1 area of use
This standard applies to installation seams of junctions of window and external door blocks (hereinafter referred to as window blocks) to wall openings.
The standard is used in the design, development of design and technological documentation, as well as in the performance of work during the construction, reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures for various purposes, taking into account the requirements of the current building codes and rules. The requirements of the standard are also applied when replacing window units in operating premises.
The requirements of this standard can be applied when designing installation joints of joints between stained glass and other facade structures, as well as installation joints connecting structures to each other.
The standard does not apply to assembly seams at the junction points of window units for special purposes (for example, fire-proof, explosion-proof, etc.), as well as products intended for use in unheated rooms.
The standard can be used for certification purposes.
This standard contains references to the following standards:
GOST 166-89 Calipers. Specifications
GOST 427-75 Metal measuring rulers. Specifications
GOST 2678-94 Rolled roofing and waterproofing materials. Test methods
GOST 7076-99 Construction materials and products. Method for determining thermal conductivity and thermal resistance under stationary thermal conditions
GOST 7502-98 Metal measuring tapes. Specifications
GOST 7912-74 Rubber. Method for determining the temperature limit of brittleness
GOST 10174-90 Polyurethane foam sealing gaskets for windows and doors. Specifications
GOST 17177-94 Heat-insulating construction materials and products. Test methods
GOST 23166-99 Window blocks. General technical conditions
GOST 24700-99 Wooden window blocks with double-glazed windows. Specifications
GOST 25898-83 Construction materials and products. Methods for determining vapor permeation resistance
GOST 26433.0-85 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. General provisions
GOST 26433.1-89 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. Factory-made elements
GOST 26433.2-94 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements of parameters of buildings and structures
GOST 26589-94 Roofing and waterproofing materials. Test methods
GOST 26602.1-99 Window and door blocks. Methods for determining heat transfer resistance
GOST 26602.2-99 Window and door blocks. Methods for determining air and water permeability
GOST 26602.3-99 Window and door blocks. Method for determining sound insulation
GOST 30673-99 PVC profiles for window and door blocks. Specifications
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions are used in this standard:
Junction of a window block to a wall opening– a structural system that ensures the interface of a wall window opening (including elements of external and internal slopes) with the frame of a window block, including an installation seam, a window sill board, a drain, as well as facing and fastening parts.
Mounting clearance– the space between the surface of the wall opening and the frame of the window (door) block.
Assembly seam– element of the junction unit, which is a combination of various insulating materials, used to fill the installation gap and having the specified characteristics.
Forceful operational impact on the assembly seam– the impact arising from the mutual movements of the window frame (frame) and the wall opening when linear dimensions change due to temperature, humidity and other influences, as well as during shrinkage of buildings.
Deformation resistance of assembly seam– the ability of an assembly seam to maintain specified characteristics when the linear dimensions of the assembly gap change as a result of various operational influences.
4 Classification
4.1 The designs of installation seams of junctions of window blocks to wall openings are classified according to the following performance characteristics:
Heat transfer resistance;
Resistance to operational force impacts;
Air permeability;
Water permeability;
Soundproofing;
Vapor permeability.
4.2 Indicators of the main performance characteristics of installation seams are divided into classes according to Table 1.
4.3 The class of the installation seam in terms of resistance to heat transfer, air and water permeability, vapor permeability, deformation resistance, sound insulation is established in working documentation at the junction points of window blocks to wall openings.
4.4 The resistance of installation seams to operational force impacts is classified according to the deformation resistance indicator. The indicator of deformation stability is taken as the ratio of the value of the largest change in the specified size of the installation seam (without destruction or critical reduction of the specified characteristics) to the value of the specified size of the seam, expressed as a percentage.
4.5 Classification criteria for vapor permeability of assembly joints are:
The magnitude and ratio of the vapor permeability resistance values of the layers (materials) of the assembly seam;
The amount of increment in the calculated mass ratio of moisture in the material of the central layer of the seam during the period of moisture absorption.
The vapor barrier properties of assembly joints can also be characterized by design features. For example, the presence or absence of a vapor barrier between the foam insulation and the surface of the wall opening.
Requirements for vapor barrier of assembly joints and their values are established in the design and construction documentation for specific construction projects.
4.6 The symbol for the installation seam must include letter designation“ШМ” - assembly seam, digital designations of classes based on heat transfer resistance and deformation resistance.
An example of a symbol for an assembly seam:
ШМ III–I GOST 30971-2002 – assembly seam with classes of heat transfer resistance – III, deformation resistance – I.
In the contract, passport and other documentation for installation seams, it is recommended to additionally indicate the classification of seams according to other classified parameters, as well as other technical information as agreed between the manufacturer and the consumer. If necessary, it is allowed to provide specific values (ranges of values) of the technical characteristics of installation seams and materials used for their construction, confirmed by test results
5 Technical requirements
5.1 General provisions
5.1.1 The assembly seam consists of three layers, which are divided according to their main functional purpose:
external – waterproofing, vapor permeable;
central – thermal insulation;
internal – vapor barrier.
Each of the layers of the assembly seam can, in addition to the main ones, also perform additional functions(for example, the outer layer may have significant resistance to heat transfer), which must be taken into account when determining the design characteristics of the structure. The schematic diagram of the installation seam is shown in Figure 1.
5.1.2 The construction of installation joints is established in the working documentation for the assembly units connecting specific types of window blocks to wall openings, taking into account the current building codes and regulations and the requirements of this standard. Examples of design solutions for installation joints are given in Appendix A.
5.1.3 The construction of assembly joints must be resistant to various operational influences: atmospheric factors, temperature and humidity influences from the room, force (temperature, shrinkage, etc.) deformations.
I – outer waterproofing, vapor-permeable layer;
II – central thermal insulation layer;
III – internal vapor barrier layer
Figure 1 – Schematic diagram of the installation seam
5.1.4 The selection of materials for installation of installation joints and determination of the dimensions of installation gaps should be made taking into account possible operational (temperature, sedimentary) changes in the linear dimensions of window blocks and wall openings in terms of deformation resistance. In this case, elastic insulating materials intended for operation in a compressed state must be selected taking into account their design (working) degree of compression.
5.1.5 The value of heat transfer resistance of the installation seam must ensure the temperature inner surface window slope and designs not lower than those required by building codes and regulations.
The values of air, water permeability, and sound insulation of installation joints should not be lower than the values of these indicators for the window blocks used.
5.1.6 Depending on the configuration of the surfaces of wall openings, installation seams can be straight (window opening without a quarter) or angular (window opening with a quarter).
5.1.7 C outside assembly seams can be protected with special profile parts: rainproof strips, soundproofing linings, etc.
WITH inside assembly seams can be covered with a layer of plaster or cladding parts of window slopes.
5.2 Requirements for the outer layer
5.2.1 The outer layer of the assembly seam must be waterproof when exposed to rain at a given (calculated) pressure difference between the outer and inner surfaces of the assembly seam.
5.2.2 For the construction of the outer layer, it is recommended to use materials that have adhesion to the surface window openings and boxes of window blocks. The peeling resistance (adhesive strength) of tape and film materials must be at least 0.3 kgf/cm2, and the adhesion strength of sealants must be at least 0.1 MPa (1.0 kgf/cm2).
5.2.3 The outer layer materials must be resistant to operating temperatures in the range:
for conventional seams - from minus 35° C to 70° C;
for frost-resistant seams - from below minus 36° C to 70° C.
Note - The lower limit of negative operating temperatures, confirmed by test results, is indicated in the accompanying documentation (passport) for the outer layer material.
5.2.4 The insulating materials of the outer layer (not protected from exposure to sunlight during operation) must be resistant to UV irradiation (the total irradiation dose of the front surfaces during testing is at least 5 GJ/m2).
5.2.5 The materials of the outer layer should not interfere with the removal of vaporous moisture from the central layer of the seam. The value of the vapor permeability coefficient of the outer layer material is not less than 0.15 mg/(m*h*Pa). The use of vapor barrier materials as outer layer materials is not permitted, except when sealing materials are used in combination with plaster mortar, providing the required vapor permeability of the outer layer.
5.3 Requirements for the central layer
5.3.1 The central insulating layer must provide the required resistance to heat transfer of the installation seam. The value of heat transfer resistance must be within the range of values of this indicator for the wall and window structure.
5.3.2 The filling of the installation seam with heat-insulating materials must be continuous across the cross-section, without voids, tears, cracks and overflows. Delaminations, through gaps, cracks, as well as cavities with a maximum size of 10 mm are not allowed.
5.3.3 The resistance to vapor permeation of the central layer of the assembly seam must be within the range of values of this indicator for the outer and inner layers.
5.3.4 The adhesive strength of assembly foam insulation with the surfaces of window openings and frames of window blocks must be at least 0.1 MPa (1.0 kgf/cm2).
5.3.5 Water absorption of foam insulation of the central layer when completely immersed in 24 hours should not exceed 3% by weight.
5.3.6 V necessary cases To prevent the influence of moisture from the side of the wall opening on the central insulating layer (in the plane of possible condensation), it is allowed to install a vapor barrier tape between the inner surface of the wall opening and the assembly seam.
5.4 Requirements for the inner layer
5.4.1 Vapor barrier materials The inner layer of the assembly joint must have a vapor permeability coefficient of no more than 0.01 mg/(m*h/*Pa).
5.4.2 Vapor barrier materials of the inner layer must have resistance to peeling (adhesive strength) from the surfaces forming the installation gap not lower than the values established in 5.2.2 for materials of the outer layer.
5.4.3 The design and materials of the inner layer must ensure reliable insulation of the materials of the central layer from the effects of water vapor from the room.
Vapor barrier materials along the internal contour of the installation gap must be laid continuously, without gaps, tears or un-glued areas.
5.5 General requirements for materials
5.5.1 Materials used in the construction of assembly joints must comply with the requirements of the standards, the terms of supply contracts and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
5.5.2 The materials used for installation joints are divided according to the range of operating temperatures at which installation work is allowed, into materials:
summer version (from + 35 °C to + 5 °C);
winter version (with operating temperatures below + 5 ° C).
5.5.3 The outer layer materials must be resistant to prolonged weathering.
The materials used to construct the various layers of the assembly joint must be compatible with each other, as well as with the materials of the wall opening, window frame and fasteners.
The durability of materials (service life) used to construct the assembly seam must be at least 20 conventional years of operation (the durability indicator comes into force from 01/01/2005).
5.5.4 Materials used in the construction of installation joints must have a sanitary and epidemiological certificate from the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision authorities.
5.5.5 Materials for constructing assembly joints must be stored in dry, heated, ventilated rooms in compliance with the storage conditions specified in the regulatory documentation for these materials.
5.5.6 Requirements for fastening elements and their installation are given in Appendix B.
5.6 Dimensional requirements
5.6.1 The nominal dimensions of the installation gaps for the installation of seams are established in the working drawings of the joints of the window blocks to the wall openings.
5.6.2 When establishing the dimensions of installation joints, take into account:
the configuration and dimensions of the window opening, the frame of the window block and the window sill, including their permissible maximum deviations;
expected changes in the linear dimensions of window openings and blocks during their operation due to temperature and humidity deformations and shrinkage;
technical characteristics of the materials of the installation seam, based on ensuring the necessary resistance to operational loads (for example, the size of the external insulating tape is selected based on the calculated degree of compression, which allows obtaining the specified values of water and vapor permeability);
temperature conditions for installation work.
5.6.3 The nominal dimensions and configuration of window openings must correspond to those established in the working design documentation. Recommended maximum deviations from the nominal dimensions of the height and width of the opening: +15 mm. The deviation from the vertical and horizontal should not exceed 3.0 mm per 1 m, but not more than 8 mm over the entire height or width of the opening. Deviations from the vertical and horizontal must be within the tolerance range for deviations in height and width.
5.6.4 Maximum deviations from the overall dimensions of window block boxes are established in the regulatory documentation for the products.
1 When installing wooden window blocks
2 When installing window blocks made of aluminum and PVC profiles
a) window blocks from aluminum alloys for side sizes up to 2000 mm
b) window blocks made of white PVC profiles with a side size of up to 2000 mm, as well as aluminum window blocks with a side size of 2000 mm to 3500 mm.
c) window blocks made of white PVC profiles with side sizes from 2000 mm to 3500 mm, as well as from profiles of other colors with side sizes up to 2000 mm.
Figure 2 – Dimensions of installation gaps (seams) when installing window blocks
from various materials according to GOST 23166
Deviations from the vertical and horizontal of the frame parts of mounted window units should not exceed 1.5 mm per 1 m of length, but not more than 3 mm per product height.
5.7 Requirements for the preparation of installation gap surfaces
5.7.1 When preparing the window structure and opening for installation, the requirements of 5.6.3, 5.6.4 must be observed.
5.7.2 Edges and surfaces of external and internal slopes should not have punctures, cavities, mortar overflows and other damage with a height (depth) of more than 5 mm. Defective areas must be filled with waterproof compounds. Voids in the wall opening (for example, cavities at the joints of the facing and base layers of brickwork, at the joints of lintels and masonry, as well as voids formed when removing frames when replacing windows) should be filled with inserts made of rigid insulation or antiseptic wood.
Surfaces contaminated with oil should be degreased. Loose, crumbling areas of surfaces must be strengthened (treated with binders or special film materials).
5.7.3 Before installing insulating materials in the installation joint, the surfaces of window openings and structures must be cleaned of dust and dirt, and in winter conditions - from snow, ice, frost, followed by heating the surface.
5.7.4 General requirements for work when installing installation joints are given in Appendix B.
6 Acceptance rules
6.1 Acceptance of finished assembly joints is carried out at construction sites in batches. A batch is taken to be the number of window openings with installed window blocks and completed assembly seams, made using the same technology and issued with one acceptance certificate (quality document).
6.2 Acceptance of assembly seams is carried out by:
Incoming quality control of materials used;
Quality control of the preparation of window openings and window blocks;
Monitoring compliance with requirements for the installation of window units;
Production operational control;
Acceptance tests during work execution;
Classification and periodic laboratory tests of materials and assembly joints carried out by testing centers (laboratories).
Incoming quality control of materials and products, quality control of the preparation of window openings and installation of window blocks, as well as periodic tests during the installation of installation joints are carried out by a construction laboratory or the quality control service of a construction (installation) organization.
The results of all types of control are recorded in the appropriate quality logs.
Completion of work on installation of installation joints is documented with a hidden work certificate and a delivery and acceptance certificate.
6.3 Incoming quality control of materials and products upon their receipt and storage is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the RD and design documentation. At the same time, they check certificates of conformity, sanitary and epidemiological conclusions, expiration dates, labeling of products (containers), as well as compliance with the conditions established in supply contracts.
6.4 Quality control of the preparation of window openings and installation of window blocks is carried out in accordance with the technological documentation for installation work, taking into account the requirements of the current regulatory documentation and this standard. In this case they check:
Preparation of the surfaces of window openings and window blocks;
Dimensions (maximum deviations) of window openings and blocks;
Dimensional deviations when installing window units;
Deviations from the dimensions of installation gaps;
Other requirements established in the working design and technological documentation.
The quality of preparation of window openings is documented in the window openings acceptance certificate.
6.5 Production operational quality control is carried out by the responsible contractor sequentially for each operation of the technological process in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer’s documentation.
6.6 Acceptance tests during the construction of installation joints are carried out by the quality control service (construction laboratory) of the construction organization at least once per shift. In this case they check:
installation quality mounting tapes(including their adhesion strength to joint surfaces), insulation and other materials (upon completion of work on each layer of the seam);
temperature and humidity parameters of work conditions.
If the technology for installing window blocks requires a two- to three-day installation period (for example, the first day - installation of window blocks on mounting wedges and laying outer layer materials; second day - application of installation materials of the central and inner layers), then quality control of the installation seam is carried out at the same window blocks.
6.7 Classification and periodic laboratory tests are carried out at the request of design, construction and other organizations to confirm the classification characteristics and operational indicators assembly seams. Tests are carried out in testing centers (laboratories) accredited to conduct such tests.
It is allowed to determine the characteristics of installation seams using calculation methods according to regulatory documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
6.8 The manufacturer confirms the acceptance of assembly seams by issuing a quality document (passport), which must contain:
Name and address of the installation organization;
Name and address of the place of work;
Symbol and (or) description of the design with a list of insulating materials used, drawings, technical characteristics of the installation seam (including fasteners);
Number of assembly seams submitted for acceptance;
Date of passport issue;
Stamp of the quality service and signature of the responsible person;
Warranty obligations;
Other information based on specific work conditions.
6.9 Acceptance of work on installation of installation joints is formalized by an acceptance certificate signed by the contractor and the customer, to which is attached a quality document (passport), copies of approval and measurement protocols and, at the customer’s request, sanitary and epidemiological reports on insulating materials.
6.10 In the event of controversial (arbitration) issues regarding the quality of installation seams during the warranty period, the customer has the right to demand a control opening of the installation seams. In this case, it is recommended to use the control plan given in Table 2.
A batch of assembly seams is accepted if the number of defective seams in the first sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number, and rejected without assigning a second sample if the number of defective seams is greater than or equal to the acceptance number. If the number of defective seams in the first sample is greater than the acceptance number, but less than the rejection number, proceed to the second stage of control and make a second sample.
A batch of assembly seams is accepted if the number of defective seams in the second sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number.
If the number of defective seams exceeds the acceptance number during the second stage, all assembly seams must be opened and checked individually. Defective installation seams must be corrected and re-inspected.
7 Test methods
7.1 Test methods for materials during incoming quality control are established in the technological documentation, taking into account the requirements of the RD for these materials. Test methods for production operational control qualities are established in technological documentation taking into account the requirements of this standard.
7.2 The preparation of the surfaces of window openings (5.7) is assessed visually. The geometric dimensions of installation gaps and the size of defects are measured using a tape measure according to GOST 7502, a ruler according to GOST 427, a caliper according to GOST 166 using methods according to GOST 26433.0 and GOST 26433.1.
7.3 When measuring deviations from the plumb line (vertical) and horizontal level of the corresponding surfaces of window openings and structures, you should use the measurement rules in accordance with GOST 26433.2.
7.4 The appearance and quality of installation of elements and the arrangement of layers of the assembly seam are assessed visually from a distance of 400-600 mm with illumination of at least 300 lux.
7.5 Determination of the adhesion strength of sealing tapes and gaskets to structural elements during periodic testing during work is carried out in the following sequence:
using a special cutting tool (for example, a cutter), trim the edge of the tape installed on the surface of the installation joint;
the edge of the tape is clamped in a special grip and, through a dynamometer, torn off normal to the clutch surface, while recording the tearing force;
Peeling of the tape should occur with a force of at least 0.3 kg/cm.
7.6 Methods of acceptance and periodic laboratory tests
7.6.1 The heat transfer resistance of installation joints is determined by calculation method as the sum of the thermal resistances of individual layers, taking into account the heat transfer coefficients of the internal and external surfaces of the wall or during laboratory tests according to GOST 26601.1. In this case, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the materials used is taken based on test results in accordance with GOST 7076 or other regulatory documentation. The assessment of the temperature regime of the nodes connecting the window block to the wall opening is carried out by laboratory tests or by calculation using methods approved in the prescribed manner, taking into account the provisions of Appendix D.
7.6.2 Air and water permeability of installation joints is determined according to GOST 26602.2.
The tests are carried out using a special device, the design of which is shown in Figure 3. The device is a cassette (for example, wooden) with a blank panel installed in it. The internal bars of the cassette imitate the dimensions and configuration of the slopes of a window opening.
The panel is a box of a window block, sheathed on both sides with sheet material (for example, waterproof plywood according to ND).
The surfaces of the cassette and panels must have a waterproof coating.
The gap between the cassette and the window block sample, as well as the design and technology of the installation seam, are taken in accordance with the design solution of the junction unit adopted in the design documentation.
The device is installed in the opening of the test chamber on sealing gaskets.
Test conditions are specified in the test program.
7.6.3 Sound insulation is determined according to GOST 26602.3. To carry out the test, use the device according to 7.6.2. The internal volume of the panel is sheathed with sheet sound-absorbing material and filled with dry sand. The device is installed in the opening of the test chamber on soundproofing putty. The design of the panel must provide sound insulation of at least 40 dBA.
7.6.4 The resistance of the outer insulating layer to ultraviolet irradiation is determined using the test regime given in GOST 30673 (irradiation in the Xenotest apparatus). Tests are carried out on three samples of insulating layer materials with a length of at least 200 mm. The test result is considered satisfactory if, after testing, there are no breaks, cracks, pits, delaminations or drips on the surface of each sample.
A, B, H – panel dimensions
s, h – dimensions of the gaps for the assembly seam.
1 – cassette with overhead bars; 2 – overhead bars; 3 – vapor-proof tape; 4 – foam insulation; 5 – panel box; 6 – panel filling (for example, soundproofing material); 7 - sound-absorbing pad; 8 – panel covering; 9 – waterproofing gasket
Figure 3 – Device for testing installation seams for air permeability and sound insulation
7.6.5 Vapor permeability and vapor permeability of construction seam materials are determined according to GOST 25898.
7.6.6 Water absorption of insulation defimg srp pc= is divided according to GOST 17177.
7.6.7 Peeling resistance (adhesive strength) of film and tape materials of the outer and inner insulating layers is determined according to GOST 10174. The adhesion strength of sealants to the base is determined according to GOST 26589, method B (in this case, one of the bonded samples is made of aluminum alloy or polyvinyl chloride with a thickness of 3 -5 mm).
7.6.8 To determine the adhesive strength of foam insulation, the amount of force required to break the bond between the insulation and the structural material under the action of tensile forces directed perpendicular to the contact plane is determined.
The number of samples for testing is at least 5.
7.6.8.1 Apparatus and accessories
A tensile testing machine that ensures destruction of the sample at a speed of movement of the active gripper (10±1) mm/min and allows measuring the value of the breaking force with an error of no more than 1%;
A special device installed in the clamps of the testing machine. The device must ensure that the longitudinal axis of the sample coincides with the direction of the applied force.
7.6.8.2 Test specimens
Samples are made by pouring and foaming insulation into metal form with an internal diameter of (51±0.5) mm and a height of at least 30 mm, in the bottom of which a disk made of structural material (for example, polyvinyl chloride or aluminum alloy) is fixed. The internal cylindrical surfaces of the mold are lubricated with grease. The surface of the disc must be degreased.
After foaming and hardening, the insulation is brought by mechanical processing in diameter to the size of the disk (50±0.5) mm, and in height to (30±1) mm. It is allowed to use rectangular samples measuring [(50x50x30)±0.5] mm. The two samples obtained in this way are glued together in pairs with epoxy glue.
7.6.8.3 Procedure and processing of test results
The glued sample is installed in the clamps of the machine using devices. Tests are carried out at a temperature of (20±2) °C and at a speed of movement of the machine grips (10±1) mm/min.
Tension is carried out until the sample is destroyed or detached from the substrate, and the highest load achieved during testing is recorded.
Both parts of the tested sample are subjected to visual inspection to determine the nature of the destruction (by insulation, adhesion seam or mixed).
The adhesion strength of the insulation to the structural material σ, MPa (kgf/cm2), is calculated using the formula
where Pmax is the maximum force during separation or destruction of the sample, kgf.
S is the cross-sectional area of the sample, cm2.
The arithmetic mean value of the sample test results is taken as the test result.
7.6.9 The deformation resistance of an assembly seam is determined by the maximum value of its deformation under the influence of a force directed perpendicular to the plane of the assembly seam, at which its integrity is maintained. It is allowed to carry out this type of testing of the installation seam on foam insulation.
The number of samples for testing is at least 3.
7.6.9.1 Apparatus and accessories
A tensile testing machine that ensures destruction of the sample at a speed of movement of the active gripper (10±1) mm/min and allows the value of the breaking force to be set with an error of no more than 1%;
A special device with a clip for placing samples of the assembly seam. During testing, the device must ensure that the transverse axis of the sample coincides with the direction of the applied force (Figure 4).
A special device for preparing samples of foam insulation and installing them in a testing machine (a diagram of the device is shown in Figure 4a).
b – seam thickness;
1 – holder made of aluminum or stainless steel 3 mm thick;
2 – sample of the tested assembly seam
Figure 4 – Diagram of a device for testing assembly seams for deformation resistance
I – position of the plates at a given (initial) sample thickness (h1);
II – position of the plates at the greatest compression of the sample (h2);
III – position of the plates at the greatest tension of the sample (h3);
1 – device body; 2 – material sample; 3 – aluminum plates with a thickness of at least 2.0 mm; 4 – lubrication
Figure 4a – Diagram of the device for preparing samples and testing foam insulation for deformation stability
7.6.9.2 Test specimens
Samples of the assembly seam for testing are obtained by filling the casing layer-by-layer special device insulating materials in accordance with the design solution and installation technology (Figure 4).
Foam insulation samples for testing are obtained by filling the device body with it, shown in Figure 4a. The internal diameter of the case, which determines the size of the sample, is (60+0.2) mm, the height of the internal cavity of the case is 30 mm (excluding the thickness of the limiting plates). The inner surface of the housing must be lubricated with grease. An aluminum plate with a diameter of (60-0.2) mm is installed at the bottom of the device body before pouring the foam. The second plate with a diameter of (65-0.5) mm is installed in the upper part of the body in the form of a lid and is rigidly fixed in any way. Foam is poured into a hole with a diameter of 8 mm in the side wall of the housing. To remove excess foam, provide the same hole on the other side of the body. After pouring the foam, the sample is kept for at least a day, after which the sample is removed from the body.
7.6.9.3 Test procedure
A clip with a sample of the assembly seam (or a sample of foam insulation) is installed in the grips of the machine. The sample, which is a cylinder of hardened foam sandwiched between two aluminum plates, is installed in the grips of the machine. The test is carried out at a temperature of (20±2) °C by successive stretching and compression of the sample. The amount of tension and compression in millimeters is determined based on the purpose of the assembly seam. At least 20 cycles of tension-compression of the sample are performed. Between each cycle, the sample is kept without load for at least 20 minutes.
7.6.9.4 Evaluation of test results
After completion of the test, visually inspect the surfaces of the samples. The test result is considered satisfactory if each sample does not have through delaminations and destruction.
Deformation resistance φ, %, is determined by the formula
where Δh is the size of the punch movement (the difference between the thickness of the sample in tension and compression), mm;
h1 – specified (initial) sample thickness, mm.
7.6.10 The resistance of the installation seam to operating temperatures is determined by the materials of the outer insulating layer. Frost resistance is assessed by brittleness temperature according to GOST 7912 (bending diameter 400 mm) and heat resistance according to GOST 2678.
7.6.11 The durability (service life) of the assembly seam is determined according to RD and methods approved in the prescribed manner. Compatibility of materials is confirmed by testing the durability of the assembly seam.
8 Manufacturer's guarantees
The work contractor guarantees that the installation joints comply with the requirements of this standard, provided that the operational loads on the installation joints do not exceed the design ones (specified in the design documentation).
The warranty period for the installation seam is established in the contract between the work manufacturer and the customer, but not less than 5 years from the date of signing the acceptance certificate.
Examples of design solutions 
1 - foam insulation; 2 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 – frame dowel; 4 – sealant; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – installation gap compensator (can be used to insulate a slope and isolate foam insulation from the plane of possible condensation); 7 – plaster layer of the internal slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer)
Note – Here and below are schematic diagrams of abutment nodes; the proportions of individual elements of abutment nodes may not be observed. When developing design solutions for specific junction nodes, it is allowed to combine individual elements of the nodes shown in the figures of this appendix, as well as apply other solutions that do not contradict the requirements of this standard.
Figure A.1 – Unit for the side connection of a window block to an opening with a quarter in a brick wall, with the internal slope finished with plaster mortar
1 – plaster layer of the outer slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 2 – construction screw; 3 – sealant; 4 – false quarter from the corner; 5 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 6 – frame dowel; 7 – foam insulation; 8 – sealant; 9 – vapor barrier tape; 10 – finishing element of the internal slope; 11* – here and further the cavity can be filled thermal insulation material; 12 – rack
Figure A.2 – Assembly of the side connection of a window block to an opening without a quarter in a brick wall and finishing of the internal slope with a facing panel
1 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 – foam insulation; 3 – flexible anchor plate; 4 – sealant; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – dowel with locking screw; 7 – plaster layer of the internal slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 8 – reinforcing mesh
Note – If thermal calculations do not confirm the required temperature of the surfaces of the internal slopes, it is recommended to use window blocks with an expanded frame or increase the size of the outer quarter using structural materials.
Figure A.3 – Unit for the side connection of a window block to an opening with a quarter of a layered brick wall with effective insulation and finishing of the internal slope with plaster mortar
1 – window sill board; 2 – foam insulation; 3 – vapor barrier tape; 4 – flexible anchor plate; 5 – support block for the window sill board; 6 – plaster mortar; 7 – dowel with locking screw; 8 – liner made of antiseptic lumber; 9 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 10 – noise-absorbing gasket; 11 – drain; 12 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape
Figure A.4 – Assembly of the lower connection of the window block, window sill and drain to the opening of a layered wall with effective insulation
1 – liner made of certified lumber; 2 – dowel with locking screw; 3 – reinforcing mesh; 4 – plaster layer of the internal slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer), finishing with sheet material (moisture-resistant panel) is possible; 5 – flexible anchor plate; 6 – vapor barrier tape; 7 – sealant; 8 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 9 – steel lintel with anti-corrosion coating; 10-foam insulation;
Figure A.5 – Assembly of the upper junction of the window block to the lintel from a steel corner in the opening of a multilayer wall with brick lining
1 – foam insulation; 2 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 – frame dowel; 4 – sealant; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – panel for finishing the internal slope; 7 – rack; 8 – plaster leveling layer of the internal slope
Figure A.6 – Unit for the side connection of a window block to an opening with a quarter in a wall made of aerated concrete blocks (density 400 - 450 kg/m3) with brick lining and finishing of the internal slope with a panel
1 – plaster layer of the outer slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 2 – sealant; 3 – flashing; 4 – spacer (washer); 5 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 6 – foam insulation; 7 – frame dowel; 8 – sealant; 9 – vapor barrier tape; 10 – plaster layer of the internal slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer)
Figure A.7 – Unit for the side connection of a window block to an opening without a quarter in a wall made of cellular concrete blocks with façade, external and internal slopes finished with plaster mortar
1 – finishing element of the external window slope; 2 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 4 – frame dowel; 5 – foam insulation; 6 – vapor barrier tape; 7 – decorative cover
Figure A.8 – Unit for the lateral connection of a window block to a concrete wall opening with external insulation of the facade and installation of an internal decorative stripping
1 – foam insulation; 2 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 – flexible anchor plate; 4 – decorative cover; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – finishing element of the internal slope; 7 – dowel with locking screw
Figure A.9 – Assembly of the side connection of the window block to the wall panel opening with finishing of the internal slope with the panel
1 – vapor barrier tape; 2 – window sill board; 3 – foam insulation; 4 – plaster mortar; 5 – support block of the window sill board; 6– noise-absorbing gasket; 7– drain; 8 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 9 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape;
Figure A.10 – Assembly of the lower connection of the window block, window sill and drain to the wall panel opening
1 – waterproofing tape; 2 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 3 – liner made of material with low thermal conductivity; 4 – foam insulation; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – flexible anchor plate; 7– sealant
Figure A.11 – Assembly seam in the junction of the box balcony door from PVC profile (127 mm) to the wall opening
1– noise-absorbing pad; 2 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 3 – foam insulation; 4 – vapor barrier tape; 5 – load-bearing support block; 6 – sealant
Figure A.12 – Assembly seam in the junction of a window frame made of PVC profile (127 mm), window sill and ebb in the opening of a single-layer wall
1 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 – additional; 3 – sealant; 4 – moisture-resistant plasterboard with a vapor barrier coating; 5 – foam insulation
Figure A.13 – Assembly of the side and top connection of a window block made of PVC profiles to a wall opening with a quarter and finishing of the internal slope with panels
1 – finishing of the outer slope with a plaster solution with a vapor permeability coefficient in accordance with the requirements of this standard; 2 – vapor-permeable facade painting; 3 – foam insulation; 4 – sealant; 5 – frame dowel; 6 – sealant; 7 – paint vapor barrier; 8 – layer of plaster mortar with a high coefficient of resistance to vapor permeation
Figure A.14 – Assembly seam of the junction of the window block to the wall opening with finishing of the outer slope and facade with vapor-permeable plaster mortar
1 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 – connector
Figure A.15 – Window frame connection unit
1 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 – corner connector
Figure A.16 – Corner joint of window frames
1 – channel for supplying warm air from the heating device to the window block (groove in the screed made of plaster mortar); 2 – window sill board; 3 – decorative grille of the outlet
Figure A.17 – Diagram of the lower junction with the warm air supply channel from the heating device to the window unit
Requirements for fasteners and their installation
B.1 Fastening elements are designed for rigid fixation of window blocks to wall openings and for transferring wind and other operational loads to wall structures.
B.2 To fasten window frames to wall openings, depending on the design of the wall and the strength of the wall materials, various universal and special fastening elements (parts and systems) are used, Figure B.1:
Expansion frame (anchor) dowels, metal or plastic, complete with screws. Screws may have a countersunk or cylindrical head;
Universal plastic dowels with locking screws;
Construction screws;
Flexible anchor plates.
Screws, screws and plates are made of stainless steel or steel with an anti-corrosion zinc chromated coating with a thickness of at least 9 microns.
Fastening window frames and anchor plates to wall openings with nails is not permitted. If it is necessary to attach a window block to walls made of low-strength materials, the use of special polymer anchor systems is allowed.
B.3 Expansion metal frame anchor dowels are used to provide resistance to high shear forces when attaching window blocks to walls made of concrete, solid brick and with vertical voids, expanded clay concrete, aerated concrete, natural stone and other similar materials.
a – metal frame dowel;
b – plastic frame dowel;
c – universal plastic dowel with a locking screw;
d – construction screws;
d – flexible anchor plate.
Figure B.1 – Examples of fasteners
Expansion plastic frame dowels are used in aggressive environments to prevent contact corrosion, as well as to thermally insulate the elements being connected.
The length of the dowels is determined by calculation depending on the operational loads, the size of the window block frame profile, the width of the installation gap and the wall material (the depth of the dowel embedded in the wall must be at least 40 mm, depending on the strength of the wall material). The diameter of the dowel is determined by calculation depending on the operational loads; In general, it is recommended to use dowels with a diameter of at least 8 mm. The dowel material is structural polyamide according to ND. For the manufacture of screws and screws, steels with a temporary tensile strength of at least 500 N/mm2 are used.
B.4 The load-bearing capacity of frame dowels (permissible pullout loads) is taken according to the manufacturer’s technical documentation. Reference values bearing capacity(permissible pull-out and shear loads) of frame expansion dowels with a diameter of 10 mm are given in Table B.1.
B.5 Plastic dowels with locking screws are used for fastening window blocks to walls made of brick with vertical voids, hollow blocks, lightweight concrete, wood and others building materials with low compressive strength. The length and diameter of plastic dowels with locking screws are taken similarly to B.4. To attach window blocks to mounting wooden embedded elements and rough frames, the use of construction screws is allowed.
B.6 Flexible anchor plates are used for attaching window blocks to multilayer walls with effective insulation. Fastening to flexible anchor plates is possible when installing window blocks in other wall structures. Anchor plates are made of galvanized sheet steel with a thickness of at least 1.5 mm. The bending angle of the plate is selected locally and depends on the size of the installation gap. The plates are attached to the window blocks before they are installed in the openings using construction screws with a diameter of at least 5 mm and a length of at least 40 mm. For a multi-layer wall, flexible anchor plates are attached to the inner layer of the wall with plastic dowels with locking screws (at least 2 fastening points for each plate) with a diameter of at least 6 mm and a length of at least 50 mm.
B.7 It is allowed to use other fastening elements and systems, the design and conditions of use of which are established in the technical documentation.
B.8 To seal the dowels in the wall opening, drill holes. The drilling mode is selected depending on the strength of the wall material. The following drilling modes are distinguished:
B.9 The depth of drilling holes should be at least one screw diameter greater than the anchored part of the dowel. To ensure the calculated traction force, the diameter of the drilled hole should not exceed the diameter of the dowel itself, and the hole should be cleared of drilling waste. The distance from the edge of the building structure when installing dowels should not be less than twice the anchoring depth.
B.10 The location and configuration of fastening elements should not lead to the formation of thermal bridges that reduce the thermal parameters of the assembly seam.
Options for mounting window blocks to walls are shown in Figure B.2. The recommended minimum depths (screwing depth) of construction screws and dowel fits are given in Table B.2.
B.11 The heads of dowels and locking screws should be buried in the internal fold of the box profile, the mounting holes should be closed with decorative caps (plugs).
a – fastening with equal expansion dowels;
b – fastening with construction screws;
c – fastening using flexible anchor plates
Figure B.2 - Schemes for attaching window blocks to the side slopes of openings
Appendix B
(required)
General requirements for the production of installation joints
B.1 General requirements
B.1.1 Installation of assembly joints is carried out simultaneously with the installation of window blocks. Installation must be carried out by specialized organizations according to technological documentation developed on the basis of standard installation instructions.
B.1.2 Standard instructions for the installation of window units and construction of assembly joints (including albums of design solutions for junction units) are developed by competent organizations. The standard instructions are agreed upon with regional construction authorities. Based on it, specialized installation organizations Taking into account local climatic conditions and the requirements of territorial building codes, we develop technological documentation for installation work.
B.1.3 During the construction and reconstruction of construction projects, work on the installation of window blocks and installation of assembly joints is carried out after the building or part of it is handed over for installation according to the acceptance certificate for window openings.
B.1.4 When repairing or replacing window units in operating premises, installation work is carried out in a manner that ensures compliance with the requirements of this standard, taking into account the specific conditions of the facility as agreed with the customer.
B.2 The procedure for inspecting objects, carrying out design measurements and agreeing on the conditions of work
B.2.1 Before developing design solutions for junction points during reconstruction and major repairs of buildings, as well as when replacing window units in operating premises, an examination of the conditions of the construction situation, features of the operation of the premises is carried out and the necessary design measurements are performed.
B.2.2 When inspecting a construction site, briefly describe its purpose, number of floors, orientation, technical condition of the building (including the condition and design of the wall fence), and the condition of the ventilation and heating systems. If necessary, floor plans of the building are drawn up, window openings are numbered and the alignment of the base lines relative to the facade is determined. Measurements of the actual geometric dimensions of wall openings are carried out using methods in accordance with GOST 26433.0, GOST 26433.1 and GOST 26433.2 (in this case, deviations in horizontal and vertical planes), at the same time they assess the technical condition of the openings, their preparation for installation in accordance with the requirements of this standard and the terms of the order.
B.2.3 To develop optimal design solutions and installation technology, the following should be agreed upon with the customer:
Drawings (sketches) of the designs of window blocks to be installed, options for installing window blocks along the depth of the opening, dimensions of the window sill board;
The proposed construction of the installation seam, including the choice of insulating materials and fasteners;
Design of finishing elements (cladding parts) of a wall opening;
Sequence of work on dismantling the structures being replaced, restoring the slopes, installing window blocks, installing assembly joints, installing sills, window sills and other elements;
Conditions for organizing the installation area for work, as well as measures to ensure their safe execution.
In addition, the specifics of the construction situation during the work should be discussed with the customer: expected temperature and humidity conditions, the procedure for ventilation and heating of the room, etc.
B.2.4 Design measurements, survey data and conditions agreed with the customer are documented with the relevant documents: a sheet (card) of measurements and an approval protocol.
B.3 Preparing the opening
B.3.1 The preparation of openings may be preceded by the establishment of base lines linked along the facade of the building, relative to which window blocks will be placed vertically and horizontally.
B.3.2 Before installing assembly seams, the adjacent surfaces of the window frame and wall opening must be cleaned of dust, dirt, oil stains, ice and frost.
B.3.3 When repairing objects and replacing window units in operating premises, the surfaces of internal and external slopes destroyed during the removal of old windows should be leveled with plaster mortar without the formation of thermal bridges (cold bridges). The procedure for restoring damaged sections of the opening under the removed frame is established locally in agreement with the customer.
B.3.4 In external enclosing structures of walls with low resistance to heat transfer and if it is necessary to place the frame of the window unit outside the plane of possible condensation, it is necessary to insulate the surfaces of the internal slopes with materials with a low thermal conductivity coefficient.
B.3.5 If there is no quarter in the window opening, the installation of a false quarter is allowed (for example, the use of a corner made of weather-resistant polymer materials or metal alloys). For the same purposes, it is allowed to use strips without sealing the places where they adjoin the frame of the window block or the surface of the wall opening (Appendix A, Figures A.2 and A.7).
B.4 Installation and fastening of window blocks
B.4.1 The installation location of the window block along the depth of the wall opening is selected in accordance with the design solution.
When replacing window units in operating premises or in the absence of design solution it is recommended to place the box of a window block in a homogeneous (single-layer) enclosing structure at a distance of no more than 2/3 of its thickness from the inner surface of the wall, and in layered walls with effective insulation - in the area of the insulating layer.
B.4.2 Window blocks are installed level within the permissible deviations and temporarily fixed with installation wedges or in another way at the corner joints of frames and imposts (the installation wedges are removed after installing the insulation layer, the places where they are installed are filled with insulation material). In the lower junction of the box, it is allowed to use support (bearing) blocks as mounting supports (installation wedges). After installation and temporary fixation, the window block box is attached to the wall opening using fasteners (see Appendix B).
B.4.3 The selection of fastening elements and the distance between them along the contour of the opening, as well as the depth of embedding in the thickness of the wall are established in the working documentation based on calculations depending on the area and weight of the window product, the design of the wall opening, the strength of the wall material, the magnitude of wind and other operational loads
The minimum distances between fasteners should not exceed:
For window frames made of wood - 800 mm;
For boxes made of aluminum alloys and white PVC profiles - 700 mm;
For boxes made of colored PVC profiles - 600 mm.
Distances from internal corner the window block box to the fastening element is (150-180) mm, and the distance from the mullion connection to the fastening element is (120-180) mm.
B.4.4 Transfer of power loads to the installation seam is not allowed. To transfer loads acting in the plane of the window block to the supporting building structure, support (load-bearing) pads made of polymeric materials or impregnated protective equipment hardwood with a hardness of at least 80 units. according to Shore A. The number and location of support blocks are determined in the working or technological documentation. The recommended block length is 100-120 mm. The support blocks are installed after attaching the window block to the wall opening with fasteners. The fit of the side blocks should be snug, but not exert a force on the box profiles. Examples of the location of support (bearing) blocks and fasteners are shown in Figure B.1
B.5 Installation of assembly seam
B.5.1 The construction of the installation seam is carried out in accordance with the design and construction solution, in accordance with the technological documentation and the requirements of this standard. The installation gap is filled in layers, taking into account the temperature and humidity conditions of the environment, as well as the recommendations of the manufacturer of insulating materials. The procedure for installing window installation joints at temperatures below those recommended by the manufacturers of insulating materials (for example, using heating materials and surfaces building structures), must be provided in the technological documentation.
B.5.2 When using self-expanding insulating tapes in the outer layer, the following requirements are taken into account:
To ensure a tight fit in the horizontal and vertical directions of the seam, the tapes are cut along the length with an allowance of 1.0-1.5 cm on each side;
The tapes are attached using a self-adhesive mounting layer at a distance of 3-5 mm from the edge of the quarter along the inner surface of the window opening;
If a quarter made of brick has jointing or depressions in the seams, then the tape is attached directly to the frame of the window block before installing it in the opening;
Fracture of the tapes at an angle is not allowed;
It is possible to bend the tape when insulating the seam of a window block with an arched or round configuration;
Application of a plaster layer, putty or painting compositions to the vapor-permeable material of the outer layer is not allowed.
a – window block with a vertical impost;
b – window block with a mullion-free (shoulder) vestibule;
A – distance between fasteners;
– support (bearing) pads;
– fasteners (systems)
Figure B.1 – Examples of the location of support (load-bearing) blocks and fasteners
B.5.3 For the installation of a central heat and sound insulation layer, it is recommended to use foam insulation. Filling the installation gap with foam insulation should be done with the window unit fully assembled and finally secured, and the completeness and degree of filling of the installation gap should be monitored.
Before starting work, you should conduct a trial test for the primary expansion of the foam material in the environmental conditions of the installation area and during work, do not allow excess foam to escape beyond the inner plane of the window block frame profile. Cutting off excess foam insulation is allowed only from the inside of the installation seam, provided that a continuous vapor barrier layer is installed using vapor barrier tape.
In the case of using box profiles with a width of more than 80 mm and if the width of the installation gap exceeds the dimensions provided for by this standard by more than 1.5 times, the gap should be filled in layers, with intervals between layers using the technology recommended by the manufacturer of the foam insulation.
B.5.4 The internal vapor barrier layer is installed continuously along the entire contour of the wall opening.
When using vapor barrier tape materials to insulate the inner layer, the following requirements should be followed:
Cutting the tapes along the length should be done with an allowance for overlap at the corner joints;
The connection of the tapes with the surfaces of the window block and the wall opening along the entire perimeter should be tight, without folds or bulges;
When installing a vapor barrier tape under the plaster layer, tapes with an outer coating should be used, which ensures the necessary adhesion to the plaster mortar;
It is allowed to join the tapes along the length in straight sections, with an overlap of at least 1/2 of the nominal width of the tape.
B.6 Arrangement of junction points for finishing elements (cladding parts) of wall openings to window blocks
B.6.1 The junction of the internal slopes (regardless of their design) to the frame of the window unit and the assembly seam must be sealed, and measures must be taken to prevent the appearance of cracks and crevices during operation. For example, sealing joints with sealants or other materials that have sufficient deformation resistance.
B.6.2 When installing a window drain at the junction points with the wall opening and frame of the window unit, measures should be taken to prevent moisture from entering the installation seam, and gaskets (dampers) should be installed under the drains to reduce the noise impact of raindrops. The recommended overhang of the drain beyond the outer surface of the wall is 30-40 mm.
B.6.3 The connection of the window sill to the frame of the window block is made tight, airtight and resistant to deformation. It is recommended to install the window sill on support bearing pads and foam insulation.
B.6.4 At the points where individual frames of window units are connected to each other or where they are connected to stand, spacer, rotary or expansion profiles, measures should be taken to prevent the formation of thermal bridges. It is allowed to install self-expanding tapes or other insulating materials that provide the necessary resistance to heat transfer and deformation stability in such units along the entire abutment contour.
B.6.5 Protective films from profiles of sashes and frames are removed in accordance with the recommendations of the profile manufacturers, taking into account the conditions for safe work.
B.7 Safety requirements
When carrying out work on installing installation joints, as well as when storing insulating and other materials, the requirements of building codes and safety regulations in construction, fire safety rules during construction and installation work and SSBT standards (system of occupational safety standards) must be observed. For all technological operations And production processes safety instructions should be developed (including operations related to the operation of electrical equipment and work at height).
Calculation method for assessing the temperature regime of junctions of window blocks to wall openings
The method is intended for assessing the temperature conditions of the junction points of window blocks to wall openings and selecting the most rational design solution for installation joints, taking into account geometric shape, location and thermal conductivity of sealing materials, window blocks and wall structures.
The essence of the method is to model the stationary process of heat transfer through the joints of the window block to the wall opening using appropriate software.
D.1 Software requirements
D.1.1 Software tool, with the help of which the calculation is made, must have accompanying technical documentation and provide the ability to calculate a two-dimensional (flat) or three-dimensional (spatial) temperature field, heat flows and heat transfer resistance in a given area of enclosing structures under stationary heat transfer conditions.
D.1.2 Input of initial data should be done either graphically (from the monitor screen) or in the form of tabular data and provide the ability to set the required characteristics of materials and boundary conditions of the structure being calculated in a given area; In this case, it is possible to use both a data bank and specify initial data in the form of calculated values.
D.1.3 Presentation of calculation results should provide the ability to visualize the temperature field, determine the temperature at any point in the calculated area, determine the total incoming and outgoing heat flows through given surfaces and the heat transfer resistance of local sections of structures.
D.1.4 The final results of the calculation must be presented in documented form and include: calculated temperatures of external and internal air, heat transfer coefficients of surfaces, temperature distribution over a given section of the calculated unit, information on incoming and outgoing heat flows, heat transfer resistance values of local sections of structures.
D.2 General instructions
D.2.1 An assessment of the temperature regime of junctions between the window block and wall openings should be carried out for the following characteristic sections (Figure D.1):
The interface between the window block and the pier (horizontal section);
Interface unit with the window sill (vertical section);
Interface unit with window opening lintels (vertical section);
Interface unit between the balcony door threshold and the floor slab (for balcony doors).
When using a program for calculating three-dimensional temperature fields, the temperature regime of the indicated sections can be assessed based on the calculation of one spatial block, including a fragment outer wall with filling the window opening.
For surfaces bordering external and internal air - in accordance with the outlines of the structural elements of the fences;
For surfaces (sections) limiting the calculation area - along the symmetry axes of enclosing structures or at a distance of at least four thicknesses of the structural element falling within the section.
D.2.3 Boundary conditions should be accepted:
For surfaces bordering external and internal air in accordance with the design standards of relevant buildings and structures and the climatic region of construction;
For surfaces (sections) limiting the computational area, the heat flow and heat transfer coefficients should be taken equal to zero.
D.2.4 It is recommended to calculate the temperature conditions of junction nodes in the following order:
The dimensions of the computational domain are determined and characteristic sections are selected;
Draw up design diagrams of junction nodes; in this case, complex configurations of sections, for example curved ones, are replaced by simpler ones if this configuration has a minor impact in terms of thermal engineering;
Prepare and enter into the program the initial data: geometric dimensions, calculated thermal conductivity coefficients, calculated temperatures of external and internal air, calculated heat transfer coefficients of surface sections;
The temperature field is calculated;
Visualize the calculation results; analyze the nature of the temperature distribution in the area under consideration, determine the temperature of the internal and external surfaces at individual points; set the minimum temperature of the internal surface; the calculation results are compared with the requirements of this standard and other regulatory documents; determine the total heat flux entering the computational domain; if necessary, constructive solution the junction node is changed and repeated calculations are carried out;
Prepare a documented report based on the calculation results.
D.3 Basic requirements for accompanying technical documentation
The accompanying technical documentation must contain:
Scope of application of the software;
Information about certification of software products;
A detailed description of the purpose of the program and its functions;
Description of the procedure for installing the program on a personal computer;
Description of mathematical models used in the program;
Detailed user manual with implementation examples;
Technical support service coordinates.
D.4 Calculation example
It is necessary to calculate the temperature field and evaluate the possibility of condensation on the surface of the junction of a window block made of laminated wood in accordance with GOST 24700 to the pier of a single-layer brick wall made of solid brick on cement-sand mortar (horizontal section). The outer waterproofing layer is a pre-compressed sealing tape, the central thermal insulation layer is foam insulation, the inner vapor barrier layer is vapor barrier tape. The surface of the window slope is insulated with a thermal liner made of extruded polystyrene foam 25 mm thick. The main dimensions and characteristics of the materials of the window block and the outer wall are presented in Figure D.2.
Analysis of the calculation results shows that the minimum temperature of the internal surface is observed in the area where the window frame interfaces with the slope of the window opening and is . Comparison minimum temperature the inner surface with the “dew point” temperature indicates the absence of conditions for condensation on the surface of this junction unit (at the same time, the temperature on the inner surface of the glass unit in the area of the spacer frame is 3.4 ° C, which will cause condensation in this area).
Figure D.1 - Layout of sections for checking the temperature conditions of junctions of window blocks to external walls: a – window block; b – balcony door
Figure D.3 - Results of calculating the temperature distribution at the junction of a window block made of laminated wood to a wall made of solid brick
Appendix D
(informational)
Information about the developers of the standard
This standard was prepared by a working group of specialists consisting of:
N.V. Shvedov, Gosstroy of Russia (head);
HELL. Krivoshein, SibADI;
G.A. Pakhotin, SibADI;
A.A. Klimukhin, NIISF RAASN;
V.A Lobanov, NIISF RAASN;
V.A. Mogutov, NIISF RAASN;
V.A. Anikin, MNIITEP;
P.E. Nesterenko, “illbruk”;
A.A. Lokochinsky, “illbruk”;
V. Miller, Gealan Werk Fickenscher GmbH;
V.A.Kozionov, JSC "KBE - Window Technologies";
V.A. Ignatenko, CJSC “KBE – Window Technologies”;
V.A. Tarasov, JSC "KBE - Window Technologies";
S.A. Maryasin, SPK Concept LLC;
Yu.P. Alexandrov, JSC "TsNIIPromzdanii";
V.A. Zubkov, IC "Samarastroytest";
A.Yu. Kurenkova, NIUPTS "Interregional Window Institute";
O. Naumann, Fischer;
A.V. Spiridonov, APROK;
I.A. Rumyantseva, State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy";
IN AND. Snetkov, State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy";
D.N. Shvedov, Center for Certification of Window and Door Technology;
O.M. Martynov, Federal Center for Certification in Construction;
N.Yu. Rumyantsev, Robitex LLC;
V.S. Savich, Federal State Unitary Enterprise CNS
The threshold on a balcony or loggia performs many functions. But first of all, it is thermal insulation and decor. In the latter version, such an element requires additional finishing with one of the types of flooring: tiles, boards, linoleum and others. Most often the question arises of how to make a threshold for a balcony from laminate, since such material has become quite common today, displacing competitors. What is worth knowing about such finishing, and the principles of installing laminated boards at the transition between two rooms?
This is what a laminate threshold looks like between the room and the balcony
Despite the fact that such an element as the threshold to the balcony is located indoors, it performs several important functions that improve comfort and living in the apartment:
These are the main reasons why it is necessary to make and finish a threshold between rooms. Otherwise, unpleasant consequences may arise, from drafts or freezing to water entering through an unglazed room in the form of precipitation. 
However, most often such an element as a threshold is already in the design of the apartment, and it just needs to be finished, and not necessarily with laminate, because the range of materials is more extensive.
Various options for balcony thresholds
When choosing this or that material for making or finishing the threshold between the balcony and the room, you should be guided by the rule that this part should be matched to the door leading to the balcony, or to the main flooring in the room. They must be selected in one color scheme without creating too sharp contrasts that will catch the eye.
Design option for a laminate threshold between the room and the balcony
So, depending on the design decision for the design, it is possible to use the following types of threshold finishing on a loggia or balcony:
- Tile covering. Ceramic tiles are used if they are also used for flooring the entire room. Typically, this option is used when there is access to the balcony from the kitchen. The tile is very practical material, it is easy to clean and wash, and styling does not take much time. But, you should carefully approach the choice of material and try to choose non-slip types, otherwise in the future it will be difficult to move on a wet surface;
- Wood. Natural wood remains the most popular flooring, despite the emergence of many of its substitutes. Thresholds and floors made from this material have excellent thermal insulation properties. However, the main reason for its popularity is that no one artificial material cannot exactly replicate the individuality of its natural counterpart. When planning to finish the threshold with wood, it is worth remembering that periodically you will need to renew the protective paint coating to protect it from wear and damage;
Wooden threshold to the balcony
- Plastic. With the spread of metal-plastic entrance systems, thresholds made from the same material have become widespread. After all, in fact, the finishing does not require constant maintenance and renewal, and the service life is quite long. The plastic floor is practical and easy to keep in order by periodically wiping it with a cloth. The only drawback is that such a threshold can be broken under heavy load on the surface;
- Linoleum. The most budget-friendly type of threshold finishing, used for flooring of the same material. It is very easy to maintain, and its strength and wear resistance are comparable to its plastic counterparts. The only downside is that the surface can be scratched or torn;
An example of a linoleum threshold for a balcony
- Laminate. More cheap analogue natural wood, but does not require preventive renewal of coverage. The resulting ideal threshold surfaces can be easily cleaned from contamination. The downside is that if the laminated layer is damaged, the material will lose its quality.
The most common types of threshold covering today are linoleum, tiles and laminated boards, selected depending on the design of the room.
But, if everything is clear with the first two options, then how to make a threshold for a balcony from laminate?
As a rule, installing a threshold on a balcony door is the final stage of installation and finishing of the balcony block (door). In the vast majority of cases, professional installers offer the production of thresholds from PVC material - window sill boards, which are mounted on an existing threshold.
Window sill boards have both their advantages and disadvantages. The first includes the aesthetic appearance of the balcony block, especially if the PVC profile has a color other than white, in such cases the threshold from the PVC window sill panel looks like a single whole with everything balcony block. This threshold is easy to care for, it does not absorb moisture, and is easy to clean. The disadvantages include: fragility, rapid wear, especially if the balcony is used every day, an almost inevitable creaking that develops as such a threshold is used, severe freezing, since plastic is a poor heat insulator...
Why do you need a threshold?
Arranging a threshold in front of a balcony door has several purposes. Firstly, it allows you to smooth out the difference in height between the floor and the balcony profile, that is, to make the process of accessing the balcony more convenient. Secondly, it seals the place of foaming of the lower gap between the doorway of the wall and the door frame, this simultaneously eliminates a possible “cold bridge” that can form at the place of foaming, and enhances waterproofing, since the foam can become saturated with water during operation and moisture can enter the apartment, under the floor covering.
These and other reasons sometimes make it necessary to install thresholds in front of the balcony door from other materials.
They may be:
- brick;
- cement mortar;
- metal profile covered with moisture-resistant plasterboard;
- wooden block with a chipboard(OSB), or made of boards.
The design of each of these types of thresholds has its own characteristics, which we will describe below.
Flood threshold
The easiest thing to install is a threshold filled with cement-sand mortar. To arrange it, it is necessary to free up the space in front of the balcony door from flooring, if any, remove the laminate or parquet boards so that the space between the slopes and from the level of the wall to the door frame can be filled with mortar. The base on which the threshold will be built should be cleared of construction dust, prime it twice with an acrylic or silicate primer, which will completely bind the remaining dust and in the future will not allow the filled threshold to peel off from the base.
After the primer has dried, it will be necessary to arrange the formwork. IN in this case One board, 2.54 cm thick and the appropriate width, screwed or pressed with heavy objects flush with the wall in which the balcony door is installed, will be enough. The solution is prepared from a mixture construction sand and cement grade 200-400. The proportion is standard: 1 part cement / 3 parts sand. To increase the speed of setting and give the threshold additional moisture-repellent properties, you can add liquid glass to the solution.
The threshold can be made of any height, but if it is high enough, you can use expanded clay gravel or broken red brick as a filler, which is laid in one layer in the resulting niche and filled with mortar on top.
After the solution has set, it is allowed to gain strength, that is, the use of such a threshold should begin no earlier than 5-7 days after pouring. When the solution has completely set, the outer formwork is removed, and the threshold itself can be finished with laminate or linoleum, or lined ceramic tiles or decorative stone.
If the door is wide, more than 80 cm, or the balcony door design is sliding ( french doors), then the threshold should be filled in two stages.
First, pour half the thickness of the mixture, then lay a masonry mesh (metal) on it, tying the individual sheets together with steel wire, and then pour the threshold to the required height.
Brick threshold
In order to save cement, especially when there is a difference between the floor and the lower edge balcony frame big enough, you can use a brick (it doesn’t matter which one). The preparation of the base is carried out in the same way as for the flood threshold. No formwork is required, but when working, you may need a “grinder” with a cutting wheel for stone to adjust the bricks to size.
The laying is carried out using cement mortar prepared in the same proportions as for pouring. After the solution has set, you can begin to use such a threshold within a day. The finishing of the brick threshold is also done depending on the design concept of the room.
Threshold made of metal profile
In some cases, when we're talking about When arranging a door threshold of a complex (non-rectilinear) shape, it is necessary to use a metal profile used for installing plasterboard and waterproof plasterboard with a thickness of at least 10 mm. No preparation of the base is required, except for cleaning it from excess construction debris and dust.
According to the pattern, or markings on the floor, a metal profile is mounted to the base, screwed to concrete base screws into the dowel or anchors, then vertical posts of the required height are set, fastened to the profile using fastening units and metal screws, and then the upper horizontal contour, symmetrical to the lower one. It should be taken into account that the threshold will be under constant load, therefore the number of fasteners and the frequency of their location when arranging the threshold should be increased by at least 3 times, compared with the recommended frequency of their use when facing plasterboard walls or ceiling.
For additional thermal insulation, the space between the concrete base and the upper plasterboard panel of the threshold is filled mineral wool or filled with expanded clay gravel. If the threshold being installed has curved lines, the facing of the end surfaces should be made of ordinary (non-moisture-resistant) plasterboard 5 mm thick, previously soaked in water, to give it flexibility. After installation, the end part of the threshold should be puttied with oil-adhesive putty to impart water-repellent properties.
Wooden threshold
The installation of a wooden threshold is also similar to the installation of a plasterboard threshold. To attach wooden blocks to a concrete base, holes are drilled in them along the diameter of the anchors, 100-150 mm long - depending on the thickness of the block, the bars are laid out on the base and with a nail or a thin punch, through drilled holes, the locations for drilling the base are outlined. After this, the block is removed.
Using a hammer drill or impact drill, holes of the required depth are drilled. After which the block is put back into place and the fastening units of the anchors are driven in and tightened. An option for fastening with self-tapping screws is possible, then polyethylene dowels are pre-inserted into the drilled holes.
Subsequent finishing
The installed threshold usually requires additional finishing. It can be laminate, parquet, ceramic tiles or just linoleum. It all depends on what kind of covering you have on the floor and whether you want the threshold to stand out as an element of the balcony block or, on the contrary, you want it to have the same texture as the floor.
All types of materials that are used to make thresholds can be finished with any of the materials listed above. Selecting an adhesive composition for covering wood with ceramic tiles may be somewhat difficult. But for this there are many polymer mastics and adhesives that provide excellent adhesion (gluing) to any of the known building materials.
Let's sum it up
Independently installing a threshold in front of the door leading to the balcony is a rather labor-intensive process that can take several hours. Therefore, you should start it when you have free time. In the case of pouring a threshold with concrete mortar, it is advisable to do it at a time when you do not plan to use the balcony for several days, so as not to step on the mortar that has not yet hardened.
Already installed window frame and the door to the balcony, glazing and interior finishing have been done, but there is one more small detail left - the threshold at the door. It is a must do. But how? If you are familiar with construction, then doing all the work will not be difficult. But if you have no experience, you will have to suffer a little. It is better to follow the advice of experts, then all the work will not take much time and will seem easy.
Do I need a threshold on the balcony?
Many people wonder whether a threshold for a balcony door is needed at all, especially if the balcony itself is glazed and turned into a small room? But experts will answer that it is necessary. And there are several reasons for this. Firstly, the threshold will significantly improve the aesthetic appearance. With its help you can make a smooth transition from the floor of the main room to the floor on the balcony. Secondly, it serves as additional protection against cold penetration into the apartment. The threshold will also provide some safety - when going out onto the balcony you will not be in danger of getting caught on the high threshold.
Materials for balcony thresholds
Photo 2. Selecting material for making the threshold You can make a threshold for a balcony door yourself, this will save you money on calling a specialist. But you still have to buy the material, because not a single job can be done without it. The choice of material will depend on your desires and preferences. Typically, you can use the following ideas:
- use brick, for example, silicate;
- use cement mortar and finish with tiles;
- if the door to the balcony is made of plastic, then the threshold can be made of the same material;
- use wood.
Using bricks
Photo 3. Balcony threshold made of brick Brick is used where the distance from the door frame strip to the floor in the room is quite large. Using cement mortar in this case can be quite expensive, but brick can easily eliminate these discrepancies.
Initially, you need to prepare the floor surface. Remove all uneven surfaces and old coating, then apply putty. It is better to take one that, after drying, leaves a very rough surface, so the bricks will stick better.
The next step is to prepare a mixture of cement and sand. They are taken in a ratio of one to three, respectively. For better adhesion, you can add a little gypsum mixture. Then we begin laying the bricks. The first layer must be made of cement mortar, and the first row of bricks must be laid on it. If you decide to finish the threshold with tiles, then you need to leave space from the top level of the bricks to the level of the bottom door strip. Also leave some space at the ends.
Photo 4. Leveling the floor 
Photo 5. Laying bricks on a layer of cement mortar
After the bricks are laid, cover them with a layer of cement mortar and level them with a spatula. This will prepare the surface for laying tiles. After the mixture has dried, finishing can be done. Laying tiles or simply laying linoleum is up to the owner. In any case, the durability of such a design will be ensured.
Using cement-sand mortar
If the height of the threshold is small, then a mixture of sand and cement is quite suitable. This design is much easier and faster to make, and you will need less materials. For any concrete works(and the solution of sand and cement will turn into concrete after drying) you cannot do without formwork. Don't be afraid of this construction term; these are just small wooden planks. Their height and length must correspond to the future threshold, and their thickness should not exceed two centimeters. You may also need fragments of bricks, this is necessary for the strength of the future structure.
Photo 6. Balcony threshold made of cement-sand mortar Prepare the surface first. Clean everything thoroughly and apply putty. Then install the formwork and prepare the cement mixture. You need to prepare the solution according to the same “recipe” as for the option with a brick threshold. Take three parts sand to one part cement. Everything is thoroughly mixed. To do this, you can use a construction mixer or do everything by hand.
Then ready solution pour into the space formed between the formwork boards. The surface needs to be well leveled, because this will already be the finishing stage. After drying, you can lay out tiles or cover the threshold with linoleum at your discretion.
Plastic threshold
If the elevation of the door above the floor of the room is small, you can make a threshold from plastic. This finish has a rather attractive appearance, which is especially good if the door leading to the balcony is made of plastic. Another advantage of the design is the speed of its installation. All work may take only a couple of hours. However, there is also a minus - plastic thresholds do not last very long, which means that after a year you will have to roll up your sleeves again.
Photo 7. Plastic threshold All work consists of mounting the guides to the wall using self-tapping screws. Then he puts it on himself plastic threshold. The plastic needs to be placed on polyurethane foam, since this way it will stick well. In this way, the penetration of cold will be prevented, and such a substrate will also extend its service life. plastic construction.
Old and reliable tree
Photo 8. Wooden threshold to the balcony Wood can be used both for high threshold heights and for low ones; the difference will only be in the material consumption. Such designs are also often found in apartments, like all previous options.
Wood has many advantages over other materials, among which are the following:
- wood is easy to work with;
- the material does not allow cold to pass through, especially if such a threshold is additionally insulated with mineral wool;
- wood is a natural material and therefore environmentally friendly.
For work you may need:
- wooden blocks(their height and width must correspond to the dimensions of the future structure);
- a sheet of chipboard (it will act as the top of the threshold, such material is quite durable and can withstand heavy loads);
- carpentry tools (hammer, hacksaw);
- an ordinary household drill (you can take an impact drill, it will be more convenient and faster);
- dowels, corners (to strengthen the structure), screws.
First you need to make a frame, which will be a frame of bars according to the size of the threshold. You can adjust the size using a hacksaw. The bars themselves are fastened with self-tapping screws, the corners need to be reinforced with metal corners. You also need to make holes in each corner through which the frame will be attached to the floor.
Once the frame is sized, lay it in place. Use a pencil to mark its location. Then, using a drill, you need to make holes on the floor for the dowels. The next step is to attach the frame to the floor. Once everything is securely fastened, you can begin installing the chipboard sheet. Mark it according to the size of the threshold and saw off the excess. Then secure the sheet to the frame using self-tapping screws. The threshold is almost ready, all that remains is to refine it and give it a beautiful appearance.
As you can see, making a threshold for a balcony yourself is not a difficult task. You can use any of the above options, it all depends on the distance between the door strip and the floor in the room, as well as on your preferences. All work will take no more than one working day, but as a result your balcony will have a finished look.
It would seem - well, what is the main role of the threshold? If he is - great, if he is not - even better. But it turns out that a threshold, especially on a balcony, is a practical thing, very necessary. A small step performs several important tasks at once: it does not allow cold to penetrate into the room, retains water after precipitation, and even provides the structures with the necessary strength.
Balcony thresholdMany of us don't even think about thresholds until problems arise with them. And, if this happens, under no circumstances remove your threshold on the balcony, where it is better to correct the problem.
The useful functions of thresholds are undeniable:
- They give doors an aesthetic appearance, making transitions from the floor to the lower lintels smoother.
- Serve additional protection from the penetration of cold air, this is especially true if the balconies are not glazed.
- Prevents heat loss.
Types of thresholds
Thresholds come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and are made from various materials. The choice directly depends on what tasks you assign to the design.
The threshold can be given different shapes, but the simplest, most often and easily used are rectangular thresholds
As for materials, the threshold can be made from cement, brick, plastic or wood. Let's look at the features of working with each type.
Installation
Before starting work, clean the area that you plan to use for the threshold. Remove everything extraneous, outline the contours, take measurements of length, width, height. Next, start preparing the tiles - they need to be cut into required sizes.
Ceramic threshold Note. It is better to carry out cutting with a special machine - the work will be faster, safer, and of better quality.
The next step is formwork. For it, use a couple of wooden beams; they need to be secured in the designated places. Carefully place the pieces of the slab for the sides of the threshold parallel to the bars, so that they become part of the formwork.
After this, make a solution of sand and cement (3 to 1, respectively), fill the formwork with it, and cover it with a slab on top. The cement hardens within 24 hours, during which time it is forbidden to walk on the thresholds; it is better not to touch them at all. After a day, remove the dividing crosses and rub the seams.
IMPORTANT! In order for the threshold on the cement balcony to harden properly, become strong, you cannot step on it for the next three days!
Brick threshold
The threshold made from sand-lime bricks is durable, comfortable, and beautiful. It is especially beneficial to use bricks if you want to make a noticeable difference between the floor of the room and the threshold.
Clean the surface on the threshold and prime it (you can prepare a mixture for this purpose: a kilo of plaster mixture per half liter of water). The bricks are laid closely, and before laying they are moistened with water. After laying, tap each brick with a trowel. Give it a chance to dry.
Brick steps to the balcony Apply to the top of the bricks plaster mixture. When dry, prime the entire structure and let it dry. As a decorative material, you can use tiles set on tile adhesive. The edges of the threshold are formed with T-shaped corners. They are placed between bricks and tiles. You can use another finishing material, for example, laminate, this is especially true when the entire balcony is finished with laminate.
Plastic threshold
This threshold looks especially good on the balcony if a plastic one is installed window-balcony block. Installation is quite simple, fastening occurs with self-tapping screws. This building material will retain heat perfectly, looks neat, and is quite beautiful. True, it will not last as long as the others.
Wooden thresholds
Structure made of OSB, mounted on wooden frame– an option for connoisseurs of chic beauty. This design is not capable of letting cold air through at all, so it is great to keep the room warm.
Wooden threshold To acquire such a threshold, you must first assemble a sheathing of bars. In this case, it is better to install the bars around the perimeter of the balcony threshold and in its center - this will protect the material from subsidence and sagging.
So, first of all, start installing the frame; its dimensions should correspond to the dimensions of the threshold. If necessary, trim the ends with a hacksaw.
When the frame is ready, place it in place and use a pencil to mark the inside lines of the frame. Using a hammer drill, drill holes for the dowels near the marked lines. When they are secured, install the sheathing frames. Screw self-tapping screws into the bars through the holes in the corners - this will tightly fix the sheathing to the floor.
Using a tape measure, determine the dimensions of the threshold, mark the OSB sheet along them, and cut out the structure. Before installation, you can additionally insulate the building. Next, screw the slab onto the sheathing with self-tapping screws.
Note. Make sure that the OSB sheets fit as closely as possible. Linoleum or laminate can be used as a facing material.
Removing the threshold
Removing a balcony step As you already understand, the threshold is a very important and necessary component that separates the room and balcony spaces. Therefore, before you decide to remove it, think carefully - is it worth doing? You cannot do without dismantling only if you decide to connect the adjacent room to the balcony. In this case, you can achieve what you want in two ways:
- raise the floor to the threshold
- dismantle (cut) the structure
Raising boundaries
This method can be used when the threshold is not too high. Raising the floor will help hide the structure. This solution becomes especially successful when the floor on the balcony is insulated, which involves raising it. It is important to mark everything correctly; use a laser level for this.
Floor screeding occurs according to the standard method. Start, of course, by cleaning the surface, remove debris, wipe off dust. Install guides according to the marks (for example, slats attached to dowels). The interval between the guides is about a meter. Next, fill the screed. Align according to the rules with the supporting ones on the guides. If everything is done correctly, after the screed has dried, the surface will be perfectly flat, equal to the threshold. Don’t forget: you can’t walk on the balcony until it’s completely dry!
Dismantling
For dismantling, use a hammer drill Sometimes raising the floor level is completely impractical. In this case, the only solution is to cut off the structure. But dismantling the threshold onto the balcony is a rather complicated, painstaking task and requires a lot of effort. If you do not have special knowledge, skills, you do not have the right tools, it is better to entrust this matter to a professional. There will be no difficulties only with dismantling the wooden threshold.
First, the door and its frame are removed. Next, the structure is sawed through in several places with an electric saw. Then, using a chisel or hammer, the threshold itself is knocked down in parts. Next, the surface must be leveled in several stages: first with a plane, then with sandpaper (from coarse to fine) and a grinder. At further installation doors, the bottom of the frame should be replaced with a thin strip or metal plate.
As you can see, the threshold can be made different ways from various materials. You can design the structure with a step - more or less high. In some cases, thresholds simply perform protective functions, preventing excess cold from entering the room. Be that as it may, this design should be comfortable and beautiful.
It is undesirable to dismantle the thresholds, especially if they were originally made of concrete, especially if there is no urgent need for this, it is better to screed the floor.
