
Fundamentals of general systems theory: textbook. allowance. - St. Petersburg. : VAS, 1992. - Part 1.
Peregudov, F.I. Introduction to systems analysis: textbook. allowance / F.I. Peregudov, F.P. Tarasenko. - M.: Higher School, 1989. - 367 p.
Rybnikov, K.A. History of mathematics: textbook / K.A. Rybnikov. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1994. - 496 p.
Stroik, D.Ya. A brief outline of the history of mathematics / D.Ya. Construction - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 253 p.
Stepanov, Yu.S. Semiotics / Yu.S. Stepanov. - M.: Nauka, 1971. - 145 p.
Systems theory and methods of system analysis in management and communications / V.N. Volkova, V.A. Voronkov, A.A. Denisov and others -M. : Radio and Communications, 1983. - 248 p.
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Lecture 1: System analysis as a methodology for problem solving
It is necessary to be able to think abstractly in order to perceive the world around us in a new way.
R. Feynman
One of the directions of restructuring in higher education is to overcome the shortcomings of narrow specialization, strengthen interdisciplinary connections, develop a dialectical vision of the world, and systems thinking. The curriculum of many universities has already introduced general and special courses that implement this trend: for engineering specialties - “design methods”, “systems engineering”; for military and economic specialties - “operations research”; in administrative and political management - “political science”, “futurology”; in applied scientific research - “simulation modeling”, “experimental methodology”, etc. Among these disciplines is a course in systems analysis - a typically inter- and supradisciplinary course that generalizes the methodology for studying complex technical, natural and social systems.
1.1 System analysis in the structure of modern systems research
Currently, two opposing trends are observed in the development of sciences:
- Differentiation, when, with an increase in knowledge and the emergence of new problems, special sciences are separated from more general sciences.
- 2. Integration, when more general sciences arise as a result of the generalization and development of certain sections of related sciences and their methods.
The processes of differentiation and integration are based on 2 fundamental principles of materialist dialectics:
- the principle of qualitative originality of various forms of motion of matter, def. the need to study certain aspects of the material world;
- principle of material unity of the world, def. the need to obtain a holistic understanding of any objects of the material world.
As a result of the integrative trend, a new area of scientific activity has emerged: systems research, which is aimed at solving complex large-scale problems of great complexity.
Within the framework of systems research, such integration sciences are being developed as: cybernetics, operations research, systems engineering, systems analysis, artificial intelligence and others. Those. we are talking about creating a 5th generation computer (to remove all intermediaries between the computer and the machine. The user is unqualified), an intelligent interface is used.
Systems analysis develops a system methodology for solving complex applied problems, relying on the principles of the systems approach and general theory of systems, development and methodologically generalizing the conceptual (ideological) and mathematical apparatus of cybernetics, operations research and systems engineering.
System analysis is a new scientific direction of the integration type, which develops a systemic methodology for decision-making and occupies a certain place in the structure of modern systems research.
Fig.1.1 - System analysis
- systems research
- systems approach
- specific system concepts
- general systems theory (metatheory in relation to specific systems)
- dialectical materialism (philosophical problems of systems research)
- scientific system theories and models (the doctrine of the earth's biosphere; probability theory; cybernetics, etc.)
- technical systems theories and developments—operations research; systems engineering, systems analysis, etc.
- particular theories of the system.
1.2 Classification of problems according to the degree of their structuring
According to the classification proposed by Simon and Newell, the entire set of problems, depending on the depth of their knowledge, is divided into 3 classes:
- well-structured or quantitatively expressed problems that can be mathematically formalized and solved using formal methods;
- unstructured or qualitatively expressed problems that are described only at the content level and are solved using informal procedures;
- weakly structured (mixed problems), which contain quantitative and qualitative problems, and the qualitative, little-known and uncertain aspects of the problems tend to be domainized.
These problems are solved through the integrated use of formal methods and informal procedures. The classification is based on the degree of structuring of problems, and the structure of the entire problem is determined by 5 logical elements:
- a goal or series of goals;
- alternatives for achieving goals;
- resources spent on implementing alternatives;
- model or series of models;
- 5.criterion for choosing the preferred alternative.
The degree of structuring of the problem is determined by how well the specified elements of the problem are identified and understood.
It is typical that the same problem can occupy different places in the classification table. In the process of ever deeper study, comprehension and analysis, the problem can turn from unstructured to weakly structured, and then from weakly structured to structured. In this case, the choice of method for solving a problem is determined by its place in the classification table.
Fig.1.2 - Classification table
- identifying the problem;
- formulation of the problem;
- solution to the problem;
- unstructured problem (can be solved using heuristic methods);
- methods of expert assessments;
- poorly structured problem;
- systems analysis methods;
- well structured problem;
- operations research methods;
- decision-making;
- implementation of the solution;
- evaluation of the solution.
1.3 Principles for solving well-structured problems
To solve problems of this class, mathematical methods of I.O. are widely used. In operational research, the main stages can be distinguished:
- Identifying competing strategies to achieve a goal.
- Construction of a mathematical model of the operation.
- Evaluating the effectiveness of competing strategies.
- Choosing the optimal strategy for achieving goals.
The mathematical model of the operation is a functional:
E = f(x∈x → , (α), (β)) ⇒ extz
- E - criterion for the effectiveness of operations;
- x is the strategy of the operating party;
- α is the set of conditions for carrying out operations;
- β is the set of environmental conditions.
The model allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of competing strategies and select the optimal strategy from among them.
- persistence of the problem
- restrictions
- operational efficiency criterion
- mathematical model of the operation
- model parameters, but some of the parameters are usually unknown, therefore (6)
- forecasting information (i.e. you need to predict a number of parameters)
- competing strategies
- analysis and strategies
- optimal strategy
- approved strategy (simpler, but which also satisfies a number of criteria)
- implementation of the solution
- model adjustment
The criterion for the effectiveness of an operation must satisfy a number of requirements:
- Representativeness, i.e. the criterion should reflect the main, and not the secondary, purpose of the operation.
- Criticality - i.e. the criterion must change when the operation parameters change.
- Uniqueness, since only in this case is it possible to find a rigorous mathematical solution to the optimization problem.
- Taking into account stochasticity, which is usually associated with the random nature of some operation parameters.
- Accounting for uncertainty, which is associated with the lack of any information about certain parameters of operations.
- Taking into account the counteraction that is often caused by a conscious enemy who controls the full parameters of operations.
- Simple, because a simple criterion allows you to simplify the mathematical calculations when searching for opt. solutions.
We present a diagram that illustrates the basic requirements for the effectiveness criterion of operations research.
Rice. 1.4 — Diagram that illustrates the requirements for an operations research performance criterion
- statement of the problem (2 and 4 (limitations) follow);
- efficiency criterion;
- top level tasks
- restrictions (we organize nesting of models);
- communication with top-level models;
- representativeness;
- criticality;
- uniqueness;
- taking into account stochasticity;
- accounting for uncertainty;
- taking into account counteraction (game theory);
- simplicity;
- mandatory restrictions;
- additional restrictions;
- artificial restrictions;
- selection of the main criterion;
- translation of restrictions;
- construction of a generalized criterion;
- assessment of mathematical performance;
- constructing confidence intervals:
- analysis of possible options (there is a system; we do not know exactly what the intensity of the input flow is; we can only assume one or another intensity with a certain probability; then we weigh the output options).
Uniqueness - so that the problem can be solved using strictly mathematical methods.
Points 16, 17 and 18 are methods that allow you to get rid of multi-criteria.
Accounting for stochasticity - most of the parameters have a stochastic value. In some cases stoch. we ask in form distribution, therefore, the criterion itself must be averaged, i.e. apply mathematical expectations, therefore, paragraphs 19, 20, 21.
1.4 Principles for solving unstructured problems
To solve problems of this class, it is advisable to use expert assessment methods.
Expert assessment methods are used in cases where the mathematical formalization of problems is either impossible due to their novelty and complexity, or requires a lot of time and money. Common to all methods of expert assessments is the appeal to the experience, guidance and intuition of specialists performing the functions of experts. Giving answers to the question posed, experts are, as it were, sensors of information that is analyzed and summarized. It can be argued, therefore: if there is a true answer in the range of answers, then a set of disparate opinions can be effectively synthesized into some generalized opinion close to reality. Any method of expert assessments is a set of procedures aimed at obtaining information of heuristic origin and processing this information using mathematical and statistical methods.
The process of preparing and conducting the examination includes the following stages:
- definition of chains of examination;
- formation of a group of specialist analysts;
- formation of a group of experts;
- development of examination scenario and procedures;
- collection and analysis of expert information;
- processing of expert information;
- analysis of examination results and decision-making.
When forming a group of experts, it is necessary to take into account their individual characteristics, which affect the results of the examination:
- competence (level of professional training)
- creativity (human creative abilities)
- constructive thinking (don’t “fly” in the clouds)
- conformism (susceptibility to the influence of authority)
- attitude towards examination
- collectivism and self-criticism
Expert assessment methods are used quite successfully in the following situations:
- selection of goals and topics of scientific research
- selection of options for complex technical and socio-economic projects and programs
- construction and analysis of models of complex objects
- construction of criteria in vector optimization problems
- classification of homogeneous objects according to the degree of expression of any property
- product quality assessment and new technology
- decision making in production management problems
- long-term and current production planning, research and development
- scientific, technical and economic forecasting, etc. and so on.
1.5 Principles for solving semi-structured problems
To solve problems of this class, it is advisable to use systems analysis methods. Problems solved using system analysis have a number of characteristic features:
- the decision being made relates to the future (a plant that does not exist yet)
- there is a wide range of alternatives
- solutions depend on current incomplete technological advances
- decisions made require large investments of resources and contain elements of risk
- Requirements related to cost and time to resolve the problem are not fully defined
- the internal problem is complex due to the fact that its solution requires a combination of various resources.
The basic concepts of systems analysis are as follows:
- the process of solving a problem should begin with identifying and justifying the final goal that they want to achieve in a particular area, and on this basis intermediate goals and objectives are determined
- any problem must be approached as a complex system, identifying all possible sub-problems and relationships, as well as the consequences of certain decisions
- in the process of solving a problem, many alternatives to achieve the goal are formed; evaluating these alternatives using appropriate criteria and selecting the preferred alternative
- The organizational structure of a problem-solving mechanism must be subordinated to a goal or set of goals, and not vice versa.
System analysis is a multi-step iterative process, and the starting point of this process is the formulation of the problem in some initial form. When formulating a problem, it is necessary to take into account 2 conflicting requirements:
- the problem should be formulated broadly enough so that nothing essential is missed;
- the problem must be formed in such a way that it is visible and can be structured. In the course of system analysis, the degree of structuring of the problem increases, i.e. the problem is formulated more and more clearly and comprehensively.
Rice. 1.5 - One step of system analysis
- formulation of the problem
- rationale for the purpose
- formation of alternatives
- resource research
- building a model
- evaluation of alternatives
- decision making (choosing one solution)
- sensitivity analysis
- verification of source data
- clarification of the final goal
- search for new alternatives
- analysis of resources and criteria
1.6 Main stages and methods of SA
SA provides for: development of a systematic method for solving the problem, i.e. a logically and procedurally organized sequence of operations aimed at selecting a preferred solution alternative. SA is implemented practically in several stages, but there is still no unity regarding their number and content, because There is a wide variety of applied problems.
Let us present a table that illustrates the main patterns of SA from three different scientific schools.
| Main stages of system analysis | ||
|---|---|---|
| According to F. Hansman Germany, 1978 |
According to D. Jeffers USA, 1981 |
According to V.V. Druzhinin USSR, 1988 |
|
|
|
The scientific tools of SA include the following methods:
- scripting method (trying to describe the system)
- goal tree method (there is an ultimate goal, it is divided into subgoals, subgoals into problems, etc., i.e. decomposition into problems that we can solve)
- morphological analysis method (for inventions)
- expert assessment methods
- probabilistic and statistical methods (theory of MO, games, etc.)
- cybernetic methods (object in the form of a black box)
- IR methods (scalar opt)
- vector optimization methods
- simulation methods (for example, GPSS)
- network methods
- matrix methods
- methods of economic analysis, etc.
In the SA process, various methods are used at different levels, in which heuristics are combined with formalism. SA plays the role of a methodological framework that unites all necessary methods, research techniques, activities, and problem-solving resources.
1.7 System of preferences of decision-makers and a systematic approach to the decision-making process.
The decision-making process consists of choosing a rational solution from a certain set of alternative solutions, taking into account the decision-maker’s system of preferences. Like any process in which a person participates, it has 2 sides: objective and subjective.
The objective side is what is really outside the human consciousness, and the subjective side is what is reflected in the human consciousness, i.e. objective in the human mind. The objective is not always reflected adequately in a person’s consciousness, but it does not follow from this that there cannot be correct decisions. A practically correct decision is one that in its main features correctly reflects the situation and corresponds to the task at hand.
The decision maker’s preference system is determined by many factors:
- understanding the problem and development prospects;
- current information about the state of some operation and the external conditions of its occurrence;
- directives from higher authorities and various kinds of restrictions;
- legal, economic, social, psychological factors, traditions, etc.
Rice. 1.6 — System of preferences for decision makers
- directives from higher authorities on the goals and objectives of operations (technical processes, forecasting)
- restrictions on resources, degree of independence, etc.
- information processing
- operation
- external conditions (external environment), a) determination; b) stochastic (the computer fails after a random interval t); c) organized opposition
- information about external conditions
- rational decision
- control synthesis (system dependent)
Being in this grip, the decision maker must normalize the many potentially possible solutions from them. Of these, select 4-5 best and from them - 1 solution.
A systematic approach to the decision-making process consists of implementing 3 interrelated procedures:
- Many potential solutions are highlighted.
- From among them, many competing solutions are selected.
- A rational solution is selected taking into account the decision maker’s system of preferences.
Rice. 1.7 — Systematic approach to the decision-making process
- possible solutions
- competing solutions
- rational decision
- purpose and objectives of the operation
- operation status information
- information about external conditions
- stochastic
- organized opposition
- resource limitation
- limitation on the degree of independence
- additional restrictions and conditions
- legal factors
- economic forces
- sociological factors
- psychological factors
- traditions and more
- performance criterion
Modern systems analysis is an applied science aimed at identifying the causes of real difficulties that arose before the “problem owner” and developing options for eliminating them. In its most developed form, system analysis also includes direct, practical improving intervention in a problem situation.
Systematicity should not seem like some kind of innovation, the latest achievement of science. Consistency is a universal property of matter, the form of its existence, and therefore an integral property of human practice, including thinking. Any activity can be less or more systematic. The appearance of a problem is a sign of insufficient systematicity; the solution to the problem is the result of increased systematicity. Theoretical thought at different levels of abstraction reflected the systematic nature of the world in general and the systematic nature of human cognition and practice. At the philosophical level it is dialectical materialism, at the general scientific level it is systemology and general theory of systems, theory of organization; in natural sciences - cybernetics. With the development of computer technology, computer science and artificial intelligence emerged.
In the early 80s, it became obvious that all these theoretical and applied disciplines form a kind of single stream, a “systemic movement.” Consistency becomes not only a theoretical category, but also a conscious aspect of practical activity. Since large and complex systems have necessarily become the subject of study, management and design, a generalization of methods for studying systems and methods of influencing them was required. A certain applied science had to emerge, which would be a “bridge” between abstract theories of systematicity and living systemic practice. It arose - first, as we noted, in various fields and under different names, and in recent years it has formed into a science that is called “system analysis.”
The features of modern systems analysis arise from the very nature of complex systems. Having as a goal the elimination of a problem or, at a minimum, the clarification of its causes, system analysis involves a wide range of means for this purpose, using the capabilities of various sciences and practical fields of activity. Being essentially an applied dialectic, systems analysis attaches great importance to the methodological aspects of any systems research. On the other hand, the applied orientation of system analysis leads to the use of all modern means of scientific research - mathematics, computer technology, modeling, field observations and experiments.
In the course of studying a real system, one usually encounters a wide variety of problems; It is impossible for one person to be a professional in each of them. The solution seems to be that whoever undertakes to carry out system analysis has the education and experience necessary to identify and classify specific problems, to determine which specialists should be contacted to continue the analysis. This places special demands on systems specialists: they must have broad erudition, relaxed thinking, the ability to attract people to work, and organize collective activities.
After listening to a real course of lectures, or reading several books on this topic, you cannot become a specialist in systems analysis. As W. Shakespeare put it: “If doing were as easy as knowing what to do, chapels would be cathedrals, huts palaces.” Professionalism is acquired through practice.
Let's consider an interesting forecast of the most rapidly expanding areas of employment in the United States: Dynamics in % 1990-2000.
- average medical staff — 70%
- Radiation technology specialists - 66%
- travel agents - 54%
- computer systems analysts - 53%
- programmers - 48%
- electronics engineers - 40%
Development of system views
What does the word “system” or “large system” mean, what does it mean to “act systematically”? We will receive answers to these questions gradually, increasing the level of systematicity of our knowledge, which is the goal of this course of lectures. For now, we have enough of those associations that arise when using the word “system” in ordinary speech in combination with the words “socio-political”, “Solar”, “nervous”, “heating” or “equations”, “indicators”, “views” and beliefs." Subsequently, we will consider in detail and comprehensively the signs of systematicity, but now we will note only the most obvious and obligatory of them:
- structure of the system;
- interconnectedness of its constituent parts;
- subordination of the organization of the entire system to a specific goal.
Systematicity of practical activities
In relation, for example, to human activity, these signs are obvious, since each of us can easily detect them in our own practical activities. Every conscious action we take pursues a very specific goal; in any action it is easy to see its component parts, smaller actions. In this case, the components are performed not in any random order, but in a certain sequence. This is a definite, goal-oriented interconnectedness of the component parts, which is a sign of systematicity.
Systematic and algorithmic
Another name for this type of activity is algorithmic. The concept of an algorithm arose first in mathematics and meant specifying a precisely defined sequence of unambiguously understood operations on numbers or other mathematical objects. In recent years, the algorithmic nature of any activity has begun to be realized. They are already talking not only about algorithms for making management decisions, about learning algorithms, and algorithms for playing chess, but also about algorithms for invention, algorithms for music composition. We emphasize that in this case a departure is made from the mathematical understanding of the algorithm: while maintaining the logical sequence of actions, it is allowed that the algorithm may contain unformalized actions. Thus, explicit algorithmization of any practical activity is an important property of its development.
Systematicity of cognitive activity
One of the features of cognition is the presence of analytical and synthetic modes of thinking. The essence of analysis is to divide the whole into parts, to present the complex as a collection of simpler components. But in order to understand the whole, the complex, the reverse process is also necessary - synthesis. This applies not only to individual thinking, but also to universal human knowledge. Let's just say that the division of thinking into analysis and synthesis and the interconnectedness of these parts are the most important sign of the systematic nature of cognition.
Systematicity as a universal property of matter
Here it is important for us to highlight the idea that consistency is not only a property of human practice, including external active activity and thinking, but a property of all matter. The systematic nature of our thinking follows from the systematic nature of the world. Modern scientific data and modern systemic concepts allow us to talk about the world as an endless hierarchical system of systems that are in development and at different stages of development, at different levels of the system hierarchy.
Summarize
In conclusion, as food for thought, we present a diagram depicting the connection between the issues discussed above.
Fig 1.8 - Connection of the issues discussed above
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- Introduction 2
- 1. The essence of the systems approach as the basis of system analysis 5
- 1.1 Contents and characteristics of the systems approach 5
- 1. 2 Basic principles of the systems approach 8
- 2.Basic elements of system analysis 11
- 2. 1 Conceptual apparatus of system analysis 11
- 2. 2 Principles of systems analysis 15
- 2. 3 Methods of system analysis 20
- Conclusion 29
- Literature 31
- Introduction
- In a dynamic environment modern production and society, management must be in a state of continuous development, which today cannot be ensured without researching trends and opportunities, without choosing alternatives and directions for development, performing management functions and methods of making management decisions. The development and improvement of an enterprise is based on a thorough and deep knowledge of the organization’s activities, which requires a study of management systems.
- Research is carried out in accordance with the chosen purpose and in a certain sequence. Research is an integral part of an organization's management and is aimed at improving the basic characteristics of the management process. When conducting research on control systems, the object of study is the control system itself, which is characterized by certain characteristics and is subject to a number of requirements.
- The effectiveness of control systems research is largely determined by the research methods chosen and used. Research methods are methods and techniques for conducting research. Their competent use contributes to obtaining reliable and complete results from the study of problems that have arisen in the organization. Selection of research methods, integration various methods when conducting research, it is determined by the knowledge, experience and intuition of the specialists conducting the research.
- To identify the specifics of the work of organizations and develop measures to improve production and economic activities, system analysis is used. The main goal of system analysis is the development and implementation of a control system that is selected as a reference system that best meets all the requirements for optimality. System analysis is complex in nature and is based on a set of approaches, the use of which will allow the analysis to be carried out in the best way and obtain the desired results. To successfully carry out the analysis, it is necessary to select a team of specialists who are well acquainted with the methods of economic analysis and production organization.
- Trying to understand a system of great complexity, consisting of many different in characteristics and, in turn, complex subsystems, scientific knowledge follows the path of differentiation, studying the subsystems themselves and ignoring their interaction with that big system, which they are included in and which has a decisive impact on the entire global system as a whole. But complex systems are not reduced to the simple sum of their parts; in order to understand integrity, its analysis must certainly be supplemented by a deep systemic synthesis; an interdisciplinary approach and interdisciplinary research are needed here, a completely new scientific toolkit is required.
- The relevance of the chosen topic of the course work lies in the fact that in order to comprehend the laws governing human activity, it is important to learn to understand how in each specific case the general context of perception of the next tasks is formed, how to bring into the system (hence the name “system analysis”) initially scattered and redundant information about the problem situation, how to harmonize with each other and derive one from another the ideas and goals of different levels related to a single activity.
- Here lies a fundamental problem that affects almost the very foundations of the organization of any human activity. The same task in different contexts, at different levels of decision-making requires completely different ways organization and different knowledge. During the transition, as the action plan is fleshed out from one level to another, the formulations of both the main goals and the main principles on which their achievement is based are radically transformed. And finally, at the stage of distributing limited common resources between individual programs, it is necessary to compare what is fundamentally incomparable, since the effectiveness of each program can only be assessed according to some criterion inherent to it alone.
- The systematic approach is one of the most important methodological principles modern science and practice. System analysis methods are widely used to solve many theoretical and applied problems.
- The main objectives of the course work are to study the essence of the systems approach, as well as the basic principles and methods of systems analysis.
- 1. The essence of the systems approach as the basis of systems analysis
1 Contents and characteristics of the systems approach
Since the middle of the 20th century. Intensive developments are underway in the field of systems approach and general systems theory. The systems approach developed by solving a triune task: accumulation in general scientific concepts and concepts of the latest results of social, natural and technical sciences relating to the systemic organization of objects of reality and ways of knowing them; integration of the principles and experience of the development of philosophy, primarily the results of the development of the philosophical principle of systematicity and related categories; application of the conceptual apparatus and modeling tools developed on this basis to solve current complex problems.
SYSTEM APPROACH is a methodological direction in science, the main task of which is to develop methods for research and design of complex objects - systems of different types and classes. The systems approach represents a certain stage in the development of methods of cognition, methods of research and design activities, methods of describing and explaining the nature of analyzed or artificially created objects.
Currently, the systems approach is increasingly being used in management, and experience is accumulating in constructing system descriptions of research objects. The need for a systems approach is due to the enlargement and complexity of the systems being studied, the need to manage large systems and integrate knowledge.
"System" is a Greek word (systema), literally meaning a whole made up of parts; a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other and form a certain integrity, unity.
From the word “system” you can form other words: “systemic”, “systematize”, “systematic”. In a narrow sense, a systems approach will be understood as the use of systems methods to study real physical, biological, social and other systems.
The systems approach in a broad sense also includes the use of system methods to solve problems of systematics, planning and organizing a complex and systematic experiment.
The term "systems approach" covers a group of methods by which a real object is described as a collection of interacting components. These methods are developed within the framework of individual scientific disciplines, interdisciplinary syntheses and general scientific concepts.
The general objectives of systems research are analysis and synthesis of systems. In the process of analysis, the system is isolated from the environment, its composition is determined,
structures, functions, integral characteristics (properties), as well as system-forming factors and relationships with the environment.
In the process of synthesis, a model of a real system is created, the level of abstract description of the system is increased, the completeness of its composition and structures, description bases, patterns of dynamics and behavior are determined.
The systems approach is applied to sets of objects, individual objects and their components, as well as to the properties and integral characteristics of objects.
A systems approach is not an end in itself. In each specific case, its use should give a real, quite tangible effect. A systematic approach allows us to identify gaps in knowledge about a given object, detect their incompleteness, determine the tasks of scientific research, and in some cases - through interpolation and extrapolation - predict the properties of the missing parts of the description. There are several types of systems approach: complex, structural, holistic.
It is necessary to determine the scope of these concepts.
An integrated approach suggests the presence of a set of object components or applied research methods. In this case, neither the relationships between objects, nor the completeness of their composition, nor the relationships of the components as a whole are taken into account. Mainly static problems are solved: quantitative ratio of components and the like.
The structural approach offers the study of the composition (subsystems) and structures of an object. With this approach, there is still no correlation between subsystems (parts) and the system (whole). The decomposition of systems into subsystems is not carried out in a uniform way. The dynamics of structures, as a rule, are not considered.
In a holistic approach, relationships are studied not only between the parts of an object, but also between the parts and the whole. The decomposition of the whole into parts is unique. So, for example, it is customary to say that “the whole is something from which nothing can be taken away and to which nothing can be added.” The holistic approach offers the study of the composition (subsystems) and structures of an object not only in statics, but also in dynamics, i.e. it offers the study of the behavior and evolution of systems. The holistic approach is not applicable to all systems (objects). but only to those that are characterized by a high degree of functional independence. The most important tasks of the systems approach include:
1) development of means of representing researched and constructed objects as systems;
2) construction of generalized models of the system, models of different classes and specific properties of systems;
3) study of the structure of systems theories and various system concepts and developments.
In systems research, the analyzed object is considered as a certain set of elements, the interconnection of which determines the integral properties of this set. The main emphasis is on identifying the variety of connections and relationships that take place both within the object under study and in its relationships with the external environment. The properties of an object as an integral system are determined not only and not so much by the summation of the properties of its individual elements, but by the properties of its structure, special system-forming, integrative connections of the object under consideration. To understand the behavior of systems, primarily goal-oriented, it is necessary to identify the control processes implemented by a given system - forms of information transfer from one subsystem to another and ways of influencing some parts of the system on others, coordination of the lower levels of the system by elements of its higher level, control, influence on the last of all other subsystems. Significant importance in the systems approach is given to identifying the probabilistic nature of the behavior of the objects under study. An important feature of the systems approach is that not only the object, but also the research process itself acts as a complex system, the task of which, in particular, is to combine various models of the object into a single whole. Finally, system objects, as a rule, are not indifferent to the process of their research and in many cases can have a significant impact on it.
1. 2 Basic principles of the systems approach
The main principles of the systems approach are:
1. Integrity, which allows us to simultaneously consider the system as a single whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels. 2. Hierarchical structure, i.e. the presence of a plurality (at least two) of elements located on the basis of the subordination of lower-level elements to higher-level elements. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any specific organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: the managing and the managed. One is subordinate to the other. 3. Structuring, which allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of a system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements as by the properties of the structure itself.
4. Multiplicity, which allows the use of many cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.
As noted above, with a systems approach, the study of the characteristics of an organization as a system becomes important, i.e. characteristics of "input", "process" and characteristics of "output".
In a systematic approach based on marketing research, the “output” parameters are first examined, i.e. goods or services, namely what to produce, with what quality indicators, at what costs, for whom, in what time frame to sell and at what price. Answers to these questions must be clear and timely. The “output” should ultimately be competitive products or services. Then the input parameters are determined, i.e. the need for resources (material, financial, labor and information) is examined, which is determined after a detailed study of the organizational and technical level of the system under consideration (level of equipment, technology, features of the organization of production, labor and management) and parameters of the external environment (economic, geopolitical, social, environmental and etc.).
And finally, no less important is the study of the parameters of the process that converts resources into finished products. At this stage, depending on the object of study, production technology or management technology, as well as factors and ways of improving it, are considered.
Thus, the systems approach allows us to comprehensively assess any production and economic activity and the activity of the management system at the level of specific characteristics. This will help analyze any situation within a single system, identifying the nature of the input, process and output problems.
The use of a systems approach allows us to best organize the decision-making process at all levels in the management system. An integrated approach involves taking into account both the internal and external environment of the organization when analyzing. This means that it is necessary to take into account not only internal, but also external factors - economic, geopolitical, social, demographic, environmental, etc. Factors are important aspects when analyzing organizations and, unfortunately, are not always taken into account. For example, social issues are often not taken into account or postponed when designing new organizations. When introducing new technology, ergonomic indicators are not always taken into account, which leads to increased fatigue of workers and, ultimately, to a decrease in labor productivity. When forming new work teams, socio-psychological aspects, in particular, problems of labor motivation, are not properly taken into account. Summarizing what has been said, it can be argued that an integrated approach is a necessary condition when solving the problem of analyzing an organization.
The essence of the systems approach has been formulated by many authors. In its expanded form, it was formulated by V. G. Afanasyev, who identified a number of interrelated aspects that, together and unified, constitute a system approach: - system-element approach, answering the question of what (what components) the system is formed from;
system-structural, revealing the internal organization of the system, the way of interaction of its constituent components;
- system-functional, showing what functions the system and its constituent components perform;
system-communication, revealing the relationship of a given system with others, both horizontally and vertically;
system-integrative, showing mechanisms, factors for maintaining, improving and developing the system;
Systemic-historical, answering the question of how, in what way the system arose, what stages it went through in its development, what are its historical prospects. Fast growth modern organizations and their level of complexity, the variety of operations performed have led to the fact that the rational implementation of management functions has become extremely difficult, but at the same time even more important for the successful operation of the enterprise. To cope with the inevitable increase in the number of operations and their complexity, a large organization must base its activities on a systems approach. Through this approach, the manager can more effectively integrate his activities in managing the organization.
The systematic approach contributes, as already mentioned, mainly to the development correct method thinking about the management process. A leader must think in accordance with a systems approach. When studying a systems approach, a way of thinking is instilled that, on the one hand, helps eliminate unnecessary complexity, and on the other, helps the manager understand the essence of complex problems and make decisions based on a clear understanding of the environment. It is important to structure the task and outline the boundaries of the system. But it is equally important to consider that the systems that a manager encounters in the course of his activities are part of larger systems, perhaps including an entire industry or several, sometimes many, companies and industries, or even society as a whole. These systems are constantly changing: they are created, operated, reorganized and, sometimes, eliminated.
The systems approach is the theoretical and methodological basis of systems analysis.
2. Basic elements of system analysis
2. 1 Conceptual apparatus of system analysis
System analysis is a scientific method for studying complex, multi-level, multi-component systems and processes, based on an integrated approach, taking into account the relationships and interactions between system elements, as well as a set of methods for developing, making and justifying decisions in the design, creation and management of social, economic, human - machine and technical systems.
The term “systems analysis” first appeared in 1948 in the works of the RAND Corporation in connection with the tasks of external management, and became widespread in Russian literature after the translation of S. Optner’s book. Optner S. L., System analysis for solving business and industrial problems, trans. from English, M., 1969;
System analysis is not a set of guidelines or principles for managers, it is a way of thinking in relation to organization and management. System analysis is used in cases where one seeks to study an object from different angles, in a comprehensive manner. The most common area of systems research is considered to be system analysis, which is understood as a methodology for solving complex problems and problems based on concepts developed within the framework of systems theory. Systems analysis is also defined as “the application of systems concepts to management functions associated with planning,” or even to strategic planning and the target planning stage.
The use of systems analysis methods is necessary primarily because in the decision-making process one has to make choices under conditions of uncertainty, which is caused by the presence of factors that cannot be strictly quantified. Procedures and methods of system analysis are aimed specifically at advancing alternative options solving the problem, identifying the extent of uncertainty for each of the options and comparing options according to certain performance criteria. System analysis specialists only prepare or recommend solution options, while decision-making remains within the competence of the relevant official (or body).
The intensive expansion of the scope of use of system analysis is closely related to the spread of the program-target method of management, in which a program is drawn up specifically to solve an important problem, an organization is formed (an institution or a network of institutions) and the necessary material resources are allocated.
A system analysis of the activities of an enterprise or organization is carried out in the early stages of work to create a specific management system.
The ultimate goal of system analysis is the development and implementation of the selected reference model of the control system.
In accordance with the main goal, it is necessary to perform the following systemic studies:
identify general trends in the development of a given enterprise and its place and role in a modern market economy;
establish the features of the functioning of the enterprise and its individual divisions;
identify the conditions that ensure the achievement of the goals;
identify conditions that hinder the achievement of goals;
collect the necessary data for analysis and development of measures to improve the current management system;
use the best practices of other enterprises;
study the necessary information to adapt the selected (synthesized) reference model to the conditions of the enterprise in question.
In the process of system analysis, the following characteristics are found:
the role and place of this enterprise in the industry;
the state of production and economic activity of the enterprise;
production structure of the enterprise;
management system and its organizational structure;
features of the enterprise’s interaction with suppliers, consumers and higher organizations;
innovative needs (possible connections of this enterprise with research and development organizations;
forms and methods of stimulating and remunerating employees.
Thus, system analysis begins with clarifying or formulating the goals of a specific management system (enterprise or company) and searching for a performance criterion that should be expressed in the form of a specific indicator. As a rule, most organizations are multi-purpose. Many goals arise from the peculiarities of the development of the enterprise (company) and its actual state in the period of time under consideration, as well as the state of the environment (geopolitical, economic, social factors). The primary task of system analysis is to determine the global goal of the organization's development and operating goals.
Clearly and competently formulated development goals of an enterprise (company) are the basis for system analysis and development of a research program.
The system analysis program, in turn, includes a list of issues to be studied and their priority:
1. Organizational subsystem analysis, which includes:
policy analysis (tasks);
concept analysis, i.e. systems of views, assessments, ideas for achieving the intended tasks, methods of solution;
analysis of management methods;
analysis of work organization methods;
analysis of structural and functional diagram;
analysis of the personnel selection and placement system;
analysis of information flows;
marketing system analysis;
security system analysis.
2. Analysis of the economic subsystem and diagnostics of problemsdacceptance.
Economic diagnostics of an enterprise - analysis and assessment of the economic performance of an enterprise based on the study of individual results and incomplete information in order to identify possible prospects for its development and the consequences of current management decisions. As a result of the diagnosis, based on an assessment of the state of farms and its effectiveness, conclusions are drawn that are necessary for making quick but important decisions, for example, about targeted lending, about the purchase or sale of an enterprise, about its closure, etc.
Based on analysis and research, a forecast and justification for changing and optimizing the existing organizational and economic subsystem of the enterprise is made.
2. 2 Principles of systems analysis
The most important principles of system analysis boil down to the following: the decision-making process should begin with the identification and clear formulation of final goals; it is necessary to consider the entire problem as a whole, as a single system and identify all the consequences and interrelations of each particular decision; it is necessary to identify and analyze possible alternative ways to achieve the goal; the goals of individual units should not conflict with the goals of the entire program.
System analysis is based on the following principles:
1) unity - joint consideration of the system as a single whole and as a collection of parts;
2) development - taking into account the variability of the system, its ability to develop, accumulate information, taking into account the dynamics of the environment;
3) global goal - responsibility for choosing a global goal. The optimum of subsystems is not the optimum of the entire system;
4) functionality - joint consideration of the structure of the system and functions with priority of functions over structure;
5) decentralization - a combination of decentralization and centralization;
6) hierarchy - taking into account the subordination and ranking of parts;
7) uncertainty - taking into account the probabilistic occurrence of an event;
8) organization - the degree of implementation of decisions and conclusions.
System analysis methodology is developed and applied in cases where decision makers have initial stage there is not enough information about the problem situation to allow choosing a method for its formalized representation, forming a mathematical model, or applying one of the new approaches to modeling that combines qualitative and quantitative techniques. In such conditions, representing objects in the form of systems and organizing the decision-making process using different modeling methods can help.
In order to organize such a process, it is necessary to determine the sequence of stages, recommend methods for completing these stages, and provide for a return to previous stages if necessary. Such a sequence of stages identified and ordered in a certain way with recommended methods or techniques for their implementation is a method of system analysis. System analysis techniques are being developed in order to organize the decision-making process in complex problem situations. It should focus on the need to justify the completeness of the analysis, the formation of a decision-making model, and adequately reflect the process or object under consideration.
One of the fundamental features of system analysis, which distinguishes it from other areas of systems research, is the development and use of tools that facilitate the formation and comparative analysis of the goals and functions of management systems. Initially, the methods for forming and researching goal structures were based on collecting and summarizing the experience of specialists who accumulated this experience in specific examples. However, in this case it is impossible to take into account the completeness of the data obtained.
Thus, the main feature of systems analysis methods is their combination of formal methods and informal (expert) knowledge. The latter helps to find new ways to solve a problem that are not contained in the formal model, and thus continuously develop the model and the decision-making process, but at the same time be a source of contradictions and paradoxes that are sometimes difficult to resolve. Therefore, research on systems analysis is beginning to rely more and more on the methodology of applied dialectics. Taking into account the above, in the definition of system analysis, it must be emphasized that system analysis:
used to solve problems that cannot be posed and solved by individual methods of mathematics, i.e. problems with the uncertainty of a decision-making situation, when not only formal methods are used, but also methods of qualitative analysis (“formalized common sense”), intuition and experience of decision makers;
combines different methods using a single methodology; is based on a scientific worldview;
unites the knowledge, judgment and intuition of specialists in various fields of knowledge and obliges them to a certain discipline of thinking;
focuses on goals and goal setting.
The characteristics of the scientific directions that have arisen between philosophy and highly specialized disciplines allow us to arrange them approximately in the following order: philosophical and methodological disciplines, systems theory, systems approach, systemology, systems analysis, systems engineering, cybernetics, operations research, special disciplines.
System analysis is located in the middle of this list, since it uses approximately equal proportions of philosophical and methodological concepts (characteristic of philosophy, systems theory) and formalized methods in the model (which is typical of special disciplines).
The scientific directions under consideration have much in common. The need for their use arises in cases where the problem (problem) cannot be solved using the methods of mathematics or highly specialized disciplines. Despite the fact that initially the directions were based on different basic concepts (operations research - from the concept of "operation"; cybernetics - from the concepts of "control", "feedback", "system analysis", systems theory, systems engineering; systemology - from the concept " system"), in the future the directions operate with many of the same concepts - elements, connections, goals and means, structure, etc.
Different directions also use the same mathematical methods. At the same time, there are differences between them that determine their choice in specific decision-making situations. In particular, the main specific features of systems analysis that distinguish it from other systems areas are:
availability of means for organizing the processes of goal setting, structuring and analysis of goals (other system areas pose the task of achieving goals, developing options for achieving them and choosing the best of these options, and system analysis considers objects as systems with active elements, capable and striving for goal setting, and then to achieving the formed goals);
development and use of a methodology that defines the stages, substages of system analysis and methods for their implementation, and the methodology combines both formal methods and models, and methods based on the intuition of specialists, helping to use their knowledge, which makes system analysis particularly attractive for solving economic problems.
System analysis cannot be completely formalized, but some algorithm for its implementation can be chosen. Justification of decisions using system analysis is not always associated with the use of strict formalized methods and procedures; judgments based on personal experience and intuition, it is only necessary that this circumstance be clearly recognized.
System analysis can be performed in the following sequence:
1. Statement of the problem is the starting point of the study. In the study of a complex system, it is preceded by work on structuring the problem.
2. Expanding the problem to a problematic, i.e. finding a system of problems significantly related to the problem under study, without which it cannot be solved.
3. Identifying goals: goals indicate the direction in which you need to move in order to solve the problem step by step.
4. Formation of criteria. The criterion is a quantitative reflection of the degree to which the system achieves its goals. A criterion is a rule for selecting a preferred solution from a number of alternatives. There may be several criteria. Multicriteria is a way to increase the adequacy of the description of the goal. The criteria should describe, as far as possible, all important aspects of the goal, but the number of necessary criteria should be minimized.
5. Aggregation of criteria. The identified criteria can be combined either into groups or replaced by a generalizing criterion.
6. Generating alternatives and selecting the best one using criteria. The formation of many alternatives is the creative stage of system analysis.
7. Research of resource opportunities, including information resources.
8. Selection of formalization (models and constraints) to solve the problem.
9. System construction.
10. Use of the results of the conducted systemic research.
2. 3 System analysis methods
The central procedure in system analysis is the construction of a generalized model (or models) that reflects all the factors and relationships of the real situation that may appear in the process of implementing a decision. The resulting model is examined to determine the proximity of the result of applying one or another of the alternative options to the desired one, the comparative costs of resources for each option, and the degree of sensitivity of the model to various undesirable external influences. System analysis is based on a number of applied mathematical disciplines and methods widely used in modern management activities: operations research, the method of expert assessments, the critical path method, queuing theory, etc. The technical basis of system analysis is modern computers and information systems.
Methodological means used in solving problems using system analysis are determined depending on whether a single goal or a certain set of goals is being pursued, whether the decision is made by one person or several, etc. When there is one fairly clearly defined goal, the degree of achievement of which can be assessed based on one criterion; mathematical programming methods are used. If the degree of achievement of a goal must be assessed on the basis of several criteria, the apparatus of utility theory is used, with the help of which the criteria are ordered and the importance of each of them is determined. When the development of events is determined by the interaction of several individuals or systems, each of which pursues its own goals and makes its own decisions, game theory methods are used.
The effectiveness of control systems research is largely determined by the research methods chosen and used. To facilitate the choice of methods in real decision-making conditions, it is necessary to divide the methods into groups, characterize the characteristics of these groups and give recommendations for their use in the development of models and methods of system analysis.
The entire set of research methods can be divided into three large groups: methods based on the use of knowledge and intuition of specialists; methods of formalized representation of control systems (methods of formal modeling of the processes under study) and integrated methods.
As already noted, a specific feature of systems analysis is the combination of qualitative and formal methods. This combination forms the basis of any technique used. Let's consider the main methods aimed at using the intuition and experience of specialists, as well as methods for formalizing systems.
Methods based on identifying and summarizing the opinions of experienced experts, using their experience and non-traditional approaches to analyzing the activities of an organization include: the "Brainstorming" method, the "scenario" type method, the expert assessment method (including SWOT analysis), the "scenario" type method Delphi", methods such as "goal tree", "business game", morphological methods and a number of other methods.
The listed terms characterize one or another approach to enhancing the identification and generalization of the opinions of experienced specialists (the term “expert” translated from Latin means “experienced”). Sometimes all these methods are called "expert". However, there is also a special class of methods related directly to the survey of experts, the so-called method of expert assessments (since in surveys it is customary to give ratings in points and ranks), therefore the above-mentioned and similar approaches are sometimes combined with the term “qualitative” (noting the convention of this name, since when processing opinions received from specialists, quantitative methods can also be used). This term (albeit somewhat cumbersome) to a greater extent than others reflects the essence of the methods that specialists are forced to resort to when they not only cannot immediately describe the problem under consideration with analytical dependencies, but also do not see which of the methods of formalized representation of systems discussed above Could you help me get a model?
Methods such as "brainstorming". The concept of brainstorming has gained widespread acceptance since the early 1950s as a “method for systematically training creative thinking” aimed at “discovering new ideas and gaining agreement among a group of people based on intuitive thinking.”
Methods of this type have the main goal of searching for new ideas, their wide discussion and constructive criticism. The main hypothesis is that among large number there are at least a few good ideas. Depending on the adopted rules and the rigidity of their implementation, they distinguish between direct brainstorming, the method of exchanging opinions, methods such as commissions, courts (when one group makes as many proposals as possible, and the second tries to criticize them as much as possible), etc. Recently, sometimes brainstorming is carried out in the form of a business game.
When conducting discussions on the issue under study, the following rules apply:
formulate the problem in basic terms, highlighting a single central point;
do not declare any idea false And do not stop exploring any idea;
support an idea of any kind, even if its appropriateness seems doubtful to you at the time;
provide support and encouragement to free discussion participants from inhibitions.
Despite all the apparent simplicity, these discussions give good results.
Methods like "scripts". Methods of preparing and coordinating ideas about a problem or an analyzed object, set out in writing, are called scenarios. Initially, this method involved preparing a text containing a logical sequence of events or possible options solutions to problems unfolded over time. However, later the mandatory requirement of time coordinates was removed, and a script began to be called any document containing an analysis of the problem under consideration and proposals for its solution or for the development of the system, regardless of the form in which it is presented. As a rule, in practice, proposals for the preparation of such documents are first written by experts individually, and then an agreed text is formed.
The scenario provides not only meaningful reasoning that helps not to miss details that cannot be taken into account in the formal model (this is, in fact, the main role of the scenario), but also contains, as a rule, the results of quantitative technical-economic or statistical analysis with preliminary conclusions. The group of experts preparing the scenario usually enjoys the right to obtain the necessary certificates from enterprises and organizations and the necessary consultations.
The role of system analysis specialists in preparing the scenario is to help the involved leading specialists in the relevant fields of knowledge to identify general patterns of the system; analyze external and internal factors influencing its development and formation of goals; identify the sources of these factors; analyze the statements of leading experts in periodicals, scientific publications and other sources of scientific and technical information; create auxiliary information funds (preferably automated) that contribute to solving the corresponding problem.
Recently, the concept of a scenario has been increasingly expanding in the direction of both areas of application and forms of representation and methods of their development: quantitative parameters are introduced into the scenario and their interdependencies are established, methods for preparing a scenario using computers (machine scenarios), methods for targeted management of scenario preparation are proposed .
The script allows you to create a preliminary idea of the problem (system) in situations where it is not immediately possible to display it with a formal model. But still, a script is a text with all the ensuing consequences (synonymy, homonymy, paradoxes) associated with the possibility of its ambiguous interpretation by different specialists. Therefore, such text should be considered as a basis for developing a more formalized idea of the future system or problem being solved.
Methods of expert assessments. The basis of these methods is various shapes expert survey followed by evaluation and selection of the most preferable option. The possibility of using expert assessments and the justification for their objectivity is based on the fact that the unknown characteristic of the phenomenon under study is interpreted as random value, a reflection of the distribution law of which is the expert’s individual assessment of the reliability and significance of a particular event.
It is assumed that the true value of the characteristic under study is within the range of estimates obtained from a group of experts and that the generalized collective opinion is reliable. The most controversial point in these methods is the establishment of weighting coefficients based on the estimates expressed by experts and the reduction of conflicting estimates to a certain average value.
An expert survey is not a one-time procedure. This method of obtaining information about a complex problem characterized by a large degree of uncertainty should become a kind of “mechanism” in a complex system, i.e. it is necessary to create a regular system of work with experts.
One of the varieties of the expert method is the method of studying the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, opportunities and threats to its activities - the SWOT analysis method.
This group of methods is widely used in socio-economic research.
Methods like "Delphi". Initially, the Delphi method was proposed as one of the procedures for conducting brainstorming and should help reduce the influence of psychological factors and increase the objectivity of expert assessments. Then the method began to be used independently. Its basis is feedback, familiarizing experts with the results of the previous round and taking these results into account when assessing the importance of experts.
In specific techniques that implement the Delphi procedure, this tool is used to varying degrees. Thus, in a simplified form, a sequence of iterative brainstorming cycles is organized. In more complex version A program of sequential individual surveys is being developed using questionnaires, excluding contacts between experts, but providing for their familiarization with each other’s opinions between rounds. Questionnaires may be updated from round to round. To reduce factors such as suggestion or adaptation to the opinion of the majority, experts are sometimes required to justify their point of view, but this does not always lead to the desired result, but on the contrary, can enhance the effect of adaptation. In the most developed methods, experts are assigned weighting coefficients of the significance of their opinions, calculated on the basis of previous surveys, refined from round to round and taken into account when obtaining generalized assessment results.
Methods like "goal tree". The term “tree” implies the use of a hierarchical structure obtained by dividing the overall goal into subgoals, and these, in turn, into more detailed components, which can be called subgoals of lower levels or, starting from a certain level, functions.
The “goal tree” method is focused on obtaining a relatively stable structure of goals, problems, directions, i.e. a structure that has changed little over a period of time with the inevitable changes that occur in any developing system.
To achieve this, when constructing the initial version of the structure, one should take into account the patterns of goal setting and use the principles of the formation of hierarchical structures.
Morphological methods. The main idea of the morphological approach is to systematically find all possible solutions to a problem by combining selected elements or their features. In a systematic form, the method of morphological analysis was first proposed by the Swiss astronomer F. Zwicky and is often called the “Zwicky method”.
F. Zwicky considers the starting points of morphological research to be:
1) equal interest in all objects of morphological modeling;
2) the elimination of all restrictions and estimates until the complete structure of the study area is obtained;
3) the most accurate formulation of the problem posed.
There are three main schemes of the method:
a method of systematically covering the field, based on identifying the so-called strongholds of knowledge in the area under study and using some formulated principles of thinking to fill the field;
the method of negation and construction, which consists in formulating certain assumptions and replacing them with the opposite ones, followed by analysis of the inconsistencies that arise;
the morphological box method, which consists of determining all possible parameters on which the solution to the problem may depend. The identified parameters form matrices containing all possible combinations of parameters, one from each row, followed by selection of the best combination.
Business games - a simulation method developed for making management decisions in various situations by playing according to given rules by a group of people or a person and a computer. Business games allow, with the help of modeling and simulation of processes, to analyze, solve complex practical problems, ensure the formation of a mental culture, management, communication skills, decision-making, and the instrumental expansion of management skills.
Business games act as a means of analyzing management systems and training specialists.
To describe management systems in practice, a number of formalized methods are used, which to varying degrees provide the study of the functioning of systems over time, the study of management schemes, the composition of units, their subordination, etc., in order to create normal operating conditions for the management apparatus, personalization and clear information ensuring management
One of the most complete classifications, based on a formalized representation of systems, i.e. on a mathematical basis, includes the following methods:
- analytical (methods of both classical mathematics and mathematical programming);
- statistical (mathematical statistics, probability theory, queuing theory);
- set-theoretic, logical, linguistic, semiotic (considered as branches of discrete mathematics);
graphic (graph theory, etc.).
The class of poorly organized systems corresponds in this classification to statistical representations. For the class of self-organizing systems, the most suitable models are discrete mathematics and graphical models, as well as their combinations.
Applied classifications are focused on economic and mathematical methods and models and are mainly determined by the functional set of problems solved by the system.
Conclusion
Despite the fact that the range of modeling and problem solving methods used in system analysis is constantly expanding, system analysis is not identical in nature to scientific research: it is not related to the tasks of obtaining scientific knowledge in the proper sense, but is only the application of scientific methods to solving practical problems. management problems and pursues the goal of rationalizing the decision-making process, without excluding from this process the inevitable subjective aspects in it.
Due to the extremely large number of components (elements, subsystems, blocks, connections, etc.) that make up socio-economic, human-machine, etc. systems, system analysis requires the use of modern computer technology - both for building generalized models of such systems, and for operating with them (for example, by playing scenarios for the functioning of systems on such models and interpreting the results obtained).
When conducting system analysis, the team of performers becomes important. The systems analysis team should include:
* specialists in the field of systems analysis - group leaders and future project managers;
* production organization engineers;
* economists specializing in the field of economic analysis, as well as researchers of organizational structures and document flow;
* specialists in the use of technical means and computer equipment;
* psychologists and sociologists.
An important feature of system analysis is the unity of the formalized and informal research tools and methods used in it.
System analysis is widely used in marketing research, since it allows us to consider any market situation as an object for study with a wide range of internal and external cause-and-effect relationships.
Literature
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Ignatieva A. V., Maksimtsov M. M. RESEARCH OF CONTROL SYSTEMS, M.: UNITY-DANA, 2000
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Virtual exhibition
System analysis in economics
The library and information complex of the Financial University invites you to the virtual exhibition "System Analysis in Economics", which presents publications about the laws of existence and development of society, about the application of a systematic approach to solving socio-economic and managerial problems.
From the second half of the 20th century. tens, and perhaps hundreds of thousands of publications have appeared devoted to the study various systems in living and inanimate nature, as well as in society. This was accompanied by numerous attempts to classify both the systems themselves and the research work aimed at studying them.
The concepts of “system”, “structure”, “system analysis”, “system-structural research”, “system approach” are widely used in domestic and foreign literature. In strict scientific, popular science works and textbooks, these concepts were given various definitions, they were clarified, and the scope of their application was limited or expanded. However, there are still no generally accepted definitions of these concepts and clear boundaries of their applicability.
As scientific research and practical (entrepreneurial, social and political) activities become more complex, it has become quite obvious that there are significant differences between scientific research into various systems in nature and society, on the one hand, and analytical research aimed at studying systemic phenomena and processes in social sphere, business and political activity, on the other.
Scientific research is ultimately focused on knowledge of the truth, that is, the discovery of reliable laws of nature and society confirmed by experiment and observation, new facts, methodology and methods for studying them, while analytical research in the social, business and political spheres is aimed at satisfying the needs of customers, that is, leaders of various public, business and political organizations and institutions.
The current level of development of various branches of scientific knowledge is characterized by two opposing, but not mutually exclusive, trends:
1. Differentiation is the process of separating particular sciences from general ones as a result of increasing knowledge and the emergence of new problems.
2. Integration is the process of the emergence of general sciences as a result of the generalization of knowledge and the development of individual parts of related sciences and their methods. As a result of these processes, a fundamentally new subject area of scientific activity emerged - systems research.
Systems research includes operations research, cybernetics, systems engineering, systems analysis, and systems theory. System analysis is a modern scientific direction of the integration type, which develops a systemic methodology for decision-making and occupies a certain place in the structure of modern systems research.
System analysis is implemented in various subject areas - economics and management, technology, production, computer science, etc. The main goal of system analysis is to find ways out of a problem situation in the subject area under consideration. As a result of implementing system analysis procedures, a methodology for solving complex problems is obtained. In the process of creating methodology, we use basic principles systems theory, systems approach, operations research apparatus, cybernetics and systems engineering.
One of the main needs of business is a quantitative justification for one or another management decision. This need is most fully satisfied by the developments of the scientific discipline “operations research”. The purpose of the discipline "operations research" is a comprehensive analysis of the problem and its solution through the use of optimization mathematical models. Operations research has a close relationship with another discipline in the systems research cycle - systems analysis.
System analysis in enterprise management is also aimed at finding well-founded (ideally, quantitatively justified) management decisions. Quantitative justification for a decision makes it easier to select the best alternative from many available ones. The right of final choice in the process of making an optimal management decision belongs to the person making management decisions(DM). An operation is any activity aimed at achieving a specific goal. Indirectly, the degree of achievement of the goal can be assessed through the performance indicators of the enterprise.
Efficiency is the relationship between the result and the costs of obtaining it. Performance indicators are a group of parameters that characterize the efficiency of an operation or the efficiency of a system. Performance criterion is a preferred performance indicator out of many acceptable ones. Performance criteria can be both qualitative and quantitative. If there is information about the object of management and the parameters of the external environment, we can say that management decisions are made under conditions of certainty.
The characteristics of the control object are specified using controlled and uncontrolled variables. Controlled variables (decision variables) are quantitatively measurable quantities and characteristics with the help of which the decision maker can exercise control. An example is production volumes, raw material reserves, etc. Uncontrollable variables (parameters) are factors that the decision maker is not able to influence or change, for example, market capacity, actions of competitors. In the process of studying complex systems, their composition, structure, type of connections between elements, as well as between the system and the external environment, and the behavior of the system under various management influences are studied. But not all complex systems (especially socio-economic ones) can experience various management influences. To overcome this difficulty, models are used in the study of complex systems.
Model is an object that reflects the most important characteristics of the process or system under study, created to obtain additional information about a given process or system. To assess the quantitative impact of controlled variables on the efficiency criterion, it is necessary to create a mathematical model of the control object. A mathematical model is a logical-mathematical relationship that establishes a connection between the characteristics of a control object and the efficiency criterion.
In the process of constructing an economic and mathematical model, the economic essence of the problem is written using various symbols, variables and constants, indices and other notations. In other words, the management situation is formalized. All conditions of the problem must be written in the form of equations or inequalities. When formalizing management situations, first of all, a system of variables is determined. In economic problems, the variables or required quantities are: the volume of production at the enterprise, the amount of cargo transported by suppliers to specific consumers, etc.
It is hardly possible to classify all situations of economic management in which the need for system analysis arises. It should be noted the most common types of management situations in which it is possible to use system analysis:
1. Solving new problems. With the help of system analysis, the problem is formulated, it is determined what and what needs to be known, who should know.
2. Solving a problem involves linking goals with multiple means of achieving them.
3. The problem has ramified connections that cause long-term consequences in different sectors of the national economy, and making a decision on them requires taking into account the full efficiency and full costs.
4. Solving problems in which there are various difficult to compare options for solving a problem or achieving an interrelated set of goals.
5. Cases when completely new systems are created in the national economy or old systems are radically rebuilt.
6. Cases when improvement, improvement, reconstruction of production or economic relations is carried out.
7. Problems associated with automation of production, and especially management, during the creation process automated systems management at any level.
8. Work to improve methods and forms of economic management, because it is known that none of the methods of economic management operates on its own, but only in a certain combination, in interrelation.
9. Cases when improvement of the organization of production or management is carried out at unique, atypical objects, distinguished by the great specificity of their activities, where it is impossible to act by analogy.
10. Cases where decisions made for the future, the development of a development plan or program must take into account the factor of uncertainty and risk.
11. Cases when planning or making responsible decisions on development directions is made for a fairly distant future.
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