Education is an integral component of the social life of society, its development and knowledge. The education system in different countries has certain differences, but its overall goal is the same - to develop the child and give him the opportunity to build his life on the basic foundation laid. The education system in Italy has 4 stages: preschool, primary, secondary and higher education.
Italian education is regulated by law and determined civil rights and responsibilities: Every Italian child has the right to education and the obligation to attend school until the age of 14. Foreign children residing in the country legally have the same rights and responsibilities. And illegal immigrants can only receive basic education.
Preschool education
Pre-school education in Italy is optional. Those who have the opportunity to look after their children raise them at home. There are not enough kindergartens and nurseries for all the children, so most of them are private, and the fees are quite high. Children can be sent to nurseries as early as 6 months and up to 3 years, and in kindergarten- from 3 to 6 years. The main purpose of nurseries and kindergartens is the development and upbringing of the child, as well as preparing them for entry into primary school.
Secondary education
The secondary education system in Italy consists of 3 levels:
1) primary education - scuola elementare 1 (for children from 6 to 11 years old);
2) younger high school-scuola elementare 2 (for children from 11 to 14 years old);
3) higher secondary school (for children from 14 to 19 years old).
On initial stage children study arithmetic, writing, reading, music, drawing and other subjects (they can study religion if they wish). In addition, the initial training program includes the study of a foreign language. After finishing primary school, students receive a certificate of primary education (diploma di licenza elementare) based on written and oral examinations, after which they move on to secondary school (scuola media).
The secondary school education program includes Italian language, mathematics, foreign language, geography, history, art, science and music. At the end of each school year Students take exams using the pass-fail system. After junior secondary school, they continue their studies at higher secondary school (scuola secondaria superiore), which has two types: vocational colleges and preparatory lyceums. In vocational colleges, students combine secondary education and vocational training. After graduating from college, graduates also receive a certificate of professional training in addition to their certificate of secondary education.
The purpose of preparatory lyceums is to prepare for entry into universities. Most often, lyceums are specialized, and upon entering, students initially choose a specialty. There are technical (liceo tecnico), classical (Liceo Classico) lyceums and lyceum of natural sciences (Liceo Scientifico). The common curriculum for all lyceums includes mathematics, Latin, Italian literature, physics, philosophy, natural sciences and history.
The training program at the classical lyceum (Liceo Classico) focuses on the humanities, but at the second stage of training there are natural science subjects. Lyceums of Natural Sciences (Liceo Scientifico) provide training in natural science subjects. IN curriculum Linguistic lyceums (Liceo Lingtastico) include language training, the study of literature and history. Upon graduation, students take an exam (esame di maturita) and receive a diploma (diploma di maturita), with which they can enter university.
Higher education
Italian system higher education includes university and non-university sectors. University is more developed in the number of disciplines, directions and courses, as well as in the number of levels. The non-university sector includes two areas: arts education and vocational education.
After completing the first stage of the higher education program, the student receives Laurea Diploma (C.L.) and B.A.. The duration of training ranges from 3 to 6 years. At the same time, philologists receive a bachelor's degree after 4 years, architects and chemists - after 5 years, and doctors - after 6 years. At the end of the program, the student takes exams and defends a diploma project.
Graduates can continue further education in a master's program. The training program lasts about three years and involves the relationship between theory and practice. Upon completion of their studies, students take an exam, complete a diploma project and receive Diploma universitario (C.D.U.) diploma leading to a master's degree.
To improve their academic degree, master's degree graduates can enroll in doctoral studies. To do this, you need to have three years of practice and pass an entrance test. Doctoral students usually conduct research activities at different universities. Upon completion, they write a scientific dissertation. Successful defense is accompanied by assignment Doctorate degree Dottorato di ricerca.
| Training program | Degree | CFU loans | Number of years of study | |
| 1 cycle
undergraduate |
Laurea | 1st stage of higher education | 180 | 3 |
| 2 cycle
graduate |
2nd cycle Laurea programs |
2nd stage Laurea | 120 | 2 |
| 1st level of specialized program (Specialization degree course) | 1st level of special degree (Specialisation degree) | 120-180 | 2-3 | |
| 1st level of Master's degree course | 1st master's level (University Master degree) | 60+ | 1+ | |
| 3 cycle
postgraduate |
Research Research Doctorate program |
Research Doctorate degree | 3+ | |
| 2nd level of specialized program (Specialization degree course) | Level 2 special degree (Specialisation degree) | 60-300 | 1-5 | |
| 2nd level of Master's degree course | Master's level 2 (University Master degree) | 60+ | 1+ |
Some programs have a “double cycle” of study: medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmacy and architecture. To enroll in these programs, you must pass entrance exams. To obtain a diploma in these specialties, you must complete the first two cycles of higher education and gain 300-360 credits.
Loans
Italian universities have a “credit system” (CFU). The credit is equal to 25 hours of university study. Typically, a student accumulates 60 credits per year.
How to enter an Italian university?
Anyone can enter an Italian university, but only if all the conditions for admission are met. It is very important to know Italian. Each university has its own language testing system - testing. The content of the test usually includes grammar questions, text translation and an interview with the teacher. Theoretically, you can enter an Italian institute if you have a certificate of secondary education and know the Italian language.
The admission system is different in design schools and art academies. Recruitment here is based on competition, which is very high, which complicates the admission process. Students must submit their portfolio. Fashion and design schools in Italy are very popular among students. Here they can get their first or second higher education, take short-term advanced training courses, as well as summer training programs in a variety of fields (fashion, interior design, accessories, advertising, cars, image consultant, media design, brand management and others) . Training lasts 1-4 years. Upon completion of the training program, the graduate receives a diploma, bachelor's or master's degree.
Universities in Italy
In Italy there are 47 public and 9 independent universities with a state license. Like other European universities, some medieval traditions have been preserved in Italian ones. For example, on holidays, students wear colorful Robin Hood-themed hats, and new students undergo an initiation ceremony.
During their studies, students, as a rule, study 19-20 disciplines, including electives. Attendance at classes is mandatory for everyone, which is noted in their student records. After completing the course, students complete thesis and pass exams. If a student did not have time to pass the diploma and exams on time, then he can study as much as necessary.
For international students
To enter an Italian university, a foreign citizen must have a certificate of secondary education and pass a knowledge test Italian language. As a rule, there are no entrance exams, but for the specialties of medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, architecture, law, and engineering, it is necessary to pass exams in specialized subjects.
After this, you need to submit an application for admission to the university through the Italian Embassy. The final decision is made by the country's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
To enroll in a master's or doctoral program, you should apply directly to the university. The university will decide on the recognition of the student’s existing diploma. If the university refuses, then it is pointless to seek a review of the decision.
European education has always been of high quality and prestigious. Italy is a country that provides excellent European education. Therefore, many residents different countries choose Italy for study. Some need general education secondary and higher schools, others - language or culinary schools, others need to get an education in Italian design and fashion schools.
Primary school Scuola primaria - primary school, for children 6-10 years old. The program is designed for 5 years. They start by studying arithmetic, writing, reading, drawing, music. Religious studies - at the request of the parents. There are no examinations at the end of the course, but a diploma is issued.
Secondary school Scuola secondaria di primo grado. Also compulsory for children aged 3 years, the duration of study is 3 years. After graduation, a state exam is taken, which is necessary for transition to the second stage of secondary education.
Secondary school Scuola secondaria di secondo livello. For children aged 2 years, they study there for 2 years. After completing the training, final exams are taken orally and in writing, after which a diploma of general secondary education of the state standard is issued.
Average high school Scuola secondaria superior. This is the highest level of secondary school education. In fact, this is an analogue of our technical schools and colleges. Children are trained from 14 to 19 years old. Accordingly, it lasts 5 years. In Italy, these are lyceums of different profiles: Classical (humanitarian) – Liceo Classico Linguistic – Liceo Lingtastico Natural Science – Liceo Scientifico
Italian Republic - State in Southern Europe, in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, at the crossroads of trade routes between West and East, which is exclusively important factor in the development of the country's economy in all eras. The capital of the state is Rome. Italy is a democratic parliamentary republic led by a president. Executive power in the country belongs to the Council of Ministers.
In order to have a general idea of the atmosphere in which education in Italy began, took shape and continues to develop, let us imagine brief description the country, its economy and population composition, which are the formative basis for the development of society, culture, and history.
About 67% of Italy's population are city dwellers. Almost all residents of the country (93%) are Italians. Like many other developed countries, in Italy in recent decades the birth rate and natural population growth have been declining, the average family size is declining, and the nation is aging. The economically active population numbers 22.8 million people, of which 12% are unemployed or young people looking for their first job. Many people go abroad in search of work. At the moment, due to the large flow of migrants, Italy itself is using the labor of foreign workers. The number of legal immigrants is high, and illegal immigration from the most disadvantaged countries has recently become a serious problem. social problem and challenges the entire way of life.
The history of the formation of kindergarten in Italy has its roots in the distant past. This organization experienced an evolution, during which it was able to establish its educational objectives, overcoming functions aimed only at the care and supervision of a child, and reaching the level of the first stage of school education.
"Scuola dell" Infanzia" - "Childhood School" - "Kindergarten" - a more common name for Russian system education - as an institution, dates back to 1968, with the adoption of Law No. 444 of March 18, 1968, thanks to which, after long discussions, the tradition of state disinterest in this age category of children was interrupted, which until now was dealt with only by church parishes, religious organizations and municipalities.
However, institutions of this type have already existed since the Industrial Revolution (XVIII century), when manual labor women in industry began to take them away from home and, as a result, there was a need for childcare until school age at some specific place during their mothers' working hours. “Childcare rooms” appeared - “Sale di Custodia”, nurseries - “Asili” - literally - shelters for children, which became the prototypes of modern kindergartens.
The merit of creating the first preschool institutions, in which, along with other types of education, children were given elementary education (teachers talking about nature, telling fairy tales, reading children's books, and so on) in practice belongs to the English socialist - utopian - Robert Owen. This work experience was subsequently transferred to the UK, and then to France and Germany.
In 1839, thanks to the work of the German teacher, Frederick Froebel, “Kindergartens” were born, which became widespread and had a long life.
In Italy, the initiative to create kindergartens belonged to the priest Ferrante Aporti (1791 - 1858), who was sure that many of man’s troubles stem from his ignorance, and saw his mission in the education of young people of all ages. In 1828, in Cremona (a city in the Italian region of Lombardy), he opened the first "Asylum for Children" ("Asilo d"infanzia"), which accepted children from the age of two and a half on a paid basis. Later, a kindergarten was opened, funded Austrian state and a rural school for children.The initiative has spread to regions such as: Lombardy, Veneto, Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna.
Half a century later, Froebel Kindergartens appeared in Italy - this was favored by interest political elite of that time, confirmation of which we find in a circular letter from the Minister of Education Coppino dated September 17, 1885.
The work of the sisters Rosa and Carolina Agazzi is highly important, who opened the first Mother's School in Mompiano in 1895, giving it this name, because they believed that the teacher should evoke the role and image of the mother and the school environment should accept the child as the family environment. The methods of work that were used are methods of instrumental pedagogy (John Dewey), known and used in many European countries. The point was that young children are already early age learned to do everything independently, mainly in the form of play, developing the child’s free activity and his creative potential. In one of her works, Rosa Agazzi emphasized the importance of creating a functional material environment for the development of a child. She wrote: “It is very strange that in the process of the current awakening of awareness in relation to childhood, there has not been an authoritative voice calling on planners and architects to listen not to their own imagination, but to those who live childhood and know its needs.”
The educational model of the Agazzi sisters was a huge success in Italy and in general terms it can be said that it was followed until the end of the 20th century, especially since even the name “Mother School” was adopted by the law establishing the public school in 1968.
Another famous figure in the field of preschool education, who left behind a huge contribution to pedagogy, was Maria Montessori, who, working as a physician with mentally retarded children, adopted the methods she created for children developing normally, and received optimal results. In 1907, in one of the most densely populated and poor quarters of Rome - San Lorenzo, she opened the first Children's Home, for children from three to six years old, in working with whom she applied her method of scientific pedagogy, which in 1909 became a publication accepted with with great enthusiasm in Europe and around the world. The Maria Montessori method originates in a new concept of childhood, which asserts that in the freedom of self-expression given to the child are the seeds of development and growth.
Many visitors to the Children's House had the opportunity to observe children going about their activities calmly and joyfully without incentives in the form of rewards or suppression in the form of punishments.
Development intellectual abilities the child was prepared by sensory education, as a result of which the baby could freely manipulate the material he chose, which helped him independently correct his mistakes, without the help of a teacher. Montessori schools have spread in Italy and throughout the world, especially in North America. India was so interested in the new method of education that it invited an innovative teacher to give a course of lectures during the Second World War.
It can be argued that Montessori was recognized by the world as a teacher who “liberated” the child.
On March 18, 1968, a law was passed that established the Mother School at the state level, and a multi-year plan was approved for the creation of preschool organizations of this format throughout Italy, especially in the south of the country. A period of rapid development of the school education system began: primary schools everywhere expanded their schedule to full time, nurseries opened, municipalities established school canteens, renovated old structures and erected new buildings. However, the Mother School, just as now, was not a compulsory level primary education, and the possibility of enrolling a child in this organization, especially in densely populated areas, was associated with the real capacity of the structure, with the teaching staff and with the economic capabilities of the Municipality.
The 1968 law marked a decisive transition from the perception of the Mother School as a place for receiving and caring for children, to a school with clearly defined goals, objectives, content, and methods. In published Guidelines(Orientamenti) although a direction was felt, strengthened by years of previous practice, a school of a new formation was already emerging. They contained recommendations for the use of more progressive methods didactics that promote child development. Indicated educational programs, areas, as spheres of action and activity, for the child to achieve his own goals, according to his own rhythm. It is the Guiding Principles that recognize the inalienable rights of children guaranteed to all by the Constitution - the right to education and education and thus mark the evolution of the Mother School into the Childhood School, as it is now called. The Guidelines emphasize the centrality of the child, recognize diversity, and pay attention to the psychophysical well-being of pupils. For a positive result of work, the following are highlighted as essential: flexibility in organizing activities, dialogue with parents, collegiality as a guiding principle in the work of the teaching staff, construction positive relationships with nearby organizations.
In the 1991 decree, the "Scuola Materna" - "Mother's School" - is most often referred to as the "Scuola dell" Infanzia" - "Childhood School", since this name "is most consistent with the development that characterizes this structure at present" .
Law No. 53, adopted in 2003, recognizes the Childhood School as the first level educational process, which should affect the whole life of a person, defining its special tasks and functions as the main ones for full development man in all his directions, in relations of continuity with subsequent stages of education. The Childhood School promotes emotional, psychomotor, cognitive, moral, religious and social development teaches the child to build relationships in society, reveals creative potential and personal self-determination. italy preschool education montessori
The recommendations, in accordance with what is already expressed in the Guidelines, describe the educational environment as a place for acquiring practical experience, as the first and extremely important approach to culture, naturally in forms appropriate to the mental and mental development child. It is recommended that play be a factor in the child’s development and a channel of communication, an opportunity for research and search, gaining sensory experience, as well as gradual and correct progress towards symbolic representations of informal activities on the one hand, and the beginning of the path to mastering specific knowledge on the other.
School of Childhood, based on the values of education and training, based on knowledge of preschool education, presented in Italian and foreign pedagogical literature, implements ministerial projects. Today it has become the flagship of the Italian school system, attracting the attention of many countries in Europe and the World.
According to recent studies, almost 98% of Italian children attend the Childhood School. This fact indicates the exceptional importance of a child’s primary education, the full development of his abilities, his talent for socialization, his personal and social growth.
Preschool institutions in Italy at the moment can be divided into public (municipal) and private, most often owned by Catholic Church - Monastic Orders, Religious organizations. There are also gardens and nurseries opened at specific institutions, factories, firms (asilo o/e asilo nido aziendale) or various Associations. A system of alternative children's institutions has been developed, such as: micro-nurseries ("micro nido") - a private institution for 12-15 children; family nursery ("nido famiglia") - a mother with special training and all the necessary permissions hosts a group of 3-4 children at home; included nursery ("nido integrato"); nursery (nursery group) as part of a kindergarten; baby parking ("baby parking"); children's center ("sePgo infanzia").
Italian kindergartens and schools, educational and cultural centers, exist, work and develop in many countries of the world - where Italians live, where there are large or small diasporas of this people. In this context, it is interesting to mention such a phenomenon as Italian emigration, when in the period from 1861 to 1976, since the creation of Italy, about 13 million people emigrated from the country. Many went to the countries of northern Europe, the USA, Canada, and Latin American countries.
According to statistics for 2014, about 3,000 thousand Italians live in Russia. Some people live and work alone, but many come with their families, or create their own families here, raising children in the cultural traditions of two or more peoples.
Having completed a brief historical excursion of preschool education in Italy, translating certain terms in literal translation, further, in the text of this work, we will replace the name “Childhood School” with “Kindergarten”, since it is more familiar to perception, and at the same time not at all contradicts the essence of the phenomenon under study.
In the next paragraph we will present an Italian school in Moscow, a center of Italian culture for preschool and school-age children and their parents, as well as the basis of our research.
Italy has a high level of education among its population. In the 15th century The first academy of sciences, the Accademia de Lincei, was founded here. The oldest in Europe is the University of Bologna, founded in the 12th century. A little later, universities opened in Padua, Naples, Rome, Pisa, etc. Now there are more than 30 of them. The education system is complex and consists of several links. The primary school has 5 - summer term training. Then there is a 3-year lower secondary school. These two steps are required. Complete secondary education is provided by lyceums and vocational educational establishments various types. Guide.
Slide 6 from the presentation “Guide to Italy” for geography lessons on the topic “Italy”Dimensions: 960 x 720 pixels, format: jpg. To download a free slide for use in a geography lesson, right-click on the image and click “Save Image As...”. You can download the entire presentation “Guide to Italy.ppt” in a zip archive of 799 KB in size.
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“Italian cuisine” - Continued. But Italians will never allow themselves such a dessert after a hearty lunch. The history of pizza. Italian Cuisine. Italian desserts are mostly fruit based. But how many of us know the history of pizza? What you will need:
“Guide to Italy” - The capital of Italy is Rome (2.6 million inhabitants). State flag. Catholics make up 97% of the population. Both peoples speak dialects of Romansh. The Italians became famous in other forms of art. Geographical position. In 1946, Italy became a republic by referendum. The second largest city in Italy is Milan.
“Italy country” - Italy. About 60% of Europe's cultural treasures are concentrated in Italy. Official language– Italian. And, of course, everyone knows the Tomato Festival. Italy is a classic country for tourists. In Italy, about 98% are Italian. The tourism infrastructure in the country is well developed. The population is about 58 million people.
"City of Rome" - To Italy. To the list of capitals. Coliseum. The Baroque rear façade of the basilica is also impressive. Beautiful - as, however, he always was. Period VIII-VI centuries. BC e. is, in fact, the non-Roman period of “ancient Roman history”. Modern Rome. The podium contained the imperial box and seats for senators.
“Country Italy” - Venice. Coat of arms of Italy. Population. There are compact groups of Slovenians and even a German-speaking population in the north of the country. A little further on the left begins the Cannaregio Canal. The main waterway of Venice, crossing the entire city, is almost 4 km long. Of course, Rome is one of the largest attractions in Italy and the world.
Department of Education of the City of Moscow Moscow Humanitarian Pedagogical Institute Department of Pedagogy Preschool education in Italy Completed by: students group 10-472-z Lapaeva E.V. Potapova O.E. Teacher: Ryzhova N.A. Moscow 2012 Family is the basis of education in Italy Italians By nature we are sunny optimists! They cannot imagine life without filling it with beauty, emotions and celebration. All this has a positive effect on family life and is reflected in the results of raising a child in Italy. The child is “praised to the skies!”
- In Italy, a child is “praised to the skies”! Children are endlessly pampered; corporal punishment is prohibited in modern Italy! Until the age of 10, no one is seriously involved in raising a child in Italy. Children independently absorb an understanding of human relationships in the family and on the street. Numerous tourists consider Italian children to be the most ill-mannered children in Europe.
Many Italians like to raise preschoolers only with their families, limiting themselves to the help of grandparents, so not all children in Italy go to kindergarten. But, as in our country, the Ministry of Education is confident that preschool institutions necessary stage in child development.
Education system
- The education system in Italy has its own characteristics. Children go to “analogs” of Russian kindergartens from three to six years old. Often such preschool institutions are opened at monasteries and churches, so education there is also of a religious nature, and monks are involved in raising children.
- Preschool education institutions are nurseries for children from 6 months to 3 years and kindergartens for children from 3 to 6 years. The purpose of nurseries and kindergartens is the education and development of the child, as well as his preparation for entering primary school. Almost all of them are privately owned. The fees for kindergarten are quite high. Preschool education in Italy is not compulsory.
- There are not enough preschool institutions in Italy, the government plans to build new ones, but the problem, as always, is money
- Children from 6 months to 3 years go to the nursery; the charter of the nursery states that the main task of the nursery is education, communication and care for children. The nursery is open from September to June each year; in July, a summer center operates for parents who work (with the presentation of a certificate from work). The nursery is open 5 days a week, except general holidays, from 7.30 to 16.30.
- Nurseries are paid, fees range from 5.16 euros to 260.00 euros, depending on the income of the parents. For children over one year old there is an additional service - from 16.30 to 17.30 a teacher sits with them, this service costs 51.65 euros per year. To register a child for this hour, a certificate from work is again required.
- The kindergarten is attended by children from 3 to 6 years old; as in the nursery, the purpose of the visit is to educate, communicate and care for the children. The working hours and months are the same as in the nursery, the payment, however, is slightly less: depending on the parents' salary, from 5.16 euros to 154.94 euros per month. There are no classes in kindergarten.
- In kindergartens (scuola materna) children study in groups of 15-30 people according to the method of the famous teacher Maria Montessori. The Montessori method is based on an individual approach to each child - the child himself constantly chooses didactic material and duration of classes, developing in their own rhythm and direction.
- Classes in mathematics and basic literacy can be conducted only at the personal request of teachers. There is no psychologist, speech therapist or music worker. No one here requires children entering school to be able to read, count, know the history of the city, etc. Classes with a psychologist, educational and educational games are held only in private kindergartens.
- Some nurseries have a miracle basement - the dream of all Russian teachers. A place where you can create, create materials for children, communicate with parents not only in a formal setting, but also jointly inventing and implementing wonderful ideas.
