Moscow
Gaspra estate, Yalta district, Tauride province
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Prince Alexander Nikolaevich Golitsyn(December 8 - December 4) - statesman Russian Empire, in 1803-1816. served as chief prosecutor, and in 1816-1824. served as Minister of Public Education, actual 1st class Privy Councilor (1841). Confidant of Alexander I, who until the end of his life valued his “closeness and advice.”
Origin and early life
The only son of the captain of the guard of Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Golitsyn (the “Alekseevich” line) from his third marriage to Alexandra Alexandrovna Khitrovo (1736-1796), the grandson of the Moscow governor Sergei Alekseevich Golitsyn (1695-1758). Having become a widow two weeks after the birth of her son, the mother in 1776 married retired major M.A. Kologrivov. She treated her son strictly and coldly, but the influential court lady M. S. Perekusikhina fell in love with the “cheerful and sharp” boy and, by order of Catherine II, in 1783 he was enrolled in the Corps of Pages, moving from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
The main focus was on teaching social communication, French, fencing, dancing and horse riding.
Thus, Prince Golitsyn from infancy had access to the court, where he was first valued as a participant in the children's games of the great princes - Alexander and Konstantin, and then as a witty and dexterous gentleman. His brother (on his father's side) M. N. Golitsyn, who occupied the place of Yaroslavl governor, built the Karabikha estate (now a museum-reserve) near the city.
Career
Partly under the influence of R. A. Koshelev, this epicurean and Voltairian of Catherine’s training, elected a member of the Russian Academy in 1806, turned to piety with a pronounced sentimental and mystical overtones. He easily undertook to explain to the emperor the most complex theological issues, although he knew the history of religion superficially and considered true Christianity to be “foggy sentimental pietism mixed with Orthodox dogmas, various heretical and sectarian teachings.” Moscow Metropolitan Filaret recalled:When the emperor appointed [book. A. N. Golitsyn] chief prosecutor, he said: “What kind of chief prosecutor of the Synod am I?” You know that I have no faith." - “Come on, naughty guy, you’ll come to your senses.” “When,” Golitsyn said afterward, “I saw that the members of the Synod were doing things seriously... and I myself began to take a more serious, more respectful approach to matters of faith and the Church; when, after a year or two, I asked myself: do I believe? “I saw that I believed, as I believed in childhood.”
From the memoirs of St. Filareta // Russian Archive. - 1906. - No. 10. - P. 214.
Having proclaimed piety as the basis of true enlightenment, Golitsyn set a course for the clericalization of education, which, under his leadership, was zealously pursued by M. L. Magnitsky and D. P. Runich. He treated contemporary literature with suspicion, which was expressed in the extreme pickiness of censorship.
This “baby” was constantly deceived in the matter of faith by various bigots and fanatics; he was looking for the “outpouring of the Holy Spirit” and revelations, he was always chasing prophets and prophetesses, after signs and wonders: he either “listened to the prophetic word” from Khlystovka Tatarinova, then he longed for the laying on of the hand of the new Chrysostom - Photius, then he healed the demoniac, then he was rewarded in the mystical ecstasy to experience the likeness of the Savior’s suffering from the needles of a thorn leaf.
After the departments of spiritual affairs and public education were merged into one ministry in 1817 - the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education - Golitsyn became the head of the latter, but was relieved of the post of chief prosecutor. Since 1810, A. N. Golitsyn was a member of the State Council, and during 1839-1841 he was the chairman of general meetings. He was one of the few who was entrusted with the secret of Konstantin Pavlovich's abdication. He headed the Humane Society, took part in the organization of the Guardianship Society for Prisons and other philanthropic endeavors.
In addition to the reform of theological schools, under Prince Golitsyn, the Russian Bible Society was established, which, under the prince’s presidency, translated the Bible into Russian and distributed more than 400,000 copies of it. The employees of this society Popov, Magnitsky, Runich, Kavelin were appointed by Golitsyn to lead higher education, where they instilled clericalism; many professors were fired for lack of piety. Magnitsky demanded that Kazan University, his ward, be completely closed. Although it is customary to associate the triumph of reaction with Golitsyn’s presence at the helm of the ministry, it was under him that St. Petersburg University and the Richelieu Lyceum were established.
To neutralize Golitsyn's influence on the emperor, A. A. Arakcheev brought an intrigue under him with the participation of Metropolitan Seraphim and Archimandrite Photius, who convinced Alexander I that Golitsyn's rule was detrimental to the church and state. His enemies celebrated on May 15 (May 27), 1824, when Prince Golitsyn had to retire from both departments, retaining only the title of commander-in-chief of the postal department. He also held the latter position under Nicholas I, who valued Golitsyn as “the most faithful friend of his family.” Over the years, his religiosity only intensified. A contemporary recalls that in the house church of Alexander Nikolaevich there was
a semblance of a coffin placed at the foot of a huge wooden cross; a shroud was laid on the coffin, on this shroud they were laid various types crosses presented to the prince at different times. In front of the coffin, instead of a chandelier, there is an image of a human heart made of crimson glass, and in this heart there burns an unquenchable fire. In this secluded closet, Emperor Alexander of blessed memory prayed with the prince.
In 1843, Golitsyn, due to deteriorating eyesight, left the capital and retired to Crimea, where he died on his estate Gaspra. In the same Golitsyn Palace, L.N. Tolstoy would later write the story “Hadji Murad”. He was buried in the Balaklava St. George Monastery.
Personal life
Golitsyn spent his entire life as a bachelor and was known for his intimate relationships with men. N. M. Yazykov, in a letter of 1824, cites an anecdote, “as if the sovereign summoned the famous sodomite Bantysh-Kamensky and ordered him to make a list of everyone he knew in this area, that Bantysh-Kamensky presented him with such a list, starting it as the Minister of Education, then there was the chancellor and so on…. After this, he had an audience with the sovereign and swore to him the truth of his report.” A. S. Pushkin ridiculed Golitsyn in the epigram “” The famous memoirist and homosexual himself F. F. Wigel recalls Golitsyn even more biasedly: “Without blushing, I can’t talk about him, I won’t say anything more: his stupidity, his baseness and vices are not I will begin to dirty these pages.”
Proceedings
Prince A. N. Golitsyn compiled for Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna “Opinion on the difference between the Eastern and Western Churches, with the history of their separation,” which was published only in 1870.
Awards and honors
Russian
- 1799 - Order of St. John of Jerusalem, commander's cross
- 1804 - Order of St. Anne, 1st class
- 1826 - Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree
- 1826 - Diamond to the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called
- 1830 - Chancellor of Russian orders
- 1834 - Portrait of the Sovereign Emperor with Diamonds
- 1838 - insignia “For XL years of blameless service”
- 1842 - pension under the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called
- 1842 - Order of the Black Eagle (Prussia)
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Notes
Literature
- Sheremetevsky V.// Russian biographical dictionary: Gogol - Gune. M., 1997. pp. 76-136. ISBN 5-7567-0079-X.
- Bartenev Yu. N. // Russian archive, 1886. - Book. 3. - Issue. 6. - pp. 305-333.
- Golitsyn A. N. / Publ. and comment. N. I. Barsova // Russian antiquity, 1882. - T. 33. - No. 3. - P. 765-780. - Under the title: Prince A. N. Golitsyn and Archimandrite Photius in 1822-1825.
- Golitsyn A. N. // Russian archive, 1868. - Ed. 2nd. - M., 1869. - Stb. 873-877.
- Golitsyn A. N. / Message I. A. Zvegintsev // Russian Archive, 1869. - Issue. 6. - Stb. 943-958.
- Golitsyn A. N. / Recorded by N.P. Kicheev // Russian antiquity, 1874. - T. 10. - No. 7. - P. 621-622.
- Kondakov Yu. E.. Resignation of Prince A. N. Golitsyn on May 15, 1824 // Russia in the nineteenth century: politics, economics, culture. - St. Petersburg. 1996.
- Kondakov Yu. E.. Personality and state activity of Prince A. N. Golitsyn // Personality and power in the history of Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. - St. Petersburg. 1997.
- Kondakov, Yu. E. Prince A.N. Golitsyn: courtier, official, Christian: monograph. - St. Petersburg: ElecSys LLC, 2014. - 284 p.
Links
- on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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White movement (1918-1919)An excerpt characterizing Golitsyn, Alexander Nikolaevich
The next day, having said goodbye to only one count, without waiting for the ladies to leave, Prince Andrei went home.It was already the beginning of June when Prince Andrei, returning home, again drove into that birch grove in which this old, gnarled oak had struck him so strangely and memorably. The bells rang even more muffled in the forest than a month and a half ago; everything was full, shady and dense; and the young spruces, scattered throughout the forest, did not disturb the overall beauty and, imitating the general character, were tenderly green with fluffy young shoots.
It was hot all day, a thunderstorm was gathering somewhere, but only a small cloud splashed on the dust of the road and on the succulent leaves. The left side of the forest was dark, in shadow; the right one, wet and glossy, glistened in the sun, slightly swaying in the wind. Everything was in bloom; the nightingales chattered and rolled, now close, now far away.
“Yes, here, in this forest, there was this oak tree with which we agreed,” thought Prince Andrei. “Where is he,” Prince Andrei thought again, looking at left side road and without knowing it, without recognizing him, he admired the oak tree that he was looking for. The old oak tree, completely transformed, spread out like a tent of lush, dark greenery, swayed slightly, swaying slightly in the rays of the evening sun. No gnarled fingers, no sores, no old mistrust and grief - nothing was visible. Juicy, young leaves broke through the tough, hundred-year-old bark without knots, so it was impossible to believe that this old man had produced them. “Yes, this is that same oak tree,” thought Prince Andrei, and suddenly an unreasonable, spring feeling of joy and renewal came over him. All the best moments of his life suddenly came back to him at the same time. And Austerlitz with the high sky, and the dead, reproachful face of his wife, and Pierre on the ferry, and the girl excited by the beauty of the night, and this night, and the moon - and all this suddenly came to his mind.
“No, life is not over at the age of 31, Prince Andrei suddenly finally, permanently decided. Not only do I know everything that is in me, it is necessary for everyone to know it: both Pierre and this girl who wanted to fly into the sky, it is necessary for everyone to know me, so that my life does not go on for me alone So that they don’t live so independently of my life, so that it affects everyone and so that they all live with me!”
Returning from his trip, Prince Andrei decided to go to St. Petersburg in the fall and came up with various reasons for this decision. A whole series of reasonable, logical arguments why he needed to go to St. Petersburg and even serve were ready at his service every minute. Even now he did not understand how he could ever doubt the need to take an active part in life, just as a month ago he did not understand how the thought of leaving the village could have occurred to him. It seemed clear to him that all his experiences in life would have been in vain and would have been meaningless if he had not applied them to action and taken an active part in life again. He did not even understand how, on the basis of the same poor reasonable arguments, it had previously been obvious that he would have humiliated himself if now, after his life lessons, he again believed in the possibility of being useful and in the possibility of happiness and love. Now my mind suggested something completely different. After this trip, Prince Andrei began to get bored in the village, his previous activities did not interest him, and often, sitting alone in his office, he got up, went to the mirror and looked at his face for a long time. Then he turned away and looked at the portrait of the deceased Lisa, who, with her curls whipped up a la grecque [in Greek], tenderly and cheerfully looked at him from the golden frame. She no longer spoke the same terrible words to her husband; she simply and cheerfully looked at him with curiosity. And Prince Andrei, clasping his hands back, walked around the room for a long time, now frowning, now smiling, reconsidering those unreasonable, inexpressible in words, secret as a crime thoughts associated with Pierre, with fame, with the girl on the window, with the oak tree, with female beauty and love that changed his whole life. And at these moments, when someone came to him, he was especially dry, strictly decisive and especially unpleasantly logical.
“Mon cher, [My dear,],” Princess Marya would say when entering at such a moment, “Nikolushka can’t go for a walk today: it’s very cold.”
“If it were warm,” Prince Andrei answered his sister especially dryly at such moments, “then he would go in just a shirt, but since it’s cold, we need to put warm clothes on him, which were invented for this purpose.” This is what follows from the fact that it’s cold, and not like staying at home when the child needs air,” he said with particular logic, as if punishing someone for all this secret, illogical happening in him, internal work. Princess Marya thought in these cases about how this mental work dries out men.
Prince Andrey arrived in St. Petersburg in August 1809. This was the time of the apogee of the glory of the young Speransky and the energy of the revolutions he carried out. In this very August, the sovereign, while riding in a carriage, fell out, injured his leg, and remained in Peterhof for three weeks, seeing daily and exclusively with Speransky. At this time, not only two so famous and alarming decrees were being prepared on the abolition of court ranks and on examinations for the ranks of collegiate assessors and state councilors, but also an entire state constitution, which was supposed to change the existing judicial, administrative and financial order of government of Russia from the state council to the volost board. Now those vague, liberal dreams with which Emperor Alexander ascended the throne were being realized and embodied, and which he sought to realize with the help of his assistants Chartorizhsky, Novosiltsev, Kochubey and Strogonov, whom he himself jokingly called comite du salut publique. [committee of public safety.]
Now everyone has been replaced by Speransky on the civil side and Arakcheev on the military side. Prince Andrei, soon after his arrival, as a chamberlain, came to the court and left. The Tsar, having met him twice, did not honor him with a single word. It always seemed to Prince Andrei that he was antipathetic to the sovereign, that the sovereign was unpleasant about his face and his whole being. In the dry, distant look with which the sovereign looked at him, Prince Andrei found confirmation of this assumption even more than before. The courtiers explained to Prince Andrey the sovereign's lack of attention to him by the fact that His Majesty was dissatisfied with the fact that Bolkonsky had not served since 1805.
“I myself know how much we have no control over our likes and dislikes,” thought Prince Andrei, and therefore there is no need to think about personally presenting my note on the military regulations to the sovereign, but the matter will speak for itself.” He conveyed his note to the old field marshal, a friend of his father. The field marshal, having appointed an hour for him, received him kindly and promised to report to the sovereign. A few days later it was announced to Prince Andrey that he had to appear before the Minister of War, Count Arakcheev.
At nine o'clock in the morning, on the appointed day, Prince Andrei appeared in the reception room of Count Arakcheev.
Prince Andrei did not know Arakcheev personally and had never seen him, but everything he knew about him inspired him with little respect for this man.
“He is the Minister of War, the confidant of the Emperor; no one should care about his personal properties; he was instructed to consider my note, therefore he alone can give it a go,” thought Prince Andrei, waiting among many important and unimportant persons in the reception room of Count Arakcheev.
Prince Andrei, during his mostly adjutant service, saw a lot of adopted important persons and the different characters of these adopted ones were very clear to him. Count Arakcheev had a very special character in his reception room. A sense of shame and humility was written on the unimportant faces waiting in line for an audience in Count Arakcheev’s reception room; on the more official faces one common feeling of awkwardness was expressed, hidden under the guise of swagger and ridicule of oneself, one’s position and one’s expected face. Some walked thoughtfully back and forth, others laughed in whispers, and Prince Andrei heard the sobriquet [mocking nickname] of Andreich’s forces and the words: “uncle will ask,” referring to Count Arakcheev. One general (an important person), apparently offended that he had to wait so long, sat crossing his legs and smiling contemptuously at himself.
But as soon as the door opened, all the faces instantly expressed only one thing - fear. Prince Andrei asked the duty officer to report about himself another time, but they looked at him with ridicule and said that his turn would come in due time. After several persons were brought in and out by the adjutant from the minister’s office, an officer was let in through the terrible door, striking Prince Andrei with his humiliated and frightened appearance. The officer's audience lasted a long time. Suddenly, peals of an unpleasant voice were heard from behind the door, and a pale officer, with trembling lips, came out of there, grabbed his head, and walked through the reception area.
Following this, Prince Andrei was led to the door, and the attendant said in a whisper: “to the right, to the window.”
Prince Andrei entered a modest, neat office and at the desk saw a forty-year-old man with a long waist, a long, short-cropped head and thick wrinkles, with frowning eyebrows over brown, dull green eyes and a drooping red nose. Arakcheev turned his head towards him, without looking at him.
-What are you asking for? – Arakcheev asked.
“I don’t... please, your Excellency,” said Prince Andrei quietly. Arakcheev's eyes turned to him.
“Sit down,” said Arakcheev, “Prince Bolkonsky?”
“I’m not asking for anything, but the Emperor deigned to forward the note I submitted to your Excellency...”
“Please see, my dear, I read your note,” Arakcheev interrupted, saying only the first words affectionately, again without looking him in the face and falling more and more into a grumpily contemptuous tone. – Are you proposing new military laws? There are many laws, and there is no one to enforce the old ones. Nowadays all laws are written; it is easier to write than to do.
“I came by the will of the Emperor to find out from your Excellency what course you intend to give to the submitted note?” - Prince Andrey said politely.
“I have added a resolution to your note and forwarded it to the committee.” “I don’t approve,” said Arakcheev, getting up and taking a paper from the desk. - Here! – he handed it to Prince Andrey.
On the paper across it, in pencil, without capital letters, without spelling, without punctuation, was written: “unfoundedly composed as an imitation copied from the French military regulations and from the military article without the need of retreating.”
– Which committee was the note sent to? - asked Prince Andrei.
- To the committee on military regulations, and I submitted a proposal to enroll your honor as a member. Just no salary.
Prince Andrei smiled.
- I don’t want to.
“Without a salary as a member,” Arakcheev repeated. - I have the honor. Hey, call me! Who else? - he shouted, bowing to Prince Andrei.
While awaiting notification of his enrollment as a member of the committee, Prince Andrei renewed old acquaintances, especially with those persons who, he knew, were in force and could be needed by him. He now experienced in St. Petersburg a feeling similar to what he had experienced on the eve of the battle, when he was tormented by a restless curiosity and irresistibly drawn to higher spheres, to where the future was being prepared, on which the fate of millions depended. He felt from the embitterment of the old people, from the curiosity of the uninitiated, from the restraint of the initiated, from the haste and concern of everyone, from the countless number of committees, commissions, the existence of which he learned again every day, that now, in 1809, was being prepared here in St. Petersburg, some kind of huge civil battle, the commander-in-chief of which was a person unknown to him, mysterious and who seemed to him a genius - Speransky. And the most vaguely known matter of transformation, and Speransky, the main figure, began to interest him so passionately that the matter of military regulations very soon began to pass into a secondary place in his mind.
Prince Andrei was in one of the most favorable positions to be well received into all the most diverse and highest circles of the then St. Petersburg society. The party of reformers cordially received and lured him, firstly because he had a reputation for intelligence and great reading, and secondly because by his release of the peasants he had already made himself a reputation as a liberal. The party of dissatisfied old men, just like their father’s son, turned to him for sympathy, condemning the reforms. Women's society, the world, welcomed him cordially, because he was a groom, rich and noble, and almost a new face with the aura of a romantic story about his imaginary death and the tragic death of his wife. In addition, the general voice about him from everyone who knew him before was that he had changed a lot for the better in these five years, had softened and matured, that there was no former pretense, pride and mockery in him, and there was that calmness that purchased over the years. They started talking about him, they were interested in him and everyone wanted to see him.
The next day after visiting Count Arakcheev, Prince Andrei visited Count Kochubey in the evening. He told the count his meeting with Sila Andreich (Kochubey called Arakcheev that way with the same vague mockery that Prince Andrei noticed in the reception room of the Minister of War).
- Mon cher, [My dear,] even in this matter you will not bypass Mikhail Mikhailovich. C "est le grand faiseur. [Everything is done by him.] I will tell him. He promised to come in the evening...
– What does Speransky care about military regulations? - asked Prince Andrei.
Kochubey smiled and shook his head, as if surprised at Bolkonsky’s naivety.
“He and I talked about you the other day,” continued Kochubey, “about your free cultivators...
- Yes, it was you, prince, who let your men go? - said the old man from Catherine, turning contemptuously at Bolkonsky.
“The small estate did not bring in any income,” Bolkonsky answered, so as not to irritate the old man in vain, trying to soften his act in front of him.
“Vous craignez d"etre en retard, [Afraid of being late,] said the old man, looking at Kochubey.
“There’s one thing I don’t understand,” the old man continued, “who will plow the land if you give them the freedom?” It is easy to write laws, but difficult to govern. It’s the same as now, I ask you, Count, who will be the head of the wards when everyone has to take exams?
“Those who will pass the exams, I think,” answered Kochubey, crossing his legs and looking around.
“Here is Pryanichnikov, who works for me, a nice man, a golden man, and he is 60 years old, will he really go to the exams?...
“Yes, this is difficult, since education is very little widespread, but...” Count Kochubey did not finish, he stood up and, taking Prince Andrei by the hand, walked towards the entering tall, bald, blond man, about forty, with a large open forehead and an extraordinary, the strange whiteness of his oblong face. The man who entered was wearing a blue tailcoat, a cross on his neck and a star on the left side of his chest. It was Speransky. Prince Andrei immediately recognized him and something trembled in his soul, as happens at important moments in life. Whether it was respect, envy, expectation - he did not know. Speransky's entire figure had a special type by which he could now be recognized. In no one from the society in which Prince Andrei lived did he see this calmness and self-confidence of awkward and stupid movements, in no one did he see such a firm and at the same time soft look of half-closed and somewhat moist eyes, did he not see such firmness of an insignificant smile , such a thin, even, quiet voice, and, most importantly, such a delicate whiteness of the face and especially the hands, somewhat wide, but unusually plump, tender and white. Prince Andrei had only seen such whiteness and tenderness of the face in soldiers who had spent a long time in the hospital. This was Speransky, Secretary of State, rapporteur of the sovereign and his companion in Erfurt, where he saw and spoke with Napoleon more than once.
Golitsyn Alexander Nikolaevich, prince statesman (1773 1844). Enlisted as a page under Catherine II, Golitsyn had access to the court from childhood, where he was first valued as a participant in the children's games of the Grand Dukes Alexander and Constantine, and... ... Biographical Dictionary
- (1773 1844) prince, Russian statesman. From 1803 Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, from 1813 Chairman of the Russian Biblical Society, in 1817 24 Minister of Public Education and Spiritual Affairs... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1773 1844), prince, statesman, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). From 1803, chief prosecutor of the Synod, in 1810 17 at the same time chief administrator of foreign confessions, from 1813 chairman of the Russian Biblical Society, in 1817 24... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Golitsyn, Alexander Nikolaevich- (1773 1844) prince, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). Since 1803, Chief Prosecutor of the Synod. Since 1813 the chairman grew. Bible Society. Minister of Education (1817 24). Under him, the clerical nature of the organization of public education intensified. Was … Pedagogical terminological dictionary
Golitsyn, Alexander Nikolaevich- See also (1773 1844). His Serene Highness Prince, Minister of Spiritual Affairs and Education, close person to Emperor Alexander I, a Voltairian and then a mystic. G.’s pious, humble soul was fully revealed during the investigation into the Decembrist case, a member... ... Dictionary of literary types
Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Golitsyn. Mikhail Nikolaevich Golitsyn ... Wikipedia
Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich Golitsyn Occupation: historian, bibliographer Date of birth: May 3, 1836 (1836 05 03) Place of birth: Mikhai settlement ... Wikipedia
Prince Alexander Borisovich Golitsyn (first)
Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn
In 1708, Emperor Peter I granted General Field Marshal to Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn for the victory over General Levengaupt near Lesnoy in the presence of the Tsar himself. Sima remained in the family of the Golitsyn princes until the liberation of the peasants in 1861.
Coat of arms of the family of princes Golitsyn
Prince M.M. Golitsyn the Elder from 1725 - Field Marshal General, Knight of the Highest Order Russian Empire St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called. For his distinction in the Battle of Lesnaya he received the rank of lieutenant general and a portrait of Peter showered with diamonds. Peter said to him: “Ask whatever you want.” Golitsyn replied: “Receive Repnin’s former favor” (demoted to soldier for the defeat at Golovchin). "How! Don’t you know that he is your mortal enemy?” - asked Peter. “I know,” Golitsyn answered, “and I ask, but I also know that Repnin is knowledgeable in military matters, loves the Fatherland, is devoted to you, and what personal enmity between us means when the Fatherland is in need.” useful people" In 1709 M.M. Golitsyn commanded the guard and, together with A.D. Menshikov led the pursuit of the retreating Swedish troops until their surrender at Perevolochnya.
From September 1728, Peter II made the prince president of the Military Collegium and a member of the Supreme Privy Council. Upon Anna Ioannovna’s accession to the Throne, Mikhail Mikhailovich, who participated in the affairs of the “supreme leaders” (in drawing up regulations), was removed from the Court and soon died.
The most famous of the owners of Sima was Prince Boris Andreevich (1766–1822). It was under him that the local estate reached its greatest prosperity.
Prince Boris Andreevich Golitsyn born in 1766. His father, Major General Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1729-1770), was married to Princess Elizaveta Borisovna Yusupova (1743-1770).
In 1769, on the site of the wooden Epiphany Church in the village of Sima, a new stone one was erected.
Husband and wife died in the same year (1770), Prince Andrei in February, Princess Elizabeth in August.
After the death of Prince Andrei and Princess Elizabeth s. Sima was governed by guardians under their young son, Prince Boris.
In 1775, a warm stone church was built in honor of Dmitry of Thessalonica. At the same time, a beautiful two-story manor house was being built with a mezzanine in the center and outbuildings on the sides for the estate's staff. The exact date of construction and the name of the architect are not known. Behind the house there was a large regular park of linden trees with a traditional layout in the form of two eight-pointed stars inscribed in squares.
Prince Boris Andreevich Golitsyn began his service in 1779.
There were 12,000 serfs living in the villages that belonged to him. He further increased his fortune by marrying the young widow A.A. in 1790. De-Litsin (illegitimate son of Vice-Chancellor Prince A.M. Golitsyn) to Anna Alexandrovna (1763-1842). Princess Anna Alexandrovna Golitsyna was the daughter of the captain of the guard of Tsarevich Gruzinsky Alexander Bakarovich, married to Princess Daria Alexandrovna Menshikova. Anna Alexandrovna, intelligent, virtuous and economical, enjoyed universal respect and played a major role in high society. She had no children from her first marriage.
On November 28, 1796, he was promoted to major general “from cavalry”, with the appointment of chief of the Sofia cuirassier regiment. Having just been appointed inspector of the Livland Inspectorate, he fell out of favor with Paul I. On January 5, 1800, he was dismissed from service and had to go to his Vladimir estate, p. Simu.
In 1806, he was elected by the Vladimir nobility as commander of the militia (militia) formed by imperial decree.
His wife Anna Alexandrovna, nee Princess Gruzinskaya, was an aunt famous commander General Bagration. Her nephew often visited her, for whom Sima became a real home.
Many small notes about Prince Boris Andreevich Golitsyn are explained in the correspondence of Princess V. Turkestanova (with Kristin), who was close to his family; Prince I.M. Dolgoruky in his “Temple of the Heart” speaks of Golitsyn as a cold, arrogant and ungrateful person towards him. Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration visited Sima more than once, where he was caught by the news of Napoleon’s treachery.
In 1812, Boris Andreevich Golitsyn led the Vladimir militia, proving himself to be a brilliant military leader.
Return of Bagration to the village of Sima, 1812. 11th grade students.
Wounded in the Battle of Borodino P.I. Bagration was taken to Moscow on August 27, 1812. On September 2 he was sent to Sergiev Posad. At the insistence of the Golitsyns, the seriously wounded Pyotr Bagration was brought to Sima for treatment. Towards the evening of September 7, the already exhausted prince was brought to Sima in a carriage. To make the wounded suffer less from the shaking of the carriage, the peasants lined the road with straw, and carried the general in their arms for the last kilometers. According to contemporaries, in Sima, Peter Ivanovich began to recover, but when he learned about the surrender of Moscow to Napoleon, he started bleeding again, and it was no longer possible to save the commander.
In the village of Sima in September 1812, the hero of the Patriotic War, General P.I., died. Bagration... In 1839, on the initiative of Denis Davydov and by the will of Emperor Nicholas I, the ashes of Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration were transferred from the village of Sima to the Borodino field.
Prince Boris Andreevich Golitsyn died suddenly in 1822 and was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra; on the monument his following epitaph:
“Earthly life, like a heavy captivity, constrains;
The lot of the earth is rebellion and vanity,
But in the wilds of life this comforts us sad
The life-giving radiance of the cross.
Behind him, Christian, cast off the burden of this life;
Follow him to the place where time originated,
Since the ancient chain of centuries connects everything,
Eternal love awaits you there, like a son.
Neither the heavy earth nor the gravestone
Immortal souls will not embrace flight:
She is like a prisoner from the fatal chain
Flies into the vast distance of radiance and light.”
Prince B. A. Golitsyn had a large family: five daughters and three sons. Daughter, Elizaveta Borisovna (1790 - 1870) was married to Prince A. B. Kurakin, son Andrei (1791 - 1861), - Major General; Alexander (1792 - 1865) - actual state councilor, Saratov governor; Irina (1793, died in childhood), Nikolai (1794 - 1866) - colonel, writer and philanthropist; Sofia (1796 - 1871, maid of honor, in 1818 married Lieutenant General Konstantin Markovich Poltoratsky, Yaroslavl governor, from 1842 a cavalry lady of the Order of St. Catherine), Tatiana (1801 - 1869) - actual Privy Councilor A.M. Potemkin, Alexandra (b. 1802) - for Prince S.I. Meshchersky.
Alexander Borisovich Golitsyn
born September 28, 1792. Father - Boris Andreevich Golitsyn, large landowner, lieutenant general. Mother - Princess Anna Alexandrovna Gruzinskaya, great-granddaughter of the Tsar in exile Vakhtang VI.Received home education. From 1807 to 1820 he served in the Life Guards Jaeger and Life Guards Horse Regiments. In 1808 he received the rank of officer.
During the Battle of Borodino, he was Kutuzov's adjutant, took part in the fighting and repeatedly received awards for bravery. Left "Notes about Patriotic War". On December 18, 1812, he was promoted to ensign.
Since 1814, adjutant of Grand Duke Constantine.
Since 1817 he has been married to Anna Vasilievna Lanskaya.
By 1819 he had risen to the rank of colonel and retired in 1820.
Since 1823 in the civil service.
Vladimir district marshal of the nobility 12/08/1823-11/1826.
To increase the profitability of the estate in the village. Sima Prince Alexander Borisovich established a distillery and a linen factory in the village.
“The village of Sima is 23 versts from the district town of Yuryev-Polsk. It has 2 churches, up to 130 households and 1,500 residents of both sexes. In Sima, Stanovago Bailiff's apartment, Postal station, magnificent house the owner of this village, Prince A.B. Golitsyn, with a beautiful garden, Zinaida Hospital, named so in memory of the deceased daughter of the Prince, who was especially distinguished by her compassion and concern for the fate of the suffering. In the same village there is a particularly remarkable distillery owned by Prince A.B. Golitsyn, on which in 1853 wine worth 18,750 silver rubles was smoked.”
Saratov Governor November 17, 1826-August 8, 1830
Upon arrival at the destination, I settled in country house former governor. He had a small number of servants, only two horses, and did not travel in a carriage, but in an open carriage, without a Cossack and a gendarme.
In a large article about Governor Golitsyn, local historian V. Yuryev says:
A complete contrast to his predecessor Panchulidzev, whose affectionate and polite manner captivated one and all, who, moreover, loved to treat himself, drink, eat, dance, willingly joke around and even be familiar..., Prince Golitsyn, on the contrary, only saved his smiles for those equal to him, all others were greeted by his arrogant, gloomy brow, stinginess of words and deadly coldness. It seemed that he was constantly in a bad mood. They didn't like him.
During his stay in Saratov, he received two reprimands and was once subject to a monetary penalty. In the first case - “for abuse of power and violation of the duties of the governor”, “in the latter - “for approving the incorrect verdict of the Saratov Criminal Chamber in the case of the illegal trade of free tradesmen in candles.”
In the spring of 1830, upon receiving the first information about the impending epidemic in the Volga region, Golitsyn hastily got ready and, taking leave, left Saratov, literally abandoning everything and transferring the approaching danger onto the shoulders of the vice-governor. The prince immediately rushed to Siberia, where he had wine farms in the Yenisei province and, after sitting there, after the threat had passed, he showed up in St. Petersburg, where he tried to whitewash himself and sought to have the reprimands he had received cancelled.
A new prison castle was built under him, stone houses for city fire stations with towers and stables, as well as a huge building of the so-called “yellow barracks” (later “old barracks”). He gained fame as a fighter against the schism; his activities dealt a serious blow to the Irgiz monastery.
In 1833 he received the rank of full state councilor.
Vladimir district marshal of the nobility 02/12/1839-09/03/1842.
In recent years, he lived almost all the time in St. Petersburg.
For his years of service in public service and military merits, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree, St. Anna 2nd degree and diamond signs to him, St. Anna 1st degree, St. Anne 1st degree with the imperial crown, as well as the sign of the Prussian Iron Cross and a Golden Sword with the inscription “For Bravery”.
Died on January 20, 1865. He was buried in the Sergius Hermitage.
He was married to Anna Vasilievna Lanskaya (1793-1868), daughter of the former Saratov governor V.S. Lansky. Cemetery church with one altar - in honor of the Holy Blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky, in the village. Sime was built in 1868 through the diligence of Princess Anna Vasilievna Golitsyna and parishioners. A stone bell tower was built at the same time as the church. Church utensils and the sacristy were donated to the church by the same princess Anna Golitsyna.
Daughter - Zinaida (1818-1845), was married to chamber cadet Count K.K. Tolem, son famous participant Patriotic War of 1812, General Konstantin Karlovich Tolya (1817-1884). The newlywed died a month after the wedding.
Andrey Borisovich Golitsyn
Prince Andrei Borisovich (1791-1861) in 1831 lived in the village. Mikhailovka, Novooskol district, Kursk province, then until 1835 - in Novy Oskol.
Since 1836 he lived in the village. Sima and in the village of Kholki, Novooskolsky district.
A rich landowner (who owned 2,560 peasants) was engaged in tax farming, on which he went bankrupt.
In May 1841, he was allowed to live “wherever he wanted,” except for St. Petersburg and Moscow. In 1844 he lived in Novgorod, and in the same year he was allowed to come to Moscow.
He died in Moscow at the age of 70.
Married twice: from 1824 to Nina Fedorovna Akhverdova (1805-1828), daughter of Lieutenant General F. I. Akhverdov. In 1853, he married for the second time Varvara Sergeevna Sheremeteva (1815-1881), daughter of chamberlain S.V. Sheremetev.
From his first marriage he had an only son, Prince Boris Andreevich (1828-1870), colonel of the Cavalry Regiment.
Prince Alexander Borisovich Golitsyn (second)
After Prince Boris Alexandrovich, the estate in the village. Sima was owned by his only son, Prince Alexander Borisovich (1855-1920).
Golitsyn studied in a special class of the Corps of Pages, was promoted to chamber-page, and upon graduation full course Sciences in 1874, promoted to cornet in the Life Guards Hussar E.V. regiment. From 1874-1882 served in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. Participated as part of the regiment in battles with the Turks in 1877-1878.
On the eve of the war, he received the rank of headquarters captain and the position of member of the regimental court. He went on a campaign against the Turks with his regiment on August 3, 1877 as part of the Western detachment of Adjutant General Gurko I.V. In mid-September, the guards took up positions on the Sofia Highway in order to attack the enemy near Gorny Dubnyak and Telish, fortified Turkish points. This operation aimed to interrupt Osman Pasha's communications along the Pleven-Sofia highway and thereby complete the blockade of Plevel. On October 12, guards units took a powerful Turkish redoubt near Gorny Dubnyak. In order to prevent the Turks from delivering reinforcements to Gorny Dubnyak, Gurko I.V. simultaneously launched a demonstrative attack on Telish. In this terrible battle, which claimed the lives of almost a thousand Russian soldiers, Prince A.B. Golitsyn received a baptism of fire, fighting in the detachment of the adjutant wing of Colonel Chelishchev. On October 16, after strong artillery preparation, the second attack on Telish began, in which Staff Captain A.B. also took part. Golitsyn. "For courage and bravery against the Turks near Telisch October 12-16, 1877" During the further movement of the detachment I.V. Gurko in November 1877 to Sofia A.B. Golitsyn took an active part in the attack on the enemy’s fortified positions near the village of Pravets, in the capture of Etropol, “reconnaissance of the Lyutakovsky fortifications under enemy fire” and the occupation of the city of Orhaniye. On final stage war, commander of the 1st squadron (from December 14, 1877) of the Hussar Regiment A.B. Golitsyn in the vanguard of P.A.’s detachment. Shuvalov fought during the attack on Philippopolis and in the campaign against Adrianople. After the end of the war, Alexander Borisovich, together with his regiment, arrived in Nikolaev on August 17, and from there to Tsarskoe Selo for permanent quarters.
In 1877, Golitsyn was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 4th degree, with the inscription: “For bravery.” In 1877 he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree with swords and bow, received “for courage and bravery against the Turks near Telisch.” In 1878, Golitsyn was awarded a higher order in the hierarchy - the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree with swords and bow “for crossing the Balkans on December 19, 1877. In the formal list of Prince A.B. Golitsyn for 1897, stored in GAVO, it is written: “Awarded the Romanian Iron Cross, established by E.K.V. Charles of Romania, granted in memory of the siege of Plevna in 1877 in accordance with the order of the military department of April 30, 1881 No. 115.” But the date of receipt was noted as June 1, 1879. A.M. Gorshman believes that the cross that was awarded for participation in the siege of Plevna had a different appearance and it was awarded only to members of military units directly interacting with Romanian units. The Life Guards Hussar Regiment, part of General Kridener's detachment, acted independently. All Russian officers and generals received the Romanian Cross depicted on the portrait of the prince on his uniform for crossing the Danube at Sistov or at Zimnitsa.
In 1878 he married Sofya Alexandrovna Vyazemskaya. “Golitsyna (nee Vyazemskaya) Sofya Alexandrovna was born in 1859 in Vvedensky, Vladimir province. In 1878 - married Prince Alexander Borisovich Golitsyn, a horse master, in the family - sons Alexander, Andrey, Boris, Dmitry, Mikhail and daughters Ekaterina and Tatyana, from 1920 - widow (husband died), by 1923 - lost her sons Andrei and Mikhail (shot by the Bolsheviks). She settled with her daughter Tatyana and the family of her son Alexander in Tver. May 28, 1931 - arrested with her daughter and son in a group case. In August, she was released with her son and daughter with a residence restriction of 3 years (-14). They settled in Murom, in July 1935 - moved to Lipetsk in the late 1930s. - to Moscow. In 1941 she died in Moscow.”
On April 17, 1879 he was promoted to captain. In 1882, Golitsyn, with the rank of captain, according to a petition for family reasons, and at that time he already had two sons, was dismissed with his uniform.
1881 - on the initiative of the stud farm of Prince A.B. Golitsin, in the trading village of Sima, a breeding station was set up for breeding high-breed horses.
Donated for an exemplary two-year school in the village. Sima stone house. Financially supported the Sim pharmacy and medical center.
In 1884 in the village. Sima was given an almshouse by Prince Alexander Borisovich Golitsyn. 10 single, infirm women received shelter there. Was in charge of trusteeship. She was maintained at the expense of Prince A.B. Golitsyn.
In 1886, in the building of the former palace stud farm in Gavrilovsky Posad, on the initiative of Prince Alexander Borisovich Golitsyn, it was opened.
He entered the civil service with the rank of court councilor in 1888, was awarded a chamber cadet and promoted to collegiate councilor in 1890, and then to state councilor in 1892.
In 1895, “for diligent service as a church warden and for donations to the church in the village of Sima,” Golitsyn was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 2nd degree.
Since 1896, he held the position of 4th class equestrian at court. In the position of horsemaster, Golitsyn received high awards for service in the civilian field.
In 1900, he received a badge in memory of the 125th anniversary of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment.
Vladimirsky from 1901 to 1909
At a meeting of the Vladimir Provincial Zemstvo Assembly on November 27, 1901, the Chairman of the meeting, Prince A.B. Golitsyn invited the meeting to serve a memorial service for the former Vladimir provincial leader of the nobility (1853-1901), to which the unanimous desire of all members of the meeting was expressed.
At the meeting on November 28, 1901, V.F. Svirsky reports that in the fall of 1901 he was in Gavrilovsky Posad during a horse exhibition and could see from the horses brought by the peasants what enormous benefits the exhibitions had for them: “in the district, the peasants developed a wonderful breed of horses.” Since he heard from peasants and landowners that the indicated improvement in the breed of peasant horses was thanks to the work of Prince A.B. Golitsyn, then he offers how to him, Prince A.B. To express gratitude to Golitsyn and his staff. Prince A.B. Golitsyn suggests expressing gratitude to his closest collaborator V.I. Matseevich, the stable manager.
In 1903 he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree.
In 1905, he was promoted to 3rd class equestrian, which corresponded to the rank of Privy Councilor.
He was elected a member, was a full member of the imperial branch, and was an honorary trustee.
February 9, 1906 A.B. Golitsyn led the deputation of the Vladimir nobility, “which had the good fortune to introduce itself” to Nicholas II in Tsarskoe Selo. The deputies gave the Tsar an all-submissive address, which stated that the Vladimir nobility “remembers the best behests of their ancestors and their oath, that in difficult times, as of old, they are ready to lay down their heads and wealth for the Tsar and Russia.”
In a photograph from the exhibition “Old Vladimir”, among the participants of the banquet on July 8, 1907 in honor of the opening of the City Duma building and the foundation of the Real School, it was possible to determine the appearance of Alexander Borisovich. He is depicted in secular clothing, which did not contradict the etiquette of the event.
In 1907, Golitsyn was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st degree.
In Vladimir, he contributed to the discovery of 1907 on Studena Gora.
Charitable deeds of A.B. Golitsyn on the family estate in the village. Sima and Vladimir, where he contributed in every possible way to the development of education and health care, were continued in Moscow, where he served as honorary guardian of the Moscow presence of the Board of Trustees of the Institutions of the Empress Maria and chairman of the Nikolaev Charitable Society at the Moscow Orphanage.
In the "Court Calendar for 1910" The personal list contains the following information: “Equestrian 3rd class Prince Alexander Borisovich Golitsyn, honorary guardian of the Moscow Board of Trustees of the institutions of Empress Maria Feodorovna, honorary member of the council for the management of the Moscow orphanage, honorary justice of the peace of the Vladimir province, honorary trustee of the Vladimir gymnasium, honorary lifelong member trusteeship of the Aleksinsky orphanage."
Since 1913 - Privy Councilor.
Prince Alexander Borisovich was the largest landowner in Yuryev; he owned 8,680 acres of land in the villages of Sima, Shegodskoye, Matveytsev, Radovaniya, Markovo, Bildino, Teslovo, Tukovo, Nekomarne, etc. In the village Simy, in addition to the estate buildings, he owned a water mill, stone shops, a distillery, brick, horse and sawmill, an apiary for 100 beehives, and a tavern.
After his resignation, he was appointed correspondent of the Main Directorate of Horse Breeding for the Vladimir Province.
Commemorative medals indicated in Golitsyn’s service record: medal “For participation in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878”, silver medal “In memory of the reign of the Emperor” Alexandra III", silver medal "In memory of the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II", dark bronze medal "For work on the first general census in 1897", medal of the Red Cross Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905." (The Red Cross commemorative medal was awarded for donating sums of money during the Russian-Japanese War of at least one thousand rubles or medical instruments and medicines for the same amount.), light bronze medal “In memory of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava.” The last medal, established on June 17, 1909, Golitsyn could have received for participating in organizing celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the battle of Poltava or as a direct descendant of Field Marshal M.M. Golitsyn Sr., the hero of this battle.
Golitsyn Alexander Borisovich died in 1920.
In 1919, a signed and dated “Portrait of Prince Golitsyn” arrived from the Noble Assembly of the city of Vladimir.
Children:
Boris Aleksandrovich Golitsyn
In the Cavalry Regiment
After graduating from the university in 1903, he entered the Cavalry Guard Regiment as a volunteer. In 1904 he was promoted to cornet. In 1904 he married maid of honor Nadezhda Mikhailovna Leontyeva (1882-1916). In 1909 he retired to the reserve with the rank of lieutenant. From 1909 to 1917 was elected Yuryevsky district leader of the nobility. He held the court rank of chamber cadet.
In 1912, he was elected from the Vladimir province by the congress of landowners. He was a member of the right-wing faction, and after its split in November 1916, he was chairman of the group of independent right-wingers. He served as secretary of the commission on local self-government, as well as a member of the commissions: on routes of communication, on military and naval affairs. Participated in the 10th Congress of the United Nobility (1914).
On July 31, 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, he returned to the Cavalry Regiment, participated in battles, and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree, for his distinction. On July 18, 1915, by the highest order, he was dismissed from military service to return to Duma activities, and in September he was enlisted in the guards cavalry reserve.
After the revolution he emigrated to France. He died in 1947 in Cannes. He was buried in the Passy cemetery in Paris.
He was married three times: from 1904 to Nadezhda Mikhailovna Leontyeva (1882-1916), sister of S. M. Leontyev; from 1921 to Mary Jane Cleveland van Rencimer (1888-1935); from 1938 on Princess Olga Dmitrievna Golitsyna (1896-1994).
Golitsyn Alexander Alexandrovich born in 1882 on the Sima estate. Prince (father - Prince Golitsyn Alexander Borisovich; mother - Golitsyn Sofya Alexandrova, nee Vyazemskaya). Received higher education. Officer of the Russian Imperial Army, captain of the guard. Since 1907 - married to Baroness Margarita von der Hamme, the family includes sons George and Nikita, later divorced. In 1914 - at the front as a colonel. In 1917, his second marriage was to Olga Mikhailovna Golitsyna, born. Sevastyanova, the family includes a son, Nikolai, and a daughter, Elena. He lived with his family, mother and sister in Tver, worked as an engineer at an enterprise. May 28, 1931 - arrested with his mother and sister in a group case. In August he was released with a residence restriction of 3 years. He settled with his family in Murom, in July 1935 he moved to Lipetsk, worked as a construction technician at the Zagotzerno department, then as a controller at the City Health Department. August 7, 1937 - arrested as a “participant of a counter-revolutionary organization,” sentenced to VMN and executed on October 10.
In 1889, twins Mikhail and Andrey were born in Sima.
Golitsyn Andrey Alexandrovich born in 1889 on the Sima estate. Brother of Alexander, Mikhail and sister Tatyana Golitsyn. Received higher education. In 1922 - arrested in Vladivostok and killed by the Bolsheviks.
Golitsyn Mikhail Alexandrovich born in 1889 on the Sima estate. Brother of Alexander, Andrey and sister Tatyana Golitsyn. Received higher education. In 1918 - arrested by the Bolsheviks in Kyiv and shot.
Golitsyna Tatyana Alexandrovna born in 1885 on the Sima estate. In the 1900s - served in the Kremlin warehouse of the Russian Red Cross Society, then - in the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent, after 1918 - she was tonsured a nun. In February 1923, she was arrested and exiled to Auelit-Ata for 3 years. In April 1926 - released with restrictions on residence. She settled with her mother in Tver and was on a disability pension. In 1928 - released with a restriction of residence in Moscow and the region for 3 years. I stayed with my mother in Tver. May 28, 1931 - arrested in a group case. August 20, 1931 - released with a residence restriction of 3 years. Settled in Murom, March 22, 1934 - at the personal request of E.P. Peshkova, the case was reviewed, the remaining sentence was considered suspended. She remained to live in Murom, and in July 1935 she moved with her mother to Lipetsk to live with her brother, where she died in December 1935.
Prince (1786-1812) – participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, died in Vladimir.
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GOLITSYN ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH - prince, chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod (10/21/1803 - 10/24/1817), minister of spiritual affairs and public education (10/24/1817 - 05/15/1824).
From an impoverished branch of the ancient princely family of the Golitsyns. Pupil M.S. Perekusikhina, Chamber Frau of Empress Catherine II. In 1783, he was assigned to the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg, where he became friends with the Grand Dukes Konstantin Pavlovich and Alexander Pavlovich (later Emperor Alexander I), was enlisted as Alexander's pages and had access to the court. Since 1791, chamberlain cadet at the court of Alexander Pavlovich, since 1797, active chamberlain. Since 1794, lieutenant of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. In May 1799, he was dismissed by Emperor Paul I and received an order to leave St. Petersburg and moved to Moscow.
Under Emperor Alexander I, Golitsyn was again recruited into service; on September 8, 1802, he received the post of Chief Prosecutor of the 2nd; on December 21 of the same year, the 1st Department of the Senate. Golitsyn's appointment on October 21, 1803 as Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod with the rank of Secretary of State surprised his contemporaries: among aristocrats he was known as a “cheerful erotomaniac,” “minion of the fair sex,” a skeptic who spoke harshly about the Church. Nevertheless, the members of the Holy Synod welcomed the appointment of Golitsyn, who replaced the powerful A.A. in this post. Yakovleva, with satisfaction. Emperor Alexander I wanted to see a close person in the chief prosecutor; he granted him the right to directly report to the emperor (at the same time, members of the Synod were deprived of this right).
Having received such a high post, Golitsyn changed his lifestyle and began studying the history of Christianity and reading religions. books. On September 21, 1804 introduced new order passing affairs through the Synod, setting the task of concentrating all matters of church administration in his office. In 1807, diocesan bishops were ordered to report to the office of the chief prosecutor about the state of affairs in the dioceses and personally report to Golitsyn on the work done; secretaries of spiritual consistories were required to send reports to the Synod. On July 13, 1805, a new procedure for the appointment of synodal members was established: the bishops were alternately called to St. Petersburg and were present at the Synod until a special order for their return. The very title of synodal member was retained only by those first present and those to whom the emperor granted this title. The movement of bishops from department to department and awarding them with orders depended on Golitsyn. He became the first chief prosecutor to actively influence the resolution of cases in the Synod. He has repeatedly expressed regret that the highest administrative positions in the Church are occupied by monastics, and not by representatives of the white clergy. Golitsyn introduced into the chief prosecutor's office 2 chief secretaries, 2 secretaries, 2 protocol takers, an executor, a treasurer, an archivist and a translator. Under the leadership of Golitsyn, a reform of theological educational institutions was carried out (1808-1814). He joined the Committee on the Improvement of Theological Schools, formed on November 29, 1807, chaired by Metropolitan Ambrose (Podobedov) of Novgorod; in 1808, the committee was transformed into the Commission of Theological Schools, which reported directly to the Chief Prosecutor.
In 1808, Golitsyn accompanied Emperor Alexander I during a meeting with the French Emperor Napoleon I in Erfurt. From 1810 to 1819 he ruled the court, on January 1, 1810 he became a member of the State Council, and in 1812 - a senator. In 1810, the Main Directorate of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Denominations was separated from the Ministry of Justice, which was headed by Golitsyn. He represented the interests of the non-Orthodox clergy, participated in the resolution of interfaith disputes, in the preparation of bills on the status of non-Orthodox communities in Russia, advocated the rapprochement of Christian denominations, and expressed the ideas of “universal Christianity.” At the same time, in 1815, on the proposal of Golitsyn, the Jesuit Order was expelled from St. Petersburg and Moscow, his educational establishments were closed. Golitsyn had a confidential relationship with the Sardinian envoy to Russia, J. de Maistre, who, at Golitsyn’s suggestion, outlined his views on the purpose of religion and the Church in the state. In March 1812, Golitsyn supported the petition of the English pastor John Peterson to open a Bible Society in Russia; on December 6, Emperor Alexander I approved the charter of the society developed by Golitsyn. On January 11, 1813, the first meeting of its founding members took place in Golitsyn’s house; he was elected president of the society, which in 1814 received the name of the Russian Bible Society.
Golitsyn became interested in mysticism, contributed to the publication and distribution of books with mystical content, and patronized the Zion Messenger magazine and various mystical societies. Since 1816, he became the chairman of the imperial Humane Society, contributed to the organization of its medical and philanthropic department, and took part in the creation of the Prison Trustee Society, the Society for the Care of the Poor, and a shelter for the terminally ill.
From August 1816, he temporarily served as Minister of Public Education. On October 24, 1817, a “double” Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education was created, called upon, among other things, to manage the affairs of religious and secular education, “so that true piety would always be the basis of true enlightenment.” The new ministry, headed by Golitsyn, took over the functions of the Chief Prosecutor's Office of the Holy Synod, the Ministry of Public Education, as well as the Main Directorate of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Denominations. The duties of the chief prosecutor of the Synod, now subordinate to the minister, began to be performed by Prince P.S. Meshchersky. Golitsyn was subordinate to spiritual and secular censorship. The liberal censorship charter of 1804 remained in force, but by an unspoken order of Golitsyn, measures were taken to prevent the publication of ideas “contrary to those currently accepted” in the press. firm rules”, to the suppression of “freethinking, godlessness, self-will, dreamy philosophizing.” Golitsyn's attempt in 1819 to open a theological faculty at Moscow University encountered resistance from the Synod and failed.
In 1817-1824 he headed the Committee for the Guardianship of Israeli Christians, which dealt with the affairs of baptized Jews. In 1817-1821 he served as trustee of the Vilna educational district, contributed to the development of Polish culture and the dissemination of the Bible in Polish language, the creation of schools teaching Polish literacy. In August-November 1819, Golitsyn temporarily ruled the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Contrary to the position of Emperor Alexander I, bound by the treaties of the Holy Alliance, he called for support of the Greeks of the same faith who started the revolution in 1821.
Golitsyn’s activities were opposed by the opposition, led by St. Petersburg Metropolitan Seraphim (Glagolevsky), Archimandrite Photius (Spassky), Count A.A. Arakcheev, A.S. Shishkov, M.L. Magnitsky, F.P. Uvarov. The hierarchs were dissatisfied with the Synod’s subordination to the “dual” ministry; Golitsyn was accused of extreme liberalism, condoning the spread of atheism and freethinking. Metropolitan Ambrose in 1818 submitted a note to Emperor Alexander I in which he accused Golitsyn of “neglect for the good of the ruling Church.” Metropolitan Seraphim complained about the publication, with the assistance of Golitsyn, of mystical brochures incompatible with Orthodoxy. The most harsh position was the archimandrite. Photius, who in 1824 anathematized the prince (without having the right to do so) for insulting the Church and the emperor. On the other hand, accusations were brought against Golitsyn of instilling obscurantism and destroying universities. After a clash with Archimandrite Photius Golitsyn submitted his resignation. On May 15, 1824, Emperor Alexander I abolished the “dual” ministry and dismissed Golitsyn from the post of minister; the functions of the chief prosecutor’s office, the department of spiritual affairs of foreign denominations and the Ministry of Public Education were distributed among separate departments. Metropolitan Seraphim was appointed president of the Russian Bible Society instead of Golitsyn, after which from 1824 all publications of the society were discontinued, and on April 12, 1826 it was closed.
Golitsyn retained the title of Secretary of State and the position of manager of the Postal Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (the latter he held in 1819-1842) and did not lose the favor of Emperor Alexander I, who initiated him into the strictly secret plan for transferring the throne instead of Konstantin Pavlovich to Nikolai Pavlovich. Since 1830, Golitsyn has been Chancellor of the Russian Orders; in 1839, he temporarily presided over the General Assembly of the State Council. On March 27, 1842, he retired as an active privy councilor of the 1st class and settled on his Crimean estate Gaspra.
In 1806, Golitsyn was elected a full member of the Russian Academy, in 1826 - an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, was an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (since 1816), the Society of Russian History and Antiquities (since 1817), etc. Awarded with orders Saint Anna 1st degree (1804), Saint Alexander Nevsky (1814), Saint Vladimir 1st degree (1826), Saint Andrew the First-Called (1826) and diamond signs to him (1828), White Eagle (1831), Saint Stanislav 1st degree (1831), etc., as well as the Prussian orders of the Red Eagle and Black Eagle. He was buried in the Church of St. George in the Balaklava Monastery in the name of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious.
Prince ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH GOLITSYN, 1773-1844, son of captain Prince Nikolai Sergeevich from his third marriage to Alexandra Alexandrovna Khitrovo, was born in Moscow on December 8, 1773; The princess, widowed 2 weeks after the birth of her son, soon married Kologrivov and treated her son strictly and coldly. M. S. Perekusikhina, who fell in love with the “cheerful and sharp” boy, gave him access to the Court; he was a playmate in the childhood games of the Grand Dukes and became friends with Alexander I. In 1794, from chamber pages he was promoted to lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, but in the same year he was renamed to chamber cadets. On April 5, 1797, he was granted the title of chamberlain, on January 8, 1799, he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Malta, but on May 6 of the same year, he was “dismissed” and exiled to Moscow. Alexander I appointed his friend (September 21, 1802) as Chief Prosecutor of the 1st Department of the Senate.
Wanting to have “his own man” in the Synod, the Emperor appointed Golitsyn on October 21, 1803, Chief Prosecutor of the Synod; at the same time he was appointed Secretary of State to enable him to have personal reports with the Emperor. In 1810 he was appointed a member of the State Council and chief administrator of affairs of foreign denominations, in 1816 minister of public education and in 1820 chief administrator of the Postal Department. The unification of the Ministry of Public Education with the departments of the Orthodox and foreign faiths was completed by the establishment on November 24, 1817 of the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education, headed by Prince. Golitsyn. The management of his spiritual department was marked by the reform of theological schools, and the establishment in 1810-12. Russian Bible Society, which, under the presidency of the prince, translated the Bible into Russian and distributed more than 400/t. copy sacred books. During his management of the educational department, the Richelieu Lyceum and St. Petersburg University were established. Alexander I maintained his constant disposition towards the prince. Golitsyn and believed him, among the few, the secret of the abdication of Tsarevich Constantine, but Arakcheev, hostile to Golitsyn, nominated Metropolitan Seraphim and Archimandrite Photius against him, who convinced Alexander I that the government of Prince Golitsyn was harmful to the church and state. On May 15, 1824, Prince Golitsyn was dismissed from all positions except the post of head of the Postal Department. However, the Tsar himself continued to value the “closeness and advice” of the retired minister; Nicholas I looked at him also as “the most faithful friend of his family.” Prince A. N. Golitsyn in 1826 received the Order of St. Andrei, in 1830 he was granted the chancellorship of all Russian orders, in 1834 he received a portrait of the Sovereign, and in 1841 - the rank of actual privy councilor of the 1st class. Old age and weakness of vision forced Golitsyn to retire, and in June 1843 he went to live in the Crimea, where he died on his estate "Gaspra" on November 22, 1844; buried in the Balaklava St. George Monastery.
A Voltairean and Epicurean in his youth, Prince Golitsyn in his mature years turned to piety with a pronounced sentimental and mystical overtones. This was facilitated by both the public mood of the era and the example of his sovereign friend. Having received a superficial education, Golitsyn essentially never knew “neither Orthodoxy nor Krivoslavy”; with great frivolity, he undertook to explain the most complex theological issues and created for himself a kind of pantheon in which the beliefs of the most irreconcilable religions and sects coexisted. This “baby” was constantly deceived in the matter of faith by various bigots and fanatics; he was constantly looking for the “outpouring of the Holy Spirit” and revelations, he was always chasing prophets and prophetesses, after signs and wonders: he either “listened to the prophetic word” from the Khlystyvka Tatarinova, then he longed for the laying on of the hand of the new “Chrysostom” - Photius, then he healed the demoniac, then in mystical ecstasy was honored to experience the likeness of the Savior’s suffering from the needles of the crown of thorns. Having set himself the task of eradicating “freethinking, godlessness and self-will of revolutionary unbridledness,” Golitsyn destroyed, with the help of Magnitsky and Runich, universities, supported routine and hypocrisy in schools; under him, the Church for the first time felt the full force of the oppression of secular power: under him, in the words of a contemporary, “everything calmed down, and the spirit of the monarch settled in the Synod.”
(From a portrait of K. Bryullov; Rumyantsev Museum, in Moscow.)
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