The Romanov dynasty was in power for just over 300 years, and during this time the face of the country completely changed. From a lagging state, constantly suffering due to fragmentation and internal dynastic crises, Russia turned into an abode of an enlightened intelligentsia. Each ruler from the Romanov dynasty paid attention to those issues that seemed most relevant and important to him. For example, Peter I tried to expand the territory of the country and make Russian cities similar to European ones, and Catherine II put her whole soul into promoting the ideas of enlightenment. Gradually authority ruling dynasty fell, which led to a tragic ending. The royal family was killed, and power passed to the communists for several decades.
Years of reign | Main events |
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Mikhail Fedorovich | Peace of Stolbovo with Sweden (1617) and Truce of Deulino with Poland (1618). Smolensk War (1632-1634), Azov seat of the Cossacks (1637-1641) |
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Alexey Mikhailovich | Council Code (1649), Nikon's church reform (1652-1658), Pereyaslav Rada - annexation of Ukraine (1654), war with Poland (1654-1667), uprising of Stepan Razin (1667-1671) |
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Fedor Alekseevich | Peace of Bakhchisarai with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate (1681), abolition of localism |
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(son of Alexei Mikhailovich) | 1682-1725 (until 1689 - regency of Sophia, until 1696 - formal co-rule with Ivan V, from 1721 - emperor) | Streletsky revolt (1682), Crimean campaigns of Golitsyn (1687 and 1689), Azov campaigns of Peter I (1695 and 1696), “Great Embassy” (1697-1698), North War(1700-1721), foundation of St. Petersburg (1703), establishment of the Senate (1711), Prut campaign of Peter I (1711), establishment of collegiums (1718), introduction of the “Table of Ranks” (1722), Caspian campaign of Peter I (1722-1723) |
Catherine I (wife of Peter I) | Creation of the Supreme Privy Council (1726), conclusion of an alliance with Austria (1726) |
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(grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei) | Fall of Menshikov (1727), return of the capital to Moscow (1728) |
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Anna Ioannovna (daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich) | Creation of a cabinet of ministers instead of the Supreme Privy Council (1730), return of the capital to St. Petersburg (1732), Russian-Turkish war (1735-1739) |
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Ivan VI Antonovich | Regency and overthrow of Biron (1740), resignation of Minich (1741) |
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Elizaveta Petrovna (daughter of Peter I) | Opening of a university in Moscow (1755), Seven Years' War (1756-1762) |
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(nephew of Elizaveta Petrovna, grandson of Peter I) | Manifesto “On the Freedom of the Nobility”, the union of Prussia and Russia, decree on freedom of religion (all -1762) |
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Catherine II (wife of Peter III) | The laid down commission (1767-1768), Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791), partitions of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795), the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev (1773-1774), provincial reform (1775), charters granted to the nobility and cities (1785) |
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(son of Catherine II and Peter III) | Decree on three-day corvee, ban on selling serfs without land (1797), Decree on succession to the throne (1797), war with France (1798-1799), Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799) |
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Alexander I (son of Paul I) | Establishment of ministries instead of collegiums (1802), decree “On free cultivators” (1803), liberal censorship regulations and the introduction of university autonomy (1804), participation in the Napoleonic wars (1805-1814), establishment of the State Council (1810), Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), granting a constitution to Poland (1815), creation of a system of military settlements, emergence of Decembrist organizations |
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Nicholas I (son of Paul 1) | Decembrist uprising (1825), creation of the “Code of Laws of the Russian Empire” (1833), monetary reform, reform in the state village, Crimean War (1853-1856) |
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Alexander II (son of Nicholas I) | Ending Crimean War— Treaty of Paris (1856), abolition of serfdom (1861), zemstvo and judicial reforms (both 1864), sale of Alaska to the United States (1867), reforms in finance, education and the press, reform city self-government, military reforms: abolition of the limited articles of the Peace of Paris (1870), the alliance of the three emperors (1873), the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878), the terror of the Narodnaya Volya (1879-1881) |
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Alexander III (son of Alexander II) | Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy, Regulations on strengthening emergency protection (both 1881), counter-reforms, creation of the Noble Land and Peasant Banks, guardianship policy towards workers, creation of the Franco-Russian Union (1891-1893) |
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Nicholas II (son Alexandra III) | General Census (1897), Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905), 1st Russian Revolution (1905-1907), Stolypin reform (1906-1911), I World War(1914-1918), February Revolution(February 1917) |
Results of the Romanov reign
During the reign of the Romanovs, the Russian monarchy experienced an era of prosperity, several periods of painful reforms and a sudden decline. The Muscovite Kingdom, in which Mikhail Romanov was crowned king, in the 17th century annexed vast territories of Eastern Siberia and reached the border with China. At the beginning of the 18th century, Russia became an empire and became one of the most influential states in Europe. A vital role Russia's victories over France and Turkey further strengthened its position. But at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Russian Empire, like other empires, collapsed under the influence of the events of the First World War.
In 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne and was arrested by the Provisional Government. The monarchy in Russia was abolished. Another year and a half later, the last emperor and his entire family were shot by decision of the Soviet government. Nikolai's surviving distant relatives settled in different countries Europe. Today, representatives of two branches of the House of Romanov: the Kirillovichs and the Nikolaeviches - claim the right to be considered locums of the Russian throne.
Romanovs- An ancient Russian noble family. Its ancestor is considered to be Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose father (according to a more accepted view), Glanda-Kambila Divonovich, baptized Ivan, came to Russia in the last quarter of the 13th century. from Lithuania or "from Pruss". Among historians, there is also a worldview that the Romanovs came from Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla had 5 offspring: Semyon Konya, Alexander Elka, Vasily Ivantai, Gabriel Gavsha and Fyodor Koshka, who became the founders of 17 Russian noble houses. The branch that laid the foundation for the House of Romanov came from Fyodor Koshka. In the first generation, Andrei Ivanovich and his sons were nicknamed the Kobylins, Fyodor Andreevich and his son Ivan - the Koshkins. The children of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin became the Koshkins-Zakharyins, and the grandchildren simply became the Zakharyins.
From Yuri Zakharyevich came the Zakharyins-Yuryevs, and from his brother Yakov - the Zakharyins-Yakovlevs. The Romanov surname came into the dynasty from the nobleman Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuryev. Thanks to the marriage of his sister Anastasia to Tsar Ivan IV the Surov, the Zakharyin-Yuryev family crossed paths with the Rurik dynasty in the 16th century and moved closer to the royal court. Anastasia's great-nephew, son of the nobleman Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later - Capital Patriarch Filaret), Misha Fedorovich, was elected to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, and his descendants (which are usually called the “House of Romanov”) ruled Russia until 1917.
Below are the names of all the kings, kings and rulers of the Romanov dynasty.
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On February 21, 1613, at the Great Moscow Council there was collected, that is acquired The founder of the new Royal Dynasty is the young boyar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov. The spiritual difference between the strong-willed "collective" election by the power of the majority and unanimously gaining the rightful Heir to the Throne through a conciliar test of God’s will is very significant, although in historiographical literature it is customary to speak specifically about the “election” of the Tsar by the Council. But the conciliar documents themselves testify only to unanimous, unanimous meeting- finding a new Sovereign and Dynasty. The same documents name Tsar Michael chosen one of God, and not only as a personal chosen one, but also according to the dignity of His Family, chosen by God.
According to genealogical legends, the Russian boyar Family of the Romanovs originates from the governor of the princely family, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who originated “from Lithuania,” who arrived around the 1330s from Veliky Novgorod to serve at the Court of Grand Duke John Danilovich Kalita. In some genealogical records, Andrei Kobyla is indicated as having arrived “from Prus,” that is, from Prussia, or “from the Germans.” All these characteristics - from Lithuania, from Prussia or from the Germans do not contradict each other - they mean the same lands on the southeastern coast of the Varangian (Baltic) Sea.
Ancient Prussia, a vast region on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic, was conquered by the German Teutonic Order in the first quarter of the 13th century and forcibly Germanized. But part of the lands of East Prussia at the same time found itself in the possession of the Principality of Lithuania, whose statehood, in turn, was based on the Old Russian cultural tradition: until the first third of the 16th century, the written language of Lithuania was the Old Russian language, in which chronicles, legal and commercial records were written.
Since ancient times, these lands were inhabited by Japhetic Slavic and Baltic tribes, who lived in close cultural interaction. The surviving fragments of the Old Prussian language indicate its closeness, on the one hand, to Slavic language, on the other hand, to the Baltic dialects, which then included the unwritten Lithuanian language.
Since ancient times, Prusskaya Street has existed in Veliky Novgorod. Located at the Zagorodsky End, it originated from the Pokrovsky Gate of the Novgorod Detinets (the central part of the Kremlin), and this was a place of settlement not for visiting foreigners, but for native Orthodox Novgorodians. The first mention of Prusskaya Street in the history of Novgorod dates back to 1218, when during the rebellion of the Trade Side and the Nerevsky End, Lyudin End and the residents of Prusskaya Street supported the mayor Tverdislav. The name of the street appears in the Novgorod Chronicle under 1230. But archaeological research indicates that, as an urban structure, long before 1218, a street already existed in this place, possibly with the same name, because the mention of 1218 does not refer to the founding or name of this Prussian street. It’s just that the oldest mention of it that has reached us dates back to this year. Another mention in the Novgorod Chronicle dates back to 1230 - in connection with the Temple of the Twelve Apostles on Propastekh, near which Novgorodians who died of hunger in 1230 were massively buried. It is also significant that the year 1218 indicates a compact settlement of Orthodox Prussian Slavs in Novgorod even before the start of the seizure of East Prussia in 1225 by the Teutonic Order.
Many noble native Novgorod families had their origins “from Prus”. For example, the Prussian governor was famous Slavic origin Mikhail Prushanin, who arrived in Veliky Novgorod with his squad at the beginning of the 13th century and then served Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. According to some legends, Mikhail Prushanin took part in the famous Battle of the Neva (1240); according to others, his son was a participant in the battle.
Mikhail Prushanin was the founder of the Russian noble and boyar families of the Shestovs, Morozovs, and Saltykovs. The mother of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich Ksenia Ioannovna, the Great Nun Martha, was the daughter of Ivan Vasilyevich Shestov.
According to family legend, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla was one of the sons of the Prussian prince Divon Alexa (Bear) - a direct descendant of the Prussian Tsar Videvut, whose life dates back to the 4th century AD.
Prince Divon received in Novgorod the Great Holy Baptism with the name John. The famous Novgorodian, hero of the Battle of the Neva Gavrila Aleksich († 1241) according to legend was the brother of Prince Divon-John, perhaps not a brother, but a cousin or second cousin. Gavrilo Aleksich also became the founder of many noble Russian families - the Pushkins, Akinfovs, Chelyadins, Khromykh-Davydovs, Buturlins, Sviblovs, Kamenskys, Kuritsyns, Zamytskys, Chulkovs and others.
Their common ancestor, the Prussian Tsar Videvut, and his brother Prince Bruten arrived along the Vistula or Neman on the Baltic coast and founded under their leadership an ancient Kingdom, which they named, apparently, after the name of their ancestor Prus - Prussia.
The name “Prusius” is repeatedly found in the famous dynasty of Thracian Kings, who reigned from the 5th to the 1st centuries BC. in Bithynia (Asia Minor) and the Balkans. And in the name of the Prince Brutus ena, the brother of Tsar Videvut, the name “Prus” also sounds distantly. In Latin, "Prussia" is written as "Borussia" or "Prutenia". In turn, “The Tale of St. Spyridon-Sava” and “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir” indicate the origin of the Grand Duke Rurik of Novgorod from Prince Prus, the brother of Emperor Augustus. Roman history knows no such thing sibling from Octavian Augustus, but the twinning, say, legal, of the Emperor Augustus himself or his predecessor, the first consul Julius Caesar, with one of the descendants of the Bithynian Kings, who bore the name Prusius, was quite possible, which is what the news brought to us from the ancient Russian legend. This indicates that, according to such genealogical legends, both the ancestors of the Grand Duke Rurik of Novgorod and the ancestors of the boyar Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla could have a common ancestor of Tsarist origin.
Similar legends about common and common roots in antiquity can be traced for most of the Royal European Dynasties; they are well known to specialists in August genealogies. It is impossible to prove the documentary historical authenticity of such legends on the basis of strict written sources. But at the same time, history is not mathematics or classical physics, although the vast majority of historical material operates with fairly accurate chronological data and documented facts. Pointing to the understandable instability of such genealogical legends, the written recording of which occurred only in the XIV-XVIII centuries, the genuine historical science should not immediately reject them. On the contrary, it must testify to them and carefully preserve what the ancestral memory of our ancestors preserved and passed on from mouth to mouth for many, many centuries, otherwise what is called “scientifically” will be rejected human memory.
The very fact that Andrei Ioannovich Kobyla, who arrived from Veliky Novgorod to Moscow at the Court of the Moscow Grand Dukes John Kalita and Simeon Ioannovich the Proud, was boyar, indicates that this man at that time was famous for his nobility and noble origin. The boyar rank was the highest state rank in the hierarchy of that time, then at the same time under the Grand Duke the number of boyars rarely exceeded 5-6 people; such a high rank simply would not have been awarded to some unknown, clever upstart in those days. Only really noble man Boyar Andrei Kobyla could have been sent in 1347 by the matchmaker of the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow Simeon Ioannovich the Proud to the Court of Tver Prince Vsevolod Alexandrovich for his bride Princess Maria Alexandrovna. Moreover, that marriage contract was associated with the most important diplomatic mission, as a result of which Prince Vsevolod Alexandrovich Tverskoy had to renounce the khan's label for the Tver inheritance and return to the Reign in the Hill near Tver, transferring the Tver Reign to Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Kashinsky. Such difficult issues of dynastic marriages and changes of appanage could not be entrusted to people of nobility, not versed in the intricacies of grand-ducal diplomacy.
The very concept of “knowing” does not mean widespread fame, as many now believe. The Old Russian concept of “to know” denotes the bearers of special, hereditary knowledge about the wisdom of the Supreme Power, knowledge that was not taught anywhere, but was passed on only from older generations to younger ones from generation to generation. Noble people were descendants of the bearers of the Supreme Power. The nobility are the keepers of the most ancient power traditions, representatives of noble families themselves were a living legend, a living tradition, which, due to the secret nature of that knowledge, was not recorded in detail in writing, but this special knowledge was highly valued by those around them, putting noble people in a special position in ancient society.
The ancient Prussians, under the leadership of Tsar Videvut and Prince Bruten, developed the cult of the sacred white horse, known among the Baltic Slavs since ancient times, and the cult of the sacred oak in the village of Romov, the name of which may indicate the archaic memory of Apennine Rome (Roma). The symbolism of these cults was displayed on the coat of arms of Prussia, which depicted Videvut and Bruten themselves, a white horse, and an oak tree. According to Moscow genealogies, it is known that A.I. Kobyla had five sons - Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Yolka, Vasily Ivantey, Gavriil Gavsha and Fyodor Koshka. In addition, the noble Novgorod families of the Sukhovo-Kobylins and Kobylins are known, whose origins Novgorod and Tver genealogists associate with A.I. Kobyla.
Semyon Zherebets became the founder of Russian noble families - Zherebtsovs, Lodygins, Konovnitsyns, Kokorevs, Obraztsovs. The Kolychevs, Neplyuevs and Boborykins descend from Alexander Yolka. From Fyodor Koshka - Koshkins, Romanovs, Sheremetevs, Yakovlevs, Golyaevs, Bezzubtsevs and others.
“Horse” theme in the nicknames Mare, Stallion, in the surnames - Kobylins, Zherebtsovs, Konovnitsyns, toponym - Kobylye Settlement at Lake Peipsi not far from the site of the Battle of the Ice (1242), which, by the way, in 1556 was given by Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible as food for one of the Sukhovo-Kobylins, but according to written sources known with that name since the middle of the 15th century (the city of Kobyla) - all this can point to the ancestral memory of the “totem” white horse of the Prussian Tsar Videvut. A sacred oak from Romov is present on almost all the coats of arms of the above-mentioned noble families, which trace their origins to Andrei Kobyla.
Fyodor Andreevich Koshka († 1407) was also a Moscow boyar; during the campaign of Grand Duke Dimitri Ioannovich on the Kulikovo Field in 1380, boyar Fyodor Andreevich Koshka-Kobylin was entrusted with guarding Moscow. His eldest son Ivan Fedorovich Koshkin-Kobylin (†1427) was also very close to Grand Duke Dimitri Donskoy (he is mentioned as such in the will of Prince Dimitri), and then became a boyar with Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich († 1425) and even with the then young Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich (1415-1462). His youngest son Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin-Kobylin († 1461) also occupied a high boyar position at the Court of Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich.
It should be noted that the boyar rank was never literally hereditary, although it was assigned only to the most noble people of the state; the boyar rank was necessarily earned through personal exploits and merits to the Sovereign, although family ties along the female lines were also of considerable importance. The service from generation to generation of the descendants of boyar Andrei Kobyla to the Moscow Sovereigns in such high ranks meant the presence of high personal merits among representatives of this noble family. Unfortunately, no information has been preserved about the spouses of these four generations. statesmen, starting from Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla to Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin. But there is no doubt that some of these marriages were concluded with representatives of the highest Moscow aristocracy, most of whom at that time were either direct, albeit distant descendants of the Grand Duke Rurik, or their closest relatives. This is precisely what can additionally explain the stability of the boyar status of the Kobylin-Koshkin family, when the degree of “competition” with the direct Rurikovichs could be mitigated precisely by family ties.
Under Grand Duke John III Vasilyevich, Yuri Zakharyevich Zakharyin-Koshkin († 1504) became a governor, participated in the battle on the Ugra in 1480, in the campaign against Veliky Novgorod (1480) and Kazan in 1485, from 1488 he became the Grand Duke's Viceroy in Veliky Novgorod , where he eradicated the heresy of the Judaizers, and received the rank of boyar in 1493. The wife of Yuri Zakharyevich Koshkin was the daughter of the Grand Duke's boyar Ivan Borisovich Tuchkov. I.B. Tuchkov was not a representative of the Moscow aristocracy, but came from a Novgorod boyar family and entered the service of the Grand Duke of Moscow John III Vasilyevich. In 1477, already as a grand-ducal boyar, he carried out an important military-diplomatic mission to annex Veliky Novgorod to Moscow. Apparently, these “Novgorod” family ties can explain why the Moscow governor Yuri Zakharyevich Zakharyin-Koshkin became governor of Novgorod in 1488. Boyar Yuri Zakharyevich had six sons, the names of five of them are Ivan, Grigory, Vasily, Mikhail, Roman and daughter Anna. Mikhail Yuryevich (†1538) earned the boyar title in 1521, Grigory Yuryevich (†1558) became a boyar in 1543.
Apparently, the youngest of the brothers, Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuryev (†1543), rose “only” to the rank of okolnichy and governor. But the rank of okolnichy - second after the boyar, was extremely high in the Old Russian hierarchy; the number of okolnichy in the government of the Grand Duke usually did not exceed three or four. The very fact that his siblings were boyars testifies to the continued high status of the family in this generation. Roman Yuryevich is mentioned in the categories of 1533 and 1538, he was married twice, the second of his wives was named Ulyana (†1579), presumably nee Karpova, children: Dolmat (†1545), Daniil (†1571), Nikita, Anna, Anastasia. Daniil Romanovich Zakharin-Yuryev became a boyar in 1548.
Anna Romanovna married Prince Vasily Andreevich Sitsky (†1578) from the Yaroslavl branch of the Rurikovichs. And the youngest daughter, the beautiful Anastasia Romanovna (†1560), became the first Russian Tsarina in 1547 - the Wife of the young Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. She bore the Tsar six children, three Tsarevichs - Dimitri, John and Theodore, and three daughters - Anna, Maria and Evdokia. Tsarevich Dimitri was carelessly drowned in infancy, and three Daughters of the Russian Tsarina did not survive infancy.
Perhaps the most famous boyar of the direct descendants of Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla was his great-great-great-great-grandson Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuryev (†1586; before his death, he took monastic vows with the name Nifont). He was one of the closest associates, advisers of Tsar John and educator of Tsarevichs John and Theodore. He became a okolnichy in 1558, a boyar in 1562. The fame of Nikita Romanovich’s nobility of character and valor was so widespread that people composed songs about him that were sung centuries later.
Nikita Romanovich was married twice. His first wife was Varvara Ivanovna, née Khovrina (†1552). The Khovrins came from the ancient Crimean Gothic princely family of the Gavras (in Tatar: Khovra). From his first marriage, Nikita Romanovich had two daughters - Anna Nikitichna (†1585), who married Prince Ivan Fedorovich Troekurov (from the Rurikovichs) and Euphemia (†1602), who married a close relative of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Sitsky.
After the death of Varvara Ivanovna in 1552, Nikita Romanovich married a second time to Evdokia Alexandrovna, nee Princess Gorbata-Shuiskaya from the Rurik Family, from the Monomakhovichs through the line of the Suzdal Princes. Eleven more children of Nikita Romanovich are known from this marriage - the elder Fedor (in monasticism Filaret; †1633), Martha (†1610) - the wife of the Kabardian prince Boris Keibulatovich Chekrassky, Lev (†1595), Mikhail (†1602), Alexander (†1602 ), Nikifor (†1601), Ivan nicknamed Kasha (†1640), Ulyana (†1565), Irina (†1639) - the wife of the okolnichy Ivan Ivanovich Godunov (†1610), Anastasia (†1655) - the wife of the groom Boris Mikhailovich Lykov -Obolensky (†1646) and, finally, Vasily (†1602).
Nikita Romanovich's eldest son Fedor, born around 1554, became a boyar in the government of his cousin - Tsar Feodor Ioannovich - immediately after his father's death in 1586. Shortly before this, around 1585, Fyodor Nikitich married Ksenia Ivanovna, née Shestova, one of the Kostroma nobles, whose father Ivan Vasilyevich Shestov was called up in 1550 as one of the Tsar's Thousand to serve in Moscow. Let me remind you that the Shestovs traced their ancestry back to the Novgorod boyar and governor of the early 13th century, Mikhail Prushanin. Fyodor Nikitich and Ksenia Ivanovna had six children, four of whom died in infancy: Tatyana (†1612) - wife of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Katyrev-Rostovsky (†about 1640), Boris (†1592), Nikita (†1593), Mikhail ( †1645), Leo (†1597), Ivan (†1599).
In the tsarist service, boyar Fyodor Nikitich was successful, but far from being in the first positions: from 1586 he served as viceroy in Nizhny Novgorod, in 1590 he took part in a victorious campaign against Sweden, then in 1593-1594. he was the governor in Pskov, negotiated with the ambassador of Emperor Rudolf - Varkoch, in 1596 he was the governor of the Tsar's regiment right hand, from the 1590s, several local cases have reached us concerning the boyar Feodor Nikitich Romanov, indicating his rather influential position among the Moscow boyars; some of his younger brothers were members of the expanded composition of the Sovereign Duma.
Before his death, boyar Nikita Romanovich bequeathed to Boris Fedorovich Godunov the care of his children, and according to known documents, the guardianship of the tsar's brother-in-law and the first boyar - in fact, the ruler of Russia B.F. Godunov about the Nikitichs was quite sincere, and the Romanovs themselves considered themselves faithful allies of B.F. Godunov, this was also facilitated by family ties - Irina Nikitichna was the wife of I.I. Godunov. The sudden death of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich on January 7, 1598 did not change this situation in the relationship between B.F. Godunov and the Romanovs. Although the eldest son of Tsar John's brother-in-law, cousin Tsar Theodore, boyar Fedor Nikitich had a certain advantage of, if not closer, then more significant kinship over the brother-in-law of Tsar Theodore and brother Tsarina Irina Feodorovna (†1603) by the first boyar Boris Godunov, at the Great Moscow Council in January-March 1598, the question of other contenders for the Royal Throne besides the first boyar and ruler B.F. Godunov was not even raised. There is no clear unofficial evidence of the nomination of other candidates from the same period.
There are no such indications even in diplomatic reports from Russia for January-March 1598, in which foreign ambassadors tried to reflect any rumors about palace political intrigues. However, for the Western European legal consciousness of that time, the superiority of the rights of Fyodor Nikitich Romanov to the Royal Throne over the similar rights of B.F. Godunov was incomprehensible. They could rather see contenders among the direct Rurikovichs, primarily the Shuisky princes, or they wanted to look for military reasons for interfering in domestic policy Russia to impose applicants from the Dynasties of Europe, than to compare the rights to the Throne of B.F. Godunov and F.N. Romanov.
One of the reports from the Polish ambassador in January or early February 1598 even contained a “forecast” that B.F. Godunov, in order to maintain his position in power, would suddenly announce that Tsarevich Dimitri Ioannovich Uglitsky was not actually killed on May 15 1591, and will place his man on the Throne under the guise of the son of Tsar John. This mysterious intrigue, developed by the Poles in a completely different way by 1604, indicates that at the end of February 1598, foreigners could not even foresee the real decision of the Great Moscow Council.
The decisive factor in the issue of succession to the Throne, obviously, was the position of St. Job, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', who believed that the brother of the Queen, in whose hands since 1586 were all the main reins of government of the state, who had established himself as an experienced and courageous politician, a large-scale organizer The Russian Land in urban planning, military, tax and economic affairs, like no one else, was able to bear the heavy Royal Cross. Of course, His Holiness the Patriarch well understood that the twelfth in honor of the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov also had some inherited advantages, but his services in state building since 1584 were immeasurably less than the contribution to the prosperity of Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church by B.F. Godunov, who did a lot to establish the Patriarchate in Rus'. Perhaps such a firm position of the Patriarch, which led to the fact that the Council did not even discuss other contenders for the Throne in advance, will turn the spiritual-political compromise into a difficult state problem in the next two years.
At the Council of 1598, for the first time in the history of Russia, a terrible oath of allegiance to Tsar Boris and His Heirs was taken. Apparently, His Holiness the Patriarch, who was directly involved in the drafting of the text of the Council Oath and the formidable spiritual punishments that were imposed on possible violators of this oath, was confident that the Russian believers would not violate such a Council Oath. However, the secret opponents of the new Tsar, and perhaps opponents of peace itself in our Fatherland, who did not dare to raise their voices at the Council against the position of the Patriarch and the candidacy of B.F. Godunov, already in 1600 began to hatch a conspiracy or weave an even more subtle palace intrigue, imitating CONSPIRACY. As a sign for such an obvious conspiracy or an insidious mystification thereof, the villains chose the Nikitich Romanovs, and first of all the eldest of them, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich, as the heir to the Throne, according to Russian customs, was closer to the ladder of the heir to the Throne than Tsar Boris. Historians can only speculate who was the main organizer of this conspiracy or its imitation; no direct documents related to its investigation have survived. Only one thing is clear, that the Romanovs themselves in no way belonged to the initiators or organizers of the conspiracy, but they were still insidiously informed about this secret action, which drew them into the circle of those involved, into the circle of the guilty.
Instead of his closest associates and relatives, Tsar Boris saw in the Romanovs the main danger to himself and, more importantly, the main danger to peace in the Russian State. He was fully aware of what, now, after the terrible Council Oath of 1598, its violation threatens Russia and the Russian People. In order to exclude the very idea of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov pretending to the Throne, he ordered the forcible tonsure of his relative and his wife into monasticism and exiled the monk Philaret to the Anthony-Siysky Monastery in the Russian North. And the rest of the Nikitich Romanovs - Mikhail, Alexander, Nikifor, Ivan, Vasily were taken into custody and sent into exile, where they were kept in the harshest conditions, from which they died in 1601-1602. Only Ivan Nikitich survived. He was kept chained in the same pit with Vasily Nikitich. The death of the brothers caused a softening of the conditions of Ivan Nikitich's exile.
After the villainous ritual slaughter of the young Tsar Theodore Borisovich Godunov and his own Crowning of the Kingdom, False Dmitry I in 1605 returned from exile all the surviving Romanovs and their relatives, and the remains of the dead were also brought to Moscow and buried in the tomb of the Romanov boyars in the Novospassky Monastery. Monk Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov) was ordained a monk and soon consecrated as Metropolitan of Rostov. And Ivan Nikitich Romanov was given the rank of boyar. Young Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was returned to the care of his Mother, the Great Nun Martha. The Romanovs, who had suffered so much from their previous reign, accepted the benefits of the impostor, but did not show him any servility during the entire period of his false reign, which lasted less than a year. Placed on the Throne by the local Moscow Council in 1606, Tsar Vasily Ioannovich Shuisky contributed to the election of a new Patriarch - Metropolitan Hermogen of Kazan, who treated Metropolitan Philaret of Rostov with great respect, but Metropolitan Philaret did not arrive at the Moscow Council of Repentance in early 1607 with the participation of Patriarch Job, deposed by the False Dmitry. .
In 1608, traitorous Cossack and Polish-Lithuanian gangs besieged Rostov the Great, and although Metropolitan Philaret tried to organize a defense, traitors to Russia opened the gates of the Metropolitan Court, Saint Philaret was captured and in a humiliating manner taken near Moscow to the Tushino camp of False Dmitry II. However, this impostor decided to give honor to his “relative” and even “elevated” St. Philaret to “patriarch.” Metropolitan Philaret did not recognize false rank, but he performed divine services in Tushino. In 1610, Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov) was recaptured from the Tushins and after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky during the Seven Boyars, he became the closest associate of His Holiness Patriarch Hermogenes. In 1611, the Moscow government sent Metropolitan Philaret at the head of a large embassy to Smolensk for negotiations with the Polish King Sigismund III. The entire embassy was captured by the Poles, in which Metropolitan Filaret remained until 1619 - until the Truce of Deulino.
During the brief period of the “Seven Boyars,” the son of Metropolitan Philaret, young Mikhail Feodorovich, was elevated to the rank of boyar. The Poles, who captured Moscow and the Kremlin in 1611, kept Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov and his Mother under house arrest, from which he was released only on October 22, 1612 and after that, together with his Mother, he left for his Kostroma estate Domnino.
Thus, none of the Romanovs influenced the decision of the Great Moscow Council on February 21, 1613. More precisely, a participant in the cathedral, the Metropolitan’s brother and Mikhail Feodorovich’s uncle, Ivan Nikitich Romanov, was initially even against the nomination of his nephew as one of the candidates, saying: “...Mikhailo Fedorovich is still young...» According to researchers, at the very beginning of the Council, Ivan Nikitich supported the candidacy of the Swedish Prince Carl Philip. But when the Cossacks and representatives of the Militia began to reject any representatives of foreign dynasties, and the Don Cossacks and Russian provincial nobles nominated the young boyar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov as the main candidate, naturally, his uncle agreed with this unanimous point of view.
The Great Council of 1613 took the terrible oath of allegiance stripped Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich and his supposed descendants. The new oath practically word for word, letter for letter, repeated the text of the Council Oath of 1598, but this time the strength of this council decision was enough for three centuries and four years.
This excursion into the area of ancient legends and genealogies is necessary to better understand the way of thinking of our ancestors, who, in the cathedral debates in February 1613, found out which of the possible contenders for the All-Russian Throne should accept the Royal Cross for themselves and their descendants. The exceptional nobility of the origin of the Romanov Family was of paramount importance in this decision.
Illustrations:
1. Crowning of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
2. The legendary coat of arms of the Prussians (from the chronicle of Johannes Mellmann, 1548) Arma Prutenorums - Shield (coat of arms) of Prussia
Over the past 300-odd years, autocracy in Russia has been directly linked to the Romanov dynasty. They managed to gain a foothold on the throne during the Time of Troubles. Sudden appearance on the political horizon new dynasty is the largest event in the life of any state. Usually it is accompanied by a coup or revolution, but in any case, a change of power entails the removal of the old ruling elite by force.
Background
In Russia, the emergence of a new dynasty was due to the fact that the Rurikovich branch was interrupted with the death of the descendants of Ivan IV the Terrible. This state of affairs in the country gave rise not only to a profound political but also a social crisis. Ultimately, this led to foreigners beginning to interfere in the affairs of the state.
It should be noted that never before in the history of Russia have rulers changed so often, bringing with them new dynasties, as after the death of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. In those days, not only representatives of the elite, but also other social strata claimed the throne. Foreigners also tried to intervene in the power struggle.
On the throne, one after another, the descendants of the Rurikovichs appeared in the person of Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), representatives of the untitled boyars led by Boris Godunov (1597-1605), and there were even impostors - False Dmitry I (1605-1606) and False Dmitry II (1607-1605). 1610). But none of them managed to stay in power for long. This continued until 1613, until the Russian tsars of the Romanov dynasty came.
Origin
It should be noted right away that this family as such came from the Zakharyevs. And the Romanovs are not quite the correct surname. It all started with the fact that, i.e. Zakharyev Fedor Nikolaevich, decided to change his last name. Guided by the fact that his father was Nikita Romanovich, and his grandfather was Roman Yuryevich, he came up with the surname “Romanov”. Thus the genus received a new name, which is still used today.
The royal Romanov dynasty (reigned 1613-1917) began with Mikhail Fedorovich. After him, Alexei Mikhailovich, popularly nicknamed “The Quietest,” ascended the throne. Then Alekseevna and Ivan V Alekseevich ruled.
During his reign - in 1721 - the state was finally reformed and became Russian Empire. The kings have sunk into oblivion. Now the sovereign became the emperor. In total, the Romanovs gave Russia 19 rulers. Among them are 5 women. Here is a table that clearly shows the entire Romanov dynasty, years of reign and titles.
As mentioned above, the Russian throne was sometimes occupied by women. But the government of Paul I passed a law stating that from now on only the direct male heir could bear the title of emperor. Since then, no woman has ascended the throne again.
The Romanov dynasty, whose years of reign were not always calm times, received its official coat of arms back in 1856. It depicts a vulture holding a tarch and a golden sword in its paws. The edges of the coat of arms are decorated with eight severed lion heads.
The last Emperor
In 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in the country and overthrew the country's government. Emperor Nicholas II was the last of the Romanov dynasty. He was given the nickname "Bloody" because thousands of people were killed on his orders during the two revolutions of 1905 and 1917.
Historians believe that the last emperor was a soft ruler, therefore he made several unforgivable mistakes both in internal and foreign policy. It was they who led to the situation in the country escalating to the limit. Failures in the Japanese and then the First World Wars greatly undermined the authority of the emperor himself and the entire royal family.
In 1918, on the night of July 17 royal family, which included, in addition to the emperor himself and his wife, five children, was shot by the Bolsheviks. At the same time, the only heir to the Russian throne died - little son Nikolai, Alexey.
Nowadays
The Romanovs are the oldest boyar family that gave Russia a great dynasty of kings and then emperors. They ruled the state for a little over three hundred years, starting from the 16th century. The Romanov dynasty, whose reign ended with the Bolsheviks coming to power, was interrupted, but several branches of this family still exist. All of them live abroad. About 200 of them have various titles, but not one will be able to take the Russian throne, even if the monarchy is restored.
The first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, was born on July 22 (July 12, old style) 1596 in Moscow.
His father is Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, Metropolitan (later Patriarch Filaret), his mother is Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova (later nun Martha). Mikhail was a cousin of the last Russian Tsar from the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich.
In 1601, together with his parents, Boris Godunov fell into disgrace. Lived in exile. In 1605 he returned to Moscow, where he was captured by the Poles who captured the Kremlin. In 1612, liberated by the militia of Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, he left for Kostroma.
On March 3 (February 21, old style), 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanovich to reign.
On March 23 (March 13, old style), 1613, the ambassadors of the Council arrived in Kostroma. At the Ipatiev Monastery, where Mikhail was with his mother, he was informed of his election to the throne.
Poles arrive in Moscow. A small detachment set out to kill Mikhail, but got lost along the way, because the peasant Ivan Susanin, having agreed to show the way, led him into a dense forest.
June 21 (June 11, old style) 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich in Moscow in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.
In the first years of Mikhail's reign (1613-1619), real power was with his mother, as well as with her relatives from the Saltykov boyars. From 1619 to 1633, the country was ruled by the tsar’s father, Patriarch Filaret, who had returned from Polish captivity. Under the dual power that existed at that time, state charters were written on behalf of the Sovereign Tsar and His Holiness Patriarch Moscow and all Rus'.
During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the wars with Sweden (Peace of Stolbovo, 1617) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Truce of Deulin, 1618, later - Peace of Polyanovsky, 1634) were ended.
Overcoming the consequences of the Time of Troubles required the centralization of power. The system of voivodeship administration grew locally, the order system was restored and developed. Since the 1620s, the activities of Zemsky Sobors have been limited to advisory functions. They gathered at the initiative of the government to resolve issues that required the approval of the estates: about war and peace, about the introduction of extraordinary taxes.
In the 1630s, the creation of regular military units began (Reitar, Dragoon, Soldier regiments), the rank and file of which were “willing free people” and homeless boyar children, the officers were foreign military specialists. At the end of Michael's reign, cavalry dragoon regiments arose to guard the borders.
The government also began to restore and build defensive lines - serif lines.
Under Mikhail Fedorovich, diplomatic relations were established with Holland, Austria, Denmark, Turkey, and Persia.
In 1637, the period for capturing fugitive peasants was increased from five to nine years. In 1641 another year was added to it. Peasants exported by other owners were allowed to be searched for up to 15 years. This indicated the growth of serfdom tendencies in the legislation on land and peasants.
Moscow under Mikhail Fedorovich was restored from the consequences of the intervention.
The Filaretovskaya belfry was erected in the Kremlin in 1624. In 1624-1525, a stone tent was built over the Frolovskaya (now Spasskaya) tower and a new striking clock was installed (1621).
In 1626 (after a devastating fire in Moscow), Mikhail Fedorovich issued a series of decrees appointing persons responsible for restoring buildings in the city. Everything in the Kremlin was restored royal palaces, new retail shops have been built in Kitai-Gorod.
In 1632, an enterprise for teaching velvet and damask work appeared in Moscow - Velvet Dvor (in the middle of the 17th century its premises served as a weapons warehouse). The center of textile production became Kadashevskaya Sloboda with the sovereign's Khamovny yard.
In 1633, machines were installed in the Sviblova Tower of the Kremlin to supply water from the Moscow River to the Kremlin (hence its modern name - Vodovzvodnaya).
In 1635-1937, on the site of the ceremonial chambers of the 16th century, the Terem Palace was built for Mikhail Fedorovich, and all the Kremlin cathedrals were re-painted, including the Assumption (1642), the Church of the Deposition of the Robe (1644).
In 1642, construction began on the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles in the Kremlin.
On July 23 (July 13, old style), 1645, Mikhail Fedorovich died of water sickness. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
The first wife is Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova. The marriage turned out to be childless.
The second wife is Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. The marriage brought Mikhail Fedorovich seven daughters (Irina, Pelageya, Anna, Martha, Sophia, Tatyana, Evdokia) and three sons (Alexey, Ivan, Vasily). Not all children even survived to adolescence. The parents experienced the death of their sons Ivan and Vasily in one year especially hard.
The heir to the throne was Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1629-1676, reigned 1645-1676).
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
