Which deals with the study of two units: sentences and phrases.
This article will focus specifically on sentence syntax. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole means, and then we will talk in more detail about the types subordinate clauses In russian language.
1. The concept of a proposal
Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or several words, which, as a rule, contain a question (then they are called interrogative), a call to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).
Everything is usually divided into complex (equal) and complex subordinate clauses (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special conjunctions or allied words).
2. How to correctly identify proposals?
By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you just need to remember four main signs:
ABOUT grammatical meaning;
About the question this sentence answers;
About the part of the sentence to which it can be attributed;
About means of communication.
It is based on these features syntactic units are divided into circumstantial, determinative, connecting and circumstantial.
3. in Russian
1. Definitive. Role performed: characterize the attribute of an object.
The question the sentence answers is: which one?
What does the sentence refer to: a noun.
Conjunctions and allied words: when, from where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.
Other characteristics: demonstrative words are used - any, every, every, such, that.
For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.
2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.
The question the sentence answers is: what?
What they refer to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.
Conjunctions and as, as if, so that, what, why, where, what for, when, where.
Other characteristic features: the demonstrative word “that” is used.
For example: I know I can do this.
3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.
What they refer to: the entire main clause.
Conjunctions and allied words: “why”, “what”, “why”.
4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:
- mode of action and degree
Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and manner of action.
The question the sentence answers is: how? how much? in what degree? How?
What they refer to: a verb or an adjective.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “so that”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “such”, “to such an extent”, “as much”, “so much”, “so”.
For example: He screamed so loudly that he almost deafened those present.
- places
Role performed: indicate the location of the action.
The question that these sentences answer is: where? Where? Where?
What do they refer to: the whole sentence or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “from where”, “where”, “where”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “there”, “there”.
For example: Where the road ended, the field began.
- time
Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.
The question the sentence answers is: until when? When? since when? how long?
Conjunctions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “until”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “sometimes”, “once”, “always”, “now”, “then”.
For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.
- conditions
Performed role: denotes the condition under which an action is performed.
The question answered by the sentence is: in what case? under what condition?
Conjunctions and allied words: “kohl”, “if”, “times”, “if”, “how”.
For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.
- causes
Role: Indicates the cause.
The question the sentence answers is: for what reason? from what? Why? because of which?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “because”, “because”, “since”.
For example: He went on foot because... I didn’t want to travel in stuffy transport.
- comparisons
Role performed: provide explanation through comparison.
The question the sentence answers is: like what?
What does the sentence refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “as”, “than”, “as if”.
For example: He chose to remain silent, like a fish.
Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.
The question that the sentence answers is: for what? for what purpose? for what? For what?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “in order to”.
For example: I want to learn in order to know.
- concessions
Role performed: circumstance for performing an action.
The question the sentence answers is: despite what? in spite of what?
What they refer to: the entire main clause or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “no matter what”, “despite the fact that”, “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “whenever”, “no matter how much”
For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.
- consequences
Role performed: means consequences, result or conclusion.
The question that the sentence answers is: what of this?
What they refer to: everything Ch. proposal.
Conjunctions and allied words: “so”, “therefore”.
For example: Despite my hunger, I will not eat this.
Instructions
Remember the subordinate clause and what function it performs. A complex sentence consists of unequal parts. One of them is independent, and is called the main one. A subordinate clause is a dependent part that acts as a secondary member offers.
Subordinate clauses offers are divided into 4 groups. Since in many cases they serve as minor members offers, then they are very similar: attributive, explanatory, adverbial, connecting. In turn, there are several types of adverbial clauses. Remember the types of circumstances: place, time, course of action, cause, effect, purpose. This group also includes comparative and concessive clauses.
Determine whether the subordinate clause refers to the entire main clause or to any one of its members. The entire main clause most often includes some categories of adverbial clauses, that is, place, time, purpose, cause, effect, concessional, conditional and comparative. All other subordinate clauses refer to one member of the main clause offers.
Determine which member of the main offers refers to the subordinate clause. Ask him a question. The definition answers the questions “which?”, “which?”, “whose?”. They can also be added to the attributive clause. Sometimes this type can be determined by a conjunction or an allied word if it coincides with the question. However, a attributive clause can also be attached using the words “how” or “when”, that is, it can be confused with an adverbial clause. Therefore, the main way is still a question.
An explanatory subordinate clause performs the function of a supplement, that is, it answers case questions. Its conjunctions and allied words are “who” and “what,” and in this case the type is determined immediately. But there is a trap here too. Explanatory proposal can be attached with the same or allied words that are characteristic of other types of subordinate clauses.
The most diverse group is adverbial clauses. This offers answer very different questions, by which the “subspecies” is determined. Circumstantial offers place and time answer the questions “where”, “from where”, “when”, “from what time”.
Subordinate reasons, goals and conditionals have a lot in common. The first answers the questions “why?”, “for what reason?”. The other two types determine for what purpose what is said in the main sentence is done, or under what conditions it is possible.
note
There are several types of subordinate clauses for which questions are not usually asked. These are concessional, comparative, connecting. The first category includes sentences that say that something did not happen despite efforts or favorable circumstances. Such a subordinate clause is added to the main clause by the conjunctive words “although”, “despite”. In comparative clauses, as the name suggests, something is compared with something.
Sources:
- types of subordinate clauses
is a type of complex sentence with the meaning of inequality of parts, which is expressed subordinating conjunctions and allied words found in subordinate clauses. In the structure of a complex sentence, there are two parts: main and dependent. The connection between them is two-way, because Not only can a subordinate clause not exist without the main clause, but the main clause also needs a dependent clause.
A subordinate clause, dependent on the main one, is attached to it in two ways: - attached to one word in the main sentence and explains it (“We stopped at the place where the stream flowed”); - connected to the main sentence as a whole (“It was cool summer, like new life began"). In the school course of the Russian language, three groups are distinguished, which correspond to secondary members in simple sentence: definition, addition, circumstance. The subordinate clause refers to the main noun and characterizes the object, naming its attribute (“Chekhov witnessed an event that Moscow will not forget”). A type of attributives are pronominal attributives offers, referring to the pronoun in the main clause (“He who does nothing will achieve nothing”). The peculiarity of this group of subordinate clauses is the use as a means of communication only of allied words that perform a syntactic function and the “fixed” place of the subordinate clause after the main one. The subordinate (additional) clause is attached to verbs, verbal nouns and adverbs with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, perception with using subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Such offers additions have meaning and answer questions of cases (“Tell me how to go to Gogol Street”). Adverbial clauses offers most often refer to the main sentence as a whole and determine the sign of the action taking place: time, place, manner of action, measure and degree, condition, purpose, cause, effect, comparison and concession. All these meanings are correlated with semantic groups of circumstances (“I am for the sake of a person to be beautiful, simple and smart” - with a subordinate clause answering the question “why?”). Please note that complex offers may have several subordinate clauses, belonging either to the same type or to different ones. “At the end of the year I was drawn to my native places, where I was born and where I spent
Semantic relations in complex sentences are expressed using subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Therefore, their classification is in many ways similar to the classification of subordinating conjunctions. Allied means are located in the subordinate part. The subordinate clause can refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole.
Types of subordinate clauses
Main article: Subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses are classified into explanatory, attributive, adverbial and connecting clauses. The first ones answer the question more often Who? or What?, they are characterized by conjunctions and allied words: who, what, how, when, why and so on. The latter answer the question more often Which? and have conjunctions and allied words which, which, which, which, which.
Adverbial clauses are divided into sentences:
by purpose ( why?, for what purpose?),
places ( from where?, where?, where?),
time ( when?, what time?),
causes ( why?, why?),
conditions ( under what conditions?, in what case?),
course of action ( how?, how?),
comparisons ( How? how much?),
concessions ( no matter what? in spite of what?).
There are also subordinate clauses of consequence and connecting clauses.
Types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses are divided into the following types:
With consistent submission- the first subordinate part is subordinate to the main one, and each subsequent one is subordinate to the previous subordinate part.
With homogeneous subordination- subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main part or to the entire main part.
WITH parallel subordination (or heterogeneous) - Various types subordinate clauses are subordinated either to the entire main clause or various parts main thing.
Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence with a coordinating connection between its parts. The components of a complex sentence are grammatically independent of each other, that is, they are equal.
Unlike a complex sentence, in a complex sentence the conjunctions are not included in any of the parts and the absolute tense of the predicate verbs is used.
Classifications Based on grammatical meaning
A coordinating connection can be formed by the following relationships in a sentence:
Connecting. They are characterized by the value of logical homogeneity. In temporal terms, the simultaneity of two actions or their succession to each other. Means of communication: unions And, Yes(in meaning And) and etc.; particles and... and, neither... nor, too, also.
Dividing. Includes the meaning of sequence, shift, alternation, juxtaposition, or enumeration of related events. Means of communication: unions or what, repeated conjunctions or or, repeating particles whether.. whether, either... or, not that... not that, or else... or else, adverb otherwise as a union.
Comparative. They indicate the equivalence, identity of the situation. Means of communication: unions that is, namely.
Explanatory. Include actually comparative, adversative relations And relationship of inconsistency. Means of communication: unions ah, but, yes(in meaning But), particle same, specifiers and therefore, and therefore, and however, and also, but then, and besides.
Gradational. This is a further development of comparative relations. The gradation may be by degree of importance(means of communication: unions not only... but also, not only... but, not even... much less, not even... not only, not only that... also), by degree of intensity(means of communication: unions if not... then at least, if not... then in that case, not exactly... but, not to say that... but), according to the degree of correspondence to the designated(means of communication: unions or rather, more precisely, design to be precise).
Relations unite grammatical meanings that can be conveyed using conjunctions (and particles as conjunctions) and with the help of specifiers that clarify the meaning of the means, as well as connections ( both then and from this, and therefore).
In this chapter:
§1. Complex sentences. general characteristics
Complex sentences- these are complex sentences, the parts of which are unequal: one depends on the other. They are connected by a subordinating syntactic connection, expressed by subordinating conjunctions: .
The commonly used designation for complex sentences is SPP.
The independent part of the SPP is the main one. It's called the main clause.
The dependent part of the NGN is the subordinate part. It's called a subordinate clause.
An IPP can have several subordinate clauses. Since semantic relationships in SPP are expressed using subordinating conjunctions and allied words, the classification of SPP is in many ways similar to the classification of subordinating conjunctions. Allied means in the SPP are located in the subordinate part.
The subordinate clause can refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole. Examples:
We communicated as if we had known each other for a hundred years.
(subordinate clause refers to the whole main thing)
When we met, we communicated more coldly than one might expect.
(clause refers to the word colder)
§2. Classification of NGN by meaning
The NGN classification reflects the meaning expressed by allied means.
The main division is into four types:
1). SPP with an explanatory clause(with conjunctions: what, how, so that, whether):
Olga said that she would return from Pskov on Monday.
2). SPP with subordinate clauses(with allied words: which, which, whose, what; where, where, from, how):
This is the house I would like to live in.
3). SPP with subordinate clauses: (with allied words that (in any case), why, why, why):
In the morning he took a shower, after which his wife fed him breakfast.
4). SPP with adverbial clauses:
We climbed a hill from where we had a beautiful view of the surrounding area.
Circumstantial meaning may be different: the circumstance of the manner of action, time, place, etc. Therefore, adverbial SPPs are divided into types according to meaning.
Adverbial clauses are divided into sentences with subordinate clauses:
1) places(conjunctive words: where, where, from):
We went down to the river where the children were swimming.
2) temporary(conjunctions: when, while, only, only):
I was sleeping when you called.
3) conditional(conjunctions: if, if (obsolete):
If he invites me to the cinema, I will go.
4) causal(conjunctions: because, since, for (obsolete):
Anna didn't come to Additional session because she didn't know anything about him.
5) targeted(conjunctions: so that, so that (obsolete):
Call Anna so that she also knows this news.
6) consequences(conjunction so that):
The grandmother agreed to help look after the children, so they were not left alone.
7) concessive(union though):
Dimka does not really like mathematics, although he has good mathematical abilities.
8) comparative(conjunctions: as, as if, as if, than):
The meeting was very tense and cold, as if none of us had known each other before.
9) measures and degrees(conjunctions: what, so that and allied words: how much, how much):
In just a week she accomplished so much that others would not have accomplished in a month.
10) course of action(conjunctions: that, to, as if, as if, exactly, as if and the conjunctive word as):
Study so that you don't get scolded for your grades
§3. Means of syntactic communication in NGN
Subordinating syntactic connection in SPP can be expressed in different ways:
- unions
- allied words
1. As mentioned above, a typical means of subordinating syntactic connection in NGN is conjunctions.
In addition to those mentioned above, derivative conjunctions are widely represented in the dictionary, which are formed in different ways:
a) from two simple conjunctions: as if, as soon as, only and others similar.
b) from simple conjunctions and demonstrative words with prepositions: after ; although; thanks to and others like that.
c) from simple conjunctions and words time, reason, purpose, condition, etc. with demonstrative words and prepositions (while; while; while; for the purpose of; due to the fact that and others similar)
2. Conjunctive words.
What words can serve as the means of the main and subordinate parts of the dictionary?
First of all, these are relative pronouns who, what, which, what, which, whose, how many, standing in different forms, as well as adverbs where, where, where, whence, why, how, etc.
How to distinguish conjunctions from allied words?
Unions are not members of the proposal. They serve only to express the nature of the syntactic connection and the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Unions cannot be questioned.
Conjunctive words, on the contrary, not only serve as a means of communication, but are also members of the sentence. You can ask questions to them. For example:
I remember well the melody that my mother often hummed.
(melody (what?) which is a conjunctive word)
In the Russian language there is homonymy of conjunctions and allied words: what, how, when.
I think she will arrive tomorrow.
(What- union)
I know what she answered you.
(What- a conjunctive word expressed by a relative pronoun)
In addition, subordinating conjunctions, unlike allied words, are not distinguished by logical stress.
Subordinating conjunctions cannot be replaced with a word from the main part, but allied words can:
I remember the conversation you had with me before you left.
(which=conversation)
Conjunctions can sometimes be omitted, but allied words cannot:
I knew that we had parted forever.
(synonymous: I knew we were parting forever)
I know what I am saying.
(omit the conjunction word What impossible)
§4. Place of the subordinate clause relative to the main one
The subordinate part can occupy different positions in relation to the main part:
1) it can precede the main part:
When the mother arrived, the son was already at home.
2) it can follow the main part:
The son was already at home when the mother arrived.
3) it can be located inside the main part:
The son was already at home when his mother arrived.
SPP schemes:
[...] 1, (to...) 2 - complex sentence, for example:
I will do everything 1/to make her happy 2.
(to...) 1, […] 2 - complex sentence, for example:
To make her happy 1, / Mitya will do everything 2.
[... , (to...) 2...] 1 - complex sentence, for example:
Mitya 1,/ to make her happy 2,/ will do everything 1.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that SPPs are complex sentences, the parts of which are unequal: one depends on the other?
Is it true that subordinating syntactic connections in SPP can be expressed in different ways: by subordinating conjunctions and allied words?
Is it true that the main part of a sentence is the dependent part, which is called a subordinate clause?
Is it true that the subordinate part of the NGN is the independent part, which is called the main clause?
What type of SPP is it: I think we will definitely meet.?
What type of SPP is it: This is the book that Tatyana Nikolaevna recommended to me.?
- NGN with explanatory clause
- NGN with clause attributive
What type of SPP is it: We talked, after which Vanka repented of his action.?
- SPP with additional connecting
- NGN with clause attributive
- SPP with adverbial clause
What type of SPP is it: I was sleeping when he came.?
- SSP with subordinate clause
- SSP with subordinate explanatory clause
Is it true that conjunctions are parts of a sentence, but allied words are not?
What can be replaced by a word from the main part of the IPP: a conjunction or an allied word?
- allied word
Right answers:
- NGN with explanatory clause
- NGN with clause attributive
- SPP with additional connecting
- SPP with adverbial adverbial clause (of time)
- allied word
- Chapter 19. Punctuation in sentences with different types of syntactic connections
In contact with
Based on their meaning and structure, SPPs are divided into three main groups. Subordinate clauses in these complex sentences correspond to three groups of minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances*.
Types of subordinate clauses
| 1. Determinatives (including pronominal-definitive ones) | They answer the questions which? whose? Who exactly? What exactly? and refer to a noun or pronoun in the main part; are most often joined with the help of allied words which, which, whose, where, etc. and conjunctions that, so that, as if, etc. | The native places where I grew up will forever remain in my heart; He who does nothing will achieve nothing; She looked with such an expression that everyone fell silent. |
| 2. Explanatory | Answer questions indirect cases and usually refer to the predicate in the main part; are joined with the help of conjunctions that, so that, as if, whether, if, etc. and allied words where, where, how many, which, etc. | I soon realized that I was lost; It seemed to him as if everyone around him was rejoicing at his happiness. |
| 3. Circumstantial: | ||
| mode of action, measure and degree | How do they answer questions? how? to what extent? in what degree? how much? and usually refer to one word in the main sentence; are joined with the help of conjunctions that, so that, as if, exactly and allied words like, how much, how much. | We were so tired that we could not go further. |
| time | When do they answer questions? From what time? until what time? how long? and usually refer to the entire main clause; joined with the help of conjunctions when, while, as, while, as, while, as long as, after, barely, since, only, slightly, before, as soon as, only just, just , only, just a little, earlier than, before. | Until the rain stops, you will have to stay at home. |
| places | Answer questions where? Where? where? and usually refer to the entire main clause; joined with the help of allied words where, where, from. | People go to folklore practice where they are still alive folk traditions songs, tales |
| goals | They answer the questions why? for what purpose? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions so that, in order to, in order to, then so that, in order to, if only, yes, if only. | To avoid getting lost, we took to the path. |
| causes | Answer the questions why? from what? for what reason? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because of the fact that, then that, since, for, good, since, in connection with the fact that, especially since . | Because the candle burned weakly, the room was almost dark. |
| conditions | They answer the question under what condition? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join with the help of conjunctions if, if, when, if, if, how, once, how soon, whether... whether. | If the weather does not improve within 24 hours, the hike will have to be rescheduled. |
| concessions | Do they answer questions no matter what? in spite of what? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, even if combinations of pronominal words with a particle no matter how, no matter where, no matter how much, no matter where. | Despite the fact that it was already well after midnight, the guests did not leave; No matter how you bend a tree, it keeps growing. |
| comparisons | They answer questions like what? like who? than what? than who? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions as, likewise, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, that. | The branches of the birch reach out to the sun, as if they are stretching out their hands to him. |
| consequences | They answer questions about why what happened? what follows from this? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join by means of a union so. | The summer was not very hot, so the mushroom harvest should be good. |
Explanatory subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause using the particle li, used in the meaning of a conjunction. For example: He didn’t know if tomorrow would come. Can a union-particle serve to transmit indirect question: They asked if we would go with them. REMEMBER: the main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question. Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to NGN. For example: The village where Eugene was bored was a charming place. This is a complex sentence with a subordinate attributive, which has an additional spatial connotation of meaning.
