- Rosenthal D.E. - 1997.

The reference book contains the most important rules of spelling and punctuation, as well as recommendations for the correct use of words and their various forms, with a focus on difficult cases. The reference book is a good guide for media workers, authors, translators, students and schoolchildren and is of undoubted interest to all readers interested in issues of correct Russian writing

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Spelling
I. Spelling vowels in the root
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels
§ 3. Alternating vowels
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants
§ 5. Vowels after c
§ 6. Letters e-e
§ 7. Letter th
II. Spelling of consonants in the root
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants
§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants
III. Use of capital letters
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks
§ 13. Proper names of persons
§ 14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names
§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names
§ 18. Astronomical names
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods
§ 20. Names of holidays, popular movements, significant dates
§ 21. Names associated with religion
§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms
§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art
§ 24. Names of positions and titles
§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia, prizes
§ 26. Names of literary works and media
§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations
§ 28. Conventional proper names
IV. Separating ъ and ь
§ 29. Use of ъ
§ 30. Use of b
V. Spelling of prefixes
§ 31. Prefixes on s-
§ 32. Prefix c-
§ 33. Prefixes pre- and pre-
§ 34. Vowels ы and и after prefixes
VI. Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings
§ 35. Vowels o and e after sibilants
§ 36. Vowels after c
VII. Spelling nouns
§ 37. Endings of nouns
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns
VIII. Spelling adjectives
§ 39. Endings of adjectives
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives
IX. Spelling difficult words
§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives
X. Spelling of numerals
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals
§ 46. Numeral gender
XI. Spelling pronouns
§ 47. Negative pronouns
XII. Spelling verbs
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs
§ 49. Use of the letter ь in verb forms
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs
XIII. Spelling participles
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes
§ 52. Spelling nn and n in participles and verbal adjectives
XIV. Spelling adverbs
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing
§ 55. Negative adverbs
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations
XV. Spelling prepositions
§ 59. Complex prepositions
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations
XVI. Spelling conjunctions
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions
XVII. Spelling particles
§ 63. Separate writing of particles
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles
§ 65. Spelling not with nouns
§ 66. Spelling not with adjectives
§ 67. Spelling not with numerals
§ 68. Spelling not with pronouns
§ 69. Spelling not with verbs
§ 70. Spelling not with participles
§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs
§ 72. Spelling neither
XVIII. Spelling interjections and onomatopoeic words
§ 73. Hyphenated spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words
XIX. Spelling foreign words
§ 74. Transcription of foreign words
Punctuation
XX. Punctuation marks at the end of sentences and during breaks in speech
§ 75. Point
§ 76. Question mark
§ 77. Exclamation mark
§ 78. Ellipsis
XXI. Dash between clauses
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 81. Intonation dash
§ 82. Connecting dash
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions
§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions
§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms
XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words
§ 90. Comma for repeated words
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words
XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members
§ 92. Separate definitions
§ 93. Separate applications
§ 94. Special circumstances
§ 95. Separate additions
XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
§ 96. Clarifying members of a sentence
§ 97. Explanatory parts of a sentence
§ 98. Connecting members of a sentence
XXVI. Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases
§ 100. Introductory and insertion sentences
§ 101. Appeals
§ 102. Interjections
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words
XXVII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence
§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence
§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence
XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses
§ 108. Comma in complex subordinating conjunctions
§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
§ 110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions
§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence
§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence
§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
XXIX. Punctuation for phrases that are not subordinate clauses
§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning
§ 115. Comparative turnover
XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 116. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence
§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence
§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence
XXXI. Punctuation marks for direct speech
§ 119. Direct speech after the author’s words
§ 120. Direct speech before the author's words
§ 121. Author's words inside direct speech
§ 122. Direct speech within the author’s words
§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue
XXXII. Punctuation marks for quotations
§ 124. Quotation marks
§ 125. Ellipsis when quoting
§ 126. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotations
§ 127. Punctuation when referring to the author and source of quotation
XXXIII. Using quotation marks
§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning
§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.
§ 130. Names of orders and medals
§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, industrial products, etc.
§ 132. Names of plant varieties
XXXIV. Punctuation combinations
§ 133. Comma and dash
§ 134. Question and exclamation marks
§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs
§ 136. Parentheses and other signs
§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs
§ 138. Sequence of characters for footnotes
Stylistics
XXXV. Word choice
§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means
§ 140. Elimination of bureaucracy and cliches
§ 141. Pleonasms and tautologies
§ 142. Euphony of speech
§ 143. Use of phraseological means
XXXVI. Forms of nouns
§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns
§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings
§ 146. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.
§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns
§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases
§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames
§ 150. The endings of the singular genitive case of masculine nouns -а(-я) – -у(-у)
§ 151. Accusative forms of animate and inanimate nouns
§ 152. The endings of the prepositional singular case of masculine nouns -е – -у(-у)
§ 153. Endings of the nominative plural of masculine nouns -ы(-и) – -а(-я)
§ 154. Plural genitive endings
§ 155. The endings of the instrumental case -yami – -(ь)мi
§ 156. Use of the singular in the meaning of the plural
§ 157. Use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural
§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns
XXXVII. Forms of adjectives
§ 159. Full and short form of qualitative adjectives
§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives
§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns
XXXVIII. Forms of numerals
§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns
§ 165. Use of collective numerals
§ 166. Numerals in compound words
XXXIX. Use of pronouns
§ 167. Personal pronouns
§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns
§ 169. Determinative pronouns
§ 170. Indefinite pronouns
XL. Use of verb forms
§ 171. Formation of some personal forms
§ 172. Variants of species forms
§ 173. Returnable and non-returnable forms
§ 174. Forms of participles
§ 175. Forms of participles
XLI. Construction of a simple sentence
§ 176. Types of sentences
§ 177. Forms of the predicate
XLII. Order of words in a sentence
§ 178. Place of subject and predicate
§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence
§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence
§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence
§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions
XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject
§ 183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun
§ 184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover)
§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application with it
§ 186. Predicate with a subject like brother and sister
§ 187. Predicate with subject - interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative pronoun
§ 188. Predicate with subject - indeclinable noun, abbreviation, indivisible group of words, nickname
§ 189. Coordination of the copula with the nominal part of the predicate
§ 190. Agreement of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications
§ 191. Definition of a common noun
§ 192. Definition of a noun with an attachment
§ 193. Definition for a noun depending on the numerals two, three, four
§ 194. Two definitions with one noun
§ 195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members
§ 196. Approval of applications
§ 197. Applications – geographical names
XLV. Control
§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control
§ 199. Choice of preposition
§ 200. Choice of case form
§ 201. Case of complement for transitive verbs with negation
§ 202. Management of synonymous words
§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word
§ 204. Stringing identical shapes
§ 205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence
XLVI. Sentences with homogeneous members
§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members
§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members
§ 208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous terms
XLVII. Difficult sentence
§ 209. Conjunctions and allied words
§ 210. Errors in complex sentences
XLVIII. Parallel syntactic structures
§ 211. Participial phrases
§ 212. Participial phrases
§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns
Dictionary index

Handbook of spelling and literary editing. Rosenthal D.E.

16th ed. - M.: 2012 - 368 p. 5th ed., rev. M.: 1989. - 320 p.

The first two sections of the handbook cover basic rules of spelling and punctuation, with an emphasis on difficult cases. The third section provides regulatory information and recommendations related to literary editing. The directory is intended for publishing workers, primarily editors, as well as for everyone who seeks to improve their literacy and speech culture.

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Preface ............................................. 3

Spelling 5

I. Spelling vowels in the root 5

§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels.................................................. 5

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels...................................... 5

§ 3. Alternating vowels.................................................... ............. 6

§ 4. Vowels after sibilants.................................................. ................... 7

§ 5. Vowels after ts ............................................................................ ............ 8

§ 6. Letters 9 - e .................................................................................. ............ 8

§ 7. Letter th ......................................................................................... ............ 9

II. Spelling of consonants in the root 9

§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants.................................................. ............ ............ 9

§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 10

§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants...................................................... 11

III. Use of capital letters 12

§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text.................................................... . 12

§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation.................................... 12

§ 13. Proper names of persons.................................................... ............... .......... 13

§ 14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties .................. 15

§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays............... 16
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 16

§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names................... 17

§ 18. Astronomical names.................................................... .......... 19

§ 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods.................................... 20

§ 20. Names of revolutionary holidays, popular movements,significant dates. 20

§ 21. Names associated with religion.................................................... ..... 21

§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms..... 21

§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art.......... ....... 24

§ 24. Names of positions and titles.................................................. .......... 24

§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia.................................... .......... 25

§ 26. Names of literary works and press organs 26

§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations.................................... ......... 26

§ 28. Conventional proper names.................................................. ........ ......... 27

IV. Separating ъ And b 28

§ 29. Use ъ........................................................................... 28

§ 30. Use of b.................................................... ............................ ......... 28

V. Spelling of prefixes 28

§ 31. Prefixes on z-.................................................... ........................................ 28

§ 32. Prefix c-............................................ ........................................... 29

§ 33. Prefixes pre- And at- ............................................................... ........ 29

§ 34. Vowels s And And after the attachments........................................................ . 29

VI. Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings 30

§ 35. Vowels owe after the hissing ones ..................................................... 30

§ 36. Vowels after ts ......................................................................... 31

VII. Spelling nouns 31

§ 37. Endings of nouns.................................................... 31

1. The endings of the dative and prepositional cases of nouns with a stem on And (31). 2. The ending of the prepositional case of neuter nouns on ye- (31). 3. The endings of the genitive plural of nouns in ye- and bya- (31). 4. The ending of the genitive plural of nouns ends with -“я (31). 5. Endings -th And -ohm in the instrumental case of proper names (32). 6. Noun endings with suffixes -looking, -ushk, -yushk, -ishk (32). 7. Endings of nouns with the suffix -l- (32)

§ 38. Suffixes of nouns.................................................... 32

1. Suffixes -ik And -ek (32). 2. Suffixes -ets- And -its-(33). 3. Suffixes -ichk- And -echk- (33). 4. Combinations -inc- And -enk- (33). 5. Suffixes -onk- And -enk- (33). 6. Suffixes -chick And -schik (33). 7. Suffixes -nie And -nye (34). 8. Words with rare suffixes (34)

VIII. Spelling adjectives 34

§ 39. Endings of adjectives.................................................... . ........ 34

§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives.................................................. 34

1. Suffixes -iv, -liv-, -chiv- (34). 2. Suffixes -oe-, -ovat-, -ovit-, -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (34). 3. Adjectives on -chiy- (35). 4. Suffixes -at-, -chat- (35). 5. Final ts bases before suffix -chat- (35). 6. Adjectives on -d-sky, -t-sky, ch-sky, -its-ky (35). 7. Adjectives with suffixsom -sk-(35). 8. Adjectives from stems starting with -“6 and -ry (36). 9. Adjectives and nouns with combinations chn And shn at the junction of root and suffix (36). 10. Suffixes -“-, -enn-, -onn-, -in-, -an-, (-yang-)(36) 11. Adjectives on -Insky And -ensky (37)

IX. Spelling difficult words 37

§ 41. Connecting vowels O And e .................................................. 37

§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel.................................... ........ 38

§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns.................................... 39

1. Words with elements -auto-, aero-, bicycle-, fierce-, agro-, bio-, zoo-, cinema-, radio-, television-, photo-, macro-, micro-, neo-, meteo-, stereo-, hydro-, electro- and others (39). 2. Words like wryneck (39). 3. Compound words (39). 4. Words like vacuum apparatus, dynamo, chair-bed(40). 5. Words like gram-atom(40). 6. Words like anarcho-syndicalism(40). 7. Names of intermediate

countries of the world (40). 8. Words with elements vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex- (40). 9. Words like love-not-love (40). 10. Words like boy-woman(40). 11. Words like alpha particle(40). 12. Words like Almaty residents(40). 13. Words like part- And trade union organizations(41)

§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives.................................... 41

1. Complex adjectives expressing subordinating relationships (41). 2. Continuous writing of complex adjectives used as terms (42). 3. Complex adjectives, one of the parts of which is not used independently (43). 4. Adjectives formed from compound nouns with hyphens (43). 5. Adjectives formed from a combination of first name and last name, first name and patronymic, or two last names (43). 6. Southern adjectives expressing coordinating relationships (44). 7. Complex adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous characteristics (44). 8. Compound adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation (45). 9. Compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (45). 10. Hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives used as terms (45). 11. Compound adjectives in geographical or administrative names (46). 12. Compound adjectives like literary and artistic(47). 13. Phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective or participle (47)

X. Spelling of numerals 48

§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals... 48

§ 46. Numeral floor- ...................................................................... ......... 49

XI. Spelling pronouns 50

§ 47. Negative pronouns................................................... 50

XII. Spelling verbs 51

§ 48. Personal endings of verbs.................................................. .......... 51

§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms.................................. 52

§ 50. Suffixes of verbs................................................................ 52

XIII. Spelling participles 53

§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles.................................................... .... 53

§ 52. Spelling ““ and “ in participles and verbal adjectives
exponents........................................................ ....................................... 53

XIV. Spelling adverbs 56

§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs.................................................... ............... ........ 56

§ 54. Adverbs of hissing. . .................................................. ........ 56

§ 55. Negative adverbs.................................................. .............. ......... 56

§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs.................................................... 57

1. Adverbs of type completely, forever(57). 2. Adverbs of type twice, two by two(57). 3. Adverbs of type for a long time, a lot(57). 4. Adverbs of type close(57). 5. Adverbs of type in trouble, on alert(57). 6. Adverbs of type on time, on time, on time, in installments(58). 7. Adverbs of type up, finally, forever (59)

§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs.................................................. ......... 59

1. Adverbs of type apparently, in a friendly, wolfish way(59).

2. Adverbs of type Firstly(59). 3. Adverbs of type after all
(60). 4. Adverbs of type barely, little by little, not today-
tomorrow, out of the blue(60). 5. Technical term on the-
mountain(60)

§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations.................................. 60

1. Type combinations side by side(60). 2. Type combinations honor honor (60). 3. Type combinations without knowledge, in the old days, before refusal, on the fly, to match, on the run, the other day (60). 4. Type combinations abroad, as a keepsake, under your arm, in your hearts(61). 5. Combinations of a preposition with its noun starting with a vowel (61)

XV. Spelling prepositions 61

§ 59. Complex prepositions.................................................. ........................ 61

§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 61

XVI. Spelling conjunctions 62

§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions.................................................. .......... 62

1. Union to (62). 2. Unions Same And Also(62). 3. Unions and And besides(62). 4. Union but, adverbs why, then, why, because, why, because, therefore, therefore, how much(63). 5. Union So(64)

§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions.................................................. ...... 64

XVII. Spelling particles 64

§ 63. Separate writing of particles................................................. ........ ......... 64

§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles.................................................. ......... 64

Spelling no and no 65

§ 65. Spelling Not with nouns...................... 65

1. Words like ignoramus(65). 2. Words like enemy(65). 3. Words like layman(65). 4. Particle Not when contrasted (66). 5. Particle Not with a noun in an interrogative sentence (66)

§ 66. Spelling Not with adjectives........................ 66

1. Words like careless(66). 2. Words like small(66). 3. Particle Not when contrasted (66). 4. Particle Not with relative adjectives (66). 5. Writing a particle Not in opposition expressed by a conjunction A or But(67). 6. Writing Not with adjectives that have explanatory words (67). 7. Writing Not with short adjectives (68). 8. Writing Not with words ready, must, glad and so on. (68). 9. Denial Not with comparative degree of adjectives (69). 10. Adjectives like incomparable(69). I. Particle Not with an adjective in an interrogative sentence (70)

§ 67. Spelling Not with numerals........................ 70

§ 68. Spelling Not with pronouns........................................................ ......... 70

§ 69. Spelling Not with verbs........................................................ .... ......... 70

§ 70. Spelling Not with participles........................................................ 72

§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs............................................... ........ 73

§ 72. Spelling neither ...................................................................... 75

XVIII. Spelling interjections and onomatopoeic words 77

§ 73. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias. . 77

XIX. Spelling foreign words 77

§ 74. Transcription of foreign words.................................................... ........ 77

XX. Punctuation marks at the end of sentences and during breaks in speech

§ 75. Point................................................... .......................................

§ 76. Question mark.................................................... ......................

§ 77. Exclamation mark.................................................... ....................

§ 78. Ellipsis.................................................... ...................................

XXI. Dash between clauses

§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate....................................................

1. Subject and predicate - noun in the nominative case (81). 2. Subject and predicate indefinite form of the verb (or noun and indefinite form of the verb) (82). 3. Dash before words this is what it means and others (82). 4. Predicate - numeral name (82). 5. Predicate - predicative adverb O(83). 6. Predicate - idiomatic phrase (83). 7. Subject-word This(83). 8. Subject - personal pronoun (83). 9. Predicate - interrogative pronoun (83). 10. Predicate - adjective, pronominal adjective, prepositional-reliable combination (83). 11. Dash in footnotes (83)

§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence.................................................... ........ 84

1-2. Dash in elliptical sentences (84). 3. A dash in an incomplete sentence that forms part of a complex sentence (84). 4. Dash in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence (84)

§ 81. Intonation dash.................................................... ....................... 85

§ 82. Connecting dash.................................................... ...................... 85

1. Dash to indicate spatial, temporal, quantitative limits (85) 2. Dash between proper names forming the names of teachings, scientific institutions, etc. (85)
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 85

§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions....................................

1. Comma between homogeneous terms (85). 2. Point c after the heel between homogeneous terms (86). 3. Dash between homogeneous members (86)

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.................................. ........ 87

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications.................................. .........

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions.................................................... ............................................

1-3. Homogeneous members connected by single connecting and dividing unions (90). 4. Homogeneous members connected by adversarial unions (90) § 87. Homogeneous members,

United by repeating conjunctions § 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired conjunctions. . .

§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms....................................

1. Homogeneous terms with a preceding generalizing word (93). 2. Homogeneous terms followed by generalization with the word (94). 3. Homogeneous members after a generalizing word that do not complete the sentence (95). 4. Generalizing word and homogeneous members in the middle of the sentence (95). 5. Semicolon between homogeneous terms in the presence of a generalizing word (95)

XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words

§ 90. Comma for repeated words.................................................... .

§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words....................................

XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members

§ 92. Separate definitions.................................................. ............

1. A common definition that comes after the noun being defined (98). 2. Definition combined with an indefinite pronoun (99). 3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns in combination with participial phrases (99). 4. Two single definitions (99). 5. Single definition (100). 6. Definition with an adverbial connotation of meaning (100). 7. Definition in isolation from the noun being defined (100). 8. Definition with personal pronoun (101). 9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (101). 10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives (102). 11. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive form of the verb (102).

§ 93. Separate applications.................................................... ............

1. Common application with a common noun (103). 2. Single (undistributed) application (103). 3. Application with your own name (105). 4. Proper names of persons or the name of an animal as an application (105). 5. Applications joined by unions (106). 6. Application for personal pronoun (106). 7. Application relating to the missing defined word (106). 8. Use of a dash in a separate application (106)

§ 94. Special circumstances.................................................... .......

1. Participial phrase (108). 2. Two single gerunds (PO). 3. Single participle (111). 4. Circumstances expressed by nouns (111). 5. Circumstances expressed by adverbs (112)

§ 95. Separate additions.................................................... ............

XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence

§ 96. Clarifying members of a sentence.................................................... ....

1. Clarifying circumstances (114). 2. Clarifying definitions (114). 3. Definitions specifying the meaning of pronouns this, that, such(114). 4. Words more precisely, more precisely, rather as introductory words (115)

§ 97. Explanatory parts of the sentence.................................................

1. Constructions with words namely, that is(115). 2. Constructions with explanatory conjunction or (116)

§ 98. Connecting members of a sentence....................................................

1. Constructions with words even, especially, for example, in particular, including, yes and, and moreover and others (116). 2. Non-union connecting structures (117). 3. Signs for the connecting structure (117)

XXVI. Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

§ 99. Introductory words and phrases.................................................... ......

1. Classification of introductory words by meaning (117). 2. Distinguishing between introductory words and sentence parts (119). 3. Punctuation with words finally, in the end, however, of course, means, in general, mainly, in any case(121). 4. Comma when two introductory words meet (123). 5. Introductory words as part of isolated phrases (123). 6. Introductorywords after the coordinating conjunction (124). 7. Introductory words after the connecting conjunction (124)

§ 100. Introductory and plug-in sentences.................................................... 124

§ 101. Appeal.................................................... ................................... 126

§ 102. Interjection.................................................... ................................ 127

§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words. 129

XXVII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 130

§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence.................................... 130

§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence ... 132

§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence.................................... 132

XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 133

§ 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses 133

§ 108. Comma in complex subordinating conjunctions.................................. ...... 134

§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses..135

§ 110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions.................................................... ....... ...... 136

§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence.................................... ...... 137

§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence.................................... 138

§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence and in

period ................................................................................ 138

XXIX. Punctuation for phrases that are not subordinate clauses 139

§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning.................................................. .. 139

1. Make revolutions properly, spend the night where you have to, go wherever your eyes take you etc. (139). 2. Combinations not really, not reallyn etc. (139). 3. Combinations (not) more than, (not) earlier thanAnd etc. (140). 4. Combinations unknown who, nepo it’s clear where, it doesn’t matter which one and so on. (140). 5. Combinations anyone, anywhere etc. (140). 6. Speed type I have something to do, I’ll find somewhere to turn etc. (140). 7. Combination only... that (141)

§ 115. Comparative turnover.................................................... ............. 141

1. Turnovers with unions as if, exactly, as if and others (141).

2.Revolutions with the union How(142). 3. Absence of a comma when using conjunctions How(143)

XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 145

§ 116. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence 145

§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence.... 146

§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence.................................... ...... 148

XXXI. Punctuation marks for direct speech 151

§ 119. Direct speech after the author’s words................................................. ...... 151

§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue.................................................... ..... ...... 155

XXXII. Punctuation marks for quotations 156

§ 124. Quotation marks................................................................. ................... 156

§ 125. Ellipsis when quoting.................................................... .............. 157

§ 126. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotations.................................... 157

XXXIII. Using quotation marks 158

§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning... 158

§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.. 159

§ 130. Names of orders and medals.................................................... ......... 160

§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, industrial products, etc... 160

§ 132. Names of plant varieties.................................................. .......... 161

XXXIV. Punctuation combinations 161

§ 133. Busy and dash.................................................... ............................... 161

§ 134. Question and exclamation marks.................................... ...... 162

§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs.................................................... ............... ...... 162

§ 136. Parentheses and other signs.................................................... ............... 163

§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs.................................................... .......... 164

§ 138. Sequence of characters for footnotes.................................... ...... 164

Literary editing

XXXV. Word choice 165

§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means 165

§ 140. Elimination of bureaucracy and cliches.................................... 170

§ 141. Pleonasm and tautology.................................................. ................ ...... 173

§ 142. Euphony of speech.................................................... ........................ 174

§ 143. Use of phraseological means.................................... ..... 175

XXXVI. Forms of nouns 178

§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns.................................... 178

1. Words that have parallel masculine and feminine forms (178). 2. Words used in the masculine form (180). 3. Words used in the feminine form (181). 4. Words used in the neuter form (181). 5. Words formed using suffixes (182)

§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings.................................. 182

§ 146. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.................................... 183

1. Words without pair formations (183). 2. Paired formations adopted in neutral styles of speech (184). 3. Pair formations used in colloquial speech (184)

§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns..................................... 185

1.Words denoting inanimate objects (185).

2.Substantivized words (186). 3. Words denoting persons (186). 4. Words denoting animals, birds, etc. (186). 5. Geographical names (187). 6. Names of press organs (187). 7. Abbreviations (187)

§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases 188 1. Words like little house(188). 2. Words like house(188).

3. Difficult words mud half an hour(188). 4. Compound words like raincoat, dining car(188). 5. Combination Moscow River(188). 6. Difficult geographical
type names Orekhovo-Zuevo, Gus-Khrustalny(189). 7. Type combinations fifth of March(189)

§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames.................................... 189

1. Type names Levko, Gavrilo(189). 2. Type combinations

Jules Verne (189). 3. Names and surnames of type Karel Capek.(189). 4. Surnames ending with a consonant (189). 5. Indeclinable surnames on -ago, -s and others (190). 6. Non-Russian surnames ending in a vowel sound (190). 7. Ukrainian surnames -ko (191). 8. Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese surnames (191). 9. Double surnames (191). 10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two persons (191). 11. Type combinations two Petrovs(192). 12. Female patronymics (192)

§ 150. Singular genitive endings -and I)----- y(s) ..192

§ 151. Forms of the accusative case of animate and inanimate nouns................................................... ........ 193

§ 152. Endings of the prepositional singular case of masculine nouns -e----- at............. 195

§ 153. Endings of the nominative pluralmasculine nouns -s(-s)----- and I).... 196

§J 54. Genitive plural endings 199

§ 155. Instrumental plural endings-yami ----- (b)mi ....................................................... 200

§ 156. Use of the singular in the meaning of the plural.................................................... ........................... 201

§ 157. The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural........ 201

§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns.................................. 202

1. Words like little sparrows- sparrow(202). 2. Words like birch forest- bereznik(202). 3. Words like meaninglessness- nonsense(202)

XXXVII. Forms of adjectives 203

§ 159. Full and short form of qualitative adjectives 203

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives.................................... 205

1. Shape type related, peculiar(205). 2. Shape type determined, frank(205). 3. Shape type light, dark(206)
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives.... 206
§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives.... 207
1. Adjectives like fathers, uncles(207). 2. Adjectives like paternal, maternal(208). 3. Adjectives like elephant, snake(208). 4. Adjectives like fox(208).
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns.................................... 208

XXXVIII. Forms of numerals 210

§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns.................................... 210

1. Forms eight- eight, fifty- fifty ten, with three hundred rubles - with three hundred rubles, thousand - thousand(210). 2. Forms of compound numerals (211). 3. Type combinations 22 days(211). 4. Shapes of wallpaper: - both(212). 5. Counting word pair(212). 6. Type combinations two or more(212). 7. Combinations of the preposition po with numerals (212). 8. Type combinations 33.5 percent(213). 9. Numerals one and a half n one and a half hundred(213)

§ 165. Use of collective numerals.................................... 213

§ 166. Numerals in compound words.................................... 214

1. Words with element two- And two-(214). 2. Numeral floor-(215). 3. Difficult words mud 2500th anniversary(215)

XXXIX. Use of pronouns 216

§ 167. Personal pronouns.................................................... ........................... 216

1. Pronoun and context (216). 2. Omission of a subject pronoun with a predicate verb (216). 3. Pleonastic repetition of the personal pronoun as the subject (217). 4. Shapes she has - she has(217). 5. Initial “ for 3rd person pronouns (217)

§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns.................................... 218

1. Pronoun myself(218). 2. Pronoun mine(218)

§ 169. Determinative pronouns.................................................... .. 219

1. Any- every- any(219). 2. Myself- most(220)

§ 170. Indefinite pronouns.................................................... .220

XL. Use of verb forms 221

§ 171. Formation of some personal forms.................................... 221

1. Insufficient verbs like win(221). 2. Personal forms of verbs like get well(222). 3. Verbs to rest, to sway, to lay, to honor(222) ^. Abundant verbs like rinse, move(222). 5. Some forms of the imperative mood (223)

§ 172. Variants of species forms................................................. .......... 224

1. Verbs like manage- manage(224). 2. Verbs type condition- condition(224). 3. Verbs like popularize- popularize(225). 4. Verbs disdain, see, smoke, climb, measure, torment, lift, read, whistle, hear, grow old(225). 5. Verbs of motion (226). 6. Combination of verbs of movement with names of modes of transport (227). 7. Shape type mock- got wet (227)

§ 173. Returnable and non-returnable forms.................................................... 227

1. Verbs like turn white- turn white(227). 2. Verbs likethreaten - threaten(227). 3. Verbs circle- cool live, splash - splash n al. (227). 4. Ambiguity of constructions with verbs in -xia (228)

§ 174. Forms of participles.................................................. ........................ 228

§ 175. Forms of participles.................................................... ............... 229

XLI. Construction of a simple sentence 229

§ 176. Types of sentences.................................................. .................... 229

1. Type I constructions I suggest- I suggest(229). 2. Type designs ask not to smoke- no smoking(229). 3. Type I constructions Want- I would like to(230). 4. The phrases are active, passive and impersonal (230). 5. Sentences with “offset” construction (230)

§ 177. Forms of the predicate.................................................... .................... 230

1. Conversational forms of the predicate (230). 2. “Splitting” the predicate (231). 3. Nominative and instrumental case in a compound predicate (231)

XLII. Order of words in a sentence 232

§ 178. Place of subject and predicate.................................................... 233

§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence.................................................... 234

1. Agreed definition (234). 2. Several agreed upon definitions (235). 3. Inconsistent definition (236)

§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence.................................................. 236

1. Direct and reverse word order (236). 2. Location of several additions (237). 3. Type designMother loves daughter(237)

§ 181. Place of circumstance in a sentence.................................... 237

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions.................................................... ................... 239

XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 240

§ 183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun........... 240

1. Type designs the majority voted(240). 2. Type designs the majority of the population voted(241). 3. Conditions for placing the predicate in the plural (241)

§ 184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover) .................................. 242

1. The meaning of joint and separate action (242).

2. The meaning of an undivided and dismembered whole (242).

3. Designation of a measure of weight, space, etc. (243). 4. Combination with words years, months etc. (243). 5. Combinations with numerals two three four(243). 6. Compound numbers ending in one(243). 7. Predicates in words thousand, million, billion(244). 8. Word combinations all, these, only and others (244). 9. The subject is a numeral without a noun (244). 10. Approximate quantity value (244). 11. Word combinations some(245). 12. Combinations with words a lot, a little etc. (245). 13. Combinations with words like troika(246). 14. Combinations with words like mass, a lot(246). 15. Words like half an hour(246).

§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application.................................................... ................ 246

1. Grammatical agreement and agreement in meaning (246). 2. Combination of generic and specific concepts (246).

3. Combination of a common noun and a proper name (246).

4. Agreement with the subject in the presence of qualifying words, connecting constructions, etc. (247). 5. Predicate for words like cafe-dining room (247).

§ 186. Predicate with subject type brother and sister.... 248 § 187. The predicate with the subject is an interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative pronoun. . 249 In the subject: 1. Interrogative pronoun (249) ^. Relative pronoun Who(250); 3. Relative pronoun What(250); 4. Indefinite pronoun (250) § 188. Predicate with a subject - an indeclinable noun, a compound word, an indivisible group of words........................... ........................................................ ............... 251

In the subject: 1. Substantivized word (251); 2. Borrowed indeclinable word (251); 3. Russian abbreviation (251); 4. Foreign abbreviation (252); 5. Conventional name (252); 6. Indivisible group of words (252); 7. Nickname of a person (253) § 189. Coordination of the connective with the nominal part of the predicate. . . 253 § 190. Agreement of the predicate with homogeneous subjects 254 1. The influence of the order of the main members of the sentence (254). 2. The role of unions (254). 3. Semantic proximity of homogeneous subjects (256). 4. Arrangement of subjects in gradation order (256). 5. The influence of the lexical meaning of the predicate (256). 6. Personal pronouns as part of subjects (257)

XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications 257

§ 191. Definition of a common noun.... 257

§ 192. Definition for a noun that has an appendix.................................................... ... 258

§ 193. Definition for a noun depending on numerals two three four ............................ 259

§ 194. Two definitions with one noun.................................... 261

§ 195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members 263 1. Definition in singular form (263). 2. Plural definition (264). 3. Definition of nouns with a repeating preposition (264). 4. Definition of nouns in plural form (264). 5. Definition when combining type brother and sister(264)

§ 196. Approval of applications.................................................. .......... 265

1. Nicknames and conventional names (265). 2. Type combinationslaunch vehicle (265). 3. Type combinations by name, known ny as, be it, insert words (265). 4. Type combinations showcase stand (265)

§ 197. Applications - geographical names.................................... 265

XLV. Control 268

§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control.................................... 268

1. Variants of non-prepositional and prepositional constructions (268). 2. Designs with weak control (269). 3. Turns of phrases except, instead of and others (269).

§ 199. Choice of preposition...................................:................. ........................... 270

1. Combinations in address- at the address, using- with help cabbage soup, for the purpose- in order to etc. (270). 2. Prepositions with explanatorymeaning (oh, about, about etc.) (272). 3. Prepositions with spatial meaning (at, at, about, etc.) (272). 4. Prepositions with temporary meaning (274). 5. Prepositions with causal meaning (thanks to, due to, as a result of etc.) (275). 6. Prepositions By- o with verbs denoting emotional experience (276). 7. Denominal prepositions in a relationship- in relation to and others (276). 8. New prepositions in business, in the region, in part, at the expense of, along the line(276). 9. Type combinations in the introduction- in the introduction(277)

§ 200. Choice of case form.................................................... ............. 277

1. Stylistic variants of case forms (277). 2. Combinations in absence, in the 20s and others (278). 3. Prepositionsexcluding, between, according to (278). 4. Double Dependency Designs (279)

§ 201. Case of the object for transitive verbs with negation 279 1. Genitive case (279).2. Accusative case (280). 3. Optional use of both cases (282). 4. Complement of a verb with a prefix under- (282). 5. Denial Not not with a predicate verb (282). 6. Case of the complement in sentences with a displaced construction (282)

§ 202. Management with synonymous words.................................... 282

§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word................................................... ................................... 283

1. Complements of verbs give up, sacrifice, merit live, watchand others (283). 2. Type designs drink water - drink water(288). 3. Design type look for a place- look for places(288). 4. Genitive tenseuse (288). 5. Tina designs owes something to someone(288). b. Tina designs traitor to the motherland- traitor homeland (288). 7. Type designs close to what-close to what(289)

§ 204. Stringing identical shapes.................................................... 290

I. Stringing genitives (290). 2. Stringing other hopes (290). 3. Confluence of case forms with the same prepositions (290). 4. Confluence of infinitives (290). 5. Genitive subject and genitive object (290)

§ 205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence. . . 291

XLV1. Offers With homogeneous members 291

§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members.................................................... ... 291

§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members.................................................... 292

§ 208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous terms.................................... 293

1. Incomparability of concepts (293). 2. Lexical incompatibility (294). 3. Incompatibility of species and generic concepts (294). 4. Crossing concepts (294).

5. Ambiguity with different series of homogeneous terms (294).

6. Incorrect pairwise connection of homogeneous members (294). 7. Morphological incompatibility (294). 8. Errors when using comparative conjunctions (295). 9. Violation of the connection between homogeneous members and the generalizing word (295). 10. Heterogeneous syntactic structures (296)

XLVII. Difficult sentence 296

§ 209. Unions and allied words.................................................... ............... 296

1. Stylistic coloring of unions (296). 2. Unions Bye Andnot yet(297). 3. Conjunctive words which And Which(297)

§ 210. Errors in complex sentences.................................................. 298

1. Variation in the parts of a complex sentence (298). 2. Structure displacement (298). 3. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words (299). 4. Incorrect word order (300). 5. Mixing direct speech and indirect speech (300)

XLV1II. Parallel syntactic structures 301

§ 211. Participial phrases.................................................. ................. 301

1. The absence of future tense and subjunctive forms in participles (301). 2. Separate and non-separate participial phrase (301). 3. The meaning of tense, aspect and voice of participles (301). 4. Agreement of participles (302). 5. Word order in the participial phrase (303). 6. Explanatory words for communion (303). 7. Replacing the subordinate clause with a participial phrase (303)

§ 212. Participial phrases.................................................. ............. 304

1. Standard use of participial phrases (304). 2. Place of the participial phrase in the sentence (305). 3. Synonymy of participial phrases and other constructions (305)

§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns. . . 306 1. Scope of use of verbal nouns (306). 2. Disadvantages of constructions with verbal nouns (306). 3. Editing techniques (307)

The purpose of this manual is to help students strengthen their writing skills, prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it with the highest score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the Russian language study program at school. The book pays special attention to difficult spelling cases. The list of difficult words to write in the book will help you cope with writing the most complex texts, and exercises and dictations will help you test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The manual will be an indispensable assistant for students, teachers, tutors, as well as all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.

Tested unstressed vowels.
The general rule for spelling the tested unstressed vowels does not cause any difficulties. It says: in unstressed syllables the same vowels are written that are pronounced in this part of the word when it is stressed. For example: rinse (rinse) the mouth - caress (caress) the dog; thin out (rare) seedlings - unload (discharge) a gun.

Wed. different spellings of the vowels of the root in words similar in sound composition: climb (up a tree) - lick (a wound), wrap around (cold) - wrap around (braids around the head), run around (square) - offend (children), land (on the ground) - winter (winter crops), boil (mushrooms) - open (gate), shine (a lantern) - dedicate (into a secret), try on (dress) - reconcile (warring), fasten (collar) - fasten (horse), chew (piece meat) - live (in the city center), flutters (flag) - develops (child), brought (by the hand up the stairs) - svila (nest), sing (songs) - drink (tea), turn gray (become gray) - sit (to be in a sitting position), to belittle (to reduce) - to beg (to beg), to pinch (a torch) - to pinch (a hand), etc.

CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling vowels in root 4
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants 8
§ 5. Vowels after Ts 9
Spelling of consonants in the root 11
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants 14
Use of capital letters 15
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names of persons 16
§ 14. Animal names 20
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Geographical names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conventional proper names 35
Spelling foreign words 35
§ 28. Issues of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels И and И after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after sibilants and in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after sibilants 43
§ 36. Vowels after Ts 44
Spelling nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling difficult words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals 72
§ 46. Numeral Gender - 73
Spelling pronouns 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles 78
§ 52. Spelling НН and Н in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling prepositions 95
§ 59. Complex prepositions 95
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling conjunctions 96
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 96
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions 100
Spelling particles 100
§ 63. Separate writing of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between members of sentence 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma for repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Special circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Clarifying members of sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory parts of sentence 164
§ 98. Accessory members of sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions that are integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks for direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation marks for quotations 203
§ 112. Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPLICATIONS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
A short list of difficult words to spell 259
Conditional abbreviations 281.

M.: 2011. - 288 p.

Format: pdf

Size: 2.14 MB

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CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling vowels in root 4
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants 8
§ 5. Vowels after Ts 9
Spelling of consonants in the root 11
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants 14
Use of capital letters 15
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names of persons 16
§ 14. Animal names 20
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Geographical names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conventional proper names 35
Spelling foreign words 35
§ 28. Issues of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels И and И after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after sibilants and in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after sibilants 43
§ 36. Vowels after Ts 44
Spelling nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling difficult words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals. . . 72
§ 46. Numeral Gender - 73
Spelling pronouns 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles 78
§ 52. Spelling НН and Н in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling prepositions 95
§ 59. Complex prepositions 95
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling conjunctions 96
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 96
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions 100
Spelling particles 100
§ 63. Separate writing of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias. . . 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between members of sentence 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members. . 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma for repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Special circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Clarifying members of sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory parts of sentence 164
§ 98. Accessory members of sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence. . . 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence. . 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions that are integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks for direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation marks for quotations 203
§ 112. Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPLICATIONS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
A short list of difficult words to spell 259
Conditional abbreviations 281

1. First names, patronymics, last names, nicknames, pseudonyms are written with a capital letter: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Gaius Julius Caesar, Emile Zola, Peter the Great (Peter I), Vsevolod the Big Nest, Catherine the Great, Timur the Iron Heel, Fedka Wash Yourself with Mud, Sinbad the Sailor, Demyan the Poor, False Nero, Knight of the Sad Countenance(about Don Quixote), etc.

Note. A nickname is never enclosed in quotation marks: Vladimir the Red Sun, Richard the Lionheart, Vanka Cain, the Maid nicknamed the Great Mogul.

Remember:

August Strong

Alexander the Great

Anne of Austria

Boleslav the Brave

Vasily the Third Dark

Wilgelm the conqueror

Vladimir Red Sun

Vladimir Monomakh

Heinrich Birdcatcher

Heraclitus of Ephesus

David of Sasun

Diogenes of Sinope

Elena the beautiful

Ivan groznyj

Ivan Kalita

John the Landless

John of Damascus

John Chrysostom

John the Baptist

Joseph the Beautiful

Charlemagne

Karl Baldy

Karl the Bold

Cato the Elder

Cato Utica

Kirill Turovsky

Louis the Pious

Saint Louis

Maria Catholic

Bloody Mary

Paskevich Erivansky

Nicholas the Wonderworker

Peter of Amiens

Peter the Hermit

Pepin the Short

Potemkin Tauride

Richard the Lionheart

Robin Hood

Suvorov Rymniksky

Tarquin the Proud

Tarquin the Ancient

Ferdinand the Catholic

Philip the Handsome

Friedrich Barbarossa

Edward the Confessor

Julian the Apostate

Yury Dolgoruky

Yaroslav the Wise

2. Proper names that have become common nouns are written with a lowercase letter: Alphonse, Derzhimorda, Don Juan, ladies' man, mentor, philanthropist, Vanka(‘cab driver in pre-revolutionary Russia’), vanka-vstanka (‘toy’).

If a surname used in a common noun does not become a common noun, the spelling with a capital letter is retained: We... were firmly convinced that we had our own Byrons, Shakespeares, Schillers, Walter Scotts(White).

But if a person’s individual name is used in a contemptuous sense, as a generic designation, then it is written with a lowercase letter: despicable Socks and Scheidemanns(‘traitors Social Democrats’), quislings (‘collaborators’).

3. The names of objects, units of physical quantities, plant species, etc., formed from the names of persons, are written with a lowercase letter: riding breeches, Macintosh, revolver, Remington, French, ampere, volt, pendant, ohm, x-ray, Ivan da Marya. Also: “Katyusha” (the common colloquial name for a guards mortar).

4. Individual names related to mythology and religion are written with a capital letter: Zeus, Pallas Athena, Mars, Pegasus, Isis, Brahma, Buddha, Jesus Christ, Allah, Mohammed.

Generic names of mythological creatures are written with a lowercase letter: Valkyrie, witch, devil, nymph, satyr, siren.

Note. The names of mythological creatures, used in a common noun or figurative meaning, are written with a lowercase letter: Hercules (‘croup’), Atlas (‘column’), Peruns (‘lightning’).

5. In complex surnames written with a hyphen, each part is written with a capital letter: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mamin-Sibiryak, Novikov-Priboy, Rimsky-Korsakov, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky, Bethmann-Hollweg, Georgiou-Dej.

6. In double (triple, etc.) non-Russian names, regardless of their separate or hyphenated spelling, all parts are written with a capital letter:

1) ancient Roman: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Tullius Cicero;

2) English (including Australian, Canadian, North American): George Noel Gordon Byron, Robert Louis Stevenson, John Boynton Priestley, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Katharina Susanna Pritchard;

3) German: Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Erich Maria Remarque, Johann Sebastian Bach;

4) Scandinavian: Hans Christian Andersen, Svante August Arrhenius, Olof Ried Olsen;

5) French: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Pierre Henri Simon, Antoine Francois Prevost.

If there are only initials of names, a hyphen is placed between them: I.-S. Bach, W.-A. Mozart;

6) Italian: Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Maria Bianca Lugurin;

7) Spanish (including Latin American): Jose Raul Capablanca, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Maria Teresa Peon;

8) Portuguese (including Brazilian, Angolese): Luis Carlos Martinez Pena, Maria dlena Raposo, Agostinho Neto;

9) Flemish: Peter Paul Rubens;

10) Hungarian: Mihai Vitez Cioconai;

11) Romanian: Jona Stefan Radovic;

12) Polish: Bronislaw Wojciech Linke.

Note. In the names of literary characters Don Quixote and Don Juan, both parts are written with a capital letter and connected by a hyphen, forming a single proper name. But if the word don is used in the meaning of ‘master’, it is written separately and with a lowercase letter: Don Basilio, Don Andrea. Common nouns Don Quixote, Don Juan are written with a lowercase letter.

7. After the initial components viga-, quasi-, pan-, pseudo- and other proper names (names of persons and geographical names) are written with a capital letter: anti-France, quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe, pseudo-Raphael, false Voltaire(but: False Dmitry II), cinema-Anna (‘actress who played the role of Anna in the cinema’).

8. Articles, prepositions and particles ( af, van, yes, de la, della, del, der, di, dos, du, du, la, las, le, von) in Western European proper names are written with a lowercase letter:Gustav af Geijerstam, Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonardo da Vinci, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, d'Alembert, Garcilaso de la Vega, Luca della Robbia, Andrea del Sorta, Max von der Grün, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Cola di Rienzo, Fernando- di Noronha, Delmonte y Aponte, Lara y Sanchas de Castro, Enrique dos Santos, Jornal do Brasil, Roger Martin du Gard, Casa de las Américas, Le Chapelier.

Function words are written with a capital letter:

1) if they merged with the surname or name into one word (written together or with a hyphen): Vanloo, Descartes, Du-Belle, Dubois, Lamartine, Laplace, Las Vegas, Los Angeles;

2) if the surname is not used without a function word: Charles De Coster, De Leon, Dos Passos, Le Tellier;

3) if they are written with a capital letter in the source language: Edmondo De Amicis, Di Vitxorio.

9. The particles O' (Irish, appended with an apostrophe), Mac- (Scottish, appended with a hyphen), San-, Sen-, Saint- (Italian and French, appended with a hyphen) before the surname are written with a capital letter: O 'Henry, O ' Connor, McGregor, McDowell, San Marino, San Martin, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Sainte-Beuve.

10. In Arabic, Turkic, Persian personal names there are components denoting social status, family relationships, etc., as well as function words ( aha, al, al, as, ash, bey, bek, ben, zade, zul, kyzy, ogly, ol, pasha, ul, khan, shah, ed, el etc., which, as a rule, are appended with a hyphen) are written with a lowercase letter: Kerim-aga, Zein al-Abadein, Sabah al-Salem, Omar al-Sharif, Izmail Bey, Bekir Bey, Yu "suf ben-Hedda, Tursun-zade, Salah-zul-Fikar, Marzaaga kyzy Suleymanova, Mamed- ogly(in Azerbaijani surnames the word oglu is written separately: Aliyev Arif Saradt oghlu, but: Koroglu) , Hakim ol-Molk, Suleiman Pasha, Seif ul-Islam, Mirza Khan, Nadir Shah, Ahmad ed-Din, Mohammed el-Kuni, es-Zayat, Ahmed ibn al-Farid, Abu al-Faraji, Ayvaz Oshar-ogly, Fakhrad-din-Razi, Jalal-ad-Din, Mustafa-Zarif Pasha, ibn Abd Robbihi, ibn al-Asir.

However, some of the named components of personal names, names of localities and press organs are written with a capital letter: Al-Walid, "Al-Akhbar", Ben Yusuf, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Sina, Ibn Saud, Ogly Bekir Bek, Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Zahir Shah, El Alamein, Abu Ali, Haji Giray(the element of haji is an honorary title for a Muslim who has made a pilgrimage to Mecca).

11. In Chinese personal names consisting of two parts, both parts are written with a capital letter: Sun Yat-sen, An Qi, Lee Wo.

12. In Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, Indonesian, Ceylonese, Japanese personal names, all parts are written separately and with a capital letter: Pak Soo-yeon, Ho Shi Minh, Phom Van Donet, Le Duan, Wu Not Win, Mang Reng Soi, Kurahara Korehito.

In Japanese proper names, the suffix -san ('master', 'mistress'), expressing respect for a person, is written with a lowercase letter and appended with a hyphen: Cio-Cio-san, Suzuki-san, Toyama-san.

13. The names of characters in some works of fiction (fables, fairy tales, plays, etc.) are written with a capital letter: The naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Bear started playing a quartet(Kr.); Santa Claus, Serpent Gorynych, Little Red Riding Hood, Gray Wolf, Bluebeard(heroes of fairy tales); Cat, Dog, Milk, Sugar, Bread(characters from M. Maeterlinck’s play “The Blue Bird”); "Song of the Petrel"(M.G.); Someone in gray (Andr.).

14. Animal names are written with a capital letter: the dog Zhuchka, the cat Vaska, the cat Murka, the horse Sivka, the cow Pestrushka, the elephant Sambo.

If an individual name is used as the name of an animal species or in a figurative sense, then it is written with a lowercase letter: bears in Shishkin's painting; Teddy bear; Vaskas and Murkas were rushing around the village; the yard was guarded by an ordinary bug('yard dog' - by a common nickname).