The infinitive can be any part of the sentence: 1) subject (if the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence is smoke– harm health; ride- funny); 2) predicate: a) simple verbal predicate in a non-productive form (if it is procedural); b) as part of a composite verb predicate(subjective character); c) as part of a compound nominal predicate (its attachment to the infinitive subject - smoke - harm health (it is)); 3) addition (objective character - I I beg I believe sing); 4) the circumstance of the goal (its relation to verbs with the meaning of movement - I went study in the Institute); 5) inconsistent definition (its attribution to a noun, usually verbal - wish study instilled me my Mother)
Impersonal offer
One part is included in the sentence of the conjugated verb class. In this case main member expressed by the conjugated verb form. Its other part is included in the unconjugated verb class, represented by the adverbial variety. In this case, the main member is expressed by a predicative adverb, i.e. state category word.
Meaning impersonal offers
Either they do not have components denoting a person at all, or the person or subject is thought of as passive, i.e. unable to control an action or state.
Third person form singular, present or future tense in the indicative mood or neuter gender, singular, past tense in the indicative mood (Dawn. Dawn). The subject is absent or the subject is conceived as passive
In a two-part sentence, the person is active. This means that the meaning of, for example, a sentence like “I’m not sleeping” is determined as follows: I don’t want to sleep and therefore I don’t sleep. In an impersonal sentence face passive . This means that the meaning of a sentence like “I can’t sleep” is defined as: I should fall asleep, but I not free force yourself to do it.
The passive person is usually represented by forms of indirect cases: dative subject, accusative subject. "He (S) is chilling"
The two common meanings can be divided into a number of particular varieties: 1) impersonal sentences characterizing the state of nature; 2) characterizing spontaneous, unknown forces (there was a hum in the pipes); 3) characterizing a person’s condition (I can’t sleep); 4) denoting modal-volitional relations between phenomena (you can’t go any further)
The main member of impersonal sentences can be expressed: 1) an impersonal verb (impersonal is a verb that is a frozen form, amononymous to the conjugated form of the verb 3 l., singular, present or weekday - It’s getting evening. It’s getting dark). 2) a personal verb in an impersonal meaning; 3) a state category word (Hot). 4) brief passive participle with suffixes -n-, -en-, -t-, neuter, singular (the room is smoky); 5) impersonal predicative word - no ( No not a cloud)
The role of the infinitive in the Russian language is extremely important, despite the fact that this form of the verb does not have such grammatical features as person, tense, gender, mood, number. But the infinitive fills the gaps in grammatical information by focusing attention on the properties of an object or events that manifest themselves in dynamics, in movement. embodies the very essence of the process in pure form, without impurities.
What is an infinitive?
The infinitive in Russian is indefinite form a verb that denotes a state, action or event without indicating a specific subject of the action and its relationship to reality. This form is the initial, most generalized one and answers the following questions:
- What to do? Sleep, shine, run, work, pour.
- What to do? Paint, dry, eat, sing, give.
How is an indeterminate form formed?
The infinitive in Russian is formed from the base of verbs with the help of some suffixes. These include:
- "-ti" and "-sti" ( carry, enter, find, carry, revenge, shake);
- "-t" and "-st" ( sit, kick, take, steal, fall, abyss);
- "-ch" ( guard, cut, bake).
Morphological characteristics
The infinitive in the Russian language has certain morphological features:
- View. He can be perfect ( eat, cook, rewrite) and imperfect ( wash, look, grow).
- Returnability. There are reflexive verbs ( come together, decide, close) and non-refundable ( wash, wrap, read).
- Transitivity. There are transitive verbs ( iron a shirt, hate meanness, read a novel) and intransitive ( dress up, have fun, suffer).
- Conjugation. first conjugation - mix, attract, do, and the second conjugation - draw, scream, love.
- Pledge. Active voice ( we want to make pizza) and passive voice ( the pizza needs to be cooked).
Syntactic role
The syntactic role of the infinitive in the Russian language is important and varied. In a sentence it could be:
- Subject.
Running in the morning is the path to a healthy mind and longevity. Surfing the Internet is her destructive and irresistible habit. Creating a happy family is the goal of his life.
- An independent predicate or part of a compound.
You won't see happiness. Raise the sails! Don't argue with the captain, young guys! The puppy's tail began to spin like a screw. She wanted to deceive me. I try to be tactful.
- Inconsistent definition.
He was driven by the desire to solve the mystery. She was stopped by the fear of making mistakes. They condemned his manner of speaking pretentiously.
- Addition.
He begged them to celebrate and have fun quietly. His father taught him to sail. Luda deigned to forgive her husband.
- Circumstance.
He came to help us with the renovation. We went across the river to feed the horses and goats. We go to the forest to pick mushrooms.
Stylistics and lexical shades of infinitives
The infinitive is most widely used in business and official styles, in which clarity of verb forms is encouraged, and the name of the process itself, its essence, more important than details. However, this does not mean that the infinitive is not used in fiction and figurative colloquial speech, quite the opposite. He becomes one of the spectacular and effective tools in the hands of masters of words.
The absence of the categories of tense, number, person, and mood in the infinitive may at first glance seem like a clear drawback in the context work of art, but this, oddly enough, turns into dignity. Thanks to a certain grammatical dullness, infinitive forms attract attention to the lexical, semantic shades and meanings in the text. Sentences begin to play with new colors and be filled with semantic specifics. It is literature and living speech that most fully reveal the expressive potential of the infinitive in the Russian language. There are many examples of this, here are just a few.
Thus, the infinitive in a sentence may hint at the unconditionality of some action that will definitely take place in the future:
- You and I will be spouses, you'll see.
- Let's have a happy, fair society!
In conjunction with negation, the infinitive form focuses on the impossibility of a certain event or action:
- The doctors strictly forbade me not to drink any more wine or eat fatty meat.
- You and I won’t go to museums and cinemas anymore, I’m leaving tomorrow forever.
The same confidence in the impossibility of an event is conveyed by the infinitive with a pronoun in the dative case:
- Where can you argue with a professor, he is much smarter and incomparably more knowledgeable in this matter.
- Where can he lose weight with such insatiable gluttony at night.
The particle “would” gives the infinitive a connotation of the desirability of an action or event:
- I would like to abandon all responsibilities and routine affairs and go to the sea, but this is impossible.
- To finally find the right answers to all the eternal questions.
If a negation is added to the particle “would”, then the infinitive form takes on a warning meaning:
- She wouldn't get sick from these endless diets and exhausting workouts.
- They wouldn’t regret later that they contacted a bank that promised fabulous interest rates.
Predicate expressed by infinitive
As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical predicate has the following properties:
Included in block diagram offers;
Expressed by the conjugated form of the verb and nouns, adjectives and others.
Structurally subordinate to the subject;
Occupies a position after the subject (not always);
Matches a logical predicate;
Denotes a predicative feature of the subject of speech;
Expressed in predicative words;
Denotes a new thing, a rheme (but can also denote a theme).
These properties of the predicate constitute a complex of differential features of the concept of a typical predicate and are included in its definition in various combinations.
It is difficult to give an exhaustive definition of the predicate, as well as the subject, since even the inclusion of all the above-mentioned features of the predicate does not cover all cases of the functioning of the predicate in speech.
Simple verb predicate
The infinitive in the indicative mood is used under the following grammatical condition: the infinitive is directly related to the subject - without the help of a conjugated verb, and this is not a consequence of omission or ellipsis. The result of this use of the infinitive is that it designates an action related to the subject in terms of a specific time. This value the infinitive characterizes it as one of the forms of a simple verbal predicate.
The infinitive expresses the main components of the grammatical meaning of the predicate differently than the conjugated verb forms:
The meaning of time is expressed descriptively - by the relationship of the predicate and subject in the sentence, taking into account the syntactic environment. Therefore, the temporary meaning does not always appear quite clearly and indisputably.
The infinitive in the indicative mood does not have one temporal meaning. In certain contexts it can be used to mean the past tense or the present tense. But in the indicated use, the infinitive does not form a modal-temporal paradigm of the predicate, that is, it is not a means of regularly expressing the correlative modal and temporal meanings of a simple verbal predicate.
The grammatical subordination of the predicate to the subject does not receive fictitious expression. There is no dependence of the form of the predicate on the form of the subject: they have neither direct nor indirect influence on each other. Consequently, the attribution of the predicative feature to the subject is not expressed by the form of the predicate, but is transmitted syntactic means, located outside the predicate - word arrangement (the norm is the postposition of the predicate) and intonation. Intonation in the constructions under consideration plays a more prominent role than in sentences with a consistent predicate: it is not only a means of connecting the predicate with the subject, but also expresses the modal meaning of the infinitive and the sentence as a whole (the incentive meaning of the infinitive in a sentence, etc.).
The infinitive in the indicative mood contains additional expressive and semantic connotations, for example, an intense beginning of action - “an energetic attack to action.” The presence of “excess meaning” determines the expressiveness of the forms under consideration, which is determined not by the lexical meaning of the verb, but by the construction of the sentence and the position of the infinitive. The very form of the predicate - the infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood - is stylistically marked; its main area of use is everyday speech.
You can sit on it, light a cigarette and think.
Now I won’t sit on its banks with a fishing rod, I won’t go to the islands where it’s calm and cool, where the bushes are bursting with all sorts of berries...
Well, I haven’t hit him with the horn yet - I should sit on his head like a sheaf on a pitchfork.
...that wall, the eastern one, should be polished as the master wanted, the crowns should be sheathed and placed, and colored glass should be inserted into the upper windows...
What is a compound predicate?
A compound predicate is a predicate in which lexical meaning And grammatical meaning are expressed not in one word, but in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.
Wed: He sang He started singing (compound verb predicate); He was sick two month(regular verb predicate). - He was ill two month(compound nominal predicate).
What is a compound verb predicate?
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate in which the lexical meaning is expressed by one verb, and the grammatical meaning by another.
What parts does a compound verb predicate consist of?
A compound verb predicate consists of two parts:
Eg: I started singing; I I wish to sing; I I'm afraid to sing(started, wish, fear- This auxiliary part of the predicate, infinitive sing- this is the main part).
Note. It can be used both in the auxiliary part and in the place of the infinitive phraseological unit:
He glowing with impatience participate at the conference(= wants to participate).
He willing to accept the role at the conference(= wants to participate).
He eager to take on the role at the conference(= wants to participate).
Auxiliary verb meanings
Common verbs and phraseological units
Examples
1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action)
Start, become, start, continue, finish, stay, finish, quit, finish and etc.
He began to prepare to leave.
He continued to prepare for departure.
He gave up smoking.
He again began to talk about the hardships of rural life.
2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, disposition, sensory assessment of action, etc.)
To be able, to be able to, to lust, to wish, to dream, to intend, to give up, to try, to try, to count, to be able to, to manage, to try, to believe, to get used to, to hurry, to be embarrassed, to endure, to adore, intolerant, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be cowardly, to be ashamed, to set a goal , to burn with desire, to have the honor, to have the intention, to make a promise, to have the habit and etc.
I can sing.
I wish to sing.
I'm afraid to sing.
I like singing.
I'm ashamed to sing.
I'm looking forward to singing this aria.
How to find the syntactic role of the infinitive?
Not any combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate. In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, several criteria must be met:
Predicates expressed are not compound verbs complex shape future tense of the verb: I'll be there tomorrow Will work (this is a regular verb predicate).
What is a complicated compound verb predicate?
The aggravation occurs due to the consumption of additional modal or phasic verb(s) as part of a compound verbal predicate (see table above): I started to want to eat .I felt that soon I might start to want to eat (additional verbs are underlined).
What are atypical cases of the structure of a compound verbal predicate?
I was ready(not averse, able) wait.
Exercise on the topic “Differentiating between ordinary and compound verbal predicates.Syntactic role of the infinitive»
Exercise: Highlight the grammatical bases of sentences. Determine the class of predicates. Determine the syntactic role of the infinitive.
1. He was afraid to go to the doctors.
2. A servant came to call me to the princess.
3. The old woman left to take care of the departure.
4. He asked me to arrange for his departure.
5. The great state poet knows how to force both the master and the man to speak in their own language.
6. I respect native land I try to teach them.
7. No amount of effort will allow a person to convey the charm of this day.
8. In Moscow I will neither see you, nor write to you, nor call you.
9. The rarest drops of rain began to knock heavily on the ground.
10. The autumn rain will drizzle for a long time.
11. And as if in response to her words, the rarest and warm rain begins to quietly make noise along the river and bushes.
12. Behind the gate, dense, neglected alleys immediately began.
13. The most sinister rumors began to circulate.
14. They continued to sniffle, doze and yawn for 10 years.
15. The sea periodically completely stopped making noise.
16. And the blizzard, as if mocking, did not want to subside.
17. Antonenko gave the order to people to leave the barge.
18. I will not allow you to respond poorly to life in my presence.
19. Tagilov did not go to Natalya’s for breakfast.
20. She didn’t even have time to say hello to him.
Source of material Internet site
Additionally on the site:
The word "infinitive" in Latin means "indefinite." In many languages of the world, including Russian, this word is used to denote verbs that do not have a specific form.
The concept of the infinitive
An infinitive is an indefinite form of a verb that names a procedural state or action, without indicating the time when this action or state occurs. The infinitive also does not indicate the subject of activity, and does not express any relation to reality.
Infinitive forms of the verb answer the questions: what to do? what to do? For example: What to do? - to love, live, sleep, eat, sing, dance. What to do? - sing, dance, say, forget. The infinitive is the most general form of the verb and expresses its general grammatical meaning.
The infinitive has such morphological features as transitivity, reflexivity, conjugation and aspect. Unlike other languages, in Russian you can form an infinitive form from each personal verb.
The personal form can also be formed from the infinitive. For example: sleep - sleep, sing - sing. Infinitives cannot be inflected in number, gender and tense, as they are opposed to the finite form of the verb.
Means of forming the infinitive
In Russian, infinitives are formed from the personal form using suffixes -th And -ti. In most cases, for verbs whose stem ends with a vowel, the indefinite form is formed using the suffix - т. For example: sleep, dance, eat.
The only exceptions to the rule are two verbs: put and gnaw. The suffix - ti occurs in rare cases when the stem of the verb ends with a consonant. For example: carry, weave. The stress in such verbs is always placed on the last syllable.
The personal forms of verbs, the stem of which ends with the letters - g, - x, - s, have the ending - ch. For example: bake - bake, bank - take care, guard - guard.
The role of the infinitive in a sentence
Most often, the infinitive in a sentence is part of the predicate. For example: Katya began writing poetry at a young age. The infinitive can also act as an object. For example: I suggest you sit and be silent.
In the common phrase “Smoking is prohibited,” the infinitive acts as the subject. It should be noted that the subject can only be an independent infinitive.
