A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object.
At night the weather became noisy, the river became agitated, and a splinter burned out in the man’s smoky hut. The children are sleeping, the housewife is dozing, the husband is lying on the bed, the storm is blowing; suddenly he hears: someone is knocking on the window. (P.)
Words: knocks, howls, makes noise, gets excited, burns out, listens-denote the actions of an object. Words: sleeping, dozing, lying- indicate the condition of the item. The verb answers the questions: /i>what does the object do? what is being done with it? The student (what is he doing?) is reading a story. The story (what is being done with it?) is read by the students.
Changing the verb.
A verb, denoting an action, can also indicate the time when the action is performed. The verb has three tenses: present, past and future.
I knock (present tense), knocked (past tense), I will knock, I will knock (future tense).
The verb has 3 persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and two numbers: singular and plural.
In the past tense, the verb has no special personal endings, and the person is expressed only by a personal pronoun.
For example: I knocked, you knocked, he knocked. In the past tense, the verb changes according to gender and number: brother knocked (masculine), sister knocked ( feminine), something knocked (neuter gender), we knocked (myoj. number).
Changing the verb according to persons, tenses and numbers is called conjugation.
Verbs can end with the particle -sya or Verbs ending t-sya(-s), are called returnable. After consonants and th used -xia, and after vowels -s: washes - washes, soap - washed, wash - wash, my - wash, mine - wash, washed - washed.
The role of the verb in a sentence.
In a sentence, the verb is usually predicate. The predicate-verb denotes the action or state of an object that is the subject of a given sentence, and agrees with the subject in number and person, and in the past tense - in number and gender.
We boldly rush towards the enemy; after us the red cavalry rushed into battle; the enemy hastily retreats.
We rush. Predicate let's rush agrees with the subject we in person and number.
The cavalry rushed. Predicate rushed agrees with the subject cavalry in gender and number.
Indefinite form, or infinitive
The verb has special form, which only names an action, does not in itself indicate either time, number, or person and is therefore called an indefinite form, or infinitive; read, cherish, carry, come. Indefinite form verb answers the question: what to do? what to do?
The infinitive form of the verb ends in -t, -ti: build, carry. Eat special group verbs with infinitive form -ch. Verbs have -whose the stem in the present tense ends in G or to: I can, I can, I bake, I bake, I take care, I take care. Here we find the alternation G And To with sound h.
Letter b remains in an indefinite form in front of the particle -xia: build - build, take care - take care.
Note. The indefinite form of the verb is derived from the verbal noun. That's why she doesn't indicate the time and person. Our language still retains several words that can be both nouns and verbs, for example: hot oven (noun), bake pies (verb); big leak (noun), water stopped flowing (verb); old noble nobility (noun), wants to know a lot (verb).
Types of verbs.
Verbs can be imperfect and perfect form.
1. Verbs imperfect form show an unfinished action or a repeated action: work, scream, sleep, buy, take, throw, look in.
Verbs of the imperfect form form the future tense using an auxiliary verb: I Will work.
Note. Verbs that denote only a repeated action are said to be of the multiple type if there is a verb with a continuous meaning nearby: read (when reading), walk (and walk), sit (when sitting).
2. Perfect verbs show the completeness of the action: buy, take, bring, leave, read, write.
Perfective verbs cannot have the present tense; the form of the present tense has the meaning of the future for them: I will buy, I will take, I will start, I will bring, I will leave, I will read, I will write, I will speak.
Note. Verbs of the perfect form, which denote an action that happened only once, are said to be of the one-time type. These are especially the case with verbs with the suffix -path, which preserve it in the past tense: jump when jump (cf. jumped), spit, spit (cf. spat), shout when scream (cf. shouted).
Formation of verb types.
Most simple verbs are of the imperfect form: carry, write, work. However, give, lie down, sit down, stand, child and a number of verbs: buy, throw, finish, let, forgive, decide, captivate, deprive, etc. will be of the perfect form.
Note. Some simple verbs have both perfective and imperfective meanings: to wound, to marry.
This also includes many verbs in -irate and -ovate: telegraph, organize, attack.
Complex verbs with prefixes in the vast majority of cases belong to the perfect form: bring, leave, read, sign, speak, sketch, throw. However, verbs are complex, formed from verbs wear, drive, carry, walk, run, fly, will be mostly imperfect. For example: bring, take away, bring in, enter, leave, etc.; take out, bring out, take out, go out (but in&carry, take out, go out etc. will be perfect); bring in, take down (but putting in a shirt, taking off boots, etc. will be perfect).
I. Almost every perfective verb can be used to form an imperfective verb with the same meaning: give-give, start-start, bring-bring, etc.
The main way of forming imperfective verbs from the corresponding perfective verbs is the suffix -yva or -two, and often the root o alternates with a, and the final root consonant of a number of verbs alternates according to: read-read, smear - lubricate, sign - sign, rise - scoot, jump - jump, push - push, smooth - smooth, hang - hang, freeze - freeze, ask - ask, manure - manure, nip - nip, feed - feed, accumulate - accumulate etc. etc.
Another way to form imperfective verbs is to change the suffix -And- to suffix -I-(or -A- after sibilants) with the same changes in final root consonants as in the previous case: meet - meet, peel - peel, give birth - give birth, illuminate - illuminate, design - design, get ahead - get ahead, load - load, finish-finish, decide-decide, surround - surround and so on.
The third way of forming verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -A-, and the root e or I (A after hissing ones) often alternates with and: erase - erase, die - die, subtract - subtract, light - light, hush - hush, begin - begin.
2. The fourth way to form verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -va-, used in cases where the root of the verb ends in a vowel: break-break, ripen-ripen, give (ladies) - give (I give), find out (learn) - find out (know).
Notes
II. From simple verbs of the imperfect form, the perfect form is formed either by means of a suffix -Well-(single verbs): jump - jump, scream - shout etc. or through so-called “empty” prefixes that do not change the basic meaning of the word: o- (about-), po-, s-, na-, etc.: to grow stronger - to grow stronger, to please - to please, to destroy - to destroy, to do - to do, to write - to write, etc.
However, most simple verbs of the imperfect form do not form the perfect form: bite, sit, sleep, lie down etc. This also includes verbs welcome, be absent, participate and some others.
Alternation of vowels in the formation of species.
Sometimes the formation of species is associated with the alternation of vowel sounds in the root: die - die, lock up - lock up, throw away - throw away, light up - light up.
Table of alternation of vowels in verb roots during the formation of species.
Verb tenses.
The present tense of a verb means that the action occurs simultaneously with the moment of speech, that is, when it is spoken about.
1. The wind blows across the sea and propels the boat. He runs in the waves on swollen sails. (P.) 2. And caravans of ships sail under a scarlet flag from the midday seas along a concrete channel.
The present tense is also used to denote an action that is performed constantly, always. 1 The plant reaches towards the light source. 2. A person breathes with his lungs. 3. The northern shores of the USSR are washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
Past tense means that the action took place before the moment of speech. They defeated the atamans, dispersed the governors and Pacific Ocean finished our hike.
The future tense means that the action will take place after the moment of speech. 1. And if the enemy wants to take away our living joy in a stubborn battle, then we will sing a battle song and stand up for our Motherland. 2. We beat the enemies of the Soviet regime, we beat them and we will beat them.
Two verb stems.
The verb has two stems: the indefinite stem and the present tense.
To highlight the base of the indefinite form, it is necessary to discard the suffix from the verb of the indefinite form -t, -ti, for example: carry a piss.
The present tense stem is highlighted if the personal ending is dropped from the present tense or future simple verb, for example: write-ut, bear-ut, say-ut.
All verb forms are formed from these two stems.
Changing verbs according to persons and numbers.
Verbs in the present and future tenses change according to persons and numbers.
The first person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself: I work, read, study.
The second person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one to whom the speaker is speaking: you work, read, study.
The third person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one about whom they speak: he, she works, reads, studies.
In the plural, all these forms show that the action refers to more than one person: we work (we), work (you), work (they).
Present tense.
Personal endings.
Verbs with endings: -eat (-eat), ~et (-et), -eat (-et), -ete (-ete)3 -ut (-et) are called first conjugation verbs.
Verbs with endings -ish, -yga, -im, ~ite, -at, (-yat) are called verbs of the second conjugation.
For reflexive verbs, a particle is added to the personal ending -sya (s). I study, I study, I teach, I study, I teach, I study, well, I swim - I swim, I swim - I swim, I bathe - I swim,
Note. When conjugating some verbs, there is an alternation of consonants preceding the personal endings: shore - you take care (g - g); flow - flow (k - n) - in verbs of the first conjugation; I wear - you wear (w - s); I drive - you carry (f - h); I’m sitting - sitting (w-d); twist - twist (h - t); sad? - sad (w - st): love - love (6l-“6); catch - catch (ate - in); sculpt - sculpt (pl - p); feed - feed (ml - m); graflu - grafish (fl - f) - in verbs of the second conjugation.
Spelling personal verb endings.
At the end of the 2nd person singular verb after w letter is written b: you carry, you give, you hurry, you stand.
The letter b is retained in the 2nd person singular and in cases where a particle is added to the ending of the verb -running around, studying, swimming.
3. It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs into -tsya 3rd person singular and plural present time on -tsya. We must remember that b written only in the indefinite form: he can(what to do?) work(indefinite form), but He(what is he doing?) works(3rd person).
Spelling of verbs of the first and second conjugation.
Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations differ in hearing if the stress falls on the personal endings.
You go, you go, you go, you go, you go-1st conjugation.
In a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry-:2nd conjugation.
If the stress falls on the stem, then the personal endings of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations are almost the same by ear. For example: you prick - you saw, you prick - you saw. In such cases, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its indefinite form.
Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, the 2nd conjugation includes:
1. All verbs with unstressed personal endings, having an indefinite form in ~it, for example: build - build, build; love - love, love (except for the verb shave - shave, shave).
2. Seven verbs per -to: watch, see, depend, hate, offend, endure, twist.
3. Four verbs per -at: hear, breathe, hold, drive.
These verbs in the 1st singular form do not have present tense suffixes -e-, -a-: look - I look, see - I see, breathe - I breathe, hear - I hear. Compare: blush - blush(1st conjugation verb, suffix -e- exists at the base) and answer - answer(also 1st conjugation, with the suffix -o- at the base).
All other verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Note. Verbs with a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the unprefixed verbs from which they are formed: If you get enough sleep, you sleep, if you bear it, you carry it. (I. Utkin.)
Variably conjugated verbs.
Verbs want and run are called heteroconjugated. They are conjugated partly according to the 1st, partly according to the 2nd conjugation;
Singular Plural.
I want to run we want to run
do you want to run do you want to run
he wants to run they want to run
Verbs are specially conjugated eat and give:
I eat I'll give we eat I'll give
you eat you give you eat you give
he eats will give they eat will give
Verbs derived from these verbs are also conjugated: eat, eat, give out, give away, etc.
Note. In the Old Russian language, the auxiliary verb to be was also conjugated in a special way: I am, we are, you are, you are, he is, they are
In modern literary language Only the 3rd person forms have been preserved: there is also less of a point.
Past tense.
The verb in the past tense has no personal endings: I read, you read, he read (compare with the endings of the present tense: I read, you read, he reads).
The verb in the past tense in the singular changes according to gender: The steamer has sailed, the boat has sailed, the ship has sailed.
In the masculine gender there is no gender ending, c. feminine generic ending is -A, average -o: took, took-a, took-o.
In the plural, the past tense verb does not change according to gender and has the ending -i. Compare: students read-and - students read-and.
The past tense is formed by adding the suffix -l to the stem of the indefinite form: run-bezyua-l, walk-walk-l, build-build-l. Before the suffix -l the vowel that comes in an indefinite form before -t: see - saw, hear - heard.
In the masculine gender, after the consonant sound at the end of the word, the suffix -l drops out: crawled - crawled, carried - carried, carried - carried, wiped - wiped.
Reflexive verbs in the past tense have a particle at the end -xia or -s: took care, took care: took care, took care; took care, took care; took care, took care.
Notes
Later auxiliary verb be they started to miss. The past tense began to be denoted by one word, that is, a verbal adjective that retained its generic endings.
Verbal adjectives in -l in the Old Russian language they could be not only short, but also complete. The remainder of the complete ones are adjectives such as former (compare the verb was), mature (compare mature), skillful (compare could), etc.
Future
The future tense can be simple and complex. Verbs of the perfect form have a simple future tense: to do - I will do, to decide - I will decide. The future is complex for imperfective verbs: do - I will do, decide - I will decide.
The future simple consists of one word and has the same personal endings as the present tense: to do, to decide - I will do, I will decide; you will do it, you will decide; will do, decide.
The future complex is formed from the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb: I will do it, I will decide. Verb be, with the help of which the future tense is formed, is called in this case an auxiliary verb.
Use of tenses.
In our speech, we sometimes use one tense to mean another.
1. The present tense is sometimes used to mean the past: the past is told as if it were now passing before one’s eyes. This helps to vividly imagine what is being said. I was returning home from the station last night, walking along a dark street. I'm in a hurry. Suddenly I see: near the nearest lantern something is getting dark.
2. The present tense is used to mean the future. To make things more vivid, we talk about the future as if it were already happening. I often paint myself a picture of my future life: I finish school, go to university, study in the winter, and in the summer I certainly go on an excursion.
3. We use the future simple tense to mean the past when we talk about something that has been repeated several times.
I remember that my old friend would come to me in the evening, sit down next to me and begin to talk about his travels to the distant north.
The future tense in the meaning of the past is also used in combination with the word it happened. In winter, it used to be that in the dead of night we would lay down a daring troika... (P.)
4. We use the future simple in the meaning of the past when we talk about something that happened unexpectedly. I came closer to the girl, and she screamed.
Impersonal verbs.
A special group of verbs consists of impersonal verbs.
Impersonal verbs mostly denote natural phenomena (it's getting dark, it's freezing) or various states and experiences of a person (fever, unwell, remember, think).
In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, but they represent an action without an agent. With them there is not and cannot be a subject.
Impersonal verbs do not change according to persons and numbers. They have in the present and future tense only one form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense only a neuter form: It's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting feverish - it's getting feverish.
Note. Impersonal verbs like feverish, chilly, freezing, were once personal. This was in those distant times when people did not yet know how to fight nature, they believed in the existence of supernatural forces, good and evil, and explained the action of these mysterious forces and various natural phenomena and the human condition. When they spoke feverish, freezing, They thought that both fever and frost were the actions of some special mysterious force, some supernatural being.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Verbs, according to their meaning and how they are connected in a sentence with other words, are divided into two groups: transitive and intransitive.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in accusative case without preposition: I take (what?) a book and see off (who?) my sister.
The remaining verbs are intransitive: I lie down, sleep, walk, run, do (what?), hope (for what?).
Notes
The meaning of reflexive verbs.
Reflexive verbs formed from any transitive verb are intransitive: lift (transitive) - rise (intransitive), wash (transitive) - wash (intransitive), meet (transitive) - meet (intransitive).
Note. There are verbs that are not reflexive: I walk, I sleep, I sing. On the contrary, there are also verbs that are used only as reflexives: I'm afraid, I laugh, I admire, I work.
Particle -xia in reflexive verbs has several meanings. The most important of them are the following.
a) Particle -xia denotes only the intransitivity of an action, i.e. an action that is not directed at any object: the dog bites, the horse rushes, the sea is rough, the fog rises.
b) Particle -xia gives the verb its own reflexive meaning: it indicates that the action returns to the actor himself. Compare: bathe (who?) a child and bathe (i.e. bathe oneself).
c) Particle -xia gives the verb a reciprocal meaning: it indicates that the action occurs between two or more characters or objects. With these verbs you can ask a question with whom? with what? For example: meet(with whom? - with a friend), fight, fight.
d) Particle -xia gives the verb a passive meaning.. With these verbs you can ask questions by whom? how? For example: Rocks (subject) are eroded by (what?) water. Compare: Water erodes rocks.
e) Particle -xia gives the verb an impersonal meaning. At the same time, she indicates that the action is performed as if by itself, against anyone’s will. With these verbs you can ask questions to whom? what? For example: I can’t sleep (who?) (compare: he doesn’t sleep), he doesn’t want to, I think.
Note. Origin of verbs -xia. In the Old Russian language, after transitive verbs, the short form wine could be used. pad. units including the reflexive pronoun sya (i.e. yourself). For example, wash(i.e. wash yourself). Previously, sya was a separate member of the sentence and could stand in different places in the sentence, that is, in Old Russian one could say: I want to wash myself (I want to wash myself).
Later, the pronoun xia turned from an independent word into a particle, began to be used only after the verb, and finally merged with it into one word. In this case, the verb changed from transitive to intransitive. ¦
Compare: wash (who? or what?) and wash (yourself), dress (who? or what?) and dress (yourself).
Inclinations.
The verb has three moods - indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
The indicative mood of a verb denotes an action that has happened, is happening, or will actually happen: read - read - will read; I read it - I'll read it. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, past and future.
The subjunctive (or conditional) mood denotes an action that is possible or desirable. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would: You should have come home earlier. If it were yesterday good weather, we would go boating.
The particle can appear either after or before the verb, and can also be separated from the verb in other words: If the best rider on the fastest horse galloped along our borders, he would spend about two years on this unprecedented run in the world.
The imperative mood denotes an order, command, as well as a request, a wish. Verbs in the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person singular and plural: carry - carry, work, work, cook - cook.
Formation of the imperative mood.
The imperative mood is formed from the present tense stem in two ways.
Some verbs add an ending to the base of the present (future) tense -and: go-ut-go, sit-yat - sit, take-out-take out, shout-ut - shout.
In other verbs, the imperative mood is formed without an ending and is equal to the present tense stem. The stem of such verbs in the imperative mood ends:
1) to a soft consonant (in writing b): throw (kin-ut), throw (throw-yat), hit (hit-yat), prepare (ready-yat);
2) to hissing (in writing b): cut (rez-ut), hide (hide-ut), console (console-at);
3) on -th; read, throw, draw.
In the 2nd person plural. ending is added to the number -those: go-go, throw-throw, read-read, hide-hide.
The imperative mood of reflexive verbs on the code has a particle -sya or -sya: Look after - look after, look after; take a closer look, take a closer look. Throw - throw, throw; rush - rush, rush. Throw-throw, throw; rush - rush, rush.
Sometimes the particle is added to the imperative mood -ka. This particle usually softens the order and gives it the character of a friendly address. Let's go and pick some chestnuts in the garden. Come here
Note. For the expression of the 1st person plural. numbers of the imperative mood, the usual forms of the 1st person plural are used. numbers of the present or future tense with imperative intonation: Let's go. We'll decide. Let's sit down. These forms are also used with the ending -te: Let's go. Decide. Let's sit down. They then either indicate that the command is addressed to several persons, or indicate a polite address to one person.
To express the 3rd person imperative mood, the usual form of the 3rd person is used in conjunction with particles let, let, yes: Long live the muses, long live the mind! (P.) Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! (P.) Let your face glow like the dawn in the morning.
Replacing inclinations.
In Russian, one mood can be used to mean another.
The imperative mood is often used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood and the conjunction if. The subject can be in any number and person and usually comes after the predicate. If he had told us earlier, everything could have been arranged. (Compare: If he had said earlier...) If we were five minutes late, he would have left. (Compare: If we were five minutes late...)
In other cases, on the contrary, the subjunctive mood has the meaning of the imperative mood. You should rest a little. Someone should sing for us. Such phrases express a request, advice, a polite offer.
Often, in the meaning of the imperative mood, the indefinite form of the verb is used. Be silent/Sit still! Keep quiet/ This use of the indefinite form expresses a persistent and strict command.
Verb suffixes.
From nouns, verbs are formed using suffixes -oe- (at), -ev- (at). In the present tense these suffixes are replaced by the suffixes -yes, -yu-: conversation-conversation - talking, grief - grieving - grieving.
Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix -e-(t) (in the present, tense -e-yu): white - turn white - turn white (with the meaning of becoming white), gray-gray - turn gray (with the meaning of becoming gray), beast - become wild - beast (with the meaning of becoming beast) or using the suffix -i-(t) (in the present tense -/o): white - whiten - whitewash (with the meaning of making white), litter - litter-litter (with the meaning of making litter).
Verbs are also formed from nouns using a suffix -a-(t): carpenter - to do carpentry; smart guy - to be smart (with a change from k to h).
The suffixes -ir-(at), -izir-(at) occur mostly on verbs foreign origin: telegraph, register, agitate, collectivize, organize.
Spelling verb suffixes.
To distinguish unstressed suffixes -ov-(at), -ev-(at) from the suffixes -iv-(at), -iv-(at), it is necessary to form the 1st person singular. numbers of the present (future) time.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. numbers of the present tense end in -yu-, -yu-, then th is in an indefinite form, and in the past tense it is necessary to write -ovat (-oval), -evat (-eval): advise, advised, advise; I'm grieving, grieving, grieving.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. the number of the present tense ends in -Ivayu, -Ivayu-, then in an indefinite form,” and in the past tense you must write -yat (-yval), -iv (-ival): showing - showing, showing; arrange-arrange, arranged
Notes
Spelling particles ns verbs
Negation Not written separately with the verb.
The exception is those verbs that are not used without no. For example: to be indignant, to hate.
If verbs lacking and lacking indicate a lack of something, they are written together: My friend lacks (that is, he does not have) the ability to get down to business right away. He lacks (that is, he does not have) endurance in his work.
Verb not enough- in the sense of not reaching for something - written separately: The child cannot reach the table with his hand:
Verb lacks-in the sense of not taking it, it is written separately: Our dog barks at strangers, but doesn’t grab anyone’s legs
A verb in its initial, or indefinite, form is called an infinitive. The infinitive always answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” You can never ask questions in relation to the initial form: “what is he doing?”, “What will he do?”, “What will he do?”, “What did he do?”, “What did he do?” " etc. That is, the infinitive, by definition, has a minimum number of morphological features.
Examples. The verb “go” answers the question “what to do?” Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological features - persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.
Another example. The verb “write” answers the question “what to do?” and is an infinitive. From this initial form verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.
In other words, a verb in the infinitive is always a zero (indefinite) form, from which it is always possible to form different shapes the same word in different persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.
What signs of a verb can be determined by the initial form
If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine from it any features of this part of speech, or morphological features? Yes, you can define constant signs of a verb.
Firstly, by the indefinite form you can determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question “what to do?” and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfective verb in the infinitive answers the question “what to do?” and denotes a completed, completed action. For example, “take a walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.
Secondly, you can determine by the infinitive. There are two conjugations – the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in –et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and several exception verbs end in –it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in –it, as well as some exception verbs in –at, -yat and –et.
The indefinite or initial form of a verb (and strictly in the language of science - it is called an infinitive) is what linguists call its form, which strictly denotes the action itself, regardless of such grammatical categories as person and number, and answers the question “what to do?” The word "do" itself is an example of an infinitive, or indefinite form of a verb.
This answers the question, what is the peculiarity of the indefinite form of the verb.
In Russian schools, the topic of the infinitive is usually discussed in the middle classes.
Formal features of the infinitive
In Russian, the signs of the infinitive are the suffixes “t” or “ti”: go, run, stand, crawl, find, determine, etc. After vowels, “t” is used, after consonants - “ti”: run, but go.
It also matters that the infinitive always answers one question - what to do?
The group of verbs that ends in “ch” stands out in particular: lie down, bake, take care, burn, etc. Initially in the Old Russian language they also had the suffix “ti” after “g” at the end: lie down, bake, take care, burn. This archaic form has been preserved to this day in others closest to Russian Slavic languages- Ukrainian and Belarusian. In Russian, “gti” gradually transformed into “ch”.
In English, the indicator of an indefinite form is the particle to used before the verb: to go, to love, to run, etc. The infinitive has its own formal features in every language, but it is not possible to consider them all within one publication, and it is not makes sense. Everyone who has studied English knows this, and it doesn’t matter whether it was taught in the first grade or in higher grades.
In the Russian language, a verb in an indefinite form is characterized by such constant features as transitivity, reflexivity, and type of conjugation. All this is also studied in middle school, which can be easily remembered.
The indefinite form usually determines the conjugation of those verbs whose endings in other forms are unstressed. We have all heard about this more than once in school Russian lessons.
Features of the syntactic role of the infinitive
If various options conjugated forms of the verb in a sentence most of all gravitate towards the role of the predicate, and other cases of their use are rather an exception to the rule, then the infinitive can be used as any member of the sentence: subject, object, determiner.
In a sentence it is usually used together with a predicate, in the role of which a noun, adverb, indefinite form of another verb or full adjective V instrumental case with a linking verb.
Look to have a positive outlook on the world is an important skill.
Believe the deceiver is stupid (option: no sense).
Save- this means making money.
Come in the area has become unsafe in the evenings.
Don't make mistakes- means doing nothing.
Predicate
There are two cases of using the infinitive form of a verb as a predicate:
- As part compound predicate two-part sentence.
- In a one-part impersonal sentence.
Examples of two-part sentences:
- I have to do it.
- I really want you help.
- The worker has finished grind detail.
- He dreams go abroad.
- He continued intensely work on the project.
- The new employee soon adapted to the team and stopped set unnecessary questions.
Examples of impersonal one-part sentences:
- Well, why not? be in love this city!
- Impossible pass the!
- How could we meet.
Definition
As an inconsistent definition, an indefinite verb is used when explaining a noun.
We often tend to strive (for what?) hug immensity.
Usually in such cases the infinitive form of the verb is combined with abstract nouns expressing desire, desire, intention, habit, inclination, ability, readiness, etc.
Circumstance
Usually in this role the indefinite form appears with a verb of movement or other action and explains why this action was taken. Between the predicate and such a circumstance, the goals can be put “so that.”
For example:
- I went to drink some water.
- The major went out to check the posts.
- They came to Sochi to relax by the sea.
Addition
The infinitive acts as a complement when it refers to the subject to whom the action expressed by the predicate is directed. So, in the sentence “I want to help you” it is part of the compound verb predicate. But if we say “I asked a colleague to help me,” “help” already acts as an addition. This nuance must be taken into account in order to determine the role of the infinitive in such sentences.
Here are a few more examples in which the indefinite form acts as an object:
- We asked a friend meet us at the station.
- The authorities persuaded him take vacation later.
- The boss asked me come in to him as soon as I show up at work.
Stylistic nuances of using the infinitive form of the verb
Verbs in the indefinite form are often used in official instructions, instructions, written and oral orders. Speeches addressed by officers to soldiers are especially often full of them.
The infinitive conveys an indication of the rigidity of a particular order or requirement and the strictness of its observance. For example: “Provide results no later than July 20.” It sounds even stricter than the imperative form - “provide.” Although the imperative itself, especially if it is not accompanied by the word “please,” carries a considerable similar load.
It is not surprising why their use is so popular in the army, where great importance is attached to discipline, diligence and subordination, and in civilian structures with a rigid management vertical, for example, government agencies.
And various prohibitions, formulated as a combination of the infinitive and the particle “not,” serve the same function: do not smoke, do not litter, etc.
After all this, it’s unlikely that you have any doubts about what an indefinite form of a verb is.
Lesson topic: “Indefinite form of verbs.”
It is called indefinite because it cannot be used to determine either time, number, person, or gender of the verb.
Listen to the poem, find the verbs.
It’s so good, friends, to walk
Along the trail with a backpack.
It’s wonderful to jump across the field
On horseback.
It's also nice to take the express -
Will flash in the window there is a meadow and a forest.
Slide not bad on the waves
On a sea ship.
But it's better to rush in the skies
On a steel liner. (I. Kholin)
Walk, jump (what to do?),
sit down (what to do?),
slide (what to do), rush (what to do?).
Verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do? This initial form verb. Its peculiarity is that neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender are determined for it.
Verb will flash(what will he do?) is used in the form of the future tense, singular, 3rd person. You will learn to determine the faces of verbs in 4th grade.
Find out Pushkin's fairy tales, from which excerpts were taken, and find verbs in them that are in the indefinite form. How can you tell them apart?
Verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do?
The mirror had the following properties:
It can speak well...
“You, queen, are the sweetest of all,
All blush and whiter.”
And the queen laughs
And shrug your shoulders
And wink your eyes,
And click your fingers...
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights."
Verbs in the indefinite form:
what to do?
speak
laugh
shake
wink
snap
Tsar Dadon wanted in his old age
Take a break from military affairs
And give yourself some peace.
The neighbors are disturbing here
Steel the old king,
Doing terrible harm to him.
So that the ends of your possessions
Protect from attacks
He should have contained
Numerous army.
"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel."
what to do?
bother
guard
what to do?
relax
arrange
If you want, remember.
Verbs that answer the question what to do? are imperfective verbs. Verbs that answer the question what to do? are perfective verbs.
Verbs that answer the questions what to do? and what to do?, are considered in different words, even if they are the same root. They differ from each other in some parts of the base and therefore differ in meaning.
What to do?
laugh
shake
speak
What to do?
for laughing
shake
before talking
laugh - laugh out loud
The words are distinguished by the prefix za- (the prefix za- means “to begin an action”).
shake(root press -) - shake(root zha-)
The verb to shake names an action that is performed often (repeatedly), the verb to shake names an action that is performed once (one time).
talk - finish
The words are distinguished by the prefix do - (the prefix do- has the meaning “to complete the action”).
In order not to switch from one verb to another, you need to follow the prefix in the question.
1. Put a question to the form of the verb and find out whether the question contains the prefix C - or not.
2. Ask an indefinite question with or without the prefix C-.
3. Name the indefinite form of the desired verb.
The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in -т or -ти(go, go out, find, carry, crawl). Scientists have not yet agreed on what to call this part of the word. Some consider it an ending, while others consider it a suffix.
Sometimes the indefinite form of the verb ends in -ch, but these letters are part of the root:
guard - guard(root guard-, guard-), I'll lie down - lie down(root lie-, lie-).
In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does not end in -ti, it is always written ь. It is also written after the letter h (-ch) - this is a spelling for the rule: ь in the indefinite form of the verb.
Let's determine the tense of verbs and find the indefinite form.
leaked- what did you do?, last century, what to do?, leak(root flow-flow)
I cut my hair- what am I doing?, now, what to do?, cut(root shear-cut)
I'll save save(root shore - take care)
I'll carry you away- what will I do?, bud.v., what to do?, captivate(root attract-attract)
The vowel letters in the indefinite form of verbs before -т are most often suffixes. They can be different: -a, -e, -i, -i, -o.
If they are unstressed, then there is always an orthogram in their place. These suffix letters cannot be determined by rule, they can only be learned from the dictionary and remembered.
Suffix -a: hear, swim, jump, listen
Suffix -e: see, offend, depend
Suffix -i: build, iron, cook, glue, put, construct
Suffix -ya: bark, melt, winnow, sow
Let's find the verb in the indefinite form.
The wind sings barely audibly,
Linden sighs by the garden...
Sensitive music lives everywhere -
In the rustle of grass,
In the noise of the oak forests,
You just need to listen.(V. Semernin)
What is he doing?, sings, sighs, lives- verbs in the present tense.
What to do?, listen - verb in an infinitive form.
Verbs often contain a special suffix -sya or -sya. It is special because it is located after -ТН. To distinguish it from other suffixes, scientists gave it their own name - postfix (“attached after”).
Form infinitive verbs using these suffixes and prefixes.
Prefixes VZ-, PO-, PRI-, OT-.
Roots -DREAM-, -COUGH-, -DANCE-.
Suffixes -IVA-, -NU-, -YVA-, -A-, -I-, -SYA.
Vz doze - prefix vz-, suffix -nu-,
doze - prefix po-, suffix -a,
po cough - prefix po-, suffix -ya-,
for cough - prefix from-, suffix -я-,
to dance - prefix po-, suffix -a-,
when dancing - prefix pri-, suffix -yva-,
from dancing - prefix from-, suffix -yva-.
Who eats what?
A fly can only suck up liquid food with its proboscis. Some butterflies have incisor-like teeth at the end of their proboscis, which they can use to chew through the skins of fruits and drink their juice! Eight flexible tentacles with suction cups help the octopus to grab and hold any prey very tightly. With its long neck, the giraffe is able to reach tree shoots. A snail living in a shell can cut and grind food with its tongue. The spider can produce sticky silk for its web to catch insects. There are webs with lids, then the prey cannot escape from it.
Can (what to do?) suck in,
can (what to do?) chew and drink,
help (what to do?) to grab and hold,
able (what to do?) to get,
capable of (what to do?) cut and grind,
can (what to do?) produce,
should (what to do?) get caught,
what to do? don't slip away.
During holidays.
It’s good early in the summer….and…to the lake. It’s nice...in the sun,...in clear water,...mushrooms, berries in the forest,...birds singing. Interesting...the behavior of insects,...playing football with friends. Useful ... in the garden and vegetable garden, ... for senior housekeepers.
During holidays.
It’s good in the summer to get up early (what to do?) and (what to do?) go to the lake. It’s nice (what to do?) sunbathe in the sun, (what to do?) swim in clear water, (what to do?) pick mushrooms and berries in the forest, (what to do?) listen to birdsong. It’s interesting (what to do?) to observe the behavior of insects, (what to do?) to play football with friends. It is useful (what to do?) to work in the garden and vegetable garden, (what to do?) to help elders with housework.
How to cook pancakes.
You (take) half a liter of kefir, (add) a little salt, sugar and soda, (beat) one egg and (pour) into this mass, (add) flour and (mix) everything. We can (bake).
Let's put the verbs in the indefinite form.
let's take - what will we do?, what to do?, take
let's add - what will we do?, what will we do?, add
let's beat - what will we do?, what to do?, beat
pour out - what will we do?, what to do?, pour out
add - what do we do?, what do we do?, add
mix - what do we do?, what do we do?, mix
baking - what are we doing?, what to do?, baking
How to cook pancakes.
You need to take half a liter of kefir, add a little salt, sugar and soda, beat one egg and pour it into this mass, add flour and mix everything. You can bake.
(What to do?) Dress or put on? These two words are often confused.
The verbs dress and put on are similar, but they have different meanings.
You can dress someone, but you can only put something on yourself.
Therefore it is correct to say this:
put on (something)
form
coat
shoes
dress
costume
dress (someone)
child
doll
girl
sick
baby
In the lesson, you learned that verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do? This is the initial form of the verb. Its peculiarity is that neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender are determined for it.
The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in -т or -ти, sometimes in -ч. In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does not end in -ti, it is always written ь.
- M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. 3rd grade: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
- G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Cdo.omrc.ru ().
- Oldskola1.narod.ru ().
- Read the poem. What part of speech is “main” in it? Indicate in what form the words of this part of speech are used? Emphasize the sign of this form.
Don't stop me from dreaming!
I wish I could get a bag of sweets,
Unwrap, chew, suck,
Slurp, smack, gobble up,
For a long, long time not to swallow,
Enjoy, savor.
- Put questions to these verbs. Form an indefinite form from them and emphasize the sign of the initial form.
Carrying, running, whistling, carrying, cutting, looking for, drawing.
- Write out the verbs in the indefinite form from the poem in two columns.
What to do? What to do?
There is no need to pester your mother...
No need to beg your sister...
No need to call
No need to wait
The ability to form an indefinite form, recognize it in a text, and distinguish it from other forms of a verb is necessary not only when studying a verb, but also when forming its forms. Various tasks, exercises, and work with tables will help you develop this skill.
In school practice, to identify an indefinite form, the teacher most often uses only questions (what to do?) (what to do?), paying little attention to a detailed acquaintance with this form. For example, mistakes are very common when defining verbs like carry, take care. However, these errors can be prevented if students are offered such a table when familiarizing themselves with the indefinite form.
This table will help you recognize the indefinite form by its external formal features (finite -t, -ch or -ti). The number of verbs in the indefinite form in -ti and –ch is small. Students should be introduced to the most common of them:
Verbs in -ti:
go, go, wander, carry, lead, row, sweep, carry, find, graze, weave, crawl, grow, scrape, shake, bloom.
These verbs can be included in the exercises.
1. From various forms verbs in -ti form an indefinite form: sweep - revenge, carry - carry, etc.
2. Put these verbs in the 1st person singular form: row - row, find - find, etc.
3. From these verbs, using various prefixes, form new ones: weave - braid, intertwine, weave, etc.
4. Using the verbs to carry, rake, revenge, go, come, carry, compose a coherent text on the topic “On the subbotnik.”
Similar work is carried out with verbs ending in -ch.
Verbs starting with -ch:
protect, achieve, burn, lie down, clothe, doom, renounce, oven, help, neglect, cut, guard, flog, flow, pound, captivate, harness
Very often, children form non-literary forms from verbs ending in -ch: “burns,” “flows,” etc. To avoid this, you need to bring them to the conclusion that only in the 1st person singular and in the 3rd person plural the numbers of these verbs retain the sounds g and k (zhgu - burn, bake - bake), and in other forms there is an alternation of g - z and k - h (zhgu - burn, burn, burn, burn; flow - flow, flow, flow , flowing).
Accordingly, students are also hampered by the reverse operation, i.e., the formation of an indefinite form from personal forms of verbs, for example: shore, reach, lie down, flow, get carried away, cut, renounce, guard.
Students also experience difficulties in forming the indefinite form from impersonal verbs (by the way, the comparison of the 3rd person and the indefinite form is especially important from the point of view of spelling), so it is useful to practice tasks such as finding the indefinite form from impersonal verbs: it gets dark early (dusk) .
I want to sleep, it becomes cool, I feel the approach of spring, I feel completely grown up.
How well students have learned to find the indefinite form from which the verb is derived will be shown by the results of completing such a task.
Write down verbs from each sentence and choose an indefinite form for them.
1) The boy walked barefoot and carried his shoes in a bag.
2) I cleaned the kettle, filled it with water and went to the fire.
3) The old man smiles, winks, and squats down.
4) The short summer night was leaving, the dawn was already red in the east, the stars were slowly extinguishing.
5) It’s getting dark outside, but we don’t want to go back.
6) Styopka has his arms outstretched and is lying on his back, his hat is lying on the sand.
7) Evening shadows fall on the ground, merge, filling the streets with darkness.
Work on spelling when studying an indefinite form can be accompanied by work on speech development,
1. Find synonyms for these verbs (also verbs in the indefinite form).
Shy (fear), argue (prove), submit (obey), motivate (justify), send (send), restore (restore), export (export), import (import), debate (argue), stimulate (encourage), blame (reproach, reproach), hope (hope), study (study), groom (undead, cherish), zeal (try), oppose (object)
2. Find antonyms for these verbs (also verbs in the indefinite form).
Punish (forgive), hurry (slow down), chat (be silent), praise (scold), extinguish (ignite), chill (warm up), cry (laugh), start (finish), agree (object), appear (disappear), spoil (fix), love (hate), climb (descend), thaw (freeze), rest (work), dawn (dark), cool (heat), despair (hope), build (destroy), work (idle).
3. Replace these phrases with verbs that are similar in meaning.
To languish from idleness (to be bored), to fish (to fish), to win (to win), to experience fear (to be afraid), to send a telegram (to telegraph), to go back (to return), to improve in something (to qualify), to be examined (to be examined) ), to understand something (to get oriented), to come to consciousness (to wake up), to move to another country (to emigrate), to admit mistakes (to repent), to be released from accusations (to rehabilitate).
4. Explain the meaning of phraseological units using synonymous verbs. Make sentences using phraseological units.
To beat one's forehead (to ask), to beat one's head (to mess around), to bring out clean water(expose), hack on the nose (remember), turn one's nose up (become proud), nod off (doze), pout one's lips (offend), hang one's head (be despondent), come to one's senses (come to one's senses).
Exercises for various substitutions should be carried out throughout the entire study of the verb (2-3 minutes at the end of the lesson). Some attention should be paid to paronyms, i.e. words that are different in meaning, but similar in pronunciation, such as: gape - shine, import - export, put on - put on, reject - refute, present - provide, etc. These words you can pronounce them in class, write them down in a student’s dictionary, include them in dictations, and come up with sentences with them; It is useful to look up their meanings in an explanatory dictionary.
When reviewing morphology in high school, students should remember that verbs in the indefinite form can be various members of a sentence: subject (Learning is always useful), predicate (Our task is to study), definition (I got the opportunity to study), object (We agreed to study only good and excellent), circumstance (The guys came to the city to study).
The following suggestions will help consolidate this information.
1) I went out into the air to freshen up (L.).
2) Riding this horse was a pleasure for Rostov (L. T.).
3) I lay down on the camp bed to rest a little (T.).
4) I saw the need to change the conversation (P.).
5) I have an innate passion to contradict (L.).
6) The sun was just beginning to rise (L. T.).
