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Astronomy is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form and the Universe as a whole. The word “astronomy” comes from two Greek words: “astron” - star and “nomos” - law.
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ASTRONOMERS are people who study the stars.
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Astronomy is the most ancient of sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. It is known that even cavemen observed starry sky, because his drawings were found on the walls of caves.
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The Babylonians were skilled observers, as were the Egyptians, who built pyramids according to the location of the stars in certain constellations.
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People have been observing the stars throughout history. Records of astronomical observations indicate that this is approximately 5,000 years ago.
Chinese astronomer, 1675
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Much later, instruments came to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.
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Modern telescopes are very huge and complex devices that allow you to look into the depths of the Universe for millions of light years. However, there are devices that allow you to look, or rather hear, even further - these are radio telescopes, where giant antennas simply “listen” to the Universe.
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From the point of view of astronomers, the world is the Universe or Space. These are other planets and stars, our planet Earth, its plants and animals, you and I - this is the entire Universe.
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Scientists believe that our Universe arose as a result of the so-called Big Bang, which occurred about 15 billion years ago. At the same time, a dense hot ball was formed, which began to rapidly expand, turning into the Universe. Many astronomers believe that the expansion continues today.
Slide 11
Our life is possible only thanks to the Sun. People understood this in ancient times and revered the Sun as a deity. They called it differently: Ancient Greece- Helios, in Egypt - Ra, and our Slavic ancestors - Yarilo. Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun.
Yarilo
Helios
Slide 12
Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun. Here is one of the hymns of the ancient Greek poet Homer: The Sun in its eternal movement makes the luminaries turn pale, The Sun floods the earth with its purple radiance. The sun is the farmer's friend and is kind to all sailors. The sun is the deity of days and nights, the crown and the beginning. Only one of the gods reigning in the world is given to us to behold...
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To observe the vast expanses of space, special modern devices and observatories, so scientists use entire complexes of powerful telescopes, which are located in places where the air is especially clear.
Observatory
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The most ancient observatories were built more than seven thousand years ago. At first these were circles of huge stones - megaliths, which formed astronomical instruments. Around 2800 BC In Britain, construction began on the Stonehenge complex, which may have served as an observatory.
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The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylon, Greece, and later China, India, and before the discovery of America by H. Columbus, held astronomy in great esteem. Accurate observations of the starry sky were carried out there, and for this purpose grandiose structures were erected that have survived to this day.
Temple of the Sun in Mexico
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In the Middle Ages, the life of astronomers turned out to be very difficult, since their knowledge about the Universe largely contradicted religion, and for the idea that the Earth rotates, one could even end up at the stake, which is what happened to the philosopher Giordano Bruno.
Ancient Indian Observatory
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How did the birth happen? solar system?
The solar system formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago. Some parts of the cloud turned out to be denser. Gas and dust particles in these areas began to move closer together under the influence of mutual attraction forces. Over time they formed a ball. The ball became denser, decreased in volume and warmed up.
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Gradually it began to glow, turning into the embryo of the Sun, which took about 100 thousand years. The “embryo” rotated faster and faster, scattering some of the matter in space. At the same time, it continued to shrink and warm up. Finally, the “embryo” warmed up for the emergence nuclear reactions; A huge amount of energy began to be released, and a new star began to shine. The ring of previously discharged substance began to gather into clots.
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These clumps gradually became larger and larger, located at different distances from the Sun. Large clumps became the planets we see today. The smaller ones turned into satellites of the planets, and the very small ones became asteroids.
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The Sun is the closest to the Earth...... This is a huge...... cosmic body. The Sun has the shape of...... The diameter of the Sun is...... times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ...... times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is ...... kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ...... degrees, and in its center - ...... degrees.
Let's fill in the missing data in the text using the textbook.
Slide 21
The Sun is the closest star to Earth...(star). This is a huge ... (hot) cosmic body. The sun has the shape of... (a ball). The diameter of the Sun is... (109) times larger than the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ... (330 thousand) times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is ... (150 million) kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ... (6,000) degrees, and in its center - ... (15 - 20 million) degrees.
Slide 22
The sun forms the center of our system. 9 planets revolve around it. The 4 small planets located closest to the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - are called internal. They have a hard surface. The remaining 5 planets are called outer planets. These are 4 gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, as well as a small solid planet of rock and ice - Pluto.
Slide 23
Indicate each statement with a code sign, agreeing or disagreeing with me: 1. Earth is one of the planets of the solar system. 2. The Sun is the closest star to us, a hot ball of gas. 3. The mass of the Earth is 330 thousand times greater than the mass of the Sun. 4. Specialists who study astronomy are called astronauts. 5. The Earth moves around the Sun. 6. You can observe the Sun by looking through binoculars or a telescope. pipe.
- Yes
- No
- Don't know
Slide 24
An online lesson on this topic can be viewed: http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/okruj-mir/4-klass/tema/mir-glazami-astronoma
Website of Elena Beryukhova “ABV School” Design: Elena Beryukhova http://shkola-abv.ru
To use presentation previews, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and log in: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Who are astronomers and what is astronomy? Think about it!
The word “astronomy” comes from two Greek words: “astron” – star and “nomos” – law. Astronomy is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form and the Universe as a whole. An astronomer is a specialist in astronomy.
Astronomy is the most ancient of sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. It is known that even cavemen observed the starry sky, because its drawings were found on the walls of caves.
Much later, instruments came to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.
From the point of view of astronomers, the world is the Universe or space. Think about it! How did the Universe originate?
Presumably, the Universe arose as a result of an unimaginably powerful Big Bang about 18 billion years ago. By the time of the explosion, all the matter in the Universe was compressed into one incredibly hot mass. The explosion scattered him throughout the space. From this primary matter, galaxies, stars and planets were formed.
There are countless stars in the Universe. One of them is the Sun. There are 8 planets orbiting the Sun, including ours. motherland. In addition to planets, other celestial bodies (comets, meteorites, asteroids) move around the Sun. Mercury Neptune Uranus Saturn Mars Venus Jupiter Earth
A characteristic feature of comets is that as they approach the Sun, their tail appears and grows, always directed away from the Sun. Sometimes comets are so bright that they attract everyone's attention. In the past, the appearance of bright comets caused fear among people. This is interesting!
An asteroid (minor planet) is a relatively small rocky celestial body, many of which orbit the Sun. The first asteroid, Ceres, was discovered in 1801; Since then, they have been constantly searched for and new ones are regularly discovered. This is interesting!
Meteorites are stones or pieces of iron that fell to Earth from interplanetary space. These are fragments of asteroids and comets. Meteorites are divided into “fallen” and “found”. This is interesting!
The sun and the celestial bodies moving around it make up the solar system.
Our planet Earth is part of the solar system. The Earth moves around the Sun at a speed of 30 km per second. At the same time, together with the Sun, it moves among other stars, and together with them - in the space of the Universe.
What do you know about the Sun? Celestial body Gives light and heat Has the shape of a ball
Work according to the textbook. Read the article on p. 6-7 textbooks.
The Sun is the closest to the Earth…. This is a huge... cosmic body. The sun has the shape... The diameter of the Sun is ... times greater than the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ... times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is ... kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ... degrees, and in its center - ... degrees. Insert the missing data into the text. Write down the words on a piece of paper in a column.
star incandescent ball 109 330 thousand 150 million 6 thousand 15 – 20 million Check yourself:
What does astronomy study? Give examples of celestial bodies. What is the Solar System? 4. How to observe the Sun without damaging your eyesight? Let's summarize:
Klimanova Natalya Sergeevna teacher primary classes GBOU secondary school No. 1351
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Educational complex "School of Russia", the world around us, grade 4 A.A. Pleshakov, theme: "The world through the eyes of an astronomer. The Universe. The Sun."
Final test on the topic: "The world through the eyes of an astronomer. The Universe. The Sun." A.A. Pleshakoy " The world" 4th grade....
The world through the eyes of an astronomer. Universe. Sun. - lesson on the world around us, grade 4
Topic: The world through the eyes of an astronomer. Universe. The Sun.Goals: - get acquainted with the science that studies the Universe, - astronomy; - form an idea of the Universe, the size and nature of the Sun as the center...
Lesson of the surrounding world in 4th grade "The world through the eyes of an astronomer. The Sun Universe"
The purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the science that studies the Universe - astronomy. The lesson develops an idea of the Universe, the size and nature of the Sun as the center of the Solar system and the closest to...
§ 1 What is astronomy? Who is an astronomer?
The world around us is amazing, diverse and full of secrets.
To reveal some of them, let's try to imagine ourselves in the role of astronomers.
But for this it is necessary to find out who astronomers are and what the science of astronomy studies.
The word “astronomy” comes from two Greek words: “astron” - star and “nomos” - law.
IN explanatory dictionary S.I. Ozhegov gives the following interpretation: “Astronomy is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form and the Universe as a whole.”
Astronomers are scientists who study astronomy.
The science of astronomy appeared in ancient times.
The first astronomers were called stargazers.
§ 2 Universe, galaxy, space - what is it?
It is known that even cavemen observed the starry sky. Evidence of this is the drawings on the walls of ancient caves depicting luminaries. The first observatory, i.e. a specialized structure used for observing astronomical phenomena appeared in the Stone Age on the territory of modern Great Britain.
Much later, in the 17th century, in 1609, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei designed the most famous astronomical instrument that allows you to see the starry sky - a telescope.
From the point of view of an astronomer, the world is the Universe, or Space.
Planet Earth, which seems so huge and vast to us, is only a tiny grain of sand in the Universe. Distances in space cannot be measured by ordinary earthly measures; a special value is used for this - this is the distance that a ray of light travels during the year - a light year. It is approximately 9,500 billion kilometers.
The universe consists of billions of stars, planets and their satellites, as well as mysterious void zones.
Presumably, it arose as a result of an unimaginably powerful explosion that occurred approximately 15 billion years ago. Galaxies were formed from interstellar dust and gases.
Galaxies are huge collections of billions of stars and planets. They can have a wide variety of shapes.
For example, one of the galaxies, the Milky Way, is shaped like a disk-shaped spiral consisting of approximately 200 billion stars, including the Sun.
§ 3 A star called the Sun
The Sun is the closest spherical star to Earth, and compared to other stars it is quite modest in size.
Scientists classify the Sun as a yellow dwarf.
But compared to the planets, the Sun is huge. Its diameter is 109 times greater than the diameter of the Earth, and the mass of the Sun is 330 thousand times greater than the mass of the Earth.
Why does it seem so small to us?
If you imagine the Sun the size of an orange, then the Earth next to it will look like a poppy seed. It's all about the huge distance between it and our planet.
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Light travels from the Sun to the Earth in 8 minutes 20 seconds.
Like all stars, the Sun is a huge hot cosmic body that constantly emits light and heat.
The temperature and pressure in the Sun's core are so high that enormous amounts of energy are released. Scientists have calculated that during its existence the Sun has not used up even half of its reserves of energy sources, so it will continue to shine for a very long time.
The temperature in the center of the Sun reaches 15-20 million degrees, and the surface - 6000 degrees.
Man was aware of the importance of the Sun for life on Earth in ancient times. The sun was deified by almost all ancient peoples. People treated him with love and special respect, and composed many songs, hymns, proverbs and sayings.
Scientists observe many interesting processes on the Sun, for example, fiery fountains and dark spots. All the changes that occur there are reflected on Earth: radio communications are disrupted, the weather changes, people’s well-being worsens.
Currently, there is a special solar service, where solar activity is monitored using modern telescopes and various astronomical instruments.
Humanity has been studying space and the Universe for many centuries. Even after thousands of years of exploration, observation, misconceptions and great discoveries, the Universe holds many secrets that remain to be revealed.
Images used:
I study celestial bodies and the systems they form. The word “as-ro-no-miya” itself comes from two Greek words: “as-ron” - star and “nomos” - law. Thus, this word means “the law of the stars.”
Ast-ro-no-miya is one of the most ancient sciences. First out as-ro-no-mov na-zy-va-li zvez-do-che-ta-mi (Fig. 1).
Ancient observations of celestial bodies
It is known that even cavemen see the starry sky, because on the walls of the caves there are ri-sun-ki of the Sun , Moon, stars in the sky (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. On the rock ri-su-nok “Two Suns” (Is-toch-nik)
The invention of the telescope and its improvement
Of course, there was not enough precision on the blue-eye to answer many questions, people have some problems. That's why a special device was created for the blue-de-niy behind the cos-mi-che-ski-mi te-la-mi - telescope(Fig. 3).
Italian ast-ro-nom Galileo Galilei(Fig. 4) the first telescope came out.
It was a very imperfect instrument, nevertheless, with its help, Gal-li-leo Gal-li-ley made many discoveries: saw cra-ters on the Moon (Fig. 6), spots on the Sun (Fig. 7), observed the phases of Venus (Fig. 8) and lived that four satellites rotate around Jupi-te-ra (Fig. 9).
Naturally, since that time science has taken a step forward, both the appearance and the accuracy of the body have changed -pov (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Computer
The most powerful telescopes installed in about-ser-va-to-ri-yah(from lat. observo - on-blue-give) - on-academic institutions, where blue-de-finance and research are produced knowledge of the year, at-mo-sphere, as-ro-no-mi-che-bodies (Fig. 11).
Rice. 11. Ob-serv-va-to-ria Apa-che-Point (Is-toch-nik)
Stonehenge
The first observatory, according to scientists, was located in Britain back in the Stone Age. This place is called hundred-un-henge, the location of stones in something is connected with as-ro-no-mi-che-ski-mi yav-le-ni-ya-mi (Fig. 12) .
Education of the Universe
For as-ro-no-ma the world is Universe or cosmos. According to scientists, 15 million years ago there was a powerful explosion, after which the Universe was formed .
There is a huge number of celestial bodies in space: comets, meteorites, stars, planets, satellites. There are many ha-lak-tik in the Universe (Fig. 13).
Rice. 13. Ga-lak-ti-ka Milky Way (Is-toch-nik)
Milky Way Galaxy
One of them - ha-lak-ti-ka Milky Way, consisting of 200 million stars, of which the Sun is not the largest (Fig. 14).
solar system
The sun and 8 planets moving around it form Solar system(Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Sol-nech-naya si-ste-ma (Is-toch-nik)
The first plane from the Sun - Mer-ku-ri y, second paradise - Venus, third - Earth, Thursday - Mars, fifth - Jupiter, she-flock - Saturn, seventh of May - Uranus, May 8 - Neptune. For a long time it was believed that Pluto- the de-vy-th plane of the Sol-system. Once upon a time, modern research gave the basis for appropriating Plu-to-well status kar-li-ko-voy pla -not you.
Ancient ideas about the Sun
Even in ancient times, people had no idea that our life is possible only by the blessing of the Sun, and see him as a god. The deity of the Sun had many names: in Ancient Greece the Sun was called Helios, in Egypt - Ra, ancient scandi-na you are Sol, and our Slavic ancestors are Yarilo.
Characteristics of the Sun
Sun- the closest star to Earth. This is a huge, ras-ka-len-cosmic body (Fig. 16). The sun has the shape of a ball. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times larger than the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is 330 thousand times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150 million kilometers. The temperature at the top of the Sun is 6 thousand degrees, and in its center - 15-20 million degrees. owls
source of the lecture - http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/okruj-mir/4-klass/tema/mir-glazami-astronoma?seconds=0&chapter_id=1826
video source - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc7Y3tgPUS4
presentation source - http://nsportal.ru/nachalnaya-shkola/okruzhayushchii-mir/2012/09/07/mir-glazami-astronoma
It is known that even cavemen observed the starry sky, because drawings of the Sun, Moon, and starry sky were found on the walls of caves (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Rock painting “Two Suns” ()
Of course, observations with the naked eye were not enough to answer many of the questions that people had. Therefore it was created special device for observations of cosmic bodies - telescope(Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Telescope ()
Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei(Fig. 4) made the first telescope.
Rice. 4. Galileo Galilei ()
It was a very imperfect instrument, nevertheless, with its help, Galileo Galilei made many discoveries: he saw craters on the Moon (Fig. 6), spots on the Sun (Fig. 7), observed the phases of Venus (Fig. 8) and discovered that around Jupiter is orbited by four satellites (Fig. 9).
Rice. 6. Craters on the Moon ()
Rice. 7. Sunspots ()
Rice. 8. Phases of Venus ()
Rice. 9. Moons of Jupiter ()
Naturally, since that time science has stepped far forward, and the appearance, and the accuracy of telescopes (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Computerized telescope ()
The most powerful telescopes are installed in observatories(from Latin observo - I observe) - scientific institutions where observations and studies of weather, atmosphere, and astronomical bodies are carried out (Fig. 11).
Rice. 11. Apache Point Observatory ()
The first observatory, according to scientists, was located in Britain back in the Stone Age. This place is called Stonehenge, the position of the stones in which is associated with astronomical phenomena (Fig. 12).
Rice. 12. Stonehenge ()
For an astronomer, the world is Universe or space. According to scientists, 15 billion years ago there was a powerful explosion, after which the Universe was formed.
There are a huge number of celestial bodies in space: comets, meteorites, stars, planets, satellites. There are many galaxies in the Universe (Fig. 13).
Rice. 13. Milky Way Galaxy ()
One of them - Milky Way galaxy, consisting of 200 billion stars, of which the Sun is not the largest (Fig. 14).
The sun and 8 planets moving around it form solar system(Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Solar system ()
The first planet from the Sun is Mercury y, second - Venus, third - Earth, fourth - Mars, fifth - Jupiter, sixth - Saturn,seventh - Uranus, eighth - Neptune. For a long time it was believed that Pluto- the ninth planet of the solar system. However modern research gave grounds to assign Pluto the status of a dwarf planet.
Even in ancient times, people understood that our life is possible only thanks to the Sun, and they revered him as a deity. The deity of the Sun had many names: in Ancient Greece the Sun was called Helios, in Egypt - Ra, the ancient Scandinavians - Sol, and our Slavic ancestors - Yarilo.
Sun- the closest star to Earth. This is a huge hot cosmic body (Fig. 16). The sun has the shape of a ball. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is 330 thousand times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150 million kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is 6 thousand degrees, and in its center - 15-20 million degrees.
Bibliography
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around us 3. - M.: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. - M.: Publishing House "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. - M.: Enlightenment.
- Nsportal.ru ().
- Astrolab.ru ().
- Authorstream.com().
Homework
- Answer “yes” or “no” to the following statements:
- Earth is one of the planets in the solar system.
- The Sun is the closest star to us, a hot ball of gas.
- The mass of the Earth is 330 thousand times the mass of the Sun.
- Specialists who study astronomy are called astronauts.
- The Earth moves around the Sun.
- You can observe celestial bodies by looking through a telescope.
- Make a short test (6 questions with three answer options) on the topic “The Universe”.
- * Using the knowledge gained in class, create a crossword puzzle on the topic “The World through the Eyes of an Astronomer.”
