E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University
§ 3. Spelling of suffixes
Suffix - lat. suffixus - “attached”; literally: “substituted to the root” - a significant part of a word, which usually serves to form words.
3.1. Spelling n-nn in suffixes of different parts of speech
3.1.1. Н and НН in adjectives formed from nouns
Choice N or NN in adjectives formed from nouns, it is determined by which word and with the help of which suffix the given adjective was formed.
Rat poison; living room; remarkable nature.
Find out from which noun the word is formed
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Write NN |
Write N |
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If one H is at the base of a noun, and the second H is a suffix of an adjective: |
If you see the suffix -IN-:
|
|
If you have suffixes -ENN- / -ONN-:
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If you have suffixes -AN- / -YAN-:
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The rule also applies to short adjectives (the road ShowPicture("image011.gif"); is deserted).
3.1.2. N and NN in full verbal adjectives and participles
Dried laundry; crazy speed; sold product.
In full verbal adjectives and participles NN is written if any of the conditions noted below exist.
Writing conditions NN:
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Note! Pay special attention to words with several roots such as raw smoked and frozen. The presence of two roots in itself is not a condition for double H. In order for two Hs to appear in the suffix of such words, one of the conditions noted in the rule must appear. It often happens that a word contains several conditions for writing NN. |
3.1.3. Н and НН in short verbal adjectives and short participles
She is modest and well-mannered...a; she was brought up in a boarding school; she is always collected..and organized..and.
3.1.4. N and NN in adverbs ending in -O / -E and in nouns formed from adjectives and participles
Neftyan..ik; captive..ik; confused..about spoke; excited..o listened.
All such words are formed from forms ending in -І / -ОY (from participles or adjectives). The same number of Ns are written in them as the Ns were in the corresponding form in -Y / -OY.
Kryvennik (from the adjective hryvnia);
He spoke with concern (concerned from the sacrament).
3.2. Spelling noun suffixes
Most noun suffixes should be memorized. Some suffixes have special spelling rules.
3.2.1. The spelling of these suffixes should be remembered.
3.2.2. Selection -CHIK- / -CHIK-
3.2.3. Selection of suffixes -EK- / -IK-
The choice is made according to the form of the genitive case (there is no WHOM? WHAT?).
3.2.4. Selection -EC- / -IC-
3.2.5. Selection -USHK- / -YSHK-
3.3. Spelling adjective suffixes
Most adjective suffixes should be memorized.
Some suffixes have special spelling rules.
3.3.1. The spelling of these adjective suffixes should be memorized.
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-chat- |
-ist- |
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membranous |
fleshy |
3.3.2. Selection of suffixes -K- and -SK-
3.3.3. Choice of suffixes -iv-, -ev-
3.4. Spelling verb suffixes
3.4.1. In the indefinite form of the verb and in the past tense forms the same verbal suffix is usually written:
hope - hoped;
try it on - try it on.
When this suffix is in an unstressed position, it should be remembered.
Distinguish Verbs become weak(become powerless yourself) and weaken(someone, something) and others starting with the prefixes O- + -WITHOUT-/-BESS- ( deforest, deforest; depopulate, depopulate, etc.).
Compare:
Wed. future tense forms (spelling depends on conjugation):
become weak - become weak, become weak
weaken - weaken, weaken
For example: The travelers will soon become exhausted. Diseases will weaken anyone.
3.4.2. Choice of -EVA- / -OVA- and -YVA- / -IVA- in verbs
Investigate, advise, postpone.
Note!
According to a special rule, verbs are written with stressed -BA-. Before the stressed -BA- the root vowel is usually written,
verified by stress:
sing - sing; give - give.
3.5. Spelling of participle suffixes
3.5.1. Spelling suffixes of active present participles
Dormant nature; believing in oneself; creeping bush.
3.5.2. Spelling suffixes of present passive participles
Inaudible..my; open..my; drawing..my.
3.5.3. Spelling of the vowel before -В- / -ВШ- in suffixes of active past participles
Has grown.. gone; believed; settled...
3.5.4. Spelling of a vowel before Н/НН in suffixes of passive past participles
Exhausted; painted; crowned..
3.6. Spelling suffixes of gerunds
Zate..in; believe..in; outpost..in.
In perfective participles, the same vowel is written as in the suffix of the indefinite form of the corresponding verb.
See - having seen;
Listen - after listening.
3.7. Spelling of suffixes -A and -O in adverbs formed from short adjectives
We arrived before dark..; packed tightly..; stands on the left..
The suffix in adverbs formed by the prefix-suffix method from short adjectives can be determined by substituting the word “window” under the appropriate preposition:
for a long time (from the window);
on the right (from the window).
Note!
This rule should not be applied to adverbs formed in a suffixal way from full adjectives: trustingly (from gullible), soulless (from soulless), hidden (from hidden). In such adverbs, the adverbial suffix -O is written at the end.
Dry
- formed from the short adjective dry using the prefix DO- and the suffix -A (to the window).
Intelligible
- formed from the full adjective intelligible using the adverbial suffix -O.
innabalbahova in category, question opened 12/16/2017 at 06:57
In the spring, the snow quickly melted, the water rose and flooded the beaver's hut. The beavers dragged the beaver cubs onto dry leaves, but the water rose even higher, and the beaver cubs had to swim away in different directions. (Snegirev G.)
1) melted
2) rose
3) dragged
4) got close
2. Indicate a word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the fact that this suffix in the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense alternates with -U(Yu)/-Yu(Yu):
I started walking around the garden and saw something red lying in the grass under a tree. I came closer, and this was Seryozha’s guinea pig. I was happy, but I don’t understand how she got into our garden. I began to examine the fence, and there was a hole at the bottom. The pig must have crawled through this hole. I took her in my hands, she doesn’t bite, she just sniffs her fingers and sighs. (Snegirev G.)
1) bites
2) inspect
3) was happy
4) sniffs
3. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “If in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in –YVAYU/-IVAYU, then in the indefinite form and in the past tense the suffix is written –IVA-/ -YVA":
The German mortars fired furiously and delayed the advance of the rifle company. The strip of mine explosions became like a wall in front of the Soviet infantrymen. Suddenly, the Germans on the left flank launched a counterattack. They also used bushes and folds on the lake shore. Sergeant Rusakov’s crew fought steadfastly. (Kokovin E.)
1) ruptures
2) used
3) small arms
4) detained
4. Indicate the word, the spelling of the suffix in which is determined by the rule: “In the indefinite form and the past tense form, the suffix –OVA-/-EVA- is written in verbs, if in the 1st person singular form of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in – YUYU/-YUYU":
Our idea of eccentrics was different. We pictured a grumpy old man, with angular movements, in deep galoshes, running headlong onto the porch and scattering with an umbrella the children playing knucklebones in front of the window of his office. (Platov L.)
1) angular
2) showed off
3) overclocking
4) presentation
5. Indicate the verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:
In a vest, with an ax and a hacksaw in my hands, I hovered over the bamboo, tried it on, took aim, and dreamed. But I had never built any boats in my life, and I didn’t dare to just hit bamboo with an ax. (Koval Yu.)
1) soared
2) tried it on
3) built
4) dreamed
6. Write out a verb from the sentence in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “If in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in –YVAYU/-IVAYU, then in the indefinite form and in the past tense the suffix is written –IVA -/-YVA":
Nikolai Nikolaevich, restraining himself, entered this room, climbed onto the mezzanine and with trembling hands began to pull out one painting after another, fearing that they were dead, frozen or damp. (Zheleznikov V.)
7. Indicate a word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the fact that this suffix in the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense alternates with –U(Yu)/-Yu(Yu):
Everyone looked at the picture in silence. And longing, such a desperate longing for human purity, for selfless courage and nobility, more and more captured their hearts and demanded a way out. Because I couldn’t bear it anymore. (Zheleznikov V.)
1) required
2) watched
3) captivated
4) desperate
8. Indicate the verb in the past tense form, in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form. Write down this verb:
Nikolai Nikolaevich went out onto the porch and saw that the sun illuminated the balcony, which faced east, and moved to make another ring around the house. (Zheleznikov V.)
1) came out
2) saw
3) illuminated
4) went out
9. Indicate verbs with unstressed vowels in suffixes:
It became dark and gloomy. There was a whiff of cold from the cloud. The forest along the mountain slopes sighed heavily and began to rustle loudly. The cloud was already over the camp. Suddenly the noise died down, and only the aspen tree near the tent, as if from the cold, shuddered with its leaves. (Kulikov A.)
made some noise
got a whiff
sighed
shuddered
became
10. Indicate the words in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “If in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in –YVAYU/-IVAYU, then the suffix –IVA-/- is written in the infinitive and in the past tense YVA":
Early in the morning, a rifle company began an attack on a small village located on the high shore of the lake. Sergeant Rusakov's machine-gun crew was on the left flank and supported the advance with fire. Changing firing positions, the machine gunners secretly advanced along the shore. It was impossible to get on the ice. The entire lake was under fire from enemy machine guns. (Kokovin E.)
started
were moving forward
supported
shot through
was
prefix does not depend on the subsequent consonant sound? 1) bloated 2) remembered 3) reduce 4) avoid
3. In which word does the spelling of the suffix obey the rule: “In a short participle, one N is written”? 1) sandy 2) nightingale 3) caused 4) scary
4 Indicate the erroneous judgment 1 In the word VIEW all sounds are voiced 2 In the word SWEETness the number of letters and sounds is the same 3 In the word WEALTH of sounds there are fewer than letters 4 In the word PORTFOLIO the softness of the consonant [l] in writing is indicated by the letter b
Which verb forms are presented in this list: melet, moliv, meleya, we pray, they become shallow, I grind, you pray, you grind, you grind? Distribute all forms into groups withaccording to which verb they refer to. Write an indefinite form and a singular imperative for each verb.6.
1.Which verb (which verbs) belongs to the 1st conjugation? 1) introduce yourself 2) feel unwell 3) rest 4) rear up2. At the end of which verb (which verbs) should I write I?
1) fights bravely
2) expansion seam
3) see the sea
4) some game
3. At the end of which verb (which verbs) should you write e?
1) go out the gate
2) dry your feet
3) you write wonderful letters
4) shout as loud as possible
help urgently! 1. Write down an active participle in which the spelling of the vowel in the suffix depends on the conjugationoriginal verb:
And half an hour later he was already racing on a motorcycle through the city, past a metallurgical plant rumbling in the reflections of the flame, in the smoke and soot, sandwiched between the smoky steep bare mountains. (Savin V.)
2. Write down the active present participle, in which the spelling of the unstressed vowel in the suffix is determined by the fact that it is formed from a verb of 1 conjugation: The path was completely lost. Creeping lime trees and dwarf birch trees with darkened, twisted trunks began to appear. It became difficult to walk, at every step we had to make our way through continuous thickets, go around more and more often we came across large mossy stones, as if thrown from the mountain in ancient times by fairy-tale giants playing out. (Savin V.)
3. Write down the active present participle, in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the fact that it is formed from a verb of the second conjugation:
The old man got down from the bed, put several logs into the red, hot stove, breathing with heat, and again climbed up to the ceiling, where his ears burned, like in a bathhouse. (Savin V.)
4. Write down the active present participle, in which the spelling of the unstressed vowel in the suffix is determined by the fact that it is formed from a verb of the first conjugation:
When the light-loving aspen forest rises, shade-tolerant fir trees will go under its canopy, timidly clinging to the aspens, little by little they will overtake the aspens, strangling with their shadow the light-loving tree with its ever-quivering leaves... (Prishvin M.)
5. Write down the active participle in which the spelling of the unstressed vowel inthere was a high forest, to the left there was a wild, inaccessible swamp forest, turning into huge swamp spaces. In the forest, on the sun spots on the lingonberries, some moving shadows began to appear to us, and, raising my head up, I guessed that it was kites there silently flying from pine to pine. (Prishvin M.)
6. Write down the active present participle, in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the fact that it is formed from a verb of the second conjugation:
The wobbly table, littered with folders, was covered with a torn piece of green cardboard, dotted with ink blots and dotted with illegible inscriptions and meaningless drawings. (Rybakov A.)
Introductory remarks. Vowel before an infinitive suffix (indefinite form) -th may be unstressed. To determine which letter should be written in place of this unstressed vowel, the concept of truncation of the verb stem is used. Verb stems are truncated in which the vowel in the infinitive before -th, absent in present-future forms, e.g.: smoke - smoke, smoke; see - see, see, see; stand - standing, standing; wave - wave, wave. Untruncated are the stems of verbs in which this vowel in the forms of the present-future tense is preserved, for example: read - read, read; walk - walk, walk; turn white - turns white, turns white; rot - rot, rot.
§ . The writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels before the suffix -t infinitive is determined by the following rule.
1. After soft paired consonants (i.e. not after hissing ones), in verbs with a truncated stem the letter and is written before -t, and in verbs with an untruncated stem - e, for example: believe (cf. believe, believe), rule (rule, rule), stroke (stroke, stroke), meet (meeting, will meet), But to depopulate (will become depopulated), to become more respectable (to become more impressive).
Exceptions: Verbs with a truncated stem see, depend, hate and offend (cf. see, depend, hate, offend), in which the letter i is not written, but e is written, and a verb with an untruncated stem to cough (cf. cough), in which the letter e is not written, but i is written.
2. After sibilant consonants in verbs with a truncated stem, the letter and is written before -t, and in verbs with an untruncated stem - the letters a or e, for example: get bored (cf. bored, bored), multiply (multiply, multiply), console (consolate, console), gawk (gawk, gawk), but: hang (cf. hangs, hangs), eat (eats, eats), gossip (gossip), become indifferent (indifferent), indifferent (indifferent), go crazy (become crazy). Exception: the verb hear with a truncated stem (cf. hear), in which the letter and is not written, but is written a.
Note 1 to paragraphs. 1 and 2. On the differentiation of verbs of the first conjugation into -there are(with non-truncated base) type to become weak, to become despondent and verbs of II conjugation on -it(with truncated base) type to weaken, to despirit see § 63. In colloquial speech, some verbs have -there are with an untruncated base ( get well, get well, get well; become disgusted, become disgusted; become disgusted, become disgusted) there are variant forms formed according to the “truncated” type, which are transmitted in writing with endings of the second conjugation: I'll get well, I'll get well, I'll get better, I'll disgust you, I'll disgust you, I'll disgust you and so on.
Note 2 to paragraphs. 1 and 2. In verbs measure And torment(and in verbs derived from them), having, in addition to personal forms like measuring, measuring, measuring, tormenting, tormenting, tormenting, valid variant forms of type measuring, measuring, measuring, tormenting, tormenting, tormenting, in the infinitive before -th and in forms that retain the stem of the infinitive, only the letter is written And: measured, measured, tortured etc. (spellings such as measure, measure, torment, torment, measuring, tormented, do not correspond to modern spelling norms).
3. After vowels (found only in verbs with a truncated base), the letters and or i are written before -t. The letter is written after the vowel o, for example: stand, build, calm; the letter i - after the vowels a, e, u, for example: bark (cf. barks), melt, repent, winnow, hope, cherish, sow, start, smell. Exceptions: the verbs scrub and glue, where after the vowels a and e the letter i is not written, but i is written.
