Source - Wikipedia
State Planning Committee of the USSR
(State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR) - a state body that carried out national planning for the development of the national economy of the USSR and monitored the implementation of national economic plans. In the union republics (including Russia) and autonomous entities there were state planning commissions (in Russia - the State Planning Commission of the RSFSR), in the regions (including autonomous regions) - regional planning commissions, in the regions - district planning commissions, in cities - city planning commissions.
On August 21, 1923, the USSR State Commission for Planning under the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR (STO USSR) was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
The prototype of its creation was the State Commission for Electrification of Russia (GOELRO), which worked from 1920 to 1921.
The Regulations on the State General Planning Commission, approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated February 28, 1921, defines:
“A general planning commission is being created under the Council of Labor and Defense to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and for general monitoring of the implementation of this plan.”
Initially, the USSR State Planning Committee played an advisory role, coordinating the plans of the union republics and developing a general plan. Since 1925, the USSR State Planning Committee began to formulate annual plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, which were called “control figures”.
At the beginning of its activity, the USSR State Planning Committee was engaged in studying the situation in the economy and drawing up reports on certain problems, for example, on the restoration and development of coal-mining regions. The development of a unified economic plan for the country began with the release of annual target figures and directives for 1925-1926, which set guidelines for all sectors of the economy.
At first, the Gosplan apparatus consisted of 40 economists, engineers and other personnel; by 1923 there were already 300 employees, and by 1925 a network of planning organizations subordinate to the USSR Gosplan had been created throughout the USSR.
The USSR State Planning Committee combined primarily the functions of the highest expert body in the economy and a scientific coordination center.
The work of the USSR State Planning Committee in the 1920s is illustrated by V.V. Kabanov in his book.
Let's take the USSR State Planning Commission fund, stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics. Let's assume that we are interested in material on agriculture from the mid-20s. Where to look for it?
It can be established that the complex will include documents generated as a result of the activities of the Presidium of the State Planning Committee, the agricultural section, as well as all other sections whose work in one way or another came into contact with the issues Agriculture. First of all, we can highlight the economic-statistical section, which carried out preparatory work to construct a long-term plan for the development of the national economy, which studied the methodology for compiling the grain and fodder balance, productivity, grain prices, peasant budgets, etc. The materials of the sections of domestic and foreign trade gravitate towards the problems of the domestic and foreign markets for agricultural products. Issues of mechanical engineering for agriculture are revealed in the documents of the industrial section. The materials of the agricultural section, which prepared the issue for consideration by the State Planning Presidium, necessarily went through the stage of discussion in all interested sections. A preliminary discussion of the issue took place in the presidium of the agricultural section and then, after approval, its results were submitted to the Presidium of the State Planning Committee for consideration.
Thus, the first thematic set of documents on a particular issue was first developed at the level of the agricultural section and concentrated in the materials of the appendices to the minutes of the meeting of the presidium of the agricultural section. Then, in its final form, with the addition of materials, conclusions of people's commissariats and departments, a set of documents is formed as part of the annexes to the protocols of the State Planning Presidium.
The structure of the State Planning Committee before the arrival of N. A. Voznesensky, consisted of seven sections:
accounting and distribution of material resources and labor organization;
energy;
Agriculture;
industry;
transport;
foreign trade and concessions;
zoning.
In 1927, the defense sector of the USSR State Planning Committee was added to them.
Under the leadership of the USSR State Planning Committee, large-scale programs for the industrialization of the USSR were successfully implemented, transforming the USSR from a predominantly agricultural country into a leading industrial power.
During the first five-year plan (1928-1932), 1,500 large enterprises were built, including: automobile plants in Moscow (AZLK) and Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ), Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants).
At the January (1933) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, it was announced that the first five-year plan would be completed in 4 years and 3 months.
As a result of the implementation of the second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, 4,500 large state-owned industrial enterprises. On the preparation by the USSR State Planning Committee of the second five-year plan, see R. Davis, O. V. Khlevnyuk: “The Second Five-Year Plan: a mechanism for changing economic policy”
Resolution State Committee USSR Defense of August 7, 1941 No. 421 “On the procedure for placing evacuated enterprises”, the USSR State Planning Committee was entrusted with the task of ensuring the evacuation and mobilization of industry of the USSR. In particular, special attention was paid to ensuring that when locating evacuated enterprises, priority was given to the aviation industry, ammunition industry, weapons, tanks and armored vehicles, ferrous, non-ferrous and special metallurgy, and chemistry. People's Commissars were instructed to coordinate with the USSR State Planning Committee and the Evacuation Council the final destinations for enterprises being transported to the rear and the organization of duplicate production.
N. A. Voznesensky was appointed representative of the State Defense Committee for the implementation of the ammunition production plan by industry, and his deputy was M. Z. Saburov
During July-November 1941, more than 1,500 industrial enterprises and 7.5 million people - workers, engineers, technicians and other specialists - were relocated to the east of the country. The evacuation of industrial enterprises was carried out to the eastern regions of the RSFSR, as well as to the southern republics of the country - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
In 1945, active work began on the Soviet atomic project, and a Special Committee was created to manage the work. The State Planning Committee was assigned a special role in the activities of the special committee:
The head of the State Planning Committee N.A. Voznesensky joined the special committee;
Directorate No. 1 was created in the State Planning Committee, which was responsible for the work of the Special Committee. J.V. Stalin appointed N.A. Borisov as the head of Department No. 1, relieving him of other duties in the State Planning Committee.
Also, Gosplan was entrusted with the tasks of supplying nuclear industry organizations; the head of Gosplan, Voznesensky, was appointed responsible for their implementation.
In 1949, state security agencies began organizing the largest series of political trials in the post-war period - the so-called “Leningrad Case”. The head of the State Planning Committee, Voznesensky, was to become a key figure in the conspiracy to overthrow Soviet power and separate Russia from the USSR, making Leningrad the capital of the new state. The “Leningrad Affair”, the “Voznesensky Affair” and the “Gosplan Affair” were closely intertwined and complemented each other; they were the result of rivalry and struggle between Stalin’s associates in the highest echelons of power.
The result of the adoption of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 5, 1949 “On the State Planning Committee of the USSR” and the Politburo resolution dated September 11, 1949 “On numerous facts of loss secret documents in the State Planning Committee of the USSR" was a significant personnel purge in the apparatus of the State Planning Committee of the USSR:
By April 1950, the entire core staff of responsible and technical workers was checked - about 1,400 people. 130 people were fired, more than 40 were transferred from the State Planning Committee to work in other organizations. During the year, 255 new workers were hired by the State Planning Committee. Of Voznesensky’s 12 deputies, seven were removed, and only one was arrested by April 1950, and four received new responsible jobs (which also testified to the predominantly non-political nature of the “Gosplan case”). The composition of heads of departments and departments and their deputies has been updated by a third. Of the 133 sector heads, 35 were replaced
.
Chairman of the State Planning Committee N.A. Voznesensky was removed from all posts, removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee, expelled from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and from members of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. On October 27, 1949 he was arrested and executed on October 1, 1950. Rehabilitated in 1954.
In May 1955, the USSR State Planning Committee was divided into two parts:
The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Long-Term Planning developed long-term plans for 10-15 years
State Economic Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers for Current Planning of the National Economy (State Economic Commission) (1955-1957) - developed five-year plans.
On November 24, 1962, the State Planning Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers was transformed into the Council of the National Economy of the USSR. On the same day, a new State Planning Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers was formed on the basis of the State Scientific and Economic Council of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Later, the State Planning Committee was renamed several more times, as can be seen from the table below.
The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation can be conditionally considered the successor of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (formally speaking, it is the successor of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR).
Official names and subordination
1921-1923 State General Planning Commission under the Council of Labor and Defense of the RSFSR
1923-1931 State Planning Commission under the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR
1931-1946 State Planning Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
1946-1946 State Planning Commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1946-1948 State Planning Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1948-1955 State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1955-1957 State Planning Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for long-term planning of the national economy of the USSR
1957-1963 State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1963-1965 State Planning Committee of the USSR of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR
1965-1991 State Planning Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers of the USSR
1991-1991 Ministry of Economics and Forecasting of the USSR
The main task in all periods of its existence was planning the economy of the USSR, drawing up plans for the country's development for various periods.
In accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the subject matter of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets includes: “k) Establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy and its individual branches on the territory of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic".
In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Second All-Union Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924, the supreme authorities of the USSR are responsible for: “h) establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy of the Union, identifying industries and individual industrial enterprises of national importance, conclusion of concession agreements, both all-Union and on behalf of the Union republics.”
Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, approved by the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936, provided that the jurisdiction of the USSR in the person of its highest authorities and bodies government controlled is: “j) establishment of national economic plans of the USSR,” and Article 70 classified the USSR State Planning Committee as a government body, the Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee was a member of the USSR Council of Ministers.
Article 16 of the USSR Constitution, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977, provided that the management of “the economy is carried out on the basis of state plans for economic and social development, taking into account sectoral and territorial principles, combining centralized management with economic independence and initiative of enterprises, associations and other organizations.” The jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest bodies of state power and administration, includes: “5) carrying out a unified socio-economic policy, managing the country’s economy: determining the main directions of scientific and technological progress and general measures for rational use and security natural resources; development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, approval of reports on their implementation,” Monitoring the implementation of state plans and assignments is carried out by bodies of people's control formed by councils people's deputies(Article 92). The approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR is carried out by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Article 108). The Council of Ministers of the USSR: “2) develops and submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR current and long-term state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, the state budget of the USSR; takes measures to implement state plans and budgets; submits reports to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the implementation of plans and execution of the budget” (Article 131). There is no mention of the USSR State Planning Committee in this Constitution.
By USSR Law No. 2000-VI of December 19, 1963, the USSR State Planning Committee was transformed from an all-Union body into a Union-Republican body. The same act determined that the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Article 70).
The main task of the USSR State Planning Committee from the late 60s until its liquidation in 1991 was: development, in accordance with the CPSU Program, directives of the CPSU Central Committee and decisions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, of state national economic plans that ensure proportional development of the national economy of the USSR, continuous growth and increased efficiency of social production in with the aim of creating the material and technical base of communism, steadily increasing the standard of living of the people and strengthening the country's defense capability.
“State plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR must be optimal, based on the economic laws of socialism, on modern achievements and prospects for the development of science and technology, on the results scientific research economic and social problems of communist construction, a comprehensive study of social needs, on the correct combination of sectoral and territorial planning, as well as central planning with the economic independence of enterprises and organizations. (Regulations on the State Planning Committee of the USSR, approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 9, 1968 No. 719)"
The work of the USSR State Planning Committee on national economic planning was coordinated with the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the People's Commissariat of Finance (later the USSR Ministry of Finance), the Supreme Council of the National Economy (USSR Supreme Council of National Economy), and later with the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, the USSR State Bank and the USSR State Supply Committee.
Since 1928, the USSR State Planning Committee began to draw up five-year plans and monitor their compliance.
Implementation period Serial number Document name Approved
1928-1932 I five-year plan Directives for drawing up a five-year plan for the development of the national economy XV Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1927; Adopted by the V All-Union Congress of Soviets in 1929
1933-1937 II five-year plan Resolution “On the second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR” XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1934
1938-1942 III five-year plan - disrupted by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War Resolution of the XVIII Congress of the CPSU (b) on the report of comrade. Molotov XVIII Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1939
1946-1950 IV five-year plan Law on the five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy (for 1946-1950) by the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR March 18, 1946
1951-1955 V five-year plan Directives on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XIX Congress of the CPSU in 1952
1956-1960 VI five-year plan - instead of it from 1959 to 1965 there was a seven-year Directive on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XX Congress of the CPSU in 1956
1959-1965 VII five-year plan (seven-year plan) Directives on the seven-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XXI Congress of the CPSU in 1959
1966-1970 VIII five-year plan Directives on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XXIII Congress of the CPSU in 1966
1971-1975 IX five-year plan Directives on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XXIV Congress of the CPSU in 1971
1976-1980 X five-year plan The main directions of development of the national economy of the USSR for 1976-1980. XXV Congress of the CPSU in 1976
1981-1985 XI five-year plan The main directions of economic and social development of the USSR for 1981-1985. and for the period until 1990. XXVI Congress of the CPSU in 1981
1986-1990 XII five-year plan Main directions of economic and social development of the USSR for 1986-1990 and for the future until 2000 XXVII Congress of the CPSU in 1986
1991-1995 XIII Five-Year Plan Was not implemented due to the collapse of the USSR.
Our plans are not forecast plans, not guesswork plans, but plans-directives that are binding on the governing bodies and that determine the direction of our economic development in the future on a national scale.
- J.V. Stalin - December 3, 1927
Administrative structure
The apparatus of the USSR State Planning Committee in the 1980s consisted of sectoral departments (industry, agriculture, transport, trade, foreign trade, culture and education, healthcare, housing and utilities, consumer services population, etc.) and consolidated departments (consolidated department of the national economic plan, department of territorial planning and allocation of productive forces, consolidated department of capital investments, consolidated department of material balances and distribution plans, labor department, finance and cost department, etc.
The USSR State Planning Committee, within its competence, issued decrees that were binding on all ministries, departments and other organizations. He was given the right to involve the USSR Academy of Sciences, the academies of sciences of the union republics, branch academies of sciences, research and design institutes, design and other organizations and institutions, as well as individual scientists, specialists and leaders for the development of draft plans and individual economic problems production.
Structural units
1930-1931 - Economic and statistical sector (ESS)
1931-1931 - Sector of national economic accounting
Energy and Electrification Department
Nuclear Power Plants Division (1972)
Department of Automotive, Tractor and Agricultural Engineering
Department for the activities of Soviet units of the CMEA Standing Committees
Fuel Industry Department
Construction and Construction Industry Department
Consolidated department of agro-industrial complex
Consolidated Department of the National Economic Plan
First department
Commissions under the State Planning Committee of the USSR
Special Commission of the Council of Labor and Defense under the State Planning Commission of the USSR to review the charters of trusts (1923-1925)
State Expert Commission (GEC of the USSR State Planning Commission)
Interdepartmental Commission on Economic Reform (formed 1965 -?)
Concession Committee of the USSR State Planning Committee
Council of Technical and Economic Expertise of the USSR State Planning Committee
Commission for the Reservation of Labor for the National Economy (responsible secretary 1969-1990, Major General Malafeev S.P.)
Chairmen of the USSR State Planning Committee
The chairmen of the USSR State Planning Committee were deputy chairmen of the USSR Council of Ministers.
Last name, first name and patronymic Period of work Years of life Notes
Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb Maximilianovich 1921-1923 1872-1959 1921 GOELRO
Tsyurupa, Alexander Dmitrievich 1923-1925 1870-1928
Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb Maximilianovich 1925-1930 1872-1959 1928 1st Five-Year Plan
Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich 1930-1934 1888-1935
Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich 1934-1937 1893-1938
Smirnov, Gennady Ivanovich 1937-1937 1903-1938 February - October
Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich 1937-1937 1893-1938 October - December
Voznesensky, Nikolai Alekseevich 1938-1941 1903-1950
Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich 1941-1942 1900-1977 from March 10, 1941 to December 1942
Voznesensky, Nikolai Alekseevich 1942-1949 1903-1950
Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich 1949-1953 1900-1977
Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich 1953-1953 1901-1983 March - June
Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich 1953-1955 1900-1977
Baibakov, Nikolai Konstantinovich 1955-1957 1911-2008 1957 Khrushchev reform
Kuzmin, Joseph Iosifovich 1957-1959 1910-1996
Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich 1959-1960 1904-1980
Novikov, Vladimir Nikolaevich 1960-1962 1907-2000
Dymshits, Veniamin Emmanuilovich 1962-1962 1910-1993 July - November
Lomako, Pyotr Faddeevich 1962-1965 1904-1990
Baibakov, Nikolai Konstantinovich 1965-1985 1911-2008 Economic reform of 1965
Talyzin, Nikolai Vladimirovich 1985-1988 1929-1991 1987-88 the planned economy was dismantled (laws “On State Enterprises” and “On Cooperation”)
Maslyukov, Yuri Dmitrievich 1988-1991 1937-2010
Vice-Chairmen
1921-1929-Osadchy, Pyotr Semenovich - First Deputy Chairman (1866-1943)
1921-1938 - Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich - Deputy Chairman (1877-1974)
1923-1927 - Pyatakov, Georgy Leonidovich - Deputy Chairman (1890-1937)
1925-1926-Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich - Deputy Chairman (1892-1938)
1926-1930 - Vashkov N.N. - Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the electrification section of the USSR State Planning Committee (1874-1953)
1926-1928-Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich - Deputy Chairman (1888-1939)
1926-1927 - Vladimirsky, Mikhail Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1874-1951)
1927-1931-Quiring, Emmanuel Ionovich - Deputy Chairman (1888-1937)
1928-1929-Grinko, Grigory Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1890-1938)
1929-1934-Milyutin, Vladimir Pavlovich - Deputy Chairman (1884-1937)
1930-1934 - Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich - Deputy Chairman - Head of the Integrated Planning Department (1892-1938)
1930-1937 - Smirnov, Gennady Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1938)
1931-1935-Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich - First Deputy Chairman (1893-1938)
1931-1933-Oppokov, Georgy Ippolitovich (Lomov A.) - Deputy Chairman (1888-1938)
1932-1934 - Gaister, Aron Izrailevich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1938)
1932-1935-Obolensky, Valerian Valerianovich - Deputy Chairman (1887-1937)
1933-1933-Troyanovsky, Alexander Antonovich - Deputy Chairman (1882-1955)
1934-1937 - Quiring, Emmanuel Ionovich - First Deputy Chairman (1888-1937)
1935-1937 - Craval, Ivan Adamovich - Deputy Chairman (1897-1938)
1936-1937 - Gurevich, Alexander Iosifovich - Deputy Chairman (1896-1937)
1937-1937-Vermenichev, Ivan Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1938)
1938-1940-Sautin, Ivan Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975)
1939-1940 - Kravtsev, Georgy Georgievich - First Deputy Chairman (1908-1941)
1940-1940-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1983)
1940-1948-Starovsky, Vladimir Nikonovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975)
1940-1941 - Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - First Deputy Chairman (1900-1977)
1940-1943 - Kuznetsov, Vasily Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1990)
1940-1946-Panov, Andrey Dmitreevich - Deputy Chairman (1904-1963)
1940-1949 - Petr Ivanovich Kirpichnikov - Deputy Chairman (1903-1980)
1941-1944-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1983)
1941-1945 - Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990)
1941-1948-Starovsky, Vladimir Nikonovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975)
1942-1946 - Mitrakov, Ivan Lukich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1995)
1944-1946 - Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - First Deputy Chairman (1900-1977)
1945-1955 - Borisov, Nikolai Andreevich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1955)
1946-1947 - Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - Deputy Chairman (1900-1977)
1946-1950-Panov, Andrey Dmitreevich - First Deputy Chairman (1904-1963)
1948-1957-Perov, Georgy Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1979)
1949-1953-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1983)
1951-1953 - Korobov, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967)
1952-1953 - Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990)
1953-1953 - Pronin, Vasily Prokhorovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1993)
1955-1957 - Zhimerin, Dmitry Georgievich - First Deputy Chairman (1906-1995)
1955-1957 - Yakovlev, Mikhail Danilovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1999)
1955-1957 - Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990)
1955-1957 - Kalamkarov, Vartan Aleksandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1906-1992)
1955-1957 - Khrunichev, Mikhail Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1961)
1956-1957 - Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich - First Deputy Chairman (1904-1980)
1956-1957 - Malyshev, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1902-1957)
1957-1959 - Perov, Georgy Vasilievich - First Deputy Chairman (1905-1979)
1957-1962 - Zotov, Vasily Petrovich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1977)
1957-1961 - Matskevich, Vladimir Vladimirovich - Deputy Chairman (1909-1998)
1957-1961 - Khrunichev, Mikhail Vasilievich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1961)
1958-1958 - Zasyadko, Alexander Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1963)
1958-1958 - Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1974)
1958-1960 - Lesechko, Mikhail Avksentievich - First Deputy Chairman (1909-1984)
1960-1962-Orlov, Georgy Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman (1903-1991)
1960-1966 - Korobov, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967)
1961-1961 - Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman (1907-1974)
1961-1962-Dymshits, Veniamin Emmanuilovich - First Deputy Chairman (1910-1993)
1961-1965 - Lobanov, Pavel Pavlovich - Deputy Chairman (1902-1984)
1963-1965 - Stepanov, Sergey Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1976)
1963-1965 - Korobov, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967)
1963-1973-Goreglyad, Alexey Adamovich - First Deputy Chairman (1905-1986)
1963-1965 - Tikhonov, Nikolai Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1997)
1965-1973 - Lebedev, Viktor Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1917-1978)
1965-1974 - Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman (1907-1974)
1966-1973-Misnik, Mikhail Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1913-1998)
1973-1978 - Lebedev, Viktor Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman (1917-1978)
1974-1983 - Slyunkov, Nikolai Nikitovich - Deputy Chairman
1976-1988 - Paskar, Pyotr Andreevich - First Deputy Chairman
1979-1982 - Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich - First Deputy Chairman
1979-1983 - Ryabov, Yakov Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman
1980-1988 - Voronin, Lev Alekseevich - First Deputy Chairman (1928-2008)
1982-1985-Maslyukov, Yuri Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman (1937-2010)
1983-1989-Sitaryan, Stepan Armaisovich - First Deputy Chairman (1930-2009)
1983-1991 - Lukashov, Anatoly Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1936-2014)
1988-1990 - Paskar, Pyotr Andreevich - Deputy Chairman, Head of the consolidated department of the agro-industrial complex
1988-1991 - Anisimov, Pavel Petrovich - Deputy Chairman
1988-1991 - Troshin, Alexander Nikolaevich - Deputy Chairman
1988-1991 - Serov, Valery Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman
1989-1991 - Durasov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich - First Deputy Chairman
1988-1989-Khomenko, Yuri Pavlovich - First Deputy Chairman
Institutes under the State Planning Committee of the USSR
Name of organization Operating period
Economic Research Institute 1955-1991
Council for the Study of Productive Forces 1960-1991
Institute for Complex Transport Problems 1954-1991
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Complex Fuel and Energy Problems 1974-1991
Research Institute for Planning and Standards 1960-1991
Economic Research Institute (IER) 1929-1938
Central Institute of Technical Information of the Coal Industry (CITI of the Coal Industry) CITI of the USSR State Planning Committee 1957-1959
Institute for design of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises "Giprotsvetmet" 1957-1960
Since 1923, the USSR State Planning Committee has published the monthly industry magazine “Planned Economy” and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
The building was built on the site of the Venerable Paraskeva (Friday) Church in Okhotny Ryad (1686-1928).
The main building is located on Okhotny Ryad Street, building 1. It was built in 1934-1938 according to the design of the architect A. Ya. Langman to house the Council of Labor and Defense, then the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and, finally, the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The building has a characteristic imperial style - heavy columns and wide halls.
The second building of the USSR State Planning Committee was a building facing Georgievsky Lane, designed in the late 70s by architect N. E. Gigovskaya. It is completely different in style, consisting entirely of glass and concrete.
The buildings are connected to each other by a passage.
According to some reports, the building of the USSR State Planning Committee was mined in 1941, and cleared only in 1981. By luck, the builders discovered wires “going to nowhere.”
Currently, these buildings house the State Duma of the Federal Assembly Russian Federation.
Also for the State Planning Committee of the USSR in 1936, according to the design of the outstanding architect Konstantin Melnikov, in collaboration with the architect V.I. Kurochkin, a garage was built on Aviamotornaya Street in Moscow, currently known as the Gosplan garage and which is a monument of history and culture.
Gosplan of the USSR (State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR), was government agency, carrying out national planning for the development of the national economy of the USSR and monitoring the implementation of national economic plans. Formed on February 22, 1921 by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Liquidated in 1991.
On August 21, 1923, the USSR State Commission for Planning was created under the Labor and Defense Council of the USSR under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (STO USSR). Initially, the USSR State Planning Committee played an advisory role, coordinating the plans of the union republics and developing a general plan. Since 1925, the USSR State Planning Committee began to formulate annual plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, which were called “control figures”.
The prototype of its creation was the State Commission for Electrification of Russia (GOELRO), which worked from 1920 to 1921.
To understand the history of this most important government body of the USSR for the socialist era, it is necessary to briefly describe the history of the building occupied by the USSR State Planning Committee.
The building was built on the site of the Venerable Paraskeva (Friday) Church in Okhotny Ryad (1686-1928). The main building is located on Okhotny Ryad Street, building 6. It was built in 1934-1938 according to the design of the architect A. Ya. Langman to house the Council of Labor and Defense, then the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and, finally, the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The building has a characteristic imperial style - heavy columns and wide halls.
The second building of the USSR State Planning Committee was a building facing Georgievsky Lane, designed at the end of the 70s by the architect N. E. Gigovskaya. It is completely different in style, consisting entirely of glass and concrete. The buildings are connected to each other by a passage. According to some reports, the USSR State Planning Committee building was mined in 1941 and cleared only in 1981. By luck, the builders discovered wires “going to nowhere.” Currently the building houses The State Duma Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Also for the State Planning Committee of the USSR in 1936, according to the design of the outstanding architect Konstantin Melnikov, in collaboration with the architect V.I. Kurochkin, a garage was built on Aviamotornaya Street in Moscow, currently known as the Gosplan garage and which is a monument of history and culture.
Tasks and functions of the USSR State Planning Committee
The Regulations on the State General Planning Commission, approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated February 28, 1921, states: “A general planning commission is being created under the Council of Labor and Defense to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and for general monitoring of the implementation of this plan.”
At the beginning of its activity, the USSR State Planning Committee was engaged in studying the situation in the economy and drawing up reports on certain problems, for example, on the restoration and development of coal-mining regions. The development of a unified economic plan for the country began with the release of annual target figures and directives for 1925-1926, which set guidelines for all sectors of the economy.
The main task in all periods of its existence was planning the economy of the USSR, drawing up plans for the country's development for various periods.
In accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the subject matter of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets includes: “k) Establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy and its individual branches on the territory of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic".
In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the II All-Union Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924, the supreme authorities of the USSR are responsible for: “establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy of the Union, determining industries and individual industrial enterprises of national importance, concluding concession agreements treaties, both all-Union and on behalf of the Union republics.”
Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, approved by the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936, provided that the jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest authorities and government bodies, was: “k) the establishment of national economic plans of the USSR,” and Article 70 classified the State Planning Committee of the USSR as a body state administration, the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Article 16 of the USSR Constitution, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977, provided that the management of “the economy is carried out on the basis of state plans for economic and social development, taking into account sectoral and territorial principles, with a combination of centralized management with economic independence and initiative of enterprises, associations and others organizations." The jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest bodies of state power and administration, includes: “5) carrying out a unified socio-economic policy, managing the country’s economy: determining the main directions of scientific and technological progress and general measures for the rational use and protection of natural resources; development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, approval of reports on their implementation,” Control over the implementation of state plans and assignments is carried out by bodies of people's control formed by councils of people's deputies (Article 92). The approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR is carried out by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Article 108). The Council of Ministers of the USSR: “2) develops and submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR current and long-term state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, the state budget of the USSR; takes measures to implement state plans and budgets; submits reports to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the implementation of plans and execution of the budget” (Article 131). There is no mention of the USSR State Planning Committee in this Constitution.
By USSR Law No. 2000-VI of December 19, 1963, the USSR State Planning Committee was transformed from an all-Union body into a Union-Republican body. The same act determined that the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Article 70).
The main task of the USSR State Planning Committee from the late 60s until its liquidation in 1991 was: - development, in accordance with the CPSU Program, directives of the CPSU Central Committee and decisions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, of state national economic plans that ensure proportional development of the national economy of the USSR, continuous growth and increased efficiency social production in order to create the material and technical base of communism, steadily increase the standard of living of the people and strengthen the country's defense capability.
“State plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR must be optimal, based on the economic laws of socialism, on modern achievements and prospects for the development of science and technology, on the results of scientific research on the economic and social problems of communist construction, a comprehensive study of social needs, on the correct combination of sectoral and territorial planning , as well as centralized planning with economic independence of enterprises and organizations. (Regulations on the State Planning Committee of the USSR, approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 9, 1968 No. 719).”
The work of the USSR State Planning Committee on national economic planning was coordinated with the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the People's Commissariat of Finance (later the USSR Ministry of Finance), the Supreme Council of the National Economy (USSR Supreme Council of National Economy), and later with the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, the USSR State Bank and the USSR State Supply Committee.
Evacuation and mobilization of USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War Patriotic War
By Decree of the USSR State Defense Committee of August 7, 1941 No. 421 “On the procedure for locating evacuated enterprises,” the USSR State Planning Committee was entrusted with the task of ensuring the evacuation and mobilization of industry of the USSR. In particular, special attention was paid to ensuring that when locating evacuated enterprises, priority was given to the aviation industry, ammunition industry, weapons, tanks and armored vehicles, ferrous, non-ferrous and special metallurgy, and chemistry. People's Commissars were instructed to coordinate with the USSR State Planning Committee and the Evacuation Council the final destinations for enterprises being transported to the rear and the organization of duplicate production.
N. A. Voznesensky was appointed as the representative of the State Defense Committee for the implementation of the ammunition production plan by industry, and his deputy was M. Z. Saburov. During July-November 1941, more than 1,500 industrial enterprises and 7.5 million workers were relocated to the east of the country , engineers, technicians and other specialists. The evacuation of industrial enterprises was carried out to the eastern regions of the RSFSR, as well as to the southern republics of the country - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
After the war
In May 1955, the USSR State Planning Committee was divided into two parts:
The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Long-Term Planning developed long-term plans for 10-15 years. State Economic Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers for Current Planning of the National Economy (State Economic Commission) (1955-1957) - developed five-year plans.
Plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
Since 1928, the USSR State Planning Committee began to draw up five-year plans and monitor their compliance. 1,500 large enterprises were built, including: automobile plants in Moscow (AZLK) and Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ), Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants.
During the same period (beginning of 1933), J.V. Stalin issued a directive: “To prohibit all departments, republics and regions from publishing any other final works, both consolidated and sectoral and districts with the fact that even after the official publication of the results of the five-year plan, all works based on the results can be published only with the permission of the USSR State Planning Committee,” which, of course, indicates the desire of the country’s political leadership to censor statistical data, and at the same time the central role of the USSR State Planning Committee apparatus in the management of the people’s farming
At the January (1933) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, it was announced that the first five-year plan had been completed in 4 years and 3 months. On the preparation by the USSR State Planning Committee of the second five-year plan R. Davis, O. V. Khlevnyuk: “The second five-year plan: a mechanism for changing economic policy "
USSR State Planning Committee
The device in the 20s of the XX century
At first, the apparatus consisted of 40 economists, engineers and other personnel, by 1923 there were already 300 employees, and by 1925 a network of planning organizations subordinate to the USSR State Planning Committee had been created throughout the USSR.
The USSR State Planning Committee combined, first of all, the functions of the highest expert body in the economy and a scientific coordination center. The USSR State Planning Committee, within its competence, issued decrees that were binding on all ministries, departments and other organizations. He was given the right to involve the USSR Academy of Sciences, the academies of sciences of the union republics, branch academies of sciences, research and design institutes, design and other organizations and institutions, as well as individual scientists, specialists and leaders in production for the development of draft plans and individual economic problems.
Great era
NIKOLAI BAIBAKOV – LONG-TERM CHAIRMAN OF THE USSR State Planning Committee
Nikolai Konstantinovich Baibakov was a member of the Soviet government for more than forty years, becoming People's Commissar under Stalin, and headed the State Planning Committee of the USSR for two decades. If we list those under whose direct supervision he had the opportunity to work in the government of the country in different years, the list will be quite indicative: Stalin, Kaganovich, Malenkov, Bulganin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Kosygin, Andropov, Chernenko, Tikhonov, Ryzhkov, Gorbachev...
Victor Kozhemyako. Nikolai Konstantinovich, I read with great interest the book of your memoirs, published by the Respublika publishing house. But, unfortunately, the circulation is small - few people became its lucky owner. Meanwhile, many people probably have questions for you. Well, let's say, what was the path to the Soviet People's Commissars?
Nikolai Baibakov. If you have read my book, then you know that my career began in the Baku fields, where in 1932, after graduating from the Azerbaijan Petroleum Institute, I came to work as an ordinary engineer.
... In general, the beginning of my biography is in all respects the most ordinary for its time. After the revolution I went to school, then entered college. I wanted to become an engineer - and I did. The oil workers with whom I began to work were, for the most part, former farm laborers who had escaped poverty and illiteracy. Their work was not easy, but it did not harden or harden the hearts of these people. On the contrary, I have never met more sincere and sympathetic comrades. I still remember many of them by name.
VC. But for some reason they singled you out, appointing Baibakov as the head of the field and manager of the Leninneft trust.
N.B. Perhaps it was due to the fact that since my student days I have been drawn to new equipment and technology. When I became an engineer, I tried to find more modern technical solutions, improving the development of oil fields. This is where serious problems arose for us; there was even a trend towards a decrease in production due to watering of oil wells. And in the fight against the breakthrough of upper waters into oil reservoirs, the method I proposed of pumping cement under high pressure. Since then, the country's oil workers have called it the “Baibakov method,” although my proposal was not even officially registered.
VC. When and how did you end up in Moscow?
N.B. First, I was appointed head of the newly created Vostokneftedobycha association in Kuibyshev. It turned out like this. In June 1938, the All-Union Conference of Oil Workers was held in Baku, where leaders and leaders of the oil regions spoke out. I was also invited to speak. And a couple of months later, Bagirov, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, calls and, treating him to tea, informs about the new appointment.
VC. As far as I understand, the development of the so-called second Baku began then?
N.B. Yes, in the decisions of the XVIII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks it was written: to create an oil-producing region between the Volga and the Urals. It was for this important task that I was sent.
The Vostokneftedobycha association included the nascent trusts Bashneft, Syzranneft, Permneft and Embaneft. Qualified drillers arrived from Baku, Grozny, Emba. They not only drilled the first wells, produced the first fountains of “black gold,” but also carefully trained yesterday’s Bashkir peasants to extract oil. The scale of the work was enormous!
VC. But today almost no one knows anything about this page of our Soviet history, as well as about a number of others.
N.B. Particularly much effort was devoted to the creation of the Ishimbay oil region in Bashkiria, which played a significant role in supplying the front with fuel during the Great Patriotic War. They say that we were poorly prepared for war. Not true. Accelerating the country's industrialization was also aimed at strengthening its defense capability.
It is impossible to convey in words how enthusiastically people worked at that time. I saw the work of oil workers most of all. But the construction of metallurgical and machine-building plants also proceeded at a rapid pace, and new cities grew in the shortest possible time...
VC. I think readers will be especially interested in your relationship with Stalin.
N.B. The first time I met Stalin was in 1940 - at a meeting in the Kremlin, where issues of the development of the oil industry were discussed. I was instructed to make a report on providing the national economy with fuel in connection with the growing danger of war.
I was worried, of course. How to behave? How to behave at this high meeting? But when I entered the office, where a calm, businesslike atmosphere reigned, the tension subsided. Now I was only thinking about how best to convey the essence of the problems. After all, it was known that Stalin did not like verbosity.
During my report, he leisurely walked around the office, listened attentively without interrupting, and only when I finished did he begin to ask questions. They were very specific: “What equipment do you need? What organizational improvements do you intend to make? When and how much oil will you give?” The talk was about the accelerated development of the “second Baku”. The decision, like the discussion, was very specific.
Then I had the opportunity to attend meetings with Stalin many times with the participation of the heads of oil plants and trusts. He needed to know how the industry was developing, and he was meticulous in his questions. It seemed to me that he carefully looked at each specialist to determine who was manifesting himself and how. But he was in no hurry to express his point of view.
Only after an exchange of opinions, when he was convinced that a solution had been found, did he conclude: “So, I approve.”
VC. Did you like it?
N.B. Undoubtedly. At such meetings I learned responsibility in decision making. Subsequently, wherever he worked, he tried to listen carefully to each member of the board, other comrades, and more than once, after which he made the final decision. How else is it possible? A mistake made by a leader causes great damage to the business, and if you are leading on a national scale, then to the entire state.
We were often surprised by Stalin's knowledge. I remember when Saakov, the manager of the Voroshilovneft trust, did not name new fields, Stalin asked:
– Is this along the Afghan border?
Or, let’s say, the head of the Krasnodar oil refinery, Apryatkin, spoke. Stalin asked him about oil reserves in Krasnodar region. Apryatkin named the figure 150 million tons. Stalin asked to “decipher” oil reserves by category. When he could not answer clearly, he looked at him carefully and said:
– A good owner should know his supplies by category.
VC. You were appointed People's Commissar of the Oil Industry in 1944. Was this Stalin's initiative?
N.B. I don’t know for sure, but it’s clear that not without his knowledge. He called me for a conversation only three months later. I then plucked up my courage and said:
– Comrade Stalin, before my appointment no one even asked if I could cope.
He answered like this:
– Comrade Baibakov, we know our personnel, we know who to appoint and where. You are a communist and you must remember this.
And the conversation turned to the difficult situation of the national economy due to the devastation in the liberated areas and the fuel shortage. He immediately responded to my proposal that some enterprises producing military equipment begin making drilling rigs, mud pumps and other equipment necessary for the oil industry. Among the factories that, to put it modern language, had to proceed to conversion, Uralmash was also determined.
By the way, at the beginning of our conversation Stalin asked a question that puzzled me somewhat:
- Comrade Baibakov, do you think the allies won’t crush us if they see an opportunity to crush us?
- How can they crush us?
“Very simple,” answered Stalin. “We created tanks, planes, and cars. We have a lot of captured equipment. But they will remain motionless if there is no oil, gasoline, diesel fuel. Oil is the soul of military equipment, and I would add, of the entire economy.
Indeed, with the increase in the machine park, the need for fuel increased, and we produced only 19 million tons of oil instead of the pre-war 33 million. There was a lot to think about!
And I still remember the end of our conversation, which lasted more than an hour.
Stalin asked:
- Here you are, a young people's commissar. What qualities should a Soviet People's Commissar have?
– Knowledge of your industry, hard work, integrity, honesty, reliance on your team...
– That’s right, Comrade Baibakov, these are very necessary qualities. But which ones are the most important?
I named a few more and fell silent.
And he, touching my shoulder with the pipe, said quietly:
– The Soviet People's Commissar must have “bullish” nerves plus optimism.
I must say that I remembered these words of Stalin for the rest of my life. I especially needed “bullish” nerves and optimism when I served as chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee for 22 years. What was required here was not even “bull” nerves, but nerves of steel, and made of alloy steel. Well, without optimism I would be completely lost.
VC. You and I missed the years of war - the greatest test for the entire people and for our socialist system. A test passed with honor.
N.B. This, I think, should be obvious to everyone... And again, the strength of the patriotic spirit of the Soviet people was demonstrated with great convincingness.
VC. What is the first thing you remember when you think about war?
N.B. Perhaps its first period. The most difficult one. It was necessary to relocate industry to the east.
The men went to the front and were replaced by women. Five of the eight large oil fields in the Ordzhonikidzeneft trust of the Azneftekombinat were headed by women: Antonina Bakulina, Medina Vezirova, Sutra Gaibova, Sakina Kulieva, Anna Pleshko. Sofia Kryuchkina was in charge of the Leninneft trust. I cannot help but note that in the first year of the war, the people of Baku gave the country 23.5 million tons of oil - the largest annual production in the entire history of the oil industry of Azerbaijan! It was a real feat, accomplished in incredibly difficult conditions.
VC. Apparently, our people understood what Stalin said: oil is the soul of military equipment, and of the entire economy?
N.B. Our enemies understood this well too. A few days before the start of the war, Goering, who had unlimited powers regarding the “maximum use of discovered reserves and economic power for the needs of Germany,” approved a document with the encrypted name “Green Folder.” It noted, in particular: “... it is necessary to take all measures for the immediate use of the occupied areas in the interests of Germany. Getting as much food and oil as possible for Germany is the main thing. economic goal campaign."
VC. How did the Nazis fare with oil?
N.B. The fuel problem for Germany was extremely acute. At the beginning of the war, the Germans produced only approximately 8–9 million tons of gasoline and diesel fuel, mainly from coal - by hydrogenating it under high pressure. They practically had no oil of their own. That is why special hopes were placed on the rapid seizure of the oil fields of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, where before the war we received more than 80 percent of the oil produced in our country.
VC. It’s great luck that they didn’t manage to break through to Baku...
N.B. As the commissioner of the State Defense Committee for supplying the front with fuel, in the first period I had to deal not only with the problems of oil production, but also carry out the instructions given by Stalin: “Do everything so that not a single drop of oil goes to the Germans.” Organized the liquidation of fisheries in the Krasnodar region. Moreover, this was done literally under fire from the Nazis - our families were even informed that we had died when contact with us was lost for some time.
Our specialists have developed a truly radical method of eliminating wells, and during the almost six-month period of occupation of the Krasnodar Territory, the Germans were unable to restore a single one of them.
VC. Nikolai Konstantinovich, I would like to dwell on this problem. One of the principles of our socialist management, as you know, was planning. Starting with Lenin's GOELRO plan. Can you tell us what role planning played during the war years?
N.B. Huge. Already a week after the start of the war, the first wartime plan was adopted - the “Mobilization National Economic Plan” for the third quarter of 1941. By a decree of the State Defense Committee on July 4, 1941, the commission under the leadership of Voznesensky was instructed to develop a military-economic plan for providing the country, bearing in mind the use of resources and enterprises available on the Volga, Western Siberia and the Urals, as well as exported to these areas in the order evacuation. Throughout the war, the State Defense Committee, along with annual national economic plans, reviewed and approved quarterly and monthly plans, and the USSR State Planning Committee, through its representatives in the territories and regions, exercised strict control over the timely implementation of production plans and deliveries of products for the needs of the front.
Of course, the conditions were extreme, the situation changed all the time and sometimes very sharply, but even more so without clear coordination of the main events across the country, we would not have been able to win.
I will give examples, again from the oil industry that is closest to me. When the enemy cut off all the routes for supplying the fronts with petroleum products, which previously ran from Baku through Rostov by rail, when the Krasnodar and partially Grozny oil fields and oil refineries were put out of action, and then navigation along the Volga was interrupted due to the entry of fascist troops into the Stalingrad area , oil products were transported from Baku along the Caspian Sea to Krasnovodsk and Guryev, and then by rail to all fronts and other areas. Some of the oil was transported to Astrakhan, and from there it was pumped to Saratov - through a pipeline built during the battles of Stalingrad! In record time, from the pipes of the dismantled Baku-Batumi pipeline. Isn’t it true that it’s hard to even imagine this today?
Or another example - supplying fuel to besieged Leningrad. After communication with the city was cut off in 50 days along the bottom of Lake Ladoga in the spring of 1942, one might say that a 28-kilometer-long pipeline with a throughput capacity of 400 tons of petroleum products per day was laid under the Germans’ noses.
And the Buguruslan-Kuibyshev gas pipeline, built in just a few months during the Battle of Stalingrad and providing the largest defense industrial center with natural gas!
And, of course, without a clear plan it would have been impossible to carry out the colossal epic of relocating industry to the eastern regions. We had to organize the dismantling of a number of enterprises and oil equipment, sending about 600 cars to the East. Ten thousand Baku oil workers went in an organized manner to new uninhabited places - mainly to Bashkiria, Perm and Kuibyshev regions. In the harsh, difficult conditions of the winter of 1942–1943, the friendship of the oil workers, representatives of all the peoples of the USSR, who worked for the salvation of our Motherland, was tempered.
VC. Alas, now they prefer not to remember all this, as if we never had any friendship between peoples.
N.B. There was, and what a great one!.. Nowadays, unfortunately, they don’t remember much. But in vain. It would be very useful for educating young people in a patriotic spirit.
Let me give you some numbers. As a result of military losses and the evacuation of enterprises to the East from June to November 1941, the volume industrial production in the country has approximately halved. But with the greatest efforts of the working people, it was not only restored in 1942! The pre-war level of production of military equipment has been exceeded. The gross output of the entire industry from January to December 1942 increased by more than one and a half times, and in 1943 compared to 1942 it increased by 17 percent. We had such growth rates in peaceful pre-war times, but here there was a terrible war going on!
... Before the war, as I already said, we produced 33 million tons of oil per year, which was preceded by decades of development of the oil fields. Now the country, exhausted by the grandiose battle against fascism and having lost many millions of lives in it, had to quickly not only revive the destroyed industrial and agricultural areas, but also increase oil production from 19 to 60 million tons. In other words, in a short period of time, give almost twice as much as before the war, and at the same time raise the well-being of the people, providing people, first of all, with food, housing, and essential goods.
VC. Did it seem impossible?
N.B. To be honest, at first – yes. But we worked. And already in 1948, the total volume of industrial production exceeded the pre-war level.
By the next year, 1949, the pre-war level of oil production had been reached. And in 1955, the target of 60 million tons, which seemed unattainable, was exceeded - 70 million tons were produced!
This was a huge victory in the work to reconstruct and further develop the fuel industries. And this is how the entire Soviet people worked, which made it possible in a short time not only to restore the national economy destroyed by the war, but also to significantly strengthen the country’s economy. National income in 1955 increased 2.8 times compared to 1940, industrial output - 3.2 times, retail trade turnover - more than doubled, real wages of workers and employees - 1.8 times.
VC. Here I have several questions at once. You are talking about 1955. In two years, the first artificial Earth satellite will be launched, which clearly shows what heights the Soviet state has reached. And in the same 1955, you are appointed chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, and the Khrushchev decade begins. How do you rate it? How was your work? How successful was it in planning to combine economic development, progress in science and technology with an increase in people's living standards? And was it not during these years that crisis phenomena first appeared in our economy?
N.B. I’ll start with my appointment, which, by the way, like the previous one, took place without prior agreement with me. Khrushchev called me for a conversation, where he offered me a new position. But I told him that I didn’t want to part with my favorite industry, and asked him to let me think for at least a day. And having returned to the ministry, I saw a courier with a red envelope in the reception area, opened it - and was surprised to read the decree about me, signed by Khrushchev the day before.
So, when I came to the State Planning Committee, I mentally saw as an example for myself Nikolai Alekseevich Voznesensky, who served as chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee for eleven years and did a lot both for the scientific validity of national economic plans and for the selection of body of highly qualified specialists. I carefully studied his theoretical studies, which advocated the need for rapid growth in labor productivity as an important condition for socialist accumulation and expanded reproduction.
My practical activities in my new position began with the development of the draft sixth five-year plan. I consider it our achievement that we managed to attract wide circles of the public to this work, organizing, in essence, a nationwide discussion. The workers' proposals were carefully considered, and many were taken into account. This concerned, for example, proposals to reduce working hours, increase wages low-paid categories of workers and employees, streamlining wages, increasing pensions and a number of others.
Now about the Khrushchev decade. In my opinion, it is divided into two parts. The first, I think, was marked by a number of useful and necessary initiatives. For example, three months after my appointment to the State Planning Committee, Khrushchev ordered the development general plan reconstruction of railway transport with the aim of converting it to electric and thermal traction. Moreover, this was done in secret from Kaganovich, who was an opponent of diesel and electric locomotives. In 1955, at my proposal and with the support of Khrushchev, Glavgaz of the USSR was formed, thanks to which it was possible to create a unified gas pipeline system for all union republics. I would note both the development of virgin lands and radical reconstruction as achievements of those years construction production. Now many are dissatisfied with the fact that five-story buildings were built then with minimal amenities - they are now disparagingly called “Khrushchev houses.” However, it was precisely thanks to the accelerated construction of these five-story buildings that it was possible to relocate a large number of people from barracks and basements in a relatively short time.
I attribute all this to Khrushchev’s useful deeds. Well, the troubles began, in my opinion, with an ill-considered, profound restructuring of the management of the country's national economy.
VC. Tell me, wasn’t the need for a certain restructuring felt then?
N.B. I felt it. But Khrushchev’s impulsiveness, sometimes incompetence, and peremptory attitude, which grew increasingly stronger over the years, led to a number of serious mistakes.
He did not listen, say, to many arguments that warned of what the thoughtless liquidation of ministries could turn out to be. I then said:
– We will lose the reins of economic control. If there is no management of industries, no provision of a unified technical policy, the entire economy will collapse. After all, intersectoral proportions are the main thing for the sustainability of the economy.
However, for disagreeing with Khrushchev, I was sent first to the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR, and then to the Krasnodar Economic Council. Meanwhile, my fears, and not only mine, soon began to be justified...
VC. You, Nikolai Konstantinovich, have the opportunity to compare three perestroikas, three reforms - Khrushchev's, Kosygin's and Gorbachev-Yeltsin's. What thoughts arise from such a comparison?
N.B. The most encouraging and correct, in my opinion, could be the economic reform of 1965, which is rightly associated with the name of Kosygin. It must be said that Alexey Nikolaevich had deep, comprehensive knowledge and large-scale thinking. He was frank and critical, felt extremely responsible for all decisions made, and before signing any government document, he usually carefully weighed all the pros and cons. He approached economic reform very carefully and thoughtfully. First, as an experiment, 43 enterprises were transferred to the new system of planning and economic incentives, and then, as experience was gained, their number was gradually expanded.
But Kosygin was not allowed to carry out his plans. I remember, for example, how rudely Podgorny spoke at Politburo meetings. And not only him. And Brezhnev essentially took their side. As a result, the reform was not completed. It was limited to the mobilization of resources lying on the surface and did not adequately touch upon the main factor in the intensification of social production - scientific and technological progress.
I had new hopes when Andropov came instead of Brezhnev, who in recent years could not even read a report written for him. In my opinion, he took on the main link at that time - strengthening discipline. But, unfortunately, he was replaced too soon by the elderly and infirm Chernenko...
VC. Well, how did you greet Gorbachev’s perestroika?
N.B. In April 1985, I voted for Gorbachev’s proposals to reform the economy in order to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country, since I saw in this the prospect of eliminating the negative phenomena that had accumulated by that time. I believed in perestroika, hoping that it would lead our economy onto an intensive path of development. After all, as the newly elected General Secretary correctly said at the time: “If you do only one thing: truly use what you already have, you can achieve a significant improvement in the affairs of the national economy.”
So why didn’t they wisely use the solid socio-economic potential created during the Soviet years? Why did they rush headlong from a planned economy to a market economy? the shortest possible time and at any cost? I think a lot of people would like answers to these questions.
VC. You probably remember that at first Gorbachev put forward the slogan: “More democracy, more socialism!” He spoke about “the pioneering path of the Soviet people and our party.” Where have we gone since then?
N.B. I remember, of course, his report dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Great October Revolution socialist revolution. Listening then, I thought that with my whole life I could testify to the correctness of the words he said... Tens of millions of people of my generation, older and younger, fought with amazing dedication for the implementation of the socialist idea. The powerful state - the USSR became a worthy result of their struggle and labor.
VC. Now there is no such state, and this is one of the results of Gorbachev’s perestroika and Yeltsin’s reforms.
N.B. Unfortunately, yes. What has been done over the past decade has led to destruction Soviet Union and our entire economy. It was especially unacceptable to split the country into 15 pieces. And this was accomplished by the actions of both Gorbachev and Yeltsin. Which is, of course, a great crime on the part of state leaders.
In addition, they undertook to carry out reform without taking into account world experience and the characteristics of our country. Today's developed capitalist countries have been moving toward market technology for decades, but we decided to do it in two or three years. Big mistake.
And any capitalist country still holds the reins of power in its hands. I was recently in the United States at a conference on oil. Well, their so-called free market is regulated by the state. They don't let go of control. And we have…
For example, I believe that in no case should the collapse of the large energy complex, mechanical engineering, let alone the military-industrial complex, which is the basis of the security of our country, be allowed. And now, unfortunately, everything is broken into pieces.
VC. What worries you most about what's happening today? What makes it especially painful?
N.B. It is especially painful for me, the former chairman of the State Planning Committee, to see how our economy has collapsed and is collapsing, and at what rate we have been declining.
Let us remember: in pre-war times, starting from the first five-year plan, national income increased annually by an average of 15 percent. No other country in the world has seen such a pace!
Or they say: stagnation. But can a period be called stagnant when in twenty years, from 1966 to 1985, the country’s national income increased 4 times, industrial production - 5 times, fixed assets - 7 times? Despite the fact that the volume of agricultural production increased only 1.7 times during this period, real incomes of the population grew at approximately the same rate as productivity social labor, and increased by 3.2 times. The production of consumer goods and retail trade turnover increased almost threefold.
Today, when shouting about empty shelves in Soviet times, they deliberately confuse the period after 1985, especially 1990-1991, when this really came about as a result of that very perestroika, and the previous, much longer period, when it is simply sinful to talk about empty shelves .
I do not at all want to say that in those years when I worked in the government, everything was done correctly. There were mistakes, sometimes big ones. But they got better.
... How long will it now take to return to at least the 1988 level? Ten to twenty years with the most favorable progress of the case. In my opinion, the current leaders also underestimated the danger of falling into financial dependence on the West, focusing on the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund.
VC. Nowadays we hear all the time: there is not enough money for anything. Where does the money go? And where did these untold riches of the “new Russians” come from? Why do they have such a huge amount of money, but for many millions there is no money either for salaries or even for miserable pensions?
N.B. I explain this by the same collapse of our economy. How can you get money if you don't have products? If earlier you gave so many machines, machine tools, automobiles, so many tractors, and now - many times less, what kind of money can there be? Due to the decline in industrial production and agriculture, we, of course, also lost financial resources. Another thing is that today many people have profited and are profiting from various types of fraud. Therefore, they are not only richly provided with everything, but also have capital abroad, where they also receive large interest rates.
I am very concerned about the decline in the living standards of working people. Is it normal for more than 30 percent of the population to be below the poverty line? Well, how can you tolerate this?
VC. Perhaps we have never had such an unimaginable gap, such a contrast between rich and poor?
N.B. Unfortunately, yes. On the one hand, it seems nice when you see that some people have the opportunity to dress beautifully, buy expensive things, and build houses. On the other hand... It is unbearably painful for me to see how poor many people have become, especially the elderly.
I sometimes walk in the area where I live, near the Patriarch’s Ponds. So, it has never happened before that old people were rummaging through the trash cans I pass by. And today even people far from old age are rummaging - in suits and ties. I can’t look at this indifferently!
VC. But the shelves, at least in Moscow and other large cities, are full...
N.B. Again, it’s not normal, which is why they are full today. As far as I know, more than half of the food comes from abroad. At the same time, our agriculture fell by more than a third.
Why did we have to ruin our own farm? At one time, with the active participation of the State Planning Committee, such a powerful specialized organization as Ptitseprom was created, whose enterprises were at the world level in all respects. Why did they have to be destroyed and switched to “Bush legs”? We had wonderful state and collective farms that fed the country. We helped them, gave them equipment and the necessary funds. All states that support their agriculture do this. Why did you have to let it all go? If someone wanted to leave the collective farm or state farm and create a personal farm, well, such a desire had to be satisfied and supported. But do not destroy all established economies, even economically powerful ones that have fully justified themselves.
VC. The century is ending, and the natural question is: what place will our 70 post-October Soviet years take in it?
N.B. Seven Soviet decades are an entire historical era. Great era! In my opinion, it was a huge step forward in the development of the economy and culture of our country, in raising the living standards of the working people.
Of course, I have my own point of view on history and modernity, which can be considered subjective. But it allows me to evaluate facts, events and phenomena from the perspective statesman and citizen.
I am for an objective analysis of each period of the development of our country - with all the victories and defeats, joys and tragedies. But why does our one-sided approach prevail? It is with deep bitterness and resentment that I observe how history is being distorted today, how the social gains of the Soviet people, achieved under the leadership of the Communist Party, are being discredited.
Think, historical truth must eventually prevail. This is necessary not only for today. This is necessary for the future!
October 1997
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Introduction
1. History
On August 21, 1923, the USSR State Commission for Planning was created under the Labor and Defense Council of the USSR under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (STO USSR). Initially State Planning Committee of the USSR played an advisory role, coordinating the plans of the union republics and developing a general plan. Since 1925, the USSR State Planning Committee began to formulate annual plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, which were called “control figures”.
The prototype of its creation was the State Commission for Electrification of Russia (GOELRO), which worked from 1920 to 1921.
1.1. Building
To understand the history of this most important government body of the USSR for the socialist era, it is necessary to briefly describe the history of the building occupied by the USSR State Planning Committee.
The building was built on the site of the Venerable Paraskeva (Friday) Church in Okhotny Ryad (1686-1928)
The main building is located on Okhotny Ryad Street, building 6. It was built in 1934-1938 according to the design of the architect A. Ya. Langman to house the Council of Labor and Defense, then the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and, finally, the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The building has a characteristic imperial style - heavy columns and wide halls.
The second building of the USSR State Planning Committee was a building overlooking Georgievsky Lane, designed in the late 70s by architect N. E. Gigovskaya. It is completely different in style, consisting entirely of glass and concrete.
The buildings are connected to each other by a passage.
According to some reports, the building of the USSR State Planning Committee was mined in 1941, and cleared only in 1981. By luck, the builders discovered wires “going to nowhere”
Currently, the building houses the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Also for the State Planning Committee of the USSR in 1936, according to the design of the outstanding architect Konstantin Melnikov, in collaboration with the architect V.I. Kurochkin, a garage was built on Aviamotornaya Street in Moscow, currently known as the Gosplan garage and which is a monument of history and culture.
Previous names and subordination Tasks and functions of the USSR State Planning Committee
See also: Five-Year Plan, Seven-Year Plan.
The Regulations on the State General Planning Commission, approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated February 28, 1921, defines:
“A general planning commission is being created under the Council of Labor and Defense to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and for general monitoring of the implementation of this plan”
At the beginning of its activity, the USSR State Planning Committee was engaged in studying the situation in the economy and drawing up reports on certain problems, for example, on the restoration and development of coal-mining regions. The development of a unified economic plan for the country began with the release of annual target figures and directives for 1925-1926, which set guidelines for all sectors of the economy.
The main task in all periods of its existence was planning the economy of the USSR, drawing up plans for the country's development for various periods.
In accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the subject matter of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets includes: “j) Establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy and its individual branches on the territory of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic".
In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Second All-Union Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924, the supreme authorities of the USSR are responsible for: “h) establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy of the Union, identifying industries and individual industrial enterprises of national importance, conclusion of concession agreements, both all-Union and on behalf of the Union republics.”
Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, approved by the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936, provided that the jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest authorities and government bodies, was: “k) the establishment of national economic plans of the USSR,” and Article 70 classified the State Planning Committee of the USSR as a body state administration, the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Article 16 of the USSR Constitution, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977, provided that the management of “the economy is carried out on the basis of state plans for economic and social development, taking into account sectoral and territorial principles, combining centralized management with economic independence and initiative of enterprises, associations and others organizations." The jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest bodies of state power and administration, includes: “5) carrying out a unified socio-economic policy, managing the country’s economy: determining the main directions of scientific and technological progress and general measures for the rational use and protection of natural resources; development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, approval of reports on their implementation,” Control over the implementation of state plans and assignments is carried out by bodies of people's control formed by councils of people's deputies (Article 92). The approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR is carried out by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Article 108). The Council of Ministers of the USSR: “2) develops and submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR current and long-term state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, the state budget of the USSR; takes measures to implement state plans and budgets; submits reports to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the implementation of plans and execution of the budget” (Article 131). There is no mention of the USSR State Planning Committee in this Constitution.
By USSR Law No. 2000-VI of December 19, 1963, the USSR State Planning Committee was transformed from an all-Union body into a Union-Republican body. The same act determined that the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Article 70).
The main task of the USSR State Planning Committee from the late 60s until its liquidation in 1991 was: development, in accordance with the CPSU Program, directives of the CPSU Central Committee and decisions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, of state national economic plans that ensure proportional development of the national economy of the USSR, continuous growth and increased efficiency of social production in in order to create the material and technical base of communism, steadily increase the level of living standards of the people and strengthen the country's defense capability.
“State plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR must be optimal, based on the economic laws of socialism, on modern achievements and prospects for the development of science and technology, on the results of scientific research on the economic and social problems of communist construction, a comprehensive study of social needs, on the correct combination of sectoral and territorial planning , as well as centralized planning with economic independence of enterprises and organizations. (Regulations on the State Planning Committee of the USSR, approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 9, 1968 No. 719)"
The work of the USSR State Planning Committee on national economic planning was coordinated with the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the People's Commissariat of Finance (later the USSR Ministry of Finance), the Supreme Council of the National Economy (USSR Supreme Council of National Economy), and later with the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, the USSR State Bank and the USSR State Supply Committee.
Evacuation and mobilization of USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War
By Decree of the USSR State Defense Committee of August 7, 1941 No. 421 “On the procedure for locating evacuated enterprises,” the USSR State Planning Committee was entrusted with the task of ensuring the evacuation and mobilization of industry of the USSR. In particular, special attention was paid to ensuring that when locating evacuated enterprises, priority was given to the aviation industry, ammunition industry, weapons, tanks and armored vehicles, ferrous, non-ferrous and special metallurgy, and chemistry. People's Commissars were instructed to coordinate with the USSR State Planning Committee and the Evacuation Council the final destinations for enterprises being transported to the rear and the organization of duplicate production.
N. A. Voznesensky was appointed representative of the State Defense Committee for the implementation of the ammunition production plan by industry, and his deputy was M. Z. Saburov
During July-November 1941, more than 1,500 industrial enterprises and 7.5 million people - workers, engineers, technicians and other specialists - were relocated to the east of the country. The evacuation of industrial enterprises was carried out to the eastern regions of the RSFSR, as well as to the southern republics of the country - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
After the war
In May 1955, the USSR State Planning Committee was divided into two parts:
The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Long-Term Planning developed long-term plans for 10-15 years
State Economic Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers for Current Planning of the National Economy (State Economic Commission) (1955-1957) - developed five-year plans.
2. Plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
Our plans are not forecast plans, not guesswork plans, but plans-directives that are binding on the governing bodies and that determine the direction of our economic development in the future on a national scale.
Since 1928, the USSR State Planning Committee began to draw up five-year plans and monitor their compliance.
2.1. State Planning Committee of the USSR and the implementation of plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932)
1,500 large enterprises were built, including: automobile plants in Moscow (AZLK) and Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ), Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants).
During the same period (beginning of 1933), J.V. Stalin issued a directive: “To prohibit all departments, republics and regions from publishing any other final works, both consolidated and sectoral and districts with the fact that even after the official publication of the results of the five-year plan, all works based on the results can be published only with the permission of the USSR State Planning Committee,” which certainly indicates the desire of the country’s political leadership to censor statistical data and, at the same time, strengthens the central role of the USSR State Planning Committee apparatus in the management of the national economy .
At the January (1933) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, it was announced that the first five-year plan had been completed in 4 years and 3 months
Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937)
On the preparation by the USSR State Planning Committee of the second five-year plan, see R. Davis, O. V. Khlevnyuk: “The Second Five-Year Plan: a mechanism for changing economic policy”
3. USSR State Planning Committee
3.1. Apparatus in the 1920s
At first, the apparatus consisted of 40 economists, engineers and other personnel, by 1923 there were already 300 employees, and by 1925 a network of planning organizations subordinate to the USSR State Planning Committee had been created throughout the USSR.
The USSR State Planning Committee combined primarily the functions of the highest expert body in the economy and a scientific coordination center.
The work of the USSR State Planning Committee in the 20s of the 20th century is well illustrated by V.V. Kabanov in his book.
Let's take the USSR State Planning Commission fund, stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics. Let's assume that we are interested in material on agriculture from the mid-20s. Where to look for it? It can be established that the complex will include documents generated as a result of the activities of the Presidium of the State Planning Committee, the agricultural section, as well as all other sections whose work in one way or another came into contact with agricultural issues. First of all, we can highlight the economic-statistical section, which carried out preparatory work for constructing a long-term plan for the development of the national economy, studying the methodology for compiling the grain and fodder balance, productivity, grain prices, peasant budgets, etc. The materials of the sections gravitate towards the problems of the internal and external markets of agricultural products domestic and foreign trade. Issues of mechanical engineering for agriculture are revealed in the documents of the industrial section. The materials of the agricultural section, which prepared the issue for consideration by the State Planning Presidium, necessarily went through the stage of discussion in all interested sections. A preliminary discussion of the issue took place in the presidium of the agricultural section and then, after approval, its results were submitted to the Presidium of the State Planning Committee for consideration. Thus, the first thematic set of documents on a particular issue was first developed at the level of the agricultural section and concentrated in the materials of the appendices to the minutes of the meeting of the presidium of the agricultural section. Then, in its final form, with the addition of materials, conclusions of people's commissariats and departments, a set of documents is formed as part of the annexes to the protocols of the State Planning Presidium.
The structure of the State Planning Committee before the arrival of Voznesensky, seven sections: 1) accounting and distribution of material resources and labor organization; 2) energy; 3) agriculture; 4) industry; 5) transport; 6) foreign trade and concessions; 7) zoning. In 1927, the defense sector of the USSR State Planning Committee was added to them.
3.2. “The Gosplan Case” in 1949
The “Gosplan case,” the “Voznesensky case,” and the “Leningrad case” were closely intertwined and complemented each other; they were the result of rivalry and struggle between Stalin’s associates in the highest echelons of power.
As a result of the adoption of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 5, 1949 “On the State Planning Committee of the USSR” and the resolution of the Politburo of September 11, 1949 “On numerous facts of the loss of secret documents in the State Planning Committee of the USSR”, a significant personnel purge occurred in the apparatus of the State Planning Committee of the USSR:
By April 1950, the entire core staff of responsible and technical workers was checked - about 1,400 people. 130 people were fired, more than 40 were transferred from the State Planning Committee to work in other organizations. During the year, 255 new workers were hired by the State Planning Committee. Of Voznesensky’s 12 deputies, seven were removed, and only one was arrested by April 1950, and four received new responsible jobs (which also testified to the predominantly non-political nature of the “Gosplan case”). The composition of heads of departments and departments and their deputies has been updated by a third. Of the 133 sector heads, 35 were replaced
Chairman of the State Planning Committee N.A. Voznesensky was removed from all posts, removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee, expelled from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and from members of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Arrested on October 27, 1949, executed on October 1, 1950. Rehabilitated in 1954.
3.3. The apparatus in the 1980s
The apparatus of the USSR State Planning Committee consisted of sectoral departments (for industries, agriculture, transport, trade turnover, foreign trade, culture and education, health care, housing and utilities, consumer services, etc.) and consolidated departments (consolidated department of national economic plan, department of territorial planning and placement of productive forces, consolidated department of capital investments, consolidated department of material balances and distribution plans, labor department, finance and cost department, etc.
The USSR State Planning Committee, within its competence, issued decrees that were binding on all ministries, departments and other organizations. He was given the right to involve the USSR Academy of Sciences, the academies of sciences of the union republics, branch academies of sciences, research and design institutes, design and other organizations and institutions, as well as individual scientists, specialists and leaders for the development of draft plans and individual economic problems production.
Chairmen of the State Planning Committee of the USSRChairmen of the State Planning Committee of the USSR were Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Vice-Chairmen
20 years
1921-1929-Osadchy, Pyotr Semenovich - first deputy chairman (1866-1943) 1921-1938-Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich - deputy chairman (1877-1974) 1923-1927-Pyatakov, Georgy Leonidovich - deputy chairman (1890-1937) 1925 -1926-Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich - Deputy Chairman (1892-1938) 1926-1930- Vashkov N.N. - Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the electrification section of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1874-1953) 1926-1928-Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich - Deputy Chairman ( 1888-1939)1926-1927-Vladimirsky, Mikhail Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1874-1951)1927-1931-Quiring, Emmanuil Ionovich - Deputy Chairman (1888-1937)1928-1929-Grinko, Grigory Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1890- 1938)1929-1934-Milyutin, Vladimir Pavlovich - Deputy Chairman (1884-1937)
30 years
1930-1934-Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich - Deputy Chairman - Head of the Consolidated Planning Department (1892-1938) 1930-1937-Smirnov, Gennady Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1938) 1931-1935-Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich - First Deputy Chairman ( 1893-1938)1931-1933-Oppokov, Georgy Ippolitovich (Lomov A.) - Deputy Chairman (1888-1938)1932-1934-Gaister, Aron Izrailevich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1938)1932-1935-Obolensky, Valerian Valerianovich - Deputy Chairman (1887-1937)1933-1933-Troyanovsky, Alexander Antonovich - Deputy Chairman (1882-1955)1934-1937-Quiring, Emmanuel Ionovich - First Deputy Chairman (1888-1937)1935-1937-Kraval, Ivan Adamovich - Deputy Chairman (1897-1938)1936-1937-Gurevich, Alexander Iosifovich - Deputy Chairman (1896-1937)1937-1937-Vermenichev, Ivan Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1938)1938-1940-Sautin, Ivan Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman ( 1905-1975)1939-1940-Kravtsev, Georgy Georgievich - First Deputy Chairman (1908-1941)
40 years
1940-1940 - Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1983) 1940-1948 - Starovsky, Vladimir Nikonovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975) 1940-1941 - Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - First Deputy Chairman (1900-1977) 1940 -1943-Kuznetsov, Vasily Vasilyevich - Deputy Chairman 1940-1946-Panov, Andrey Dmitreevich - Deputy Chairman (1904-1963) 1941-1944-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1983) 1941-1945-Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990) 1941-1948 - Starovsky, Vladimir Nikonovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975) 1942-1946 - Mitrakov, Ivan Lukich - Deputy Chairman 1944-1946 - Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - First Deputy Chairman (1900-1977 )1945-1955-Borisov, Nikolai Andreevich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1955)1946-1947-Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - Deputy Chairman (1900-1977)1946-1950-Panov, Andrey Dmitreevich - First Deputy Chairman (1904-1963) 1948-1957-Perov, Georgy Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1979) 1949-1953-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1983)
50 years
1951-1953 - KOROBOV, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967) 1952-1953 - Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990) 1953-1953 - Pronin, Vasily Prisherovich - Deputy Chairman 1955-1957 - Dmitry Georgievich Georgievich. - First Deputy Chairman (1906-1995)1955-1957 - Yakovlev, Mikhail Danilovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1999)1955-1957 - Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990)1955-1957 - Kalamkarov, Vartan Aleksandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1906-1992)1955-1957 - Khrunichev, Mikhail Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1961)1956-1957 - Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich - First Deputy Chairman (1904-1980) 1956-1957 - Malyshev, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich - first Deputy Chairman (1902-1957)1957-1959 - Perov, Georgy Vasilievich - First Deputy Chairman (1905-1979)1957-1962 - Zotov, Vasily Petrovich - Deputy Chairman 1957-1961 - Matskevich, Vladimir Vladimirovich - Deputy Chairman (1909-1998) 1957-1961 - Khrunichev, Mikhail Vasilievich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1961) 1958-1958 - Zasyadko, Alexander Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1963) 1958-1958 - Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman 1958-1960 - Lesechko, Mikhail Avksentievich - First Deputy Chairman (1909-1984)
60 years
1960-1962-Orlov, Georgy Mikhailovich - first deputy chairman 1960-1966-Korobov, Anatoly Vasilyevich - deputy chairman (1907-1967) 1961-1961-Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - first deputy chairman 1961-1962-Dymshits, Veniamin Emmanuilovich - first deputy chairman atelier1961 -1965-Lobanov, Pavel Pavlovich - Deputy Chairman (1902-1984)1963-1965-Stepanov, Sergey Aleksandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1976)1963-1965-Korobov, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967)1963-1973 -Goreglyad, Alexey Adamovich - First Deputy Chairman 1963-1965 - Tikhonov, Nikolai Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman 1965-1973 - Lebedev, Viktor Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1917-1978) 1965-1974 - Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman 1966-1973 - Misnik , Mikhail Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1913-1998)
70 years
1973-1978 - Lebedev, Viktor Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman (1917-1978) 1974-1983 - Slyunkov, Nikolai Nikitovich - Deputy Chairman 1976-1988 - Paskar, Pyotr Andreevich - First Deputy Chairman 1979-1982 - Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich - First Deputy Chairman 1979 -1983-Ryabov, Yakov Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman
80 years
1980-1988-Voronin, Lev Alekseevich-First Deputy Chairman1982-1985-Maslyukov, Yuri Dmitrievich-First Deputy Chairman1983-1989-Sitarian, Stepan Armaisovich-First Deputy Chairman1988-1990 PASKAR, Pyotr Andreevich-Deputy Chairman, Head of the Farm Department -1991-Anisimov, Pavel Petrovich - Deputy Chairman 1988-1991-Troshin, Alexander Nikolaevich - Deputy Chairman 1988-1991-Serov, Valery Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman 1989-1991-Durasov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich - First Deputy Chairman 1988-1989-Khomenko, Yuri Pavlovich - first vice-chairman
90 years
3.6. Structural units
1930-1931 - Economic and statistical sector (ESS) 1931-1931 - Economic accounting sector
Nuclear Power Plants Division (1972)
Energy and Electrification Department
Department of Automotive, Tractor and Agricultural Engineering
Department for the activities of Soviet units of the CMEA Standing Committees
Fuel Industry Department
Construction and Construction Industry Department
Consolidated department of agro-industrial complex
Consolidated Department of the National Economic Plan
4. Commissions under the State Planning Committee of the USSR
Special Commission of the Council of Labor and Defense under the State Planning Commission of the USSR to review the charters of trusts (1923-1925)
State Expert Commission (GEC of the USSR State Planning Commission)
Interdepartmental Commission on Economic Reform (formed 1965 -?)
Concession Committee of the USSR State Planning Committee
Council of Technical and Economic Expertise of the USSR State Planning Committee
5. Institutes under the State Planning Committee of the USSR
6. Organizations under the State Planning Committee of the USSR
Not all organizations.
7. Publications of the USSR State Planning Committee
Since 1923, the USSR State Planning Committee has published the monthly industry magazine “Planned Economy” and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
Literature
Lenin V.I., Draft of the main clause of the STO resolution on the general planning commission, PSS, 5th ed., vol. 42, p. 338
Lenin V.I., On giving legislative functions to the State Planning Committee, PSS, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 349-53
Lenin V.I., On a unified economic plan, PSS, 5th ed., vol. 42, p. 339-47
Baibakov N.K., State planning leadership is the most important condition for the successful development of the USSR economy, “Planned Economy”, 1971, No. 2, p. 5 - 19
Strumilin S. G., Planning in the USSR, M., 1957
Bibliography:
Naydenov N. A. Moscow. Cathedrals, monasteries and churches. Part II: White City. M., 1882, N 23
According to the International Social and Ecological Union
s:Constitution of the RSFSR (1918)
s:Constitution of the USSR (1924) original edition
s: Constitution of the USSR (1936) edition 5.12.1936
s:Constitution of the USSR (1977)
Herald Financial Academy, Issue 1(25) 2003.
Stalin I.V. Political report of the Central Committee to the XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Mikhail Grachev Library
Quote from the book by V. Z. Rogovin “Power and Oppositions”
R. Davis, O. V. Khlevnyuk: “The Second Five-Year Plan: a mechanism for changing economic policy”
V. V. Kabanov, “Source studies of the history of Soviet society”
Text of the resolution on the website of the socio-political magazine “Proryv”
Khlevnyuk O.V. Soviet economic policy at the turn of the 1940s-1950s and the “Gosplan affair”, Domestic History / RAS. Institute of Russian History. - M.: Nauka, 2001. - N 3.
Voznesensky Nikolai Alekseevich, short biography
Note by V.I. Lenin, PSS v. 45
Plan
Introduction
1. History
1.1 Building
1.2 Previous names and subordination
1.3 Tasks and functions of the USSR State Planning Committee
1.3.1 Evacuation and mobilization of USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War
1.3.2 After the war
2 Plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
2.1 State Planning Committee of the USSR and the implementation of plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
2.1.1 First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932)
2.1.2 Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937)
3 USSR State Planning Committee
3.1 Apparatus in the 1920s
3.2 “Gosplan case” in 1949
3.3 The apparatus in the 1980s
3.4 Chairmen of the USSR State Planning Committee
3.5 Vice-Chairmen
3.5.1 20 years
3.5.2 30 years
3.5.3 40 years
3.5.4 50 years
3.5.5 60 years
3.5.6 70 years
3.5.7 80 years
3.5.8 90 years
3.6 Structural divisions
4 Commissions under the State Planning Committee of the USSR
5 Institutes under the State Planning Committee of the USSR
6 Organizations under the USSR State Planning Committee
7 Publications of the USSR State Planning Committee
Bibliography
Introduction
1. History
On August 21, 1923, the USSR State Commission for Planning was created under the Labor and Defense Council of the USSR under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (STO USSR). Initially State Planning Committee of the USSR played an advisory role, coordinating the plans of the union republics and developing a general plan. Since 1925, the USSR State Planning Committee began to formulate annual plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, which were called “control figures”.
The prototype of its creation was the State Commission for Electrification of Russia (GOELRO), which worked from 1920 to 1921.
1.1. Building
To understand the history of this most important government body of the USSR for the socialist era, it is necessary to briefly describe the history of the building occupied by the USSR State Planning Committee.
· The building was built on the site of the Church of St. Paraskeva (Friday) in Okhotny Ryad (1686-1928)
· The main building is located on Okhotny Ryad Street, building 6. It was built in 1934-1938 according to the design of the architect A. Ya. Langman to house the Council of Labor and Defense, then the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and, finally, the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The building has a characteristic imperial style - heavy columns and wide halls.
· The second building of the USSR State Planning Committee was a building overlooking Georgievsky Lane, designed in the late 70s by architect N. E. Gigovskaya. It is completely different in style, consisting entirely of glass and concrete.
The buildings are connected to each other by a passage.
According to some reports, the building of the USSR State Planning Committee was mined in 1941, and cleared only in 1981. By luck, the builders discovered wires “going to nowhere”
· Currently, the building houses the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Also for the State Planning Committee of the USSR in 1936, according to the design of the outstanding architect Konstantin Melnikov, in collaboration with the architect V.I. Kurochkin, a garage was built on Aviamotornaya Street in Moscow, currently known as the Gosplan garage and which is a monument of history and culture.
Previous names and subordination Tasks and functions of the USSR State Planning Committee
See also: Five-Year Plan, Seven-Year Plan.
The Regulations on the State General Planning Commission, approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated February 28, 1921, defines:
“A general planning commission is being created under the Council of Labor and Defense to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and for general monitoring of the implementation of this plan”
At the beginning of its activity, the USSR State Planning Committee was engaged in studying the situation in the economy and drawing up reports on certain problems, for example, on the restoration and development of coal-mining regions. The development of a unified economic plan for the country began with the release of annual target figures and directives for 1925-1926, which set guidelines for all sectors of the economy.
The main task in all periods of its existence was planning the economy of the USSR, drawing up plans for the country's development for various periods.
· In accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the subject matter of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets includes: “k) Establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy and its individual branches on the territory of the Russian Federation Socialist Federative Soviet Republic."
· In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the II All-Union Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924, the jurisdiction of the supreme authorities of the USSR includes: “h) establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy of the Union, identifying industries and individual industrial enterprises of national importance , concluding concession agreements, both all-Union and on behalf of the Union republics.”
· Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, approved by the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936, provided that the jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest authorities and government bodies, was: “k) establishing the national economic plans of the USSR,” and Article 70 referred the State Planning Committee of the USSR to government bodies, the Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee was a member of the USSR Council of Ministers.
· Article 16 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977, provided that the management of “the economy is carried out on the basis of state plans for economic and social development, taking into account sectoral and territorial principles, with a combination of centralized management with economic independence and initiative of enterprises, associations and other organizations." The jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest bodies of state power and administration, includes: “5) carrying out a unified socio-economic policy, managing the country’s economy: determining the main directions of scientific and technological progress and general measures for the rational use and protection of natural resources; development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, approval of reports on their implementation,” Control over the implementation of state plans and assignments is carried out by bodies of people's control formed by councils of people's deputies (Article 92). The approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR is carried out by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Article 108). The Council of Ministers of the USSR: “2) develops and submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR current and long-term state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, the state budget of the USSR; takes measures to implement state plans and budgets; submits reports to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the implementation of plans and execution of the budget” (Article 131). There is no mention of the USSR State Planning Committee in this Constitution.
· By USSR Law No. 2000-VI of December 19, 1963, the USSR State Planning Committee was transformed from an all-Union body into a Union-Republican body. The same act determined that the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Article 70).
· The main task of the USSR State Planning Committee from the late 60s until its liquidation in 1991 was: development, in accordance with the CPSU Program, directives of the CPSU Central Committee and decisions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, of state national economic plans that ensure proportional development of the national economy of the USSR, continuous growth and increased efficiency of social production in order to create the material and technical base of communism, steadily increase the level of living standards of the people and strengthen the country's defense capability.
“State plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR must be optimal, based on the economic laws of socialism, on modern achievements and prospects for the development of science and technology, on the results of scientific research on the economic and social problems of communist construction, a comprehensive study of social needs, on the correct combination of sectoral and territorial planning , as well as centralized planning with economic independence of enterprises and organizations. (Regulations on the State Planning Committee of the USSR, approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 9, 1968 No. 719)"
The work of the USSR State Planning Committee on national economic planning was coordinated with the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the People's Commissariat of Finance (later the USSR Ministry of Finance), the Supreme Council of the National Economy (USSR Supreme Council of National Economy), and later with the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, the USSR State Bank and the USSR State Supply Committee.
Evacuation and mobilization of USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War
By Decree of the USSR State Defense Committee of August 7, 1941 No. 421 “On the procedure for locating evacuated enterprises,” the USSR State Planning Committee was entrusted with the task of ensuring the evacuation and mobilization of industry of the USSR. In particular, special attention was paid to ensuring that when locating evacuated enterprises, priority was given to the aviation industry, ammunition industry, weapons, tanks and armored vehicles, ferrous, non-ferrous and special metallurgy, and chemistry. People's Commissars were instructed to coordinate with the USSR State Planning Committee and the Evacuation Council the final destinations for enterprises being transported to the rear and the organization of duplicate production.
N. A. Voznesensky was appointed representative of the State Defense Committee for the implementation of the ammunition production plan by industry, and his deputy was M. Z. Saburov
During July-November 1941, more than 1,500 industrial enterprises and 7.5 million people - workers, engineers, technicians and other specialists - were relocated to the east of the country. The evacuation of industrial enterprises was carried out to the eastern regions of the RSFSR, as well as to the southern republics of the country - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
After the war
In May 1955, the USSR State Planning Committee was divided into two parts:
· The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Long-Term Planning developed long-term plans for 10-15 years
