When reconstructing heating systems in preschool institutions, a huge number of problems arise that can only be solved by completely replacing the heating system layout, pipe routing and heating appliances. The cause of these problems is:
- wear and tear of pipes and heating devices;
- redevelopment of premises;
- insulation of the external walls of the building;
- tightening of norms and rules for design;
- transition to an independent heat supply system from heating networks.
The most optimal heating system for kindergartens is a horizontal dead-end floor heating system. If horizontal pipes it is impossible to lay it in the structure of the floor or walls and a huge number of passages through the main walls are required, then a riser can be used two-pipe scheme heating.
It is not allowed, as a coolant, to use non-freezing liquid with additives of harmful substances of the 1st - 4th hazard classes.
The system is mounted from metal-plastic pipes. Pipes laid openly along walls must be covered plasterboard boxes. Pipes are laid in thermal insulation, ensuring a surface temperature of no more than 40 degrees C,
As heating devices bimetallic sectional radiators are optimal. In this case, the radiators must be closed with plasterboard boxes with grilles (for heating devices) made of wood or other heat-resistant materials. The length of the radiator must be at least 75% of the width window opening. The radiator can be installed at a height of 50mm from the floor level. All heating devices must be equipped with thermostatic valves with a device for balancing the system. Heating appliances are designed taking into account ventilation. When airing, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but not more than 2-4 degrees Celsius. Ventilation is carried out for at least 10 minutes every 1.5 hours.
On the first floors, for group rooms, sleeping rooms and dressing rooms, a heated floor installed from metal-plastic pipes or cross-linked polyethylene pipes is required. IN winter period the floor surface temperature must be at least 22 degrees C,
As a rule, steam heating is not allowed in kindergartens. For newly constructed and reconstructed kindergarten buildings stove heating does not apply.
The design of the kindergarten heating system should be carried out according to the following regulatory documents:
- SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, content and organization of work in preschool organizations”;
- SP 118.13330.2012 “ Public buildings and structures”;
- SP 60.13330.2012 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”.
| Indicator name | Meaning |
| Density of heating pipeline networks | average |
| Specific maximum power consumption per 1 sq.m. of the total area of the facility | 60 W*h/sq.m. |
| Specific annual consumption thermal energy per 1 sq.m. of the total area of the facility | 0.136 Gcal*year/sq.m. |
| Specific financial costs for heat supply to the heating system of the facility by heat generating companies at a cost of 1 Gcal - 1100 rubles. | 149.6 rub.*year/sq.m. |
| Specific fuel consumption for heat supply of the facility's heating system with natural gas | 19 cubic meters*year/sq.m. |
| Specific financial costs for heat supply to the facility's heating system with natural gas at a cost of 1 cubic meter. - 4 rub. | 76 RUR*year/sq.m. |
| Specific fuel consumption for heat supply to the facility's heating system with wood | 53 kg*year/sq.m. |
| Specific financial costs for heat supply to the facility’s heating system with wood at a cost of 1 kg. - 3.4 rub. | 180.2 rub.*year/sq.m. |
It is profitable to order a high-quality heating project for a kindergarten without intermediaries from the engineering studio of Kiselyov - designer of ventilation, heating and air conditioning
There are certain standards for heating. They are the same for all regions, but the systems are turned on at the moment when the average daily temperature in the city remains for several days at the level established by the standards.
Heat indicators may vary depending on the type of room. In hospitals and kindergartens, heat supply occurs earlier than in apartments.
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If the standards are not met, an application should be submitted to regulatory organizations, after which an inspection will be carried out.
Who sets the start date for the heating season in Moscow
In Moscow, certain standards apply when heating is turned on according to the norms.
Heat supply occurs under the condition that for 5 days the average daily air temperature remains at the limit of 8 degrees and below. Even though it is still warm outside, the rooms begin to cool quickly.
According to weather forecasters, such temperatures in the Moscow region will not be established earlier than in the second ten days of October.
Several years ago, a rule was adopted according to which regional authorities have the right to decide to turn on heating prematurely if there are grounds for this.
In Moscow, the Moscow United Energy Company is responsible for the start of the heating season.
Thus, MOEK cannot begin supplying heat without receiving a corresponding order from the deputy mayor for housing and communal services.
Technically, heat can be supplied to one specific house, however, this practice is not common. Schools and clinics, hospitals and kindergartens are being connected in stages, and only then – at home.
At the very last stage, heat is supplied to enterprises - this depends on the degree of readiness of the organization itself.
According to available data, the average time to turn on the heating in Moscow is mid-October.
If five or more days have passed, it’s cold outside, and the heating is still not turned on, you need to file a complaint against the management company. The problem may be technical or economic.
In the first case, after checking the pipes by a specialist and replacing broken parts, the issue will be resolved.
What should the temperature standards be?
The operation of heating systems is regulated by GOST 30494 “Indoor microclimate parameters”.
First of all, the temperature should be comfortable for citizens living in the apartment. If the cold persists outside for five days in a row, heating begins.
In general, the norm for living rooms is an indicator of 20 - 22 degrees. It should be taken into account that in different rooms the air is heated with at different speeds and intensity.
Much depends on the presence of windows and doors, cracks in the walls and the position of the premises.
In kindergarten
For kindergartens, certain heating standards apply:
These indicators are valid for those regions of the country in which the average January temperature is no more than - 14 C.
Points to consider:
| Both too low and high temperatures are not allowed | They can do more harm than good. From the established norms of 20 -24 degrees, a deviation of no more than 2-3C is allowed downward or upward |
| In addition to the heating mode, it is imperative to comply with air humidity standards | This figure should be between 40 and 50%. Special, complex instruments are used to measure data. This is the reason why humidity testing is not carried out properly and the air is too dry. This, in turn, is the reason for the increase in morbidity rates among children, especially respiratory tract diseases. To maintain optimal humidity levels, you need to regularly check and ventilate the room to kindergarten |
Monitoring the temperature in kindergartens and other institutions where minors are often present, preschool age- very important.
School
In school premises - classrooms, gym, canteen, as well as in kindergarten, it is important to maintain a certain temperature regime.
The warmest rooms - classrooms - should be heated at no less than 20-22 degrees.
It is important not to exceed this figure, since it is too heat leads to increased dry air, which helps to weaken the concentration of schoolchildren.
Other school premises:
It is not permitted to use a stove or electric heating in school premises.
Apartment
According to the GOST standard, certain temperature standards are established for residential and non-residential premises in apartments and MKD:
| Bedrooms, living rooms | 20 - 22 C. 18 degrees is allowed |
| Kitchen | Most optimal temperature– 23C, but maybe – 20 degrees |
| Toilet room | From 18 to 21C. The indicators may be influenced by the location - in the central rooms, as a rule, it is warmer than in the corner ones |
| Bathroom | 23 – 26 degrees |
| Workrooms, recreation and leisure areas | 20 – 22 degrees |
| Corridor in the apartment | 18C. Allowed indicator is 16C |
| Staircases in apartment buildings, lobbies and halls | From 12 to 18 degrees |
| Technical rooms, control rooms, storerooms, basement rooms | 16 – 18 degrees, but 14C is allowed |
Before submitting an application to the state regulatory organization, you need to take correct measurements.
The measuring device should not be placed too close to the floor, walls, windows or ceiling. It is very important to get the correct data before a specialist arrives at your home.
How to determine the average daily temperature
There is a certain standard for taking measurements. You need to place the device:
If an inspection is carried out taking into account the requirements, and deviations from the norm by more than 3-4 degrees are found, the cost of housing and communal services is reduced by 0.15% per hour of non-compliance. Recalculation can be performed.
The nuances of taking measurements in the apartment before calling a specialist:
In order for measures to be taken - a recalculation is carried out or heating is supplied, you should request a specialist visit to your home.
He will take measurements again using special equipment, check the apartment for heat leaks, holes, breakages in pipes, and draw up a report.
In general, the procedure takes about 30 days. If results are not received within this time, you can contact a higher authority.
Where to complain if batteries stay cold
In order for measures to be taken to restore the heat supply to the apartment, it is necessary to initially file a complaint with Management company or housing office.
- Housing inspection.
- City (district) administration.
- Prosecutor's office.
- Judicial authority.
To find out the number hotline in a specific city, you need to call the dispatch service at your place of residence. The phone number can also be found on the website on the Internet.
As a rule, after filing a complaint, a specialist is sent to your home to conduct an inspection within one to two days. Based on its results, an act is drawn up in two copies, one of which remains with the owner of the apartment.
Clean indoor air and healthy sleep allow you to maintain children’s well-being at the proper level. If natural and forced-air ventilation provided by fans are responsible for fresh air, then properly selected cribs and high-quality mattresses are responsible for a healthy sleep. Oddly enough, the standards regulate the number of tables and chairs, as well as their sizes, but they say very little about cribs: they must correspond to the height of the child and have a rigid bed.
Despite the fact that preschool buildings educational institutions are equipped with heating and ventilation systems in accordance with the standards for buildings and structures for public use; there are also certain features.
Requirements for ventilation in kindergartens
The main initial data necessary for calculating the ventilation system of kindergartens and nurseries is contained in Table 19 of SNiP 2.08.02-89. For almost all premises, it specifies the temperature regime and requirements for the frequency of supply and exhaust air exchange.
All recommendations and standards require regular ventilation of premises when children are not in them. Recommended methods are draft and corner ventilation. The duration of air freshening can vary, as a rule, it depends on the strength of the wind and its direction, the temperature of the street air, as well as the operating mode of the heating system. At least once every 1.5 hours, you need to ventilate the room with a draft for at least 10 minutes.
The maximum permissible temperature drop during ventilation is 4 degrees. When it is warm outside, it is permissible to open windows in the presence of children, but only on one side of the room. Ventilation through toilets is strictly prohibited.
Before putting children to bed, the sleeping area must be ventilated. When it's cold outside, the windows need to be closed 10 minutes before the children arrive. After the children fall asleep, the windows can be opened, but only on one side. Half an hour before getting up, they should be closed again. In the warm season, sleep should take place at open windows, but drafts should not be allowed.
Ventilation is effective way natural ventilation, but far from the only possible one. Forced supply and exhaust ventilation of preschool premises is also widely used. Its arrangement in kindergartens also has its own characteristics:
- It is unacceptable to lay air ducts coming from the catering unit through playrooms and sleeping areas;
- The first aid station must have a complete autonomous system ventilation;
- In the absence of windows toilet rooms axial fans should be installed in the exhaust ducts coming from them, which will intensify air exchange;
- The use of asbestos-cement air ducts for preschool institutions is strictly prohibited;
- Maximum speed air movement in the premises of nurseries and kindergartens should not exceed 0.1 m/s;
- Heating of outside air to the required temperature should be carried out in supply cabinets, but the use of window sills is allowed air supply devices;
- Exhaust ventilation shafts must be cleaned twice a year.
Air exchange rate of buildings of preschool institutions
All rooms where children are constantly present must be provided with clean, fresh air. In one-story buildings, a normal one-time air exchange is achieved using transoms; in two-story buildings, exhaust duct ventilation with natural impulse is installed.
In the kitchen and laundry or laundry rooms, the air exchange rate should be increased to 3 - 5 per hour, and in the toilet rooms - to 2 - 5 per hour, which requires equipment in the shafts of incentive ventilation (thermal or mechanical).
In group rooms and gaming-dining rooms, through or corner ventilation should be provided, which is also recommended to be provided in bedrooms, kitchens, laundry and toilet buildings located in climatic region IV. In rooms for children, at least 50% of windows must be equipped with transoms.
The area of the transom openings should be 1/40 - 1/50 of the floor area. The outer sash of the transom should open from bottom to top; transoms must have lever devices and side flaps (to direct the movement of outside air upward).
In the main rooms of the children's institution groups, a constant air temperature of 20° must be ensured, with a relative air humidity of 60 - 70%. In group rooms, a wall thermometer should hang at a height of 1 m from the floor.
Buildings of preschool institutions must be equipped with water supply, sewerage and hot water supply (in accordance with building codes and rules, chapters P-G1-61 and P-G4-62) by connecting the building to external water supply and sewerage networks available in the locality or immediate environment (enterprises, rest homes, sanatoriums, farms, etc.).
In the absence of a village or city water supply and sewerage network, arrange local systems water supply and sewerage systems that meet hygienic requirements.
The rate of water consumption in kindergartens without showers is 75 liters per day per child, in kindergartens with showers and in nurseries 100 liters.
Table of calculated air parameters
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Room |
Design temperature during the cold season |
Air exchange rate or amount of air removed |
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Playroom, reception area for junior nursery group |
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Group, dressing room: |
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groups early age |
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middle and senior group |
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Nursery bedrooms |
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Preschool bedrooms |
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Nursery toilets |
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Toilet facilities for preschool groups |
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Halls for music and gymnastics classes |
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Pantry |
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Pool room for swimming lessons |
according to calculations, not less than 50 cubic meters. per hour per child |
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Medical premises |
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Massage and physiotherapy rooms |
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Service premises |
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by calculation |
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Washing |
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Ironing |
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Two options for the kindergarten ventilation system: traditional and modern.
Traditional (simple) version of kindergarten ventilation: Previously, kindergartens used natural ventilation- the air flow was carried out using vents and natural leaks in the windows, and the hood exited through the shaft onto the roof with natural air pressure - that is warm air rises to the top naturally.
Of course, such a ventilation system has more disadvantages than advantages. Principle of operation:
In those rooms where children spend more time (bedrooms, playrooms), it is necessary to provide corner and cross ventilation. If the kindergarten is located where in the warm season the temperature stays above +30°C for a long time, then it is necessary to provide through or corner ventilation in the bedrooms, drying rooms, toilets and kitchens. When a room is ventilated in this way, the air is removed through adjacent rooms, for example, when ventilating, play air “leaves” through the bedroom or dressing room, and when ventilating the kitchen, through the pantry. Such ventilation will not be needed in the Far North.
When a group of children has vacated the bedroom, dining room or other room, it is recommended to ventilate the room. At a temperature of -20 °C, the time of such ventilation should be no more than 5 minutes, and in other, warmer times of the year - up to 20 minutes.
A modern version of kindergarten ventilation
Today they apply different ways forced ventilation(supply and exhaust with heat recovery, flow valves, mixed type). Option with supply and exhaust ventilation provides the required volume of incoming and outgoing air, and also has the ability to regulate its temperature, which is very important for comfortable working conditions.
Specific features of ventilation in kindergarten
The operating principle of the supply and exhaust ventilation system is as follows. In the rooms, thanks to the supply and exhaust system, two air flows are created - clean and polluted. Air masses from the street, passing through the filter, are cleaned of dust, contaminants, and microorganisms, after which they are heated to the required temperature and enter the room. The contaminated air flow with the help of fans enters the air ducts of the installation and is discharged outside the room.
To minimize energy costs, you should approach the choice of equipment for the ventilation system responsibly. It's better to give preference modern installations, since they are economically beneficial and are able to provide heating and humidification of the air to the required levels. “Perfectly suited for this role” supply and exhaust system with a recuperator. It will significantly reduce heating costs supply air in the winter period of the year, while ensuring a constant influx fresh air set temperature. The recuperator transfers the heat of the exhaust air to the supply air masses, so the amount of electricity consumed (or another energy source) will be much less. 
Modern monoblock ventilation systems with built-in recuperators make it possible to transfer up to 70% of heat, which in turn leads to a multiple reduction in operating costs compared to installations without heat recovery. Among the best manufacturers Such equipment is distinguished by Dantex, Electrolux, Breezart, Systemair, etc. Below is air handling unit, which is capable of providing ventilation for the kindergarten.
According to Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets, every year in our country the number of children who need a place in kindergarten is growing. Thus, in 2002, 6.7 million children aged 3 to 7 years were registered in Russia, in 2012 - 7.6 million, and by 2015 there will already be 8.4 million. “And this is not a forecast, but actual data, since these children have already been born,— Olga Golodets clarifies. — There are about two million children on the waiting list for kindergarten.”
On the other hand, the number of preschool educational institutions themselves has halved compared to 1990.
Even a year or two ago, the most active mothers of preschool children organized rallies, the leitmotif of speeches and propaganda posters of which was the call “Give children back kindergartens!” It was about the eviction of all kinds of municipal services from the former buildings of preschool institutions, which occupied them in the 1990s, as well as the resettlement of families, to whom some former kindergartens were given for housing (often received by doctors and teachers). However, if you understand the situation at least a little, it turns out that the eviction of state and municipal services from yesterday’s kindergartens will not solve the problem.
“The vast majority of those built before 1990. preschool institutions do not comply with modern building standards and the provisions of the Law “On Energy Saving”, and therefore require serious investment in reconstruction,— says Sergei Ponomarev, director of Teploset LLC (Biysk Altai Territory). —The minimum that today solves this problem in existing preschool institutions is the installation plastic windows with triple glazing, metering devices, heat automation equipment, and in some cases - insulation of facades. The return of old kindergarten buildings, which today are occupied by government services and housing, will require reconstruction in both the construction and energy parts: the presence of only plastic windows and metal-plastic heating risers will not solve the problem. From an economic point of view, it is much cheaper to build new buildings, providing them with modern energy-saving equipment". “Replacement of worn-out pipes in existing social institutions, installation of plastic windows and other similar measures are certainly important, but do not play a priority role in solving the problems of creating a comfortable microclimate and heat conservation,- agrees Anton Belov, Deputy Director of the Danfoss Thermal Department. — Without complex automation and the use of modern energy-efficient engineering equipment these issues cannot be resolved. In addition, experience shows: no matter how expensive these solutions may seem at first glance, they pay for themselves in an average of 2-3 years.”. The need to create comfortable conditions for children is another problem in preschool institutions today. An unbalanced microclimate in kindergartens is becoming one of the main reasons for the increase in morbidity among children. “When we got a place in kindergarten, joy knew no bounds. But very quickly it gave way to disappointment: my son went to kindergarten for only a week - and got sick,- says Anna Kudryavtseva, mother of 4-year-old Maxim from Biysk (Altai Territory). — It turned out that there is nothing surprising in this, and it is not at all a matter of the child’s adaptation. One teacher forces children to dress warmer, does not ventilate the room, believing that in this way he will save them from colds, and another, on the contrary, takes hot children home from a walk, although the windows in the group are not yet closed.”
As can be seen from the example, the comfortable level of temperature in the room is often assessed by the teacher or teacher based on his own feelings and opinion about what the optimal microclimate for the child should be. Moreover, kindergarten workers, as a rule, have to independently regulate the temperature in the kindergarten premises (mainly by opening and closing the windows), since automation of this process is not provided for by outdated projects. In particular, acquaintance with the Federal Data Bank for the design of capital construction projects and the most cost-effective reuse projects on the website of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation (for example, Moscow, Tomsk region and Altai Territory) is disheartening - the kindergarten projects presented here can hardly be called fully heat-saving. IN best case scenario the documentation provides for the use of water-heated floors and the installation of plastic windows.
Meanwhile, today there are successfully implemented projects that prove that modern solutions for heating and water supply systems are able to give answers to everything at once existing issues. As Anton Belov (Danfoss) notes, in the vast majority of cases, solving the problems of creating a comfortable microclimate and energy saving is achieved through the use of automated individual heating points (AITP) with weather compensation. One of the features of this solution is that automation allows you to set different operating modes heating system. For example, you can program a decrease in indoor air temperature at night and on weekends when there are no children in the kindergarten. And the rest of the time - maintain the temperature at the required sanitary standards level. In this way, the tasks of maintaining a healthy microclimate and saving heat are simultaneously solved.
Automatic systems also play a significant role in creating comfortable conditions in kindergartens. radiator thermostats installed on heating devices. For children's institutions, experts recommend using thermostats with a gas-filled sensor, as they are the most sensitive to changes in air temperature.
There are even more progressive solutions. For example, in Tomsk, an energy-efficient kindergarten of category “A” is successfully operating, where to ensure a comfortable microclimate in groups central heating not used at all. The basis of the kindergarten heat supply system is thermal Danfoss pumps, allowing for each kilowatt of electricity consumed to receive from 4 to 6 kW of thermal energy. In other words, between 75 and 84 percent of heating energy is free when you compare the heating system of a new kindergarten with classical scheme heat supply. It is interesting that such solutions in Tomsk pay for themselves even at the construction stage, since connection to the city heating network is more expensive than a fully installed turnkey system based on heat pump. The municipal authorities plan to replicate the experience gained in new social facilities being built in the city.
No less interesting is the example of kindergarten No. 347 in Perm: here an energy service company, at its own expense, installed energy-saving equipment from a Danish concern in order to return the funds spent by saving on the consumption of fuel and energy resources. And already at next year it amounted to 54% of the cost of modernizing the kindergarten.
It is noteworthy that both projects - both in Tomsk and in Perm - allow us not only to talk about significant savings in resources and financial resources for their payment, a high return on investment, but also about the formation of a comfortable climate in the premises of kindergartens. The heads of the institutions note that pupils get sick less, and they no longer have problems with regulating the temperature in the premises.
When addressing the issue of shortage of preschool institutions, we must not forget about related tasks - creating a microclimate that is comfortable for children and saving energy. As practice shows, they not only do not contradict each other, but are links in one unbroken chain: you can save heat without harming the health, first of all, of the youngest citizens of our country.
Heating system for a school, kindergarten, college, university: a range of services from our company
- project development internal system heating of educational institutions;
- thermal and hydraulic calculation boiler room of a school, kindergarten, university;
- reconstruction and modernization of the heating system;
- installation of internal networks and heating equipment;
- selection and boiler installation heating systems for children's and educational institutions;
- calculation, selection and installation water heated floor systems;
- maintenance and repair heating and boiler equipment;
- coordination with supervisory authorities.
For educational institutions in areas with an estimated outside air temperature of -40°C and below, it is allowed to use water with additives that prevent it from freezing (harmful substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes according to GOST 12.1.005 should not be used as additives), and in buildings of preschool institutions it is not allowed to use coolant with additives of harmful substances of hazard classes 1–4.
Design and installation of autonomous boiler houses and heating systems in schools, preschool and educational institutions
Heating system for schools, kindergartens and other children's and educational institutions (universities, vocational schools, colleges) in cities is connected to central system heating and hot water, which is powered from the city thermal power plant or its own boiler house. IN rural areas use stand-alone circuit, having its own boiler room in a special room. In the case of gasified areas, the boiler runs on natural gas; in small schools and preschool institutions, boilers are used low power working on solid or liquid fuel or electricity.
When designing an internal heating system, microclimatic standards for air temperature in classrooms, school classrooms, canteens, gyms, swimming pools and other premises should be taken into account. Various by technical purpose building areas must have their own heating networks with water and heat meters.
To heat gyms, along with a water system, an air heating system is used, combined with forced ventilation and operating from the same boiler room. A water floor heating device may be present in locker rooms, bathrooms, showers, swimming pools and other premises, if available. On entrance groups In large educational institutions, thermal curtains are installed.
Heating system of a kindergarten, school, educational institution - list of works on the organization and reconstruction of the heating system:
- identifying needs when creating a project or sketch diagram heat supply;
- choice way and place installation of pipelines;
- selection equipment and materials appropriate quality;
- thermal and hydraulic calculation of the boiler room, determination of technology and testing it against the requirements of SNiP;
- possibility of increasing productivity, connection additional equipment (if needed);
- load calculation and the performance of the heating system as a whole and by area of heated premises;
- during the reconstruction of the facility – site preparation, foundation and walls for subsequent installation;
- defective sections of the building heating system;
- calculation of terms and costs works and equipment, coordination of estimates;
- supply of equipment and execution of work on time at a pre-agreed cost estimate.
For heating devices and pipelines in children's preschool premises, stairwells and vestibules, it is necessary to provide protective barriers and thermal insulation pipelines.
