Examples of errors due to non-compliance with spelling rules. Typical errors in the Russian language: grammatical, speech and spelling

Indirect speech

In indirect

5. fall; the shades they express are conveyed only approximately by other lexical means, for example:

1. If direct speech is declarative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the conjunction that is used, for example:

*The servant entered and announced that the horses had been served (P.). (Wed: The servant entered and announced: “The horses have been served”).

2. If direct speech is incentive offer, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the conjunction so is used, for example:

*Tell him to get out... (Ch.). (Wed: Say: “Get out...”).

3.If direct speech is interrogative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, two cases are possible:

a) when present in direct speech interrogative pronominal words they are preserved in indirect speech in the role of relative words, for example: They drove up to the hut and asked, Where here to find the economic part (Furm.). (Wed: They drove up to the hut and asked: “ Where can I find the economic part here?”).

b) in the absence of interrogative pronominal words in direct speech, an indirect question is expressed using the particle whether as a conjunction, for example: The general inquired if I was the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev (P.). (Cf.: The general inquired: “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?” or “Aren’t you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?”).

4. Indirect personal speeches and possessive pronouns and the persons of the verb are used from the point of view of the author, and not the person of the speaker, for example:

5.Addresses, interjections, emotional particles, available in direct speech, in indirect speech fall; the shades they express are conveyed only approximately by other lexical means, for example.

Grammatical errors arise when the rules of the Russian language are not followed, which sometimes gives the speech an unflattering sound. We cannot always convey a beautifully presented idea to our interlocutor if we allow such inaccuracies in verbal and writing. By remembering the rules in speech patterns, you can avoid the occurrence of grammatical errors in order to speak or write beautifully, elegantly and expressively. A grammatical error is the weakest point in completing tasks in the Russian language, so in this article we will look at them in more detail.

A little theory

Grammatical errors are errors in the structures of linguistic units, in the structures of words, phrases, and sentences. These also include violations of one or another grammatical norm: morphological, word-formation or syntactic. Below you can take a closer look at the table, which shows options for such a violation as a grammatical error. Study the examples of incorrect use of words and their combinations carefully. Try to remember simple rules that will be useful in later life when constructing beautiful dialogues.

Grammatical errors

Studying the grammatical rules of the language and cases of their violation will allow you to make your speech more accurate and expressive. Your cultural level as a native speaker will increase. Indeed, beautiful, clean speech in compliance with all rules and regulations literary language distinguished by logic, richness, purity and euphony. Believe me, in conversation and writing, grammatical errors (and any others) do not look very dignified, so remember the simple rules and try to speak and write beautifully!

Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is not difficult to notice that some rules of Russian do not cause difficulties, while others regularly trip up the majority. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and peculiarities of application that their presentation takes up an entire page - it seems that it is impossible to learn them without being an academician.

Let's look at the most typical mistakes in the Russian language, made not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.

What is considered a grammatical error?

A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Grammar refers to any errors related to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is ​​used), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence

It is necessary to distinguish grammatical errors from spelling or speech errors.

The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:

1. Many people are used to highlighting “however” with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as an error. More attentive people will notice that a comma after “however” is considered an error only when it appears at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to “still”, “nevertheless”, and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory and must be separated by commas. If it means “but”, as, for example, in the sentence “However, she did not understand him” (= “But she did not understand him”), then there is no need to put a comma.

2. There is often confusion with the dash and colon signs. Many, faced with a missing conjunction, intuitively understand that they need to use a more “solid” sign than a comma. But which one exactly? The rule is actually quite simple. You need to choose the most suitable words to replace the missing conjunction.

If words such as “what”, “namely” are suitable in meaning, then you need to put a colon. A colon is also placed if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.

I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet pipe was playing.

He was difficult person(namely): hot-tempered, bilious, gloomy.

I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.

I see: a barge is floating, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and the very next second he waves his hand at me.

If you can insert words such as “a”, “but”, “and”, “as if”, “it”, “therefore”, “as if”, then you need to use a dash.

He took a wide step - his pants tore.

Across the sea, the heifer (this) is half a piece, and carries a ruble.

The wind blew - (therefore) the old forest groaned and creaked.

A dash is also used when the words “if” or “when” can be added at the beginning of a sentence.

(When) I thought about Grisha - he was right there.

(If) I get a fee, we’ll go to sea!

Grammatical errors related to morphology

Difficulties arise with the “nn” in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, and wood); it is especially difficult to deal with the double “n” in adverbs. And also many people are confused by the use of particles not/nor. Quite a few educated people, unbeknownst to themselves, make mistakes in management. Which is correct, “control for” or “control over”? Confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:

• quality control;
• control over the execution of orders;
• water level control.

Which option is correct? All. This or that type of management in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, “control over” is used before verbal nouns (perform - execution). There are other subtleties.

This article does not cover all common grammatical errors. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope we have been able to demonstrate that learning the secrets native language- it’s a fascinating thing, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with the rule is enough to realize all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you noticed the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the headings “examples”.

Grammar mistake– this is a violation of the norms of word formation, inflection, construction of phrases and sentences.

Grammar mistake

I . Grammatical errors in word structure may be associated with incorrect word formation and morphology.

1) Errors in word formation are the incorrect formation of a word according to the models available in the language, when the writer or speaker uses the wrong suffix or the wrong prefix, “loses” a morpheme, invents words that do not exist in the language and does not motivate this in any way: fawns, mocks, slipped

2) Errors in the formation of word forms appear when the speaker or writer changes the word in a way that is not typical for him. Each part of speech has its own difficult cases shaping. Let's look at examples of errors.

a) Noun: form formation plural (engineer, contract); forms R.p. plural (hollows, bottoms, socks, stockings).

b) Adjective: formation of the form of degrees of comparison ( more impressive, deepest).

c) Pronouns: formation of possessive pronoun forms their(theirs, theirs); the use of the initial letter “n” in 3rd person pronouns ( thanks to him, instead of her).

d) Numeral name: declension of cardinal numerals ( with five hundred and sixty-seven subjects); Declension of ordinal numbers ( in two thousand eight); use of collective numerals ( two participants, both functions).

e) Verbs: use of colloquial forms ( measures, pinches); formation of forms of 1st person ( I'll win, I'll vacuum); formation of participles ( sleeping, eating).

II. Grammatical errors in the structure of the phrase.

a) Violation of approval norms: Described the types of essays used in Russian language lessons.

b) Violation of management norms, that is, placing the dependent word in a different case ( laughs at me, head of the department, I missed you), incorrect use of prepositions when forming the case form of a dependent word ( pay for participation in the conference).

III.Grammatical errors in sentence structure.

1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate ( Those whoresearched verbal aggression, came to the conclusion...; The relationship between the theme and the main idea of ​​the text becomes obvious to me.).

2) Violations of the way of expressing the predicate ( I found a quote in the article thatfriend ).

3) Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members: the use of a common object with homogeneous predicates when they require different cases of the dependent word ( We love and are passionate about psychology); use as a homogeneous phrase and subordinate clause ( This was an article written by I. Brandt and which I studied).

4) Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases ( The data presented in the article...).

5) Errors in constructing sentences with adverbial verbs ( After reading the text, it seems to me that...; After studying the statistics, the conclusions have changed).

6) Errors in the construction of complex sentences ( The research data is reflected in the publications that he received during many years of practice).

7) Errors in transmitting someone else’s speech ( Academician L. Shcherba wrote that: “Replicas are absolutely not characterized by complex sentences, which are the domain of only a monologue»).

8) Violation of word order in a sentence ( He not only studied written speech, but also oral).

Speech error– this is the incorrect use of a linguistic unit: a word, phraseological unit, phrase. Such errors are associated with a poor or passive vocabulary, the inability to choose the right word to express a thought, the use of speech cliches, and the inability to eliminate the possibility of ambiguous understanding of a phrase due to the context.