The official business style, unlike other book styles, is characterized by relative stability and isolation. Undoubtedly, certain changes have occurred in it over time, but its main features have remained unchanged. This direction is characterized by dryness, conciseness, and the absence of words of an emotionally charged nature.

In the official documentation, the list of used language means is predetermined. The most striking feature of the style is language stamps (clichés). The documentation does not imply the manifestation of the individuality of its compiler. On the contrary, the more cliched the paper, the more convenient it is to use.

Characteristic features of the style

Papers of various genres (state acts, laws, international agreements, instructions, etc.) are drawn up in an official business style. However, despite the differences that exist in them, in general they are characterized by common features: a language standard and accuracy, which exclude the possibility of foreign interpretations.

If the information can be interpreted in different ways, then the document is not written in a business style. For example, in the phrase “confirm cannot be refused,” placing a comma in different places can have serious consequences.

You can avoid such moments by adhering to language standards. They are the ones who allow you to do right choice in syntactic, lexical and morphological language means when compiling important papers.

Particular attention is paid to the order of words in a sentence. In papers written in an official business style, the direct word order characteristic of the Russian-language system is often violated. The controlling concept can precede the controlled one (issue a loan), be subject to the predicate (the goods are released), and the definitions can be more significant than the defined concept (debt obligations).

All members of a phrase, as a rule, have places unique to them, determined by the characteristics of the sentence and interaction with other words. Distinctive features style are chains of words in the genitive case (message from the Head of Agriculture).

Lexical side of official business style

In addition to the commonly used vocabulary, the direction includes clichés and clericalism (required to prove, quality control, according to your order, etc.). Characteristic is the presence professional vocabulary with the inclusion in the structure of sentences of neologisms (marketing, manager, etc.), archaisms (sowing paper, entrusted department, above-mentioned).

However, the use of ambiguous words is unacceptable. Synonyms in business style are rare. These include concepts such as cost-effective and profitable, provision and delivery, priority and advantage, incident and incident.

In the official business direction, it is not individual personal experience that is used, but the experience accumulated by society. That is why vocabulary has generalized characteristics. In the conceptual series, generic concepts predominate (technology instead of a computer/TV, a room instead of a workshop/apartment/office, a person instead of a person/woman/guy, etc.).

So, the official style is characterized by such components of lexical constructions as:

1. A large percentage of terms in the content of texts.
2. The nominal nature of drawing up proposals due to the many verbal nouns, in most cases reflecting an action of a material nature (signing papers, deferring payment, etc.).
3. Repeated use of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations (to the question, to the account, to the extent, etc.).
4. Converting participles into pronouns/adjectives to enhance the meaning of clericalisms.
5. Strictly established lexical compatibility (the right is exclusively granted, and payment is made, etc.).

Morphological and syntactic side of the official style

Morphological features of this style include a high frequency of use of certain parts of speech with their types, enhancing the accuracy and unambiguity of statements. These include:

1. Nouns that name people according to their position/rank in the masculine form (librarian Kuznetsova, lawyer Novikov), based on action (reader, accused, victim, adoptive parent).
2. The particle non- in the context of verbal nouns (failure to provide, non-compliance).
3. Widespread use of derivative prepositions (by virtue of, due to).
4. Phrases in the infinitive (to do a job, to carry out an inspection).
5. Verb forms of the present tense in a different meaning (a penalty is charged for non-payment).
6. Compound words with two or more stems (above, employer).

Simple sentences are characterized by the use of several rows homogeneous members. The nouns in them mostly have the genitive case. Complex type constructions are characterized by the presence of conditional clauses.

Official style in a variety of genres

1. Official documentary. It, in turn, is divided into the following categories: legislative documentation related to the activities of government agencies and acts of a diplomatic nature relating to international relations.
2. Everyday businesslike. It is customary to highlight correspondence between various institutions, structures and private business documentation. All correspondence related to official matters belongs to the genres of this direction. The standardization characteristic of it helps to facilitate the preparation of all kinds of documentation, save language resources, and prevent information redundancy.

Oral form of business speech

If everyday speech is characterized by emotional overtones and deviations from the principles of textual construction, then in a business conversation dry logic and the absence of violent emotions predominate. Also, business speech is distinguished by a standard arrangement of information on paper, emphasizing logic.

A feature of the official style is that oral business communication, despite the professional bias, should have a positive atmosphere. The conversation should convey notes of goodwill, mutual respect and trust.

This style can be considered in its varieties. Directions related to public administration, legal and diplomatic activities, require particularly close attention. The clerical business variety is a little simpler. The areas of communication in all these cases are different, and therefore the communication styles will also differ. Minutes, decrees and statements (that is, everything that is first thought out and then written down) are not as dangerous as speeches and negotiations orally.

The characteristic features of the oral official style are accuracy, conciseness, and influence. These characteristics can only be achieved by using an appropriate selection of words, correctly constructed structures, syntactic norms and standardization in the mind of a large amount of information. Similar to business writing, in oral speech there are no emotionally charged remarks. Within this direction, it is worth adhering to neutrality, giving preference to the standards of clerical language means, which will allow you to express your thoughts as accurately as possible.

Formal business style

General characteristics of the official - business style of speech.

Basic language features.

Brief description of substyles and genres.

The official business style serves the sphere of administrative and legal activities. It satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of communication. Genres perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various spheres of business life.

General stylistic features of the official business speech: 1) accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of misinterpretation, detail of presentation; 2) stereotyping, standard presentation; 3) obligatory-prescriptive nature.

1. Scope of use
Sphere of office work and official relations
2. Topic
Official relations between states, legal entities, civilians, etc.
3. Goals
donations to international at the native level through agreements and protests	Establishing relations between state- donation and citizens, organization and civilians at the level of law	Establishing relations between management and subordinates at the level of orders, instructions and various types of business papers
4. Substyles
Diplomatic	Legislative	Clerical
5. Main genres
Agreement, convention, memorandum, communiqué note, negotiations	Law, charter, constitution, decree	Order, protocol, statement, receipt, power of attorney, business conversation, negotiation
6. Basic linguistic features
Clichés, stylistically colored phraseology, lack of means of expression
7. Presenters style features
Standardity, stereotypedness, formality, concreteness, generalized - abstract nature of information, unemotional, dispassionate, concise, compact presentation of information richness.

2. Basic language features.

Vocabulary:

The official business style system consists of the following linguistic means:

Having the appropriate functional and stylistic coloring (vocabulary and phraseology), for example: plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, delivery, prepayment, identity card and etc.;

Neutral, interstyle, as well as general book language means;

Linguistic means that are neutral in color, but in terms of the degree of usage in the official business style, have become its “sign”, for example: raise a question, express disagreement;

There is a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, to make the words and phrases used unambiguously, and to terminology p eat. Texts of this style provide precise definitions or explanations of the terms used (terminological combinations) if they are not commonly used, for example: The short delivery was caused by force majeure (the access roads were washed away by heavy rains);

Many of the words have antonymous pairs: rights - obligations, acquittal - indictment, action - inaction; synonyms are rarely used and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = provision; depreciation = depreciation; repayment = creditworthiness.

To convey the accuracy of the meaning and unambiguous interpretation, complex words formed from two or more words are used: tenant, employer, above, above mentioned

And stable combinations: tax return, destination, joint stock company. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the linguistic means used, which gives the texts of an official business style a standardized character;

Preference is given to generic concepts: arrive (to arrive, to arrive, to come), transport means (bus, plane, train), populated paragraph (city, village, town), etc., because official business speech reflects social experience; the typical comes to the fore here to the detriment of the individual, peculiar, specific, since the legal essence is important for an official document.

Morphology:

The use of common nouns as proper names for the purpose of generalizing and standardizing the document: this Agreement, composition of the Contracting Parties;

Preferred use of prepositional - case forms of verbal nouns: based on, in relation to, by virtue of;

Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, allow, oblige, indicate, assign and under.;

The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law under certain conditions: The accused is guaranteed the right to defense;

When naming a person, nouns are most often used, denoting a person on the basis of an action or relationship, which is intended to accurately indicate the “roles” of the participants in the situation: applicant, tenant, tenant, executor, guardian, adoptive parent, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form even when they refer to female persons: police officer Smirnova, defendant Proshina, etc..

The use of verbal nouns and participles is typical: arrival of transport, filing claims, serving the population, replenishing the budget; given, indicated, assigned.

Syntax:

Phrases including complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, and also with the pretext By And prepositional case, expressing a temporary value: upon return, upon reaching;

Use of complex syntactic structures, impersonal and incomplete sentences: Listened..., Decided...;

Clichéd phrases: Please accept me for a position... in a department... at a rate... with....

Business speech is characterized by impersonal presentation and lack of evaluation. There is an unhindered statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence.

So, accuracy, unambiguity and standardization of the means used are the main features of the official business style of speech.

2. Brief description of substyles.

Diplomatic substyle found in diplomatic documents: diplomatic note, government statement, credentials. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble etc. Unlike other substyles, in the language of diplomatic documents there is a high, solemn vocabulary to give the document emphasized significance, and etiquette formulas of politeness are also used in international public communication: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept the assurances of my highest respect... or The Ministry of Foreign Affairs pays its respects... .

Communiqué– official communication about important events for the state.

Convention– an international treaty, an agreement on any issue.

Memorandum– 1) memorandum, official certificate on any issue; 2) a document outlining the essence of the issue being discussed in diplomatic correspondence; 3) a letter with a reminder of something; 4) a list of circumstances in insurance policy, which are not covered by insurance.

Note- an official diplomatic written statement from one state to another.

Legislative (documentary) substyle is the language of legislative documents related to the activities of official bodies. It is characterized by the vocabulary and phraseology of civil and criminal law, various acts, codes and other documents serving the official and documentary activities of state and public organizations, as well as citizens as officials.

Constitution- the fundamental law of the state, establishing the foundations of the political and social structure.

Law- an official state document regulating any area of ​​public life and intended to be observed by all residents of the state.

Decree- an official government document prescribing the implementation, creation, etc. anything at the state level.

Charter- an official internal legislative document establishing standards of conduct, business communication, rights and obligations of members of any society, work collective, etc.

Stationery substyle found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers. In this substyle, the rigor of document preparation is somewhat relaxed; business letters and other papers can be written in any form.

Power of attorney- a personal business document that entrusts something to someone.

Agreement– a written or oral agreement about future actions or mutual obligations that is accepted by two or more persons, enterprises, states, etc.

Statement- a business paper containing a request (to issue or allocate something, to accept somewhere) to a superior person or to a higher authority.

Order- an official business document containing an order from management.

Protocol– 1) a document containing a record of any factual circumstances, official statements (at a meeting, court, interrogation, etc.); 2) an act of a commission or official containing a description of the actions performed and the facts established.

Receipt- a business paper of a personal nature, which is drawn up by a person who takes something for temporary use from someone.

Agreement- an official agreement about something with someone.

Negotiation– a type of business conversation that involves an official meeting of representatives of enterprises, various organizations, etc. with the aim of making or developing mutually beneficial decisions.

Using language in your Everyday life, all people, depending on the need, resort to various linguistic means. Linguistic style is a set of linguistic means of expression conditioned by the content and purpose of the utterance. Business style is the style of a variety of business papers, and it is characterized by quite significant diversity.

General provisions for writing text

Speech is an invaluable treasure of the people, a complete chronicle of their spiritual life. In the depths of language there is a philosophical mind, a refined aesthetic taste, a truly poetic flair, the work of concentrated thought, the power of extreme sensitivity to the subtlest modulations in natural phenomena, the strictest logic, high spiritual sects.

To cultivate respect for the language you speak and write in is, first of all, to respect yourself, to show respect for your people, their history, and culture.

The first grammar in its modern understanding as the science of forms and the use of words was compiled in Art. to n. e. disciple of Aristarchus Dionysius of Thracia. By that time, grammar meant the art of reading and writing.

Even V. Potebnya emphasized the role of language in the creation and formation of concepts, categories of thought in the logic of thinking processes.

Features of the official business style of documents

A feature of language, manifested in the selection, combination and organization of linguistic means in connection with the tasks of communication, is its style. According to the main functions of the language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and official business.

Any information requires a language in which it will be recorded, transmitted and perceived. This difficult process can be carried out using special terminology - the main component of any functional style.

IN various fields economic, socio-political and cultural life - the style of business communication was influenced by the need to present facts with extreme accuracy, brevity, specificity, avoiding ambiguity.

Formal business style- this is a style that serves the sphere of official business relations mainly in written form. Business papers can be varied in genre and content, in volume and linguistic expression. Most business papers in their content are related to business sphere communication, therefore, the individual-personal aspect is not reflected in the language and style of the document.

The language of business papers is characterized by stylistic rigor and objectivity of presentation. In an official business style there should be no emotionality and subjective assessment. This brings the style of business papers closer to a balanced bookish, scientific style, although the impersonality of the manner of presentation is characteristic feature document language.

Since documents are related to legal norms, the objectivity in the style of presentation is emphasized by their affirmative and imperative character. As a rule, documents are drawn up so that the information presented in them is taken into account, or the corresponding decision is necessarily executed. Such documents are based on scientific analysis of social relations, so they must be precise and concise, and this must be achieved using appropriate linguistic means. Characteristic feature official business style is the use of words in their specific meaning.

The scope of application of business style determines its genre ramifications. The main purpose of the official business style is to regulate business relationship in the above areas and serve the social needs of people in typical situations.

Official business style is a style that appeals to the intellect, to reason, and not to feelings, and therefore stands out among others functional styles with their special characteristics. Features of the written form compared to the oral form are:

The absence of an interlocutor at the moment of expressing a thought, the absence of a language situation;

The number of interlocutors and the qualitative composition of the audience are not always known;

The written form is secondary to the oral one and relies on the oral form as its source;

The presence of texts assigned to forms of existence (not all written texts can be spoken, for example, a passport);

The monologue nature of written texts is potentially unlimited amount copies;

The presence of a system of graphic signs inherent only in written form;

Communication is not direct, but indirect, which in turn predetermines careful work on the selection of means, their clarification, improvement, and hence the strict regulation of the means and structure of the text, traditionalism and conservatism in the structuring and selection of means.

The official business style is characterized by the use of words only in those meanings that are determined by the norm of literary literary usage, as well as the meaning traditional for business documents, which does not violate their stylistic unity and corresponds to the general trend of standardization of business language.

Business style is determined by the following features:

1. Accuracy, consistency and conciseness in the presentation of facts, extreme clarity in the statement. Business style is devoid of imagery, emotionality and individual authorial features.

2. The presence of speech patterns, a certain standardization of the beginnings and endings of documents. These are so-called clichés - stable verbal formulas assigned to a specific situation and are perceived as an ordinary, obligatory component. The presence of standard expressions facilitates and shortens the process of arranging texts, leading to the same type of means in the same situations.

Cliche - These are linguistic constructions that have a constant composition of components, their order and established sound. There are simple, complicated and complex clichés.

Simple clichés - these are language constructions consisting of two words: accordingly, take action, express gratitude, reprimand, participate, etc.

Complex - that have more than two words: take into account, according to the original, take an active part, take strict measures, issue a severe reprimand and the like.

Complex - have in their structure two simple cliches, which are combined into one block: department for combating organized crime, monitoring the execution of the order, I reserve the order to announce to the personnel of the academy and the like.

3. Availability of details that have a certain order. IN various types For business papers, the composition of the details varies; it depends on the content of the document, its purpose, and processing method. Assignment using permanent details places makes documents convenient for visual perception and simplifies their processing.

4. Logical and well-reasoned presentation. This feature of business speech involves reflecting the correct state of things, consistency and objectivity of facts and assessments, and neutrality of tone.

5. Absence individual traits style. Unlike other areas of activity, participants in business communication mainly act as representatives of certain organizations and institutions and express their interests - that is, they are bearers of certain functions. In this regard, manifestations of individuality in business language are considered deviations from the norm, atypical for style in general,

6. Vocabulary is predominantly neutral, used in its literal meaning. Depending on what particular branch of public life the official business style serves, it may contain socio-political, socio-industrial, legal, scientific vocabulary and the like.

New concepts, meanings, their shades, establishing themselves in the human mind, in communication, enter into general use due to their consolidation in the text.

Official business style (ODS) serves the sphere of official relations, in which communication participants perform certain social functions. Situations during such communication are as typical as possible, which gives rise to the standard speech behavior of their participants, therefore many documents are ready-made forms in which you only need to enter the passport data of the document submitter.

The term “official business style” is usually used to denote the peculiarities of the language of official (organizational and administrative) and diplomatic documents. The main function of the official business style is that, requiring a certain form when presenting the content in writing, it gives the text the character of a document and translates the various aspects reflected in this text human relations classified as official business documents.

The main features of the ODS are the accuracy of the wording, standard arrangement material, regulation (limited set of linguistic means), rigor and simplicity, information richness, written form of presentation and impersonality of the statement.

ODS is divided into three substyles - legal, diplomatic and clerical and business. Each of them is reflected in a number of genres. The genres of the legal substyle include the constitution, code, law, charter, resolution; the genres of the diplomatic substyle include a credential, note of protest, declaration, communiqué; the genres of the clerical and business substyle include orders, contracts, notices, orders, as well as all types of documents. of a personal nature (application, complaint, receipt, power of attorney, letter, report / official / explanatory note, autobiography, etc.).

From linguistic features Official business style should highlight the following. To the lexical features of ODS refers to the presence of stable expressions and terms denoting the realities of social life, as well as clericalisms that immediately catch the eye, are imprinted and later emerge in a spontaneous and unprepared form in colloquial speech (proper, undersigned, hear, plaintiff, individual, consumer and etc.). ODS texts lack emotionally expressive vocabulary, evaluative and introductory modal words ( good, bad, like, want, probably, maybe, etc.). The words used in the texts are characterized by limited lexical compatibility, for example, official letter not written, A is being compiled.

IN morphologically the use of short forms of adjectives with the meaning of must is noted ( obliged, responsible, accountable) and participles ( the decision was made, the candidacy was supported), an abundance of denominate prepositions and conjunctions ( accordingly, in continuation, for the purpose, due to the fact that). To express imperativeness, infinitive constructions are used, reinforced by adverbs and modal words ( repairs must be made, I order that measures be taken, it is necessary to begin... etc.).

On syntactic features ODS texts include the active use of passive constructions ( the order is completed, it is not possible, negotiations are completed) and an abundance of sentences with homogeneous members and isolated phrases, various kinds of cliches and cliches with archaic elements ( according to the act, the punishability of the act).

ODS texts are characterized by sentences with inversion - the subject with an objective meaning follows the predicate ( Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience). Sentences with participles and participial phrases allow you to make the text information-rich. The texts are dominated by constructions with “stringing” of genitive cases of nouns without prepositions ( Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation is prohibited).

Official business texts are characterized by a high degree of segmentation, which allows you to clearly structure the text, dividing it into articles, paragraphs, paragraphs, and subparagraphs. The text is built according to a template (form), which includes all the elements required for a given genre.

ODS texts, or documents, occupy a significant place in life modern man. They regulate our social life, so we feel the need for them every day. That is why each of us must be able not only to correctly interpret a document, but also to draft it correctly. The author composing this or that document must use in it those linguistic means that the genre of the document requires of him, and not “invent” his own phrases that differ from the standard ones.

The document is created in accordance with the genre model of the text with a constant composition, which includes mandatory thematic blocks, i.e. details.

For example, a job application contains the following details:

1) indication of the addressee (name of the manager and enterprise);

2) indication of the addressee;

3) name of the genre of the document (statement);

4) the main content of the request (please accept me...);

5) indication of the date of preparation of the document;

6) signature (handwritten signature).

It is necessary to strictly observe the requirements for the location of details in relation to each other. In the application, the addressee and addressee are indicated in the upper right corner of the sheet. The title of the document (with a capital letter and without a period at the end, if the addressee uses the preposition “from”, or with a lowercase letter and with a period at the end, if the addressee does not have the preposition “from”) is located in the middle, and the main content is along the width of the sheet. The date is placed at the bottom left, and the signature is placed at the right, on the same line as the date. In this case, empty lines are left between the details. Below the date and signature, free space is left for the resolution. Resolutions are also in the top left corner.

The official business style is the most common style that functions not only in clerical work and diplomacy, but also in any official relations, for example, in production, at a university, in medical institutions, in a newspaper, etc.

When drawing up documents, generally accepted stable speech patterns are used: I ask your permission to...; I, who have signed below...; the certificate was given... that... indeed...; let me invite you...; I, who live at the address..., trust...

It is extremely important for documents to use the correct verbs such as trust, assure, guarantee, declare, notify, insist, confirm, notify, offer, order etc. These verbs are used in the first person plural or singular in sentences without a subject, as well as the third person singular when mentioning the addresser, for example: “I ask”, not “I ask”; “we undertake”, not “we undertake”.

The author of the document must be able to accurately and concisely express his point of view on the issue of interest to him. To do this, he must know linguistic means expressing cause-and-effect and other logical relationships, which, first of all, include complex conjunctions and denominate prepositions: for the reason, for the purposes of, on the basis of, in order to avoid, in accordance with, according to, thanks to, in view of and so on.

In official business papers, you should correctly use etiquette formulas of address, indicating the addressee’s respectful attitude towards the addressee: Thank you for..., We kindly ask you..., Unfortunately... It should be kept in mind that in business letter second person pronouns ( You, Your) are written with a capital letter, while in ordinary written speech such spelling contradicts the norms of Russian spelling.

In official business papers, familiar address to the addressee is not allowed ( Expensive…), indication of response time in ultimatum form ( Please answer me immediately...)or refusal to the addressee’s request without specifying reasons.

Typical errors in business speech include the following violations:

1) unmotivated use foreign words (prolong instead of extend; appeal instead of address);

2) the use of archaisms ( which instead of which, this year instead of this year);

3) incorrect use of paronyms ( graduated from university instead of graduated from university; introduce the products instead of introduce the products);

4) violation of the norms of using prepositions ( thanks, according to, despite, according to combined with the dative case; as a result, during differ in their spelling from prepositional-case combinations An experienced detective is involved in the investigation; there are rapids along the river).

Here are two options for writing a statement:.

Option 1 (application from whom):

prof. A.M. Shammazov

from a second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich.

Statement

Please transfer me to correspondence form training for family reasons. An extract from the academic certificate about the tests and exams I passed is attached.

07/25/2012 Personal signature

Option 2 (whose statement):

Rector of Ufa State

Petroleum Technical University

prof. A.M. Shammazov

second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich

statement.

In connection with the request of the enterprise, which sent me at its own expense for training, I ask you to transfer me to the specialty “Drilling of oil and gas wells”. A letter from the HR department of Burintech LLC is attached.

Official business style. Stylistic features. Language features.

Among book styles, the official business style is the most clearly defined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government institutions, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style has undergone major changes under the influence of socio-historical changes in society, it stands out among others functional varieties language with its stability, traditionalism, isolation and standardization.

The authors of the textbook “Culture of Russian Speech” note: “Business style is a set of linguistic means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations that arise between state bodies, between or within organizations, between organizations and individuals in the process of their production, economic, legal activity" And further: “The breadth of this sphere allows us to distinguish at least three substyles (varieties) of business style: 1) the actual official business style (clerical); 2) legal (the language of laws and decrees); 3) diplomatic."

Standardization of business speech (primarily the language of mass standard documentation) ¾ one of the most noticeable features of the official business style. The standardization process is developing mainly in two directions: a) the widespread use of ready-made, already established verbal formulas, stencils, stamps (for example, standard syntactic models with denominate prepositions in order, in connection with, in accordance with, etc., which is quite is natural, since it greatly simplifies and facilitates the process of compiling standard texts of business papers), b) in the frequent repetition of the same words, forms, phrases, structures, in the desire for uniformity in the ways of expressing thoughts in similar situations, in the refusal to use expressive means language.

The process of standardization of business speech is closely related to the process of phraseologization. This can be seen in examples of the use of verbonominants (verb-nominal phrases) in numerous documentation, which in business language become universal remedy and are often used instead of the verb forms that are parallel to them: provide assistance (instead of help), make repairs (instead of repair), carry out an investigation (instead of investigate), etc. Verbonominants widely penetrate into business language due to the fact that in some cases their use becomes mandatory (there is no other way to say it): to allow a marriage, to commit a crime, to perform duties, to take a position, to assign responsibility. Their meaning may not coincide with the meaning of the verbs parallel to them: the combination conduct competition is not identical to the verb compete. Verbonominants not only name the action, but also express certain additional semantic shades and accurately qualify certain phenomena. For example, hit-and-run is a terminological phrase that is the official name for a certain type of road accident.

Other features of the official business style (besides standardization) are accuracy, imperativeness, objectivity and documentation, specificity, formality, and conciseness.

The linguistic means of the official business style form a relatively closed system, the basis of which is specific units of three levels: lexical, morphological and syntactic.

At the lexical level, in addition to commonly used and neutral words, we can distinguish: a) words and phrases used mainly in official documents and fixed in administrative and clerical speech (proper, due, above, undersigned, failure to fulfill, forward, bearer, guarantor, protect rights and freedom, ensure equality, etc.); b) terms, professionalisms and phrases of a terminological nature, which is determined by the content of official documents (the most common terms are legal, diplomatic, accounting: act, collection, legislation, respondent, recall (ambassador), ratify, applicant, etc.).

Many of the words with the coloring of an official business style form antonymic pairs: plaintiff ¾ defendant, democracy ¾ dictatorship, punished ¾ acquitted, aggravating ¾ mitigating (circumstances), etc.

In connection with the streamlining of the approach to terminology, two concepts began to be distinguished: “vocabulary with the coloring of an official business style” and “clericalism”. The first name reflects the place of the corresponding words in the system of general literary language, their functional and stylistic coloring. For example, lexical units recipient (this) or due, non-subordinate, undersigned, compensation, appeal, collection, discovery, superior, etc. V business documents should be considered functionally colored. The second name, “clericalisms,” can refer to the same lexical units, but only when they are unintentionally used in a text with a different stylistic overtones, for example, in a journalistic or conversational style, i.e. in cases of functionally unjustified transfer. For example, in N. Kislik’s poem we read: “I am writing to you, ¾ everything to you. I have loaded the communication service to capacity...”. The phrase “communication service” can be attributed to clericalism (though it performs a certain stylistic function in this literary text). In the lexical system of the official business style, it is not clericalisms that function, but words with the coloring of the official business style. A specific feature of the lexical system of the official business style is also the presence in it of archaisms and historicisms, often used in the nominative function (for example, in the texts of diplomatic documents - assurance of respect, this, such, that, His Majesty, His Excellency, sir, etc. ). This style completely lacks slang, colloquial words, dialectisms, and words with an emotionally expressive connotation. Often used here are complex abbreviations for elephants, abbreviated names of various organizations and institutions (ZhREO, ZhES, research institutes, Central Design Bureau, KTS, Labor Code, student council, trade union committee, workshop, etc.).

The phraseology of the official business style also has specific features. There are no figurative phrases, no phrases with reduced stylistic coloring, etc. But stylistically neutral and cross-style phraseological units are very widely represented (to have meaning, to play a role, to hold a position, scope of application, to cause damage, location, etc.). There is also a frequent use of expressions related to assessment, but devoid of any expressiveness: to be, to be at the level of something; bottleneck; common place, etc. In the official business style, standard figures of speech are frequent, stable in nature, containing denominative prepositions, indicating the nature of the motivation for actions such as in connection with the instruction, stay, order (Ministry, head office, management), in accordance with the achieved by agreement (agreement), in order to provide technical (material, production) assistance, etc. In the language of official documents, they perform the same function as stable combinations such as take note, take into account, bring to attention, etc. A characteristic feature of this style is the functioning of attributive-nominal phrases such as: conviction, writ of execution, disciplinary sanctions, acquittal, preliminary investigation, cassation appeal, higher authorities, established procedure.

It should also be noted the purely nominal nature of the official business style. Same noun in business texts may be repeated even in adjacent sentences and not be replaced by a pronoun. In colloquial speech or in a literary text, such use would be qualified as a tautology (unjustified repetition of the same word). In an official business style, such repetitions are functionally determined, since with their help it is possible to avoid misinterpretations. For example:

The territory of the Republic of Belarus is a natural condition of existence and the spatial limit of self-determination of the people, the basis of their well-being and sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus.

The territory of Belarus is united and inalienable.

The territory is divided into regions, districts, cities and other administrative-territorial units. The administrative-territorial division of the state is determined by legislation (Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, Art. 9).

In the official business style, nouns are widely used that name people on the basis of some action or relationship: adoptive parent, tenant, plaintiff, defendant, witness, tenant, applicant, etc. The use of nouns denoting positions and ranks in this style is possible only in the masculine form: police officer Lavrenova, witness Vilchinskaya, applicant Fedorova, etc.

Verbal nouns with -nie, -enie are widely represented in the official business style: execution, notification, offense, resolution, resolution (of disputes), subordination, division, etc.; Verbal nouns with the prefix non- are high-frequency: non-election, non-recognition, non-return, shortfall, non-fulfillment, etc.

A striking feature of the official business style is the use of denominate prepositions in it: by virtue of, for the purpose of, in part, on the subject, in the name of, in the course of, etc. (in accordance with the plan of scientific, technical and cultural cooperation; in order to improve the teaching of Russian language in universities; in case of failure by the administration to comply with the decision of the commission; higher authorities in the order of subordination; list No. 2 compared to list No. 1; in case of recognition of valid reasons).

To indicate cause and effect, the preposition by with the dative case is used: for family reasons, for illness, for good reasons, etc.

To indicate a period, the prepositions from - to, and not from ¾ to: from 1983 to 1989 (and not: from 1983 to 1989) are usually used.

Numerals in official business style are written in numbers, with the exception of such monetary documents, such as bills, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.

A feature of the official business style is also the predominant use of the infinitive compared to other verbal forms. For example:

Everyone has the right to independently determine their attitude to religion, to profess any religion alone or jointly with others or not to profess any, to express and disseminate beliefs related to their attitude to religion, to participate in the performance of religious cults, rituals, and ceremonies not prohibited by law (Constitution of the Republic Belarus, art. 31).

Of the conjugated ones here, the forms of verbs most often used are the present tense, the so-called “present instructions”: If the defense attorney is unable to appear within this period, the investigator takes the measures provided for in part 3 of Article 47 of this Code (Fundamentals of Criminal Proceedings). The meaning of this form is to indicate the action that the law requires to be performed, i.e. on what should be done.

The imperative nature of speech, which presupposes subsequent obligatory actions of the addressee, requires completeness and accuracy of expression in this style. This largely explains the complexity of the syntax of official business speech, which reflects the tendency towards detail and classification, towards consideration in the unity of the stating and prescriptive sides, cause-and-effect and conditional-effect relationships.

The syntactic features of the style under consideration are closely related to lexical and morphological ones. High-frequency constructions are with denominal prepositions:

For the purpose of reviewing the progress made by States Parties in fulfilling the obligations undertaken in accordance with this Convention, a Committee on the Rights of the Child shall be established which shall perform the functions provided for below.

The initial elections to the Committee shall be held no later than six months from the date of entry into force of this Convention (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art. 43).

It is not uncommon to use constructions containing an infinitive with the meaning of must, for example: Decisions made by the meeting must be announced to everyone working at the enterprise. Simple sentences with homogeneous members are widespread, the number of which sometimes reaches ten or more: Training in higher educational institutions is carried out on the basis of achievements modern science and technology, in conditions of close integration educational process with scientific, practical (creative) activities of students and teachers. For this purpose, research institutions, laboratories, educational, production and research enterprises, design, engineering and technological bureaus, workshops, other enterprises and organizations specialized in training specialists are created in higher educational institutions or at them (Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Education in Republic of Belarus”, Article 20).

In the official business style, compared to others, the use of passive constructions increases significantly. For example:

It should be borne in mind that these changes are made only to the birth certificate (in both copies). A new birth certificate is issued (the old one is destroyed) (Commentary to the Code on Marriage and Family of the Republic of Belarus).

Complex sentences (especially with subordinate clauses) are widespread in the style under consideration. For example:

A judge does not have the right to accept an application to establish paternity if a certain person is indicated as the father in the child’s birth record. The application is refused on the basis of clause 9 of Art. 125 Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus.

If the birth of a child has not yet been registered with the registry office, then the application is refused on the basis of clause 9 of Art. 125 Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus (Comments to the Code on Marriage and Family of the Republic of Belarus).

Word order is often used in which the rheme of the preceding sentence becomes the theme of the subsequent one, which contributes to a special logical cohesion of statements in a coherent text. For example: The Executive Committee issues a warrant for the occupation of residential premises. The order specifies its validity period. During this period, the order must be submitted to the house management (from the instructions).

IN simple sentences the usual is: a) placing the subject before the predicate; b) definitions ¾ before the word being defined; c) circumstances ¾ closer to the word being defined; d) introductory words ¾ at the beginning of the sentence (see examples above).

The complexity of the syntax of the official business style is most often created due to specific distributors in phrases and the abundance of homogeneous members in the listed series:

States Parties recognize the important role of the media and ensure that the child has access to information and materials from a variety of national and international sources, especially those aimed at promoting social, spiritual and moral well-being, as well as healthy physical and mental health. mental development child. To this end, participating States:

a) encourage the media to disseminate information and materials that are socially and culturally beneficial to the child, and in the spirit of Article 29;

b) encourage international cooperation in the preparation, exchange and dissemination of such information and materials from various cultural, national and international sources;

c) encourage the production and distribution of children's literature;

d) encourage the media to focus on special attention the linguistic needs of a child belonging to a minority group or indigenous population (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art. 17).

Most often found in official business documents coordinating conjunctions, For example:

Students of higher education and students of secondary specialized and vocational schools educational institutions have the right to conclude contracts with enterprises and organizations in the manner determined by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. Contracts may provide for partial or full payment of the cost of training, payment of scholarships and other conditions, as well as obligations of students or students (Law “On Education in the Republic of Belarus”, Article 30).

A feature of the syntax of this style is also the predominant use indirect speech. Direct speech is resorted to only when legislative acts and other documents are quoted verbatim.

Some syntactic complexity of the official business style is compensated for by clichés and standardization. Sometimes mastering them requires special training. If it is necessary to use clichés on a large scale, printed forms and certain forms are used, which are given in special reference books.

In addition to all these features, the style in question also has some other characteristics. For example, the heading and paragraph division of texts, as well as the so-called details (permanent elements): title of the document, indication of the addressee and author, statement of the essence of the case, date and signature of the author (person or organization), etc., play an important role. The person preparing this or that document needs to know the amount of details, their relationship and sequence of presentation. This forms the form of the document. Below are examples of some business papers.

To the Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov

Professor Smirnov A.I.

Associate Professor of the Department of Computer Science Melnikov F.I.