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The type of hut depended on the heating method, the number of walls, the arrangement of the cages between each other and their number, and the location of the yard.
According to the heating method, the huts were divided into “black” and “white”.
The more ancient huts, long preserved as the homes of poorer peasants, were “black” huts. Black hut (kurnaya, orudnaya - from “ore”: dirty, darkened, smoke-house) - a hut that is heated “black”, i.e. with a stone or adobe stove (and previously with a hearth) without a chimney. Smoke from the firebox
did not pass directly from the stove through the chimney into the chimney, but, having gone into the room and warmed it, went out through the window, open door, or through a chimney (smoke chamber) in the roof, smoke vent, chimney. Smokebox or smoker is a hole or wooden pipe, often carved, to allow smoke to escape in a smoking hut, was usually located above a hole in the ceiling of the hut.
Dymvolok:
1. a hole in the upper part of the walls of the smoke hut through which stove smoke escapes;
2. plank chimney;
3.(hog) recumbent smoke duct in the attic.
Dymnik:
1. wooden chimney above the roof;
2. a hole for the exit of stove smoke in the ceiling or wall of the smokehouse;
3. decorative completion of the chimney above the roof.
White hut or blond hut, heated “white”, i.e. a stove with its own chimney and pipes. According to archaeological data, the chimney appeared in the 12th century. In the chicken hut, people often lived together with all the animals and poultry. In the 16th century there were chicken huts even in Moscow. Sometimes there were both black and white huts in the same yard.
Based on the number of walls, houses were divided into four-walled, five-walled, cross-walled and six-walled.
Four-walled
Four-walled hut. The simplest four-walled dwelling is a temporary structure erected by fishermen or hunters when they left the village for many months.
Capital four-walled houses could have a vestibule or without them. Huge gable roofs on males with hens and skates protrude far from the walls,
protecting from precipitation.
Five-walled
A five-wall hut or five-wall hut is a residential wooden building, rectangular in plan, with an internal transverse wall dividing the entire room into two unequal parts: in the larger one there is a hut or upper room, in a smaller one there is a canopy or a living room (if there is a canopy attached).
Sometimes a kitchen was installed here with a stove that heated both rooms. Interior wall, like the four external ones, goes from the very ground to the upper crown of the log house and with the ends of the logs it goes out onto the main facade, dividing it into two parts.
Initially, the facade was divided asymmetrically, but later five-walls with a symmetrical division of the facade appeared. In the first case, the fifth wall separated the hut and the upper room, which was smaller than the hut and had fewer windows. When the sons had their own family, and according to tradition, everyone continued to live together in one house, the five-walled building consisted of two adjacent huts with their own stoves, with two separate entrances and a vestibule built at the back of the huts.
A cross hut, a cross house or a cross house (in some places it was also called a six-walled house) is a wooden residential building in which the transverse wall intersects
longitudinal internal wall, forming (in plan) four independent rooms. On the facade of the house one can see a recut (emphasis on the “y”) - an internal transverse log wall intersecting the outer wall of the log house, chopped simultaneously with the hut and cut into the walls with the ends released. The house plan is often square. The roof is hipped. Entrances and porches are arranged in openings, sometimes placed perpendicular to the wall. The house may have two floors.
Six-walled
A six-wall hut or six-wall hut means a house with two transverse walls. The entire building is covered by one roof.
The huts could consist only of residential premises, or of residential and utility premises.
The houses stood along the street, divided inside by bulkheads; along the façade there was a continuous line of windows, frames and shutters.
There is almost no blank wall. Horizontal logs are not interrupted only in three or four lower crowns. The right and left huts are usually symmetrical. The central room has a wider window. The roofs are usually low gable or hipped. Log houses are often placed on large flat stones to avoid uneven settlement big house with several main walls.
Based on the location of the cages between each other and their number, we can distinguish huts with cages, double-timber houses, two-house huts, double huts, triple huts, and huts with connections.
A hut-cage meant a wooden building, with sides corresponding to a log length of 6 - 9 m. It could have a basement, a canopy and be two-story.
A two-timbered house is a wooden house with two crowns under one common roof.
A hut with two dwellings is a peasant dwelling made up of two log cabins: in one with a stove they lived in the winter, in the other in the summer.
A hut with a connection. This is the type wooden building, divided into two halves by a vestibule. A porch was added to the log house, forming a two-cell house; another cage was added to the porch, and a three-cell house was obtained. Often a Russian stove was placed in a cut-down cage, and the dwelling
received two huts - “front” and “back”, connected by a through hallway. All rooms were located along the longitudinal axis and were covered with gable roofs.
roofs. The result was a single volume of the house.
Double hut or twin hut - huts connected by cages so that each hut, each volume of the log house has its own roof. Since each roof had its own ridge, the houses were also called “a house about two horses” (“a house for two horses”), sometimes such houses were also called “a house with a ravine.” At the junction of the log houses, two walls are formed. Both cages could be residential, but with different layouts, or one was residential and the other was utility. Under one or both there could be a basement, one could itself be a hut with a connection. Most often, a residential hut was connected to a covered courtyard.
Wall
A triple or triple hut consists of three separate cages, each
which has its own roof. Therefore, such houses are also called “o houses”
three horses” (there are also houses “about five horses”). To the main facade
the ends of the buildings emerge.
The purpose of the cages could be different: all three cages could be residential, in the middle there could be a covered courtyard located between two residential cages.
In an ensemble of triple houses, usually all three volumes of the house were the same width with roofs of the same height and slope, but where the middle part - the courtyard - was wider than the hut and barn, the roof, naturally, was wider and, with the same slope as the rest, was higher.
Such a high and heavy roof was difficult to build and repair, and builders in the Urals found a solution: instead of one large one, they build two smaller ones of the same height. The result is a picturesque composition - a group of buildings “under four horses”. From under the slopes of the roofs, huge gutters on hens protrude in front of the house to a great length, reaching up to two meters. The silhouette of the house turns out to be unusually expressive.
Based on the type of yard, houses are divided into houses with open and closed yard. The open courtyard could be located on either side of the house or around it. Such yards were used in middle lane
Russia. All household buildings (barns, barns, stables and others) are usually located at a distance from housing, in an open utility yard. In the north lived large patriarchal families, including several generations (grandfathers, sons, grandchildren). In the northern regions and the Urals, due to the cold climate, houses usually had covered courtyards adjacent to a residential hut with some
on the one hand, and allowing in winter and bad weather to get into all service, utility rooms and the barnyard and carry out all daily work without going outside. In a number of the houses described above - twins and triplets - the courtyard was covered, adjacent to the dwelling.
Based on the location of the covered courtyard in relation to the house, the huts are divided into “wallet” houses, “timber” houses, and “verb” houses. In these houses, the dwelling and the covered courtyard were combined into a single complex.
A “timber” hut (emphasis on the “u”) is a type of wooden house where residential and utility rooms are located one behind the other along one axis and form an elongated rectangle in plan - a “timber”, covered with a gable roof, the ridge of which is located along the longitudinal axis. This is the most common type of peasant house in the north. Since the gable roofs of all parts of the complex - the hut, the canopy, the yard, the barn - usually form one roof, such a house is called “a house with one horse” or “a house under one horse.” Sometimes ridge logs are not located at the same level, then the ridge comes with ledges in height. With a decrease in the length of the beams coming from the main residential hut, which has the highest ridge, the level of the ridges of their roofs decreases accordingly. It gives the impression of not one house, but several volumes stretched out from one another. The timber-framed house resembles a hut with a connection, but instead of a room, there are outbuildings behind the entryway.
The “koshelem” hut (emphasis on the “o”) is the most ancient type of residential wooden building with an adjacent covered courtyard. A purse meant a large basket, a cart, a boat. All rooms are grouped in a square (in plan) volume. The utility rooms are adjacent to the side wall of the housing. Everything is under a common gable roof. Because The façade of the hut is smaller than the yard, so the roof is asymmetrical. The roof ridge runs above the middle of the living area, so the roof slope above the living area is shorter and steeper than above the yard, where the slope is longer and flatter. To highlight the residential part as the main one, they usually arrange another symmetrical slope of the residential part, which plays a purely decorative role (such houses are common in Karelia, Onega and the Arkhangelsk region). In the Urals, in addition to houses with asymmetrical roofs, there are often houses with symmetrical roofs and a courtyard built into the overall symmetrical volume. Such houses have a wide, squat front façade with gently sloping roofs. The house has a living area under one roof slope and a courtyard under the other roof slope. The adjacent longitudinal chopped wall is located in the middle of the volume under the roof ridge and serves structural element for supporting the floor, ceiling and for connecting long logs of transverse walls.
A “gogol” or “boot” hut is a type of residential wooden house in which the residential huts are placed at an angle to each other, and the utility yard partly fits into the angle they form, partly continues further along the line end walls Houses. Thus, the outline resembles the letter "g", which used to be called "verb". The basement and yard form utility rooms, living rooms located on the second floor.
In the Urals, there is also a peculiar arrangement of a hut under a high barn - a sub-barn hut. The hut is located below the ground in a high two-story log house, as if in a basement, and above it there is a huge barn. In cold winters, housing was protected on top by a barn with hay, on the side by a covered courtyard with outbuildings, at the back by a stable, and near the ground by deep snow. Usually it was part of a complex of buildings of a triple courtyard or a wallet courtyard.
The history of the Russian house - hut. A hut is a house made of logs. What types of log houses are there, how they are cut and from what kind of wood.
Our ancestors - the ancient Slavs, were predominantly home-loving, economic and family people. The whole life of a Slav passed in the circle of his family or clan. And the main focus of everything Slavic life, her nest was the hut - the native penates in which our ancestors were born, in which the life of the family passed, in which they died...
The name of the Russian house " hut"comes from Old Russian" truth", which means "house, bathhouse" or "source" from "Tales of Bygone Years...". The Old Russian name for a wooden dwelling is rooted in the Proto-Slavic "jьstъba" and is considered borrowed from the Germanic " stuba".In Old German" stuba" meant "warm room, bathhouse."
Also in " Tales of Bygone Years..."The chronicler Nestor writes that the Slavs lived in clans, each clan in its place. The way of life was patriarchal. The clan was the residence of several families under one roof, connected by blood ties and the authority of a single ancestor - the head of the family. As a rule, the clan was senior parents - father and mother and their numerous sons with their wives and grandchildren, who lived in one hut with a single hearth, all worked together and obeyed the elder brother to the younger, the son to the father, and the father to the grandfather. If the clan was too large, there was not enough space for everyone, then hut with a warm hearth it grew with additional extensions - cages. Cage - unheated room, cold hut without a stove, a log extension to the main, warm dwelling. Young families lived in the cages, but the hearth remained the same for everyone; food common to the whole family was prepared on it - lunch or dinner. The fire that was kindled in the hearth was a symbol of the clan, as a source of family warmth, as a place where the whole family, the whole clan gathered to resolve the most important issues of life. 
In ancient times huts were "black" or "chicken". Such huts were heated by stoves without a chimney. The smoke from the fire did not come out through the chimney, but through a window, door or chimney in the roof. 
The first blonds huts, according to archaeological data, appeared in Rus' in the 12th century. At first, rich, wealthy peasants lived in such huts with a stove and chimney, gradually all peasant classes began to adopt the tradition of building a hut with a stove and chimney, and already in the 19th century it was rarely possible to see a black hut, except perhaps only baths. Black-style bathhouses were built in Rus' until the twentieth century; just remember the famous song by V. Vysotsky “Black-Style Bathhouse”: "... Stomp!
Oh, today I will wash myself white!
Kropi,
The walls of the bathhouse are covered in smoke.
Swamp,
Do you hear? Give me a bathhouse in black! ".... According to the number of walls in the hut, houses were divided into four-walled, five-walled, cross-walled and six-walled.
Four-wall hut- the simplest structure made of logs, a frame house with four walls. Such huts Sometimes they were built with canopies, sometimes without them. The roofs in such houses were gable. In the northern territories, canopies or cages were attached to four-walled huts so that frosty air in winter would not immediately enter the warm room and cool it. 
Five-wall hut - log house with a fifth main transverse wall inside the log house, the most common type of hut in Rus'. The fifth wall in the frame of the house divided the room into two unequal parts: the larger part was the upper room, the second served either as an entryway or as an additional living area. The upper room served as the main room common to the whole family; there was a stove - the essence of the family hearth, which warmed the hut during harsh winters. The upper room served as both a kitchen and a dining room for the whole family. 
Izba-cross- This log house with internal transverse fifth and longitudinal sixth walls. The roof in such a house most often had a hipped roof (or, in modern terms, a hip roof), without gables. Of course, they built cross huts bigger size than ordinary five-walled ones, for large families, with separate rooms separated by main walls. 
Six-wall hut- this is the same as a five-wall hut, only with two transverse fifth and sixth main walls made of logs, parallel to each other.
Most often, huts in Rus' were built with a courtyard - additional wooden utility rooms. The courtyards in the house were divided into open and closed and were located away from the house or around it. In central Russia, open courtyards were most often built - without a common roof. All outbuildings: sheds, sheds, stables, barns, wood sheds, etc. stood away from huts. In the north, closed courtyards were built, under a common roof, and panels lined with wood on the ground, along which one could move from one outbuilding to another without fear of getting caught in rain or snow, the territory of which was not blown by a draft wind. The courtyards, covered with a single roof, were adjacent to the main residential hut, which made it possible, during harsh winters or rainy autumn-spring days, to get from the warm hut to the woodshed, barn or stable, without the risk of being wetted by rain, covered with snow or being exposed to street drafts. 
During the construction of a new huts our ancestors followed the rules developed over centuries, because the construction of a new house is a significant event in the life of a peasant family and all traditions were observed to the smallest detail. One of the main behests of the ancestors was the choice of a place for the future hut. A new hut should not be built on a site where there once was a cemetery, road or bathhouse. But at the same time, it was desirable that the place for the new house should already be inhabited, where people’s lives would pass in complete prosperity, in a bright and dry place. 
The main requirement for building material was the usual - the log house was cut from either pine, spruce or larch. Trunk coniferous trees he was tall, slender, could be worked well with an ax and at the same time was durable, the walls made of pine, spruce or larch retained heat well in the house in winter and did not heat up in the summer, in the heat, maintaining a pleasant coolness. At the same time, the choice of tree in the forest was regulated by several rules. For example, it was forbidden to cut down sick, old and dried out trees, which were considered dead and could, according to legend, bring illness into the house. It was forbidden to cut down trees that grew on the road or near roads. Such trees were considered “lush” and in Such logs, according to legend, can fall out of the walls and crush the owners of the house. 
The construction of the house was accompanied by a number of customs. While laying the first crown (mortgage), a coin or a paper bill was placed under each corner, a piece of wool from a sheep or a small skein of woolen yarn was placed in another, grain was added to the third, and incense was placed under the fourth. Thus, at the very beginning of the construction of the hut, our ancestors performed such rituals for the future home that signified its wealth, family warmth, a well-fed life and holiness in later life.
Holy Rus' has stood for a thousand years, spread over a vast territory from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka. And some traditions wooden house construction, the rules and customs of our contemporaries are still preserved from the time of our Slavic ancestors. Wooden houses and bathhouses are becoming popular again, especially in suburban areas. summer cottages among the townspeople. Pulls people to their origins, to wooden architecture, away from the stone and dusty stuffy cities outside the city, closer to nature, to the forest and river...
Article from the company website
A long time ago, Rus' was made of wood. The forest thickets provided an endless amount of building material. The work of our distant ancestors turned the forest into masterpieces wooden architecture. These masterpieces were fortresses, mansions, church buildings, but the very first and most important one was still the Russian Izba. It was the hut that was a simple and laconic structure, on the one hand, and the most popular one, on the other. The Russian hut, despite a certain primitivism, has gone through a difficult path of development. It all started with an ordinary wooden “cage”, now called a log house. So, the current “log house” is the most primitive version of a wooden house. Since ancient times, the log house (or four-walled structure) has gone through the same long evolutionary path as the first steam locomotive, which developed into a mainline locomotive. But first things first.
The four-wall building is the first and oldest type of Russian dwelling. Behind the apparent primitiveness lies a convenient and very advanced design of a residential building. Still would! Thick wooden walls could protect from any frost and fierce winds. It was the four-wall that was a chopped “cage”, a simple, but at the same time, very perfect design. Yes, a four-wall structure was optimal for southern and central Rus', but for the north construction type no good. It is worth saying that, for lack of anything better, four-wall buildings were also built in the north, but here harsh natural conditions forced adjustments to be made to the image of the ideal Russian hut.
The earliest principles of construction of Russian folk housing can only be shown by ancient residential buildings that survived in the areas of initial settlement of the Urals, the North and Siberia. In the villages, lost among rocks, forests and wastelands, due to the conservatism and isolation predetermined by nature itself, the ancient way of life has been preserved. Over time, new traditions also introduced new compositional techniques, as well as planning solutions, which for a long time determined the appearance of the Russian village.
In the old Ural villages, residential buildings are still preserved, from which one can judge that “wallet” houses with symmetrical roof slopes were common in the region. Around the beginning of the 19th century, and somewhere earlier, the four-wall system began to give way to more complex solutions.
Five-walled - this design was a logical development of the four-walled one. Pyatistenok did not make any special adjustments to appearance Russian residential building, but at the same time it was a serious stage of development. This is how the famous ethnographer Golitsyn describes the five-walled hut: each such hut consists of two halves connected to each other by a vestibule. The entrance to the vestibule from the porch is located on the front side of the hut. The porch is built on pillars, so that the floor and windows of the hut itself are quite high from the ground. A separate roof is attached to the top of the porch.
The tradition of building huts of similar design still lives in the Northern Dvina region, in the Kostroma region, as well as in the Komi Republic - now Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. What is a classic five-wall? This is a classic hut stretched in one direction, blocked in the middle by another chopped log wall. But sometimes five-wall buildings were not built immediately, but were formed by “cutting” to an already existing four-wall wall. A five-walled house with a porch was built in two versions: there was a type of construction in which the porch was made along the main facade of the house with an old entryway, under one common roof. Another option suggested that the old canopy behind the hut was dismantled, and a chapel with new canopy was cut in their place.
The stove, in this case, was removed from the hut to the chapel, which turned the chapel itself not only into additional room, but also into the kitchen. The hut itself also underwent structural changes: the room was divided into a bedroom and a room with plank partitions and, as a rule, the room opened onto the street.
But such architectural delights were very difficult for many peasants. Often they did it simpler: the upper room was placed in the new aisle, and the stove itself was left in the “front” hut. Then the windows of the upper room were no longer front windows, but looked out onto the garden. Houses with a truss became widespread in the Nizhny Tagil factory district, and then in other factory districts of the Urals. For example, the house of one of the famous craftsmen of Nizhny Tagil, built in 1876, was a traditional Russian hut with three windows with a canopy, but already in 1897, due to the growth of the family, it was rebuilt. An extension was added to the hut, where a Russian stove was taken out and fixed benches were installed.
Cutting down houses with a “cut” is a fairly common phenomenon for the industrial region of Nizhny Tagil in the 19th century. The houses of factory serfs were not particularly diverse. Houses were built and developed according to one type. It turned out that one neighbor copied from another, and throughout the entire century before last, nothing new appeared. However, something new appeared. The Russian five-walled hut is far from the only architectural innovation in the vastness of the Urals, the North and Siberia.
The six-wall building is the next stage in the evolution of the classic Russian hut. This type of residential building was not at all a response to the harsh Ural winter. Centuries before the first six-wall building appeared in the Ural taiga, this type of house was well developed in the Russian North. It was from there that the six-wall came to the Urals, and then further, to the Trans-Urals and Siberia. Actually, the six-wall came to the Urals earlier, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, but at first it did not receive further distribution.
When the construction of six-walled huts began in the Urals, initially this structure consisted of two four-walled log houses with a connection between them, made as a single whole. That’s right: the gap between the “cages” was sealed with the front and rear walls, the logs of which were cut into the grooves of the log houses. Such houses were called “with a reserve”. Moreover, the Ural “backlog” was much wider than the “alley” in the houses of the Russian North.
It was the increase in the “backlog” in the wooden architecture of the Urals that allowed the backlog to become a full-fledged room - the same as the “main” parts of the six-wall building. In the Urals, the six-wall house went through an evolution: “twin hut” - “hut with a back street” - “house with a backlog”. Studies by local historians of six-walled houses in the Middle Urals show that a six-walled house with three rooms of equal importance was made from a house with a connection. The central cold vestibule increased in size, acquired a window to illuminate the work, was insulated and turned into an upper room.
Six-walled houses in the Middle Urals were common among the wealthier part of the population, among living large families near factories and river piers, as well as on important roads.
Russian house of five walls Central Russia. Typical gable roof with light. Five-wall with a cut along the house
These examples, I think, are quite enough to prove that this type of house really exists and is widespread in traditionally Russian regions. It was somewhat unexpected for me that this type of house prevailed until recently on the coast White Sea. Even if we admit that I am wrong, and this style of houses came to the north from the central regions of Russia, and not vice versa, it turns out that the Slovenes from Lake Ilmen have nothing to do with the colonization of the White Sea coast. There are no houses of this type in the Novgorod region and along the Volkhov River. Strange, isn't it? And what kind of houses did the Novgorod Slovenes build from time immemorial? Below I give examples of such houses.
Slovenian type of houses
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In this photo we see a gable roof, which allows us to attribute this house to the Slovenian type. A house with a high basement, decorated with carvings typical of Russian houses. But the rafters lie on the side walls, like a barn. This house was built in Germany at the beginning of the 19th century for Russian soldiers whom the Russian Tsar sent to help Germany. Some of them remained in Germany completely; the German government, as a token of gratitude for their service, built houses like these for them. I think that the houses were built according to the sketches of these soldiers in the Slovenian style |
This is also a house from the German soldiers' series. Today in Germany these houses are part of the open-air museum of Russian wooden architecture. The Germans make money from our traditional applied arts. In which perfect condition They maintain these houses! And we? We don't value what we have. We turn our noses up at everything, we look at everything overseas, we do European-quality renovations. When will we take up Russ Repair and repair our Russia? |
In my opinion, these examples of Slovenian-type houses are enough. Those interested in this issue can find a lot more evidence of this hypothesis. The essence of the hypothesis is that real Slovenian houses (huts) differed from Russian izbas in a number of ways. It’s probably stupid to talk about which type is better and which is worse. The main thing is that they are different from each other. The rafters are placed differently, there is no cut along the house near the five-walls, the houses, as a rule, are narrower - 3 or 4 windows in the front, the platbands and linings of Slovenian-type houses, as a rule, are not sawn (not openwork) and therefore do not look like lace . Of course, there are houses of a mixed type of construction, somewhat similar to Russian-style houses in the arrangement of the rafters and the presence of cornices. The most important thing is that both Russian and Slovenian types of houses have their own areas. Houses of the Russian type are not found or practically never found in the Novgorod region and the west of the Tver region. I didn't find them there.
Finno-Ugric type of houses
The Finno-Ugric type of house is, as a rule, a five-walled building with a longitudinal cut and a significantly larger number of windows than houses of the Slovenian type. It has a log gable, and in the attic there is a room with log walls and a large window, making the house seem to be two stories high. The rafters are attached directly to the wall, and the roof overhangs the walls, so this type of house does not have eaves. Often houses of this type consist of two joined log houses under one roof |
The middle course of the Northern Dvina is above the mouth of the Vaga. This is what it looks like typical house Finno-Ugric type, which for some reason ethnographers persistently call northern Russian. But it is more widespread in the Komi Republic than in Russian villages. This house has a full-fledged attic warm room with log walls and two windows |
And this house is located in the Komi Republic in the Vychegda River basin. It has 7 windows along the facade. The house is made of two four-walled log cabins connected to each other by a log frame. The gable is made of logs, which makes the attic of the house warm. There is an attic room, but it has no window. The rafters are placed on the side walls and overhang them. |
The village of Kyrkanda in the southeast of the Arkhangelsk region. Please note that the house consists of two log cabins placed close to each other. The gable is made of logs, and there is an attic room in the attic. The house is wide, so the roof is quite flattened (not steep). There are no carved platbands. The rafters are installed on the side walls. There was a house consisting of two log buildings in our village of Vsekhsvyatskoye, only it was of the Russian type. As a child, playing hide and seek, I once climbed out of the attic into a gap between the log houses and barely crawled back out. It was very scary... |
House of Finno-Ugric type in the east of the Vologda region. From the attic room in this house you can go out onto a balcony. The roof overhang at the front is such that you can be on the balcony even in the rain. The house is tall, almost three stories high. And in the back of the house there are three more of the same huts, and between them there is a huge story. And it all belonged to one family. This is probably why there were many children in families. Finno-Ugric people lived luxuriously in the past. Today, not every new Russian has a cottage of this size |
The village of Kinerma in Karelia. The house is smaller than the houses in the Komi Republic, but the Finno-Ugric style is still visible. There are no carved platbands, so the face of the house is more severe than that of Russian-type houses |
Komi Republic. Everything suggests that this is a house built in the Finno-Ugric style. The house is huge, it contains all the utility rooms: two winter living huts, two summer huts - upper rooms, storage rooms, a workshop, a canopy, a stable, etc. To feed livestock and poultry, you don’t even have to go outside in the morning. In the long cold winter this was very important. |
Republic of Karelia. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the type of houses in Komi and Karelia is very similar. But these are two different ethnic groups. And between them we see houses of a completely different type - Russian. I note that Slovenian houses are more similar to Finno-Ugric ones than to Russian ones. Strange, isn't it? |
Houses of the Finno-Ugric type are also found in the northeast of the Kostroma region. This style has probably been preserved here since the times when the Finno-Ugric Kostroma tribe had not yet become Russified. The windows of this house are on the other side, and we see the back and side wall. You could drive a horse and cart into the house on the paved road along the flooring. Convenient, isn't it? |
On the Pinega River (the right tributary of the Northern Dvina), along with houses of the Russian type, there are also houses of the Finno-Ugric type. The two ethnic groups have lived together here for a long time, but still maintain their traditions when building houses. I draw your attention to the absence of carved platbands. There is a beautiful balcony, a small room in the attic. Unfortunately, this good house abandoned by the owners who were drawn to the city couch potato life |
There are probably enough examples of houses of the Finno-Ugric type. Of course, nowadays the traditions of building houses have been largely lost, and in modern villages and towns houses are built that differ from the ancient traditional types. Everywhere in the vicinity of our cities today we see ridiculous cottage developments, indicating the complete loss of our national and ethnic traditions. As you can understand from these photographs, which I borrowed from many dozens of sites, our ancestors lived unconstrained, in ecologically clean, spacious, beautiful and comfortable homes. They worked joyfully, with songs and jokes, they were friendly and not greedy, there are no blank fences near houses anywhere in the Russian North. If someone’s house in the village burned down, then the whole world would build him a new house. Let me note once again that there were not and today there are no deaf people near Russian and Finno-Ugric houses high fences, and that says a lot.
Polovtsian (Kypchak) type of houses
I hope that these examples of houses built in the Polovtsian (Kypchak) style are quite enough to prove that such a style really exists and has a certain distribution area, including not only the south of Russia, but also a significant part of Ukraine. I think that each type of house is adapted to certain climatic conditions. There are a lot of forests in the north, it’s cold there, so the residents build huge houses in the Russian or Finno-Ugric style, in which people live, livestock, and belongings are stored. There is enough wood for both walls and firewood. There is no forest in the steppe, there is little of it in the forest-steppe, which is why the residents have to make small adobe houses. Big house not needed here. Livestock can be kept in a pen in summer and winter, equipment can also be stored outside under a canopy. A person in the steppe zone spends more time outdoors in the open air than in the house. That’s how it is, but in the floodplain of the Don, and especially Khopra, there is a forest from which it would be possible to build a stronger and larger hut, and make a roof with a horse, and build a light in the attic. But no, the roof is made in the traditional style - hipped, so it’s more familiar to the eye. Why? And such a roof is more resistant to winds, and the winds in the steppe are much stronger. The roof here could easily be blown away by the next snowstorm. Besides hipped roof it is more convenient to cover with straw, and straw in the south of Russia and Ukraine is traditional and inexpensive roofing material. True, poor people covered their houses with straw in central Russia, even in the north of the Yaroslavl region in my homeland. As a child, I also saw old thatched houses in Vsekhsvyatskoye. But those who were richer roofed their houses with shingles or planks, and the richest - with roofing iron. I myself had the opportunity, under the guidance of my father, to cover our new house and the house of an old neighbor with shingles. Today, this technology is no longer used in villages; everyone has switched to slate, ondulin, metal tiles and other new technologies.
By analyzing the traditional types of houses that were common in Russia quite recently, I was able to identify four main ethno-cultural roots from which the Great Russian ethnic group grew. There were probably more daughter ethnic groups that merged into the Great Russian ethnic group, since we see that the same type of houses was characteristic of two, and sometimes three related ethnic groups living in similar natural conditions. Surely, in each type of traditional house, subtypes can be identified and associated with specific ethnic groups. Houses in Karelia, for example, are somewhat different from houses in Komi. And houses of the Russian type in the Yaroslavl region were built a little differently than houses of the same type on the Northern Dvina. People have always strived to express their individuality, including in the arrangement and decoration of their homes. At all times there were those who tried to change or improve traditions. But exceptions only emphasize the rules - this is well known to everyone.
I will consider that I wrote this article not in vain if in Russia fewer ridiculous cottages will be built in any style, if someone wants to build their new house in one of the traditional styles: Russian, Slovenian, Finno-Ugric or Polovtsian. All of them have today become nationwide, and we are obliged to preserve them. Ethno-cultural invariant is the basis of any ethnic group, perhaps more important than language. If we destroy it, our ethnic group will degrade and disappear. I saw how our compatriots who emigrated to the USA cling to ethno-cultural traditions. For them, even making cutlets turns into a kind of ritual, which helps them feel that they are Russians. Patriots are not only those who lie down under tanks with bunches of grenades, but also those who prefer the Russian style of houses, Russian felt boots, cabbage soup and borscht, kvass, etc.
In the book by a team of authors edited by I.V. Vlasov and V.A. Tishkov's "Russians: History and Ethnography", published in 1997 by the Nauka publishing house, has a very interesting chapter on rural residential and economic development in Russia in the 12th - 17th centuries. But the authors of the chapter L.N. Chizhikova and O.R. For some reason, Rudin paid very little attention to Russian-style houses with a gable roof and a light in the attic. They consider them in the same group with Slovenian-type houses with gable roof hanging on the side walls.
However, it is impossible to explain how Russian-type houses appeared on the shores of the White Sea and why they are not in the vicinity of Novgorod on the Ilmen, based on the traditional concept (stating that the White Sea was controlled by the Novgorodians from Ilmen). This is probably why historians and ethnographers do not pay attention to Russian-style houses - they are not in Novgorod. In M. Semenova’s book “We are Slavs!”, published in 2008 in St. Petersburg by the ABC-Classics publishing house, there is good material about the evolution of the Slovenian-type house.
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According to the concept of M. Semenova, the original dwelling of the Ilmen Slovenes was a semi-dugout, almost completely buried in the ground. Only a slightly gable roof, covered with poles on which a thick layer of turf was laid, rose above the surface. The walls of such a dugout were made of logs. Inside there were benches, a table, and a lounger for sleeping. Later, in the half-dugout, an adobe stove appeared, which was heated in a black way - the smoke went into the dugout and came out through the door. After the installation of the stove, the house became warm even in winter, and it was no longer possible to bury oneself in the ground. The Slovenian house “began to crawl out” from the ground to the surface. A floor of hewn logs or blocks appeared. This house became cleaner and brighter. The earth did not fall from the walls and ceiling, there was no need to bend over backwards, it was possible to make a higher door.
I think that the process of turning a half-dugout into a house with a gable roof took many centuries. But even today the Slovenian hut bears some of the features of an ancient half-dugout; at least the shape of the roof has remained gable. |
A medieval house of the Slovenian type on a residential basement (essentially two-story). Often on the ground floor there was a barn - a room for livestock) |
I assume that the most ancient type of house, which undoubtedly developed in the north, was the Russian type. Houses of this type are more complex in their roof structure: it is three-sloped, with a cornice, with a very stable position of the rafters, with a light heated by a chimney. In such houses, the chimney in the attic made a bend about two meters long. This bend of the pipe is figuratively and accurately called a “hog”, on such a hog in our house in Vsekhsvyatsky, for example, cats warmed themselves in winter, and it kept the attic warm. In a Russian-type house there is no connection with a half-dugout. Most likely, such houses were invented by the Celts, who penetrated the White Sea at least 2 thousand years ago. Perhaps the descendants of those Aryans lived on the White Sea and in the basin of the Northern Dvina, Sukhona, Vaga, Onega and upper Volga, some of whom went to India, Iran and Tibet. This question remains open, and this question is about who we Russians are - aliens or real natives? When an expert in the ancient language of India, Sanskrit, found himself in a Vologda hotel and listened to the women’s conversation, he was very surprised that the Vologda women spoke some kind of corrupted Sanskrit - the Russian language turned out to be so similar to Sanskrit. Houses of the Slovene type arose as a result of the transformation of semi-dugouts as the Ilmen Slovenes moved north. At the same time, the Slovenes adopted a lot (including some methods of building houses) from the Karelians and Vepsians, with whom they inevitably came into contact. But the Varangians of Rus' came from the north, pushed aside the Finno-Ugric tribes and created their own state: first North-Eastern Rus', and then Kievan Rus, moving the capital to warmer climes, displacing the Khazars. But those ancient states in the 8th - 13th centuries did not have clear boundaries: those who paid tribute to the prince were considered to belong to this state. The princes and their squads fed themselves by robbing the population. By our standards, they were ordinary racketeers. I think that the population often moved from one such racketeer sovereign to another, and in some cases the population “fed” several such “sovereigns” at once. Constant clashes between princes and atamans, constant robbery of the population were commonplace in those days. The most progressive phenomenon in that era was the subjugation of all petty princes and chieftains by one sovereign, the suppression of their freedom and the imposition of a flat tax on the population. Such salvation for the Russians, Finno-Ugric, Krivichi and Slovenians was their inclusion in the Golden Horde. Unfortunately, our official history is based on chronicles and written documents compiled by princes or under their direct leadership. And for them - the princes - to submit to the supreme power of the Golden Horde king was “worse than a bitter radish.” So they called this time the yoke. |
Hut: typology and layout
Experts divide Russian peasant housing (for now we are talking only about peasant housing) into two large groups: a dwelling with a rubble and a dwelling on a basement. This division is based on the climatic conditions of the habitat, and the border runs approximately through the Moscow region. The higher the floor is above the ground, the warmer the home. Consequently, in the northern regions, the dwelling had to stand on a basement, and the further north, the higher it was, so that an auxiliary room, basement, or sub-basement was formed under the floor. South of Moscow, the floor was laid low above the ground or even, along the southern borders of the Ryazan region, on the ground, and in some places there were also earthen floors. In this case, it was necessary to insulate the building with a pile: from the outside, and sometimes from the inside, under a low floor, a low pole fence was built along the walls, filled with earth. In the summer, the rubble could be rolled away so that the lower crowns of the hut could dry out.
In general, the earth is good insulation, and often bathhouses, built from poor wood, were made in the form of half-dugouts for warmth. And the ancient, or, better said, early medieval buildings of ordinary Russian people, especially in Kievan Rus, all of them were semi-dugouts - a log structure sunk into the ground. However, this was a long time ago, and permanent permanent dwellings long ago became above-ground, and only temporary winter huts were built in the form of semi-dugouts with a roof made of knurled roofing covered with earth.
The simplest and most archaic type of dwelling is single-chamber, that is, with one interior space, heated dwelling - stove. Istokka - because it was heated, it was possible to light a stove in it. Istokka - istoka - isobka - istba - hut. Now it’s clear why the Russian peasant dwelling is called an izba - because it is heated. Attached to the entrance to the firebox was a light vestibule, sometimes even open at the front, made of logs, poles or even wicker - a canopy.
Izba. Plan
1. Hut, 2. Stove, 3. Table in the red corner, 4. Konik, 5. Canopy, 6. Porch.
Sen in Russian - shadow, cover; canopy - because they had a roof, covered the entrance, shaded it. The threshold in the hut was made high, at least one crown, or even one and a half or two, so that the open door would draw less cold: the coldest air stays at the bottom. For the same purpose, the floor in the hut must certainly be slightly higher than in the entryway. And the doors were small, with a low ceiling, so that when entering old hut, you need to bend your head lower. In general, they tried to make all the openings in the walls smaller to save heat.
The threshold in the hut was given special significance: after all, it separated the hut from the outside world. The young woman, having arrived from the crown, had to step on the threshold with both feet in order to become related to the hut. The baby was placed on the threshold with its tummy if it screamed from pain in the stomach. On the threshold, adults were also treated for back pain: they laid them on their stomachs on the threshold and “hacked out” the ailment with an ax blade. Setting off on a long journey, from under the threshold of their father’s hut they took a pinch of earth into an amulet. Finally, as will be described below, a “living” fire was “cut out” on the threshold.
The hut had a floor made of thick blocks - split and hewn logs. The blocks lay along the hut, from the threshold: and the floor beams were shorter, did not bend underfoot, and it was more comfortable to walk on uneven floor from the chopping block. After all, basically in the hut you had to walk along it, and not across it. In the same way, a ceiling was laid along the hut, which in the attic for insulation was covered with dry fallen leaves, fallen spruce needles, a needle case, or simply dry earth. In a small hut, the ceiling was supported by one central beam - matitsa. Since it supported not only the peasant's shelter, but also the very life of the future peasant - a ring was screwed into the matitsa, on which a wobbly for the baby hung - the matitsa was given special significance in peasant life. They took vows under it, borrowed money and returned money, a matchmaker sat under it, matchmaking and betrothal of young people took place under it.
However, modern researchers write that even in forested areas as recently as the 18th century, huts had no floor or ceiling; the role of the floor was played by trampled earth, on which it was more convenient to keep livestock in winter and milk the cows brought into the hut, and the role of the ceiling was played by a gable log roof on males and hens (106; 15, 89); however, some researchers claim the presence of ceilings and floors already in medieval dwellings (84; 33). The author of these lines, participating in the Smolensk archaeological expedition in 1964, himself saw the floors in the remains of a city shoemaker's hut in the layers of the 13th - 14th centuries; On one of these floors the first two birch bark letters in Smolensk were found.
In the entryway. Sowing flour
Windows, two or three (a typical hut had three windows along the facade), were cut into the front wall, opposite the entrance. This juxtaposition of the door and windows had a special meaning. In a smoking hut, heated “black”, without a chimney, during the fire the door and the portico window were opened to create draft, so that a direct flow of fresh air was created. The windows were divided into woven and slanted. The fiber window, small in size, was “clouded” and closed after the end of the fire with a massive shutter. Slanting windows served to illuminate the home. The jambs were inserted into them - wide, thick beams beveled into the hut, forming a rectangle, and the window frame was already fixed in the jambs. In the old days, devitrification was small, because glass was made small size: glass production technology was extremely imperfect. However, window glass appeared quite late, and in ancient times, even in royal and boyar mansions, windows were “glazed” with thin plates of mica. The scientific name of mica is muscovite: supposedly the foreigners who gave it this name first saw mica in large quantities in Muscovy, which received it from the Urals. Well, simpler people, including peasants, “glazed” their windows with dried ox bladder or oiled parchment or paper, which was also not cheap. The windows could open, but did not have sashes, and even in the 18th century. even in royal palaces the lower half of the frame rose up, sliding along the upper. In the chicken huts, of the three front windows, one, in the middle, was made sash, and two, at the edges, were made slanted. Sometimes another slanted window was made in the side wall, facing the entrance, so that visitors entering the courtyard could be seen.
In winter, to save heat, the peasant hut was wrapped in straw from the outside up to half or more, pressing it with poles. The windows were also half covered with straw and covered with boards. After all, second frames - an expensive thing - appeared in the village quite late and not everywhere.
However, the istoka is a small, cramped dwelling, and peasant families were usually large, consisting of three generations. A more spacious dwelling was a hut with a log house: an additional, smaller log house of three walls was attached to the hut. It housed clean room, without a stove - an upper room; it was also called a svetlitsa, svetelka: there was no stove in it, which means that the walls were clean and light from soot. In fact, a upper room is a mountain, that is, an elevated living space located at the top. This is how it was in ancient times in rich mansions. Gradually, upper rooms appeared in poor houses, including peasant houses, descending to the same level as the hut both in the social sense and topographically. In the wall of the hut, to which the hut adjoined, a door was cut into the upper room, which was heated by the heat coming from the hut from the stove. But in rich houses, when they began to put brick kilns with a chimney, a small stove could be placed in the upper room for heating - a flood chamber, a grubka, or a fireplace.
A hut with a prirub was so called if the prirub was smaller than the hut itself: for example, a two-window prirub with a three-window hut. If the prirub was equal in size to the hut, then it was already a twin hut.
The third type of dwelling is the communication hut. Simultaneously with the hut, right during construction, the log canopy was cut down, and behind them followed the cold half of the dwelling - the cage. Actually, a cage is any chopped log building, but in Russia this word was still applied selectively, to an auxiliary extension, cold, mainly for storing property. The canopy had no ceiling and a ladder led from it to the attic, where they could store some household utensils, for example, a disassembled weaving mill, and dry onions. The vestibule itself now had all four walls, in one of which there was a door to the porch. But under the door and porch there were often no lower crowns, so the floor of the entryway looked like a platform and was called that way - a bridge. They threw under the bridge all sorts of household scraps that could somehow still be needed on the farm: dried out barrels, broken hoops, and the like. The porch adjacent to the entryway could be open, and often had a roof. It is called a porch because it protrudes to the side, beyond the walls, like a bird’s wing. Therefore, it would be more correct to write not “porch”, but “porch” - wing, wing.
The most valuable property was kept in the cage, which did not have a stove, and this is where the famous Russian chests stood: as there were inhabitants in the hut, there were as many chests for personal property. In the summer they usually slept here: it was hot in the hut, and flies and other uninvited inhabitants bothered them. After all, the stove in the hut had to be lit in the summer - for cooking and baking bread. In the hut, especially near the stove, it was, to put it mildly, a little dirty, and the dirt and cramped conditions infested fleas, cockroaches, and bedbugs. These living creatures were not in the cage, because they froze in the winter or went into a warm, cozy hut. So it was both peaceful and cool to sleep here.
It was precisely when there was a cage in the communication hut that the lower room under the floor of the cage was, in fact, a basement. And the room under the floor of the hut itself was called a podizbitsa. In the basement with a low ceiling and earthen floor, various property was stored; artisans could set up a workshop, and in winter they often kept small livestock here. In the podizbitsa, supplies for the winter were stored: turnips, and then potatoes that replaced them, sauerkraut, carrots, radishes, and beets. It was cool enough here so that the vegetables did not wither or rot, and at the same time warm enough from the upper room of the hut so that the supplies did not freeze in the cold.
The communication hut, of course, was more spacious than a simple hut, and it could also be built with a small yard, so large patriarchal families erected an intermediate version of their home - a communication hut with a truss. This already provided three habitable rooms.
Further expansion of the dwelling was possible only by lengthening the walls, which means it was necessary to rally and tie together logs, which, as we know, violated the strength of the building. The result was a five-wall house: directly during construction, the internal transverse main wall was cut down, dividing the building into two halves and giving it additional strength. Solid logs passed through this wall, firmly connecting with the entire structure. A five-wall building could be built either with a cut-out or in the form of a connection, expanding and expanding the room. Then, in the five-walled building in the front part there was actually a hut with a Russian stove, behind the main wall there was an upper room, and there could have been another upper room in the entrance area.
And finally, in forest-rich regions of the Russian North and Siberia, special six-wall houses, or “cross houses,” appeared: during construction, two intersecting main walls were cut inside, dividing the building into four rooms. Now it was possible to tie the logs of all four outer walls together: the strength did not suffer from this. In one of the rooms there could be a warm main canopy, but usually they were cut along one of the walls along the entire length, enclosing closets for property in them. Then, in the six-wall building itself, in the front room there was a kitchen with a Russian stove, behind it there was a “hall” for receiving guests, and then two bedrooms with heating units. By the way, both five-wall and six-wall buildings were no longer called izba. This was exactly the house.
Since the hut is a heated dwelling, the stove turned out to be a necessary and indispensable attribute. Therefore, experts use another principle of the typology of Russian peasant housing - the placement of a stove in it.
The placement of the furnace was again dictated by climatic conditions. The eastern South Russian type of layout, characteristic of the Voronezh, Tambov, partly Tula and Oryol provinces, was distinguished by a stove located in the corner farthest from the entrance, with the stove mouth towards the entrance. In this case, the most important, red corner of the hut, located diagonally from the stove, was located near the front door. The Western South Russian type, characteristic of most of the Oryol and Kursk provinces and the south of Kaluga, was distinguished by the fact that the mouth of the stove was turned towards the side wall. In the Western Russian provinces - Vitebsk, Pskov, partly in Smolensk and southern districts of the Novgorod province, the stove was placed near the entrance door and the mouth was turned towards it. But with the North Central Russian layout, which covered most of the country’s territory, the oven turned its mouth away from the entrance. This is understandable. The housewife spent most of her time, especially in winter, near the mouth of the stove, where, as we will see, there was the so-called woman's corner. With the front door constantly opening, the cold air from it would constantly cover the legs, and this threatened to catch a cold. Therefore, in warmer areas, the mouth of the stove turned towards the entrance, which was more convenient: nevertheless, it was necessary to carry firewood and water here, take out slops and swill for livestock, and where it was colder, the housewife was covered from the cold air by the stove. In the Moscow region, even now you can find huts with a stove turned with the forehead towards the entrance and the forehead away from it: here was the border of typological distribution.
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