In the human body, everything is interconnected and arranged very wisely. The skin and muscles, internal organs and skeleton, all clearly interact with each other, thanks to the efforts of nature. Below is a description of the human skeleton and its functions.

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general information

The frame of bones of different sizes and shapes on which the human body is fixed is called the skeleton. It serves as a support and provides reliable safety to important internal organs. You can see what a human skeleton looks like in the photo.

Organ described, connecting with muscle tissue, represents the musculoskeletal system of homo sapiens. Thanks to this, all individuals can move freely.

Finally developed bone tissue consists of 20% water and is the strongest in the body. Human bones include inorganic substances, which give them strength, and organic substances, which give them flexibility. This is why bones are strong and elastic.

Anatomy of human bones

Looking at the organ in more detail, it is clear that it consists of several layers:

External. Forms bone tissue of high strength;
Connective. The layer tightly covers the outside of the bones;
Loose connective tissue. Complex interweaving of blood vessels is located here;
Cartilage tissue. Settled at the ends of the organ, due to it the bones have the opportunity to grow, but until a certain age;
Nerve endings. They transmit signals from the brain and back, like wires.

Bone marrow is placed in the cavity of the bone tube; it is red and yellow.

Functions

Without exaggeration, we can say that the body will die if the skeleton stops performing its important functions:

Support. The solid osteochondral framework of the body is formed by bones, to which fascia, muscles and internal organs are attached.
Protective. Containers are created from it to contain and protect the spinal cord (spine), brain (cranium) and for other, no less important, human vital organs (rib frame).
Motor. Here we observe the use of bones by muscles as levers to move the body with the help of tendons. They determine the coherence of joint movements.
Cumulative. In the central cavities of long bones, fat accumulates - this is yellow bone marrow. The growth and strength of the skeleton depends on it.
In metabolism bone tissue plays an important role; it can be safely called a storehouse of phosphorus and calcium. It is responsible for the metabolism of additional minerals in the human body: sulfur, magnesium, sodium, potassium and copper. When there is a shortage of any of the listed substances, they are released into the blood and spread throughout the body.
Hematopoietic. Filled with blood vessels and nerves, red bone marrow takes an active part in hematopoiesis and bone formation. The skeleton contributes to the creation of blood and its renewal. The process of hematopoiesis occurs.

Skeletal organization

Into the skeletal structure includes several groups of bones. One contains the spine, cranium, chest and is the main group, which is a load-bearing structure and forms a frame.

The second, additional group includes bones that form the arms, legs and bones that provide connection with the axial skeleton. Each group is described in more detail below.

Main or axial skeleton

The skull is the bony base of the head. In shape it is half an ellipsoid. The brain is located inside the cranium, and the sense organs also find their place here. Serves as a solid support for the elements of the respiratory and digestive apparatus.

The rib cage is the bony base of the chest. It resembles a compressed truncated cone. It is not only a supporting device, but also a movable device, participating in the work of the lungs. The chest contains internal organs.

Spine- an important part of the skeleton, it ensures a stable vertical position of the body and houses the spinal cord, protecting it from damage.

Accessory skeleton

Upper limb girdle – provides the ability for the upper limbs to attach to the axial skeleton. It consists of a pair of shoulder blades and a pair of clavicles.

Upper limbs – unique working tool, which you can’t do without. It consists of three sections: the shoulder, forearm and hand.

Lower limb girdle – attaches the lower limbs to the axial frame, and is also a convenient container and support for the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Lower limbs - mainly perform supporting, motor and spring functions human body.

The human skeleton with the name of the bones, as well as how many there are in the body and each section, is described below.

Skeletal departments

The adult human skeleton contains 206 bones. Usually its anatomy debuts with a skull. Separately, I would like to note the presence of the external skeleton - dentition and nails. The human frame consists of many paired and unpaired organs, forming separate skeletal parts.

Anatomy of the skull

The skull also includes paired and unpaired bones. Some are spongy, while others are mixed. There are two main sections in the skull; they differ in their functions and development. Right there, in the temporal region, is the middle ear.

The medulla creates a cavity for part of the sense organs and the brain of the head. It contains a vault and a base. There are 7 bones in the department:

Frontal;
Wedge-shaped;
Parietal (2 pcs.);
Temporal (2 pcs.);
Lattice.

The facial section includes 15 bones. It houses most of the sense organs. This is where they start parts of the respiratory and digestive system.

The middle ear contains a chain of three small bones, they transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the labyrinth. There are 6 of them in the skull. 3 on the right and 3 on the left.

Hammer (2 pcs.);
Anvil (2 pcs.);
The stapes (2 pcs.) is the smallest bone measuring 2.5 mm.

Anatomy of the torso

This includes the spine starting from the neck. The chest is attached to it. They are very related in location and the functions they perform. Let's consider separately spinal column, then the chest.

Spinal column

The axial skeleton consists of 32–34 vertebrae. They are connected to each other by cartilage, ligaments and joints. The spine is divided into 5 sections and each section has several vertebrae:

Cervical (7 pieces) this includes epistropheus and atlas;
Chest (12 pcs.);
Lumbar (5 pcs.);
Sacral (5 pcs.);
Coccygeal (3–5 fused).

The vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs, the number of which is 23. This combination is called: partially movable joints.

Rib cage

This part of the human skeleton is formed from the sternum and 12 ribs, which are attached to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The rib cage is flattened from front to back and expanded in the transverse direction, forming a movable and durable rib lattice. It protects the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from damage.

Sternum.

It has a flat shape and spongy structure. It contains the rib cage in front.

Anatomy of the upper limbs

With the help of the upper limbs, a person performs a lot of elementary and complex actions. The hands include many small parts and are divided into several departments, each of which conscientiously performs its work.

In the free part of the upper limb includes four sections:

The upper limb girdle includes: 2 shoulder blades and 2 clavicles.
Humerus (2 pcs.);
Ulnar (2 pcs.) and radial (2 pcs.);
Brush. This complex part is made up of 27 small fragments. Bones of the wrist (8 x 2), metacarpus (5 x 2) and phalanges (14 x 2).

Hands are exceptional apparatus for fine motor skills and precise movements. Human bones are 4 times stronger than concrete, so you can perform rough mechanical movements, the main thing is not to overdo it.

Anatomy of the lower extremities

The bones of the pelvic girdle form the skeleton of the lower extremities. Human legs consist of many small parts and are divided into sections:

The leg skeleton is similar to the arm skeleton. Their structure is the same, but the difference is visible in the details and size. The feet bear the entire weight of the human body when moving. Therefore, they are stronger and stronger than hands.

Bone shapes

In the human body, bones are not only of different sizes, but also of different shapes. There are 4 types of bone shapes:

Wide and flat (like a skull);
Tubular or long (in the limbs);
Having a composite shape, asymmetrical (pelvic and vertebrae);
Short (wrist or foot bones).

Having examined the structure of the human skeleton, we can come to the conclusion that it is an important structural component of the human body. Performs functions through which the body carries out the normal process of its life.

The human musculoskeletal system is fascinating in how amazingly it is adapted for movement.

The human skeleton (which consists of 206 individual bones) is unique and differs significantly from the skeleton of animals in proportions and a clear delineation of functions between the limbs, as well as the vertical position of the body, which ensures upright walking and the possibility of working. Accordingly, the muscular system is also unique (this is about 650 muscles in our body). And the brain skull only in the human skeleton is rounded and located above the facial skull. The bones of the skull have many openings for nerves and blood vessels. Let's ask Darwinists what did evolution first build - nerves with blood vessels or cranial openings for them? Is it not absurd to assume a sequence in the appearance of these structures (Darwinian “step by step”)? The answer “simultaneous occurrence” is a clear argument in favor of intelligent design.

Bone is formed by bone tissue and brilliantly combines lightness, strength and flexibility. The bone plates that make up the bone are located in the spongy substance in different directions and almost at right angles, which provides greater strength, or in the form of cylinders inserted one into another. Bone can withstand compression of 10 kg/mm2 (like cast iron). The ribs have a tensile strength of 110 kg/mm2. The femur can support a weight of one ton. Our bones are 10 times more flexible than steel. With all this, they have the ability to self-heal. In general, spongy substance is always found where, with a small volume, it is necessary to ensure the strength of the structure. Excellent engineering solution!

How wisely the spinal column is designed, consisting of 33 - 34 vertebrae. It ensures straight walking, reliably protects the spinal cord, and its bends and intervertebral cartilaginous discs effectively absorb shocks and shocks.

The designs of the hand and arched foot are admirable, giving a person unique motor capabilities. These are ensembles of many bones, joints, cartilage, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, muscles, assembled in such a way that they can perform many functions. There are 27 bones in the hand and 26 in the foot.

Movement of the hand and fingers is provided by 34 muscles (9 muscles are involved in the thumb alone) and 29 joints. Certainly, evolution refused to create these designs, giving everything to intelligent design.

It is impossible to imagine how we would move or do anything at all if there were no joints in our bones. This is a masterpiece of engineering art. In the articular capsule, the bones are covered with cartilage, which protects the bone ends from mechanical stress, and the lubricating fluid that enters the capsule reduces friction. The design of the joint is thought out to the smallest detail, for example, for strength, the joint outside (sometimes inside) is reinforced with ligaments, and the pressure in the joint is below atmospheric.

It is not difficult for a sane person to see deliberate, perfect design in the unique features of the human skeleton that give us the ability to move easily, quickly, naturally, and in perfect coordination.

Any movement, be it a smile, turning the head or a grimace of pain, is essentially a response to signals from the external and internal environment, perceived by the senses and other receptor systems and transmitted to the brain. The brain analyzes information. Selects an answer option and gives the command to execute it. The perfectly coordinated work of neurons, muscles and bones does not leave the slightest chance for any evolution.

Based on the book by Elena Titova “I Admire the Works of Your Hands”

Meeting 57. WHAT ARE SKELETON AND MUSCLES NEEDED FOR?

Target: expand students’ knowledge about the musculoskeletal system and its functions; develop cognitive processes; create the need for a healthy lifestyle.

During the classes

I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT

II. UPDATING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

1. Frontal survey

Why is it necessary to study the structure of the human body?

Prove that man is part of living nature.

How are people different from animals?

Can an individual bacterium and the human body be called an “organism”?

2. Solving the crossword puzzle

1. Not a clock, but a ticking clock. (Heart)

2. An endless train that transports nutrients throughout the body. (Intestines)

3. When full, he is silent. When he's hungry he rumbles. (Stomach)

4. Human respiratory organ. (Lungs)

5. The stable is full of white sheep. What kind of stable is this? (Mouth)

What word came out vertically? (Skeleton)

A skeleton is a collection of bones in a human or animal body.

3. Work in groups

The teacher invites students to unite in groups and try to answer the questions (questions on cards):

1) Why does a person need a skeleton, and what functions does it perform?

2) What else does a person need to move?

3) What does correct posture depend on? (Posture is the position of a person’s body when walking or sitting.)

4) Why is poor posture dangerous?

Responses from each group are heard.

What questions were difficult to answer?

What needs to be done to answer the questions posed?

III. MESSAGE OF THE TOPICS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON

Today in the lesson you will learn about the musculoskeletal system, the formation of posture.

IV. LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

1. Work from the textbook (p. 147-148)

Remember! How does the structure of the human body differ from the body structure of other animals in the natural world?

Work in pairs

Look at the pictures on page 147 and tell me if all animals have a skeleton? How do different animals move?

- Remember! The skeleton determines the shape of the body and, together with the muscles, protects the internal organs from possible damage. The bones of the skeleton move the muscles.

Look at the pictures on page 147 below. Compare the structure of the human skeleton and muscular system with the design of a robot.

Find the skeletal parts in your body.

The bones of the skull are strong and immobile. They protect the brain from damage.

The skeleton of the body is formed by the spine, ribs and breastbone.

The ridge runs along the body. It consists of individual bones - vertebrae. The vertebrae have openings that together form a canal. It contains the spinal cord. The spine protects the spinal cord from damage.

The ribs are attached to the spine. Together with the sternum, the ribs form the rib cage. It protects the heart and lungs. Participates in breathing.

The bones of the upper limbs - the arms - are attached to the chest with the help of the shoulder blades and collarbones (tread these bones in your body). The bones of the arms, shoulder blades and collarbones are movably connected to each other. Therefore, we can lower and raise our arms, bend them at the elbows.

Bones are attached to the lower part of the spine to form the pelvis. The pelvic bones support the internal organs and protect them from damage. The bones of the lower extremities - the legs - are movably connected to the pelvis.

We couldn't move if we didn't have muscles. Muscles are attached to bones. There are 650 muscles in the human body. Each muscle is necessary to perform a particular movement. For example, to take a step, you need the work of two dozen muscles.

The contraction and relaxation of muscles causes the bones to change position. So, when a muscle contracts, it pulls on the bones it is attached to. And when it relaxes, the bones return to their original position. By contracting and relaxing, muscles move bones, and therefore our body. This happens at the command of the brain.

As Mrs. Kalina Pigulko advises to take care of the correctness of your posture.

How to check your posture?

conclusions

The skeleton and muscles form the musculoskeletal system.

2. Physical education minute

Posture occurs not only in humans, but also in animals.

Reproduce the posture of some animals:

Stand up, straighten your shoulders and turn your head like a lion;

Stretch upward like a giraffe;

Run in place like an ostrich;

Sit at your desk and stretch up like a cat.

Which animal's posture did you like the most?

Which posture was easy to show and which was difficult?

At home you can copy the posture of various animals. It is very useful. And now we will learn to determine the correct posture in people.

V. GENERALIZATION AND SYSTEMATIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE

1. Practical task

1) Stand in front of the mirror and determine:

a) your back is straight;

b) or you hold your head up;

c) are both your shoulders at the same level?

Draw a conclusion about what your posture is.

2) Bend your left arm at the elbow, and feel the muscle with your right. What do you feel? Put your hand down. Hold it loose. Let's feel the muscle. What changes have occurred?

2. Work in groups

Deriving rules for maintaining and strengthening posture

In groups, using drawings, students develop rules “How to develop correct posture?”

(Sit up straight while writing, don’t slouch while walking; sleep on a flat bed, carry a backpack over your shoulders; sit or walk for several minutes with a book on your head...)

VI. SUMMARIZING. REFLECTION

Read the pages of the Book of Important Knowledge about Nature for sec. 148.

What parts does the human skeleton consist of?

What is the importance of the skeleton in the human body?

What is the importance of muscles for a person?

VII. HOMEWORK

Why is a skeleton needed?

“A skeleton is needed because without bones you can’t live; if you don’t have bones, you can’t straighten up.”

states Andrey V., 3rd grade

Bone growth

As a person grows, bones grow in length and thickness. Bone growth in thickness occurs due to the division of cells in the inner layer of the periosteum. Young bones grow in length due to cartilage located between the body of the bone and its ends. Skeletal development in men ends at 20-25 years, in women - at 18-21 years.

The formation and destruction of bone matter occurs throughout life. With the help of labeled atoms, it was established that bone substance is replaced twice in a person during the year.

The qualitative composition of bone changes depending on the composition of food. The outstanding Russian anatomist P.F. Lesgaft performed an interesting experiment. He fed four groups of puppies different foods: dairy, meat, mixed and vegetable. In the bones of puppies fed milk or meat, the ratio of inorganic substances was approximately 1:1. There is significantly less inorganic substances in the bones with a mixed diet and especially with a plant diet, where this ratio is expressed as 1:2. The different composition of bones also explains their strength. Animals that feed on milk have stronger, larger, and heavier bones. Puppies fed a plant-based diet have softer and less developed bones. They are more likely to experience bending and fractures of their limbs.

All these changes are similar to those that occur with rickets. The basis of this disease is a lack of lime and phosphorus salts in the bones. Salts are not absorbed due to lack of vitamin B and sunlight. As a result, in rachitic bone the ratio of inorganic to organic salts is 1:4, while in normal bone it is 3:1. The bones of a child with rickets are soft, the bones of the skull, pelvic girdle, chest, and lower extremities are deformed.

Bone is a complex living organ, and its life requires certain conditions of nutrition and movement.

Change bones

P.F. Lesgaft and his students accumulated many interesting facts about differences in the structure of bones determined by work. Examining, for example, the corpse of a person with the consequences of paralysis suffered in childhood, P.F. Lesgaft discovered that the thickness of the layer of dense substance of the femur of the paralyzed leg was 4 mm, and that of the healthy leg was 7.5 mm.

The location of the cancellous struts in the bone is influenced by loads. X-ray examination of the skeleton of athletes indicates an increase in the amount of dense matter under the influence of increased physical activity.

Special experiments have proven that the bones of animals that have been given great physical activity have more developed, dense bone substance. Under these conditions, deep microscopic changes also occur: special plates turn out to be more developed, which form in the bone tissue, as it were, a system of cylinders, dressed one on top of the other.

A vision of the human skeleton in the future

There is no reason to doubt that the existence of man as a species will last. He will live for hundreds of millions of years. Hence the natural question: how will evolution affect the anatomical structure of descendants? Since the past history of vertebrates over many millions of years led to the emergence of man, some scientists suggest that future man will become as different from the present as modern man is from his ancestors.

For example, the famous French astronomer S. Flammarion wrote that for the science of the 276th century, our skeletons will represent “instances of an extinct race, rather rude and cruel, but already possessing the rudiments of culture and civilization and distinguished by a certain inclination to engage in science...”

Some scientists suggest that a person will have one cervical, one thoracic, one lumbar vertebra and two or three sacral vertebrae. The bones of the shoulder girdle will disappear. It is possible to reduce the number of fingers. The skeleton of a future person seems unusually ugly when compared with the present. A person appears to be a toothless, weak creature of small stature, with a huge head and a short body.

However, the versions expressed are unconvincing. A person's past history cannot be transferred to the future. His emergence from the animal world took place in a severe struggle for existence. In human society, where social laws operate, completely different living conditions arise. Modern science has accumulated a large number of facts that show that many deviations from the norm in the structure of the skeleton have nothing to do with evolution either in the past or in the future.

Since the laws of evolution of the animal world do not apply completely to humans, predictions of the structure of the future person are unscientific. Science has proven that the skeleton of a person who lived 50,000 years ago was no different from the skeleton of modern people. For 50,000 years, no new feature arose in the skeleton that would give the right to talk about a new stage of human development. Further improvement of a person is connected only with the development of his intellect, the harmonious development of spiritual and physical forces.

Does anyone doubt that the human skeleton is located inside the body and consists of bones?

I hope there are none. Although... of course, it happens the other way around, for example, with crayfish or snails, beetles and other little bugs and boogers. True, their skeletons do not consist of bones, but of tiny thin plates - chitin, but, nevertheless, they bear this proud name “skeleton” and are often also called shells.

By the way, there is actually a super-beast, I’m not afraid of this word - a skeletal monster, which has not one, but two skeletons. Are you already scratching your head in guessing about the name of this terrible beast? Okay, I'll tell you a secret! This is... a turtle. Yes, yes, the turtle is the only creature on our planet that has two skeletons: one outside and the other inside.

In general, why do we need a skeleton, who knows, stand up or raise your hand! Are you up? Did you pick it up? Happened? Here you have one of the functions of the skeleton - support. Agree that if we didn’t have something solid inside us, we would hardly be able to stand, walk, raise our arms and other limbs. Most likely, we would flow from place to place and would look more like a moving pile of something, or, at worst, a jellyfish. In this case, our brain would constantly hit the heart, the lungs against the stomach, and the kidneys against something else. And this is painful, or at least unpleasant.

Accordingly, protecting internal organs is another function of the skeleton. That is why we have many hard bones that form the skeleton, which reliably protect our body.

But if our bones are hard, then how do they grow, you ask. Maybe they don't grow at all? But then why do we grow up as children? And by the way, why do we only grow up in childhood?

But in fact: HOW do we grow, or rather, how does our skeleton grow?

In general, Mother Nature is such an inventor... :) She is a very creative mother to us. To come up with so many types of living beings, and even so different in their structure, including the structure and growth of the same skeleton... here seven days, as it is said in the Bible, is clearly not enough.....

Well, for example, all sorts of snails, mussels, oysters and other delicacies... How do they grow, having a solid skeleton on the outside, and even one that does not stretch? Yes, easily! The same snail, as it grows, increases its spiral-shaped shell in length and width, which becomes more spacious from turn to turn. This is how he gradually moves... It's almost like an open-plan apartment :)

Cancers are generally fashionistas. They decided not to worry about the problem of growing their shell and stupidly shed it when it becomes small, gradually growing a new, more capacious one.

For some reason, all sorts of beetles, flies and ants were unlucky. Their skeletons do not shed and do not grow, so they are like a Christmas tree - “the same color in winter and summer,” i.e. do not change in size. On the one hand, it’s insulting: think about it, you’ve been the same height all your life, but on the other hand... you don’t really want to have flies the size of a palm soaring in the sky, flies the size of a palm, or ants the size of a shoe scurrying along the ground, politely carrying you to the side from his path in order to clear the way for comrades carrying a larger log than what Lenin had at the subbotnik;)