Initially Nobel Prize was the annual profit of the Alfred Nobel Foundation, which was distributed among the laureates in five areas. Consequently, the size of the Nobel Prize was different every year.
Now no one can say exactly how much the holdings of Alfred Nobel himself were valued, since family assets were closely mixed in various investments in different countries peace. After 5 years of work to establish the Nobel Fund, its volume was estimated at SEK 31,587,202.
In 1901, the monetary equivalent of the first Nobel Prize was 150,782 crowns. It is easy to calculate that a little more than 750,000 crowns were spent on just 5 award nominations, that is, a little more than 2.38 percent of all amounts at the disposal of the fund.
The real value of the Nobel Prize is also difficult to calculate due to changes in the purchasing power of the Swedish krona. However, the Nobel Committee provides approximate figures. Thus, 150,782 crowns awarded in 1901, at the 2011 exchange rate, correspond to 8,123,951 crowns, or more than 900 thousand euros.
From year to year, the part of the fund that went to pay bonuses changed. Apparently, this is due to the different profitability of the Alfred Nobel Foundation's investments, but it is impossible to say for sure, because the foundation began publishing financial statements only in 1975, after being exempt from taxes.
And the Swedish krona itself was valued differently in different years. It is believed that the most unlucky year for Nobel laureates was 1919. This year the premium amounted to 133,127 crowns, which compared to the amount of 1901 does not look so bad. But it was a bad year for the Swedish krona, and in 2011 prices the 1919 premium is estimated at 2,254,284 kronor today. The biggest year for the Nobel Prize was 2001. Marking the beginning of the new millennium, members of the Nobel Committee decided to make the payment amounts fixed. And since 2001, the Nobel Prize has been worth 10 million Swedish kronor. However, the inflation of the Swedish krona has not been canceled. Therefore, it was most profitable in monetary terms to receive the Nobel Prize in 2001.
It is impossible to say exactly how much the Nobel Foundation manages today. According to 2007 estimates, this is 3.62 billion crowns. At the same time, the rules for distributing amounts between laureates have also changed. Since the Nobel Foundation regularly receives donations, since 1980 the amounts have been untied from the actual profits of the foundation and, for convenience, began to be adjusted to the inflation rate of the Swedish krona. In 1981, the premium amounted to 1 million crowns, in 1986 - 2 million, in 1989 - 3 million, in 1990 - 4 million, in 1991 - 6 million crowns. In the mid-1990s, the premium grew to 7 million, and by the end it reached 9 million. And from 2001 to this day, the premium amount is exactly 10 million Swedish kronor. It is possible that the amounts will be adjusted again in the future. If not, then getting a Nobel Prize will become less and less profitable every year.
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded for the largest scientific research, contribution to culture and the development of society.
The awards ceremony for those who received this year's most famous and celebrated award for services to humanity has begun. This is who was awarded the prize in the last few days.
Medicine and physiology
The prize went to Yoshinori Ohsumi, a molecular biologist from Japan who researched the mechanism of cell autophagy. Autophagy is the mechanism by which a cell digests its own internal components. In other words, it eats itself. Lysosomes in mammalian cells contain enzymes and acid, just like the stomach. Digestion occurs with the help of this “cellular stomach”. In yeast cells, a similar process occurs in vacuoles.
Self-eating is a natural process, so the cell is freed from unnecessary things, and the body as a whole is freed from cells that have outlived their usefulness.
Autophagy is especially important during embryo formation, when destroyed cells must be removed in time, and new ones must be formed. If something goes wrong, new organism doesn't survive.
Cells in which old, poorly functioning parts are retained become a source of danger to the body. Old “stuffing” (waste proteins and organelles, dead bacteria) can cause inflammatory processes. Disturbances in the normal course of such intracellular cleaning are the cause of tumors and neurodegenerative diseases.
The phenomenon has been known since the mid-twentieth century, but Yoshinori Ohsumi studied it through experiments conducted on baker's yeast. Thanks to this, the Japanese scientist and his assistants were able to understand which genes and proteins trigger the process of “self-eating.”
Why is this necessary?
By understanding the principles of autophagy, in the future we will be able to stimulate cell renewal in living organisms, stop degradation or stimulate the destruction of “bad” cells that grow where they are not supposed to.
Chemistry
Scientists from Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Bernard Feringa and Fraser Stoddart (France, USA and the Netherlands) received an award for nanotechnology - development of molecular machines.
They created the smallest machines in the world, the working parts of which are interconnected molecules. Using this principle, it was possible to design a tiny motor that powers ultraviolet light, a microscopic elevator, and molecular “muscles.”
Physics
The Nobel Prize was shared by David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and John Kosterlitz, whose research is devoted to unusual states of matter - topological phases.
In general, phase changes are, for example, a change state of aggregation matter (when a liquid becomes gaseous or a solid becomes liquid). The researchers who earned this year's prize are studying phase transformations that have previously been little studied, as well as what properties matter acquires in “strange states.”
They work in a field called condensed matter physics, which studies the behavior of complex systems with a strong connection. These include ordinary liquids, crystals, amorphous bodies, and quantum liquids - for example, the contents of neutron stars and atomic nuclei. The research of this year's laureates concerns the description of the Berezinsky-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase transition associated with such phenomena as superconductivity, superfluidity and magnetism.
Topology studies the continuity of states of objects. Perhaps the most famous object of consideration in this area of knowledge is the Möbius strip.
A topological or phase transition is a transformation of matter from one object to another, and it occurs continuously or with discontinuities.
According to Alfred Nobel's will, the prize is given for the most important discoveries or inventions in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, as well as for an outstanding literary work and contribution to the strengthening of the commonwealth of nations. Who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Nobel Peace Prize will become known in the coming days.
You can follow the news of the award and get acquainted with the details on the official website -
The founder of the famous prize was born in Sweden in 1833. His parents were engineers, and Nobel himself, having received a diverse education, worked in the field of chemistry, engineering and, among other things, as an inventor.
Having acquired the Bofors metallurgical concern, Alfred Nobel directed his talents to the field of weapons development. In this he was quite successful. He has 355 inventions to his credit, which brought him a considerable fortune. One of Nobel's most famous inventions is dynamite.
Oddly enough, the scientific world owes the Nobel Prize to dynamite. It so happened that in 1888, one of the French newspapers, by mistake of one of its employees, published an obituary for Alfred Nobel, who was very much alive and well at that time. The article made Nobel think about how humanity would remember him, and he decided to donate all the money he earned to a foundation that would distribute it annually in the form of bonuses to those who had brought the greatest benefit to humanity during the previous year.
Rules for awarding the prize
The Nobel Foundation was not organized immediately. All documents were approved in 1897, the fund was established in 1900, and the first award ceremony took place in 1901. According to the will of the inventor and founder, the prize is awarded for particularly important discoveries, inventions and improvements in five areas approved by Nobel:
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Physiology and medicine
- Literature
- Promoting world peace.
According to Nobel's instructions, several organizations became responsible for awarding the prize: four in Sweden and one in Norway. So for choosing the laureate who will be awarded the Peace Prize, the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The Karolinska Institute is responsible for awarding the prize in the field of physiology and medicine. The Swedish Academy received the right to award prizes in literature, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was entrusted with the right to award prizes in physics and chemistry.
There are a few more mandatory conditions: award prizes only for discoveries made within one year, and give the prize to no more than three laureates in the same field. The first of the rules is actually not observed today: breakthrough discoveries in niches are not made every year. But the limit on the number of laureates, officially approved only in 1968, has always been observed.
Economics was not initially included by Nobel in the list of fields in which the prize was awarded. But in 1969, on the initiative of the Swedish Bank, a prize in economics was also established in his name. It is awarded under the same conditions as other Nobel Prizes. In the future, the board of the Nobel Foundation decided not to increase the number of nominations.
By the way, if there are two or three laureates, the amount of the prize is divided between the laureates as follows: the prize is first divided equally between the works, and then equally between their authors. Thus, if two different discoveries are awarded, one of which was made by two people, then they each receive 1/4 of the monetary part of the prize. And if one discovery is awarded, which was made by two or three, everyone receives equally (1/2 or 1/3 of the prize, respectively).
Presentation of the Nobel Prize
The award ceremony is held every year on December 10 in Stockholm and Oslo. In Stockholm, prizes in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and economics are awarded by the King of Sweden, and in the field of peace - by the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee - in Oslo, in the city hall, in the presence of the King of Norway and members of the royal family.
Along with a cash prize, the amount of which varies depending on the income received from the Nobel Foundation, laureates are awarded a medal with his image and a diploma. The laureate is required to give a so-called “Nobel Memorial Lecture,” which is then published by the Nobel Foundation in a special volume.
The program for the award ceremony has not changed since 1901. The regulations have been approved and verified down to the second. The program includes the awards ceremony itself, as well as the Nobel Banquet and the obligatory Nobel Concert.
The Nobel Concert is considered one of the most important European musical events of the year and the main musical event of the year Scandinavian countries. The most prominent classical musicians of our time take part in the concert. In connection with the two award ceremonies (in Stockholm and Oslo), two Nobel concerts are held: one on December 8 each year in Stockholm, the second in Oslo at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony.
According to the regulations, the Nobel Prize cannot be awarded to the same person twice, but any rule has exceptions. Four scientists were awarded the prize twice:
- Marie Skłodowska-Curie, in physics in 1903 and in chemistry in 1911.
- Linus Pauling, Chemistry in 1954 and Peace Prize in 1962.
- John Bardeen, two prizes in physics, in 1956 and 1972.
- Frederick Sanger, two prizes in chemistry, in 1958 and 1980.
In addition, the Nobel Prize was awarded several times to the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1917, 1944 and 1963, as well as to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 1954 and 1981.
The absence of mathematics in the list of sciences for which the prize is awarded gives rise to a lot of speculation and jokes. The exact reason is unknown to this day. According to the director of the executive committee of the Nobel Foundation: “there is not a word about this in the archives. Rather, mathematics was simply not within Nobel's area of interest. He bequeathed money for bonuses in areas close to him.”
They say, however, that either the wife or fiancée of Alfred Nobel gave preference to the mathematician and therefore Nobel excluded science from the list. However, mathematicians and computer scientists were not left without a prize. The “equivalents” of the Nobel Prize in mathematics are the Fields Prize and the Abel Prize, in the field of computer science - the Turing Award.
The Nobel Prize ceremony is a global event and one of the most important in the scientific world. Every year the ceremony is broadcast, gathering a considerable number of audiences on television screens. This action is very beautiful, although somewhat boring.
The Nobel Prize is the most prestigious scientific award in the world. Scientists dream of getting it different areas. Every educated person should know about the latest achievements of mankind, marked by this award. How did it appear and in what areas of science can it be obtained?
What it is?
The annual award is named after the Swedish engineer, industrialist and inventor. Alfred Bernhard Nobel was its founder. In addition, he owns a fund from which money is allocated for the implementation. The history of the Nobel Prize begins in the twentieth century. Since 1901, a special commission has determined the winners in categories such as physics, medicine and physiology, chemistry, literature and peace protection. In 1969, a new science was added to the list. Since then, the commission has also recognized the best specialist in the field of economics. It is possible that new categories will appear in the future, but at the moment there is no discussion of such an event.
How did the award come about?
The history of the Nobel Prize is very interesting. It is connected with a very dark incident in the life of its founder. As you know, Alfred Nobel was When his brother Ludwig died in 1889, a journalist from one of the newspapers confused and indicated Alfred in his obituary. The text called him a merchant of death. Alfred Nobel was horrified by the prospect of remaining in the memory of mankind in such a capacity. He began to think about what he could leave behind, and composed a special will. With his help, he hoped to rectify the dynamite situation.
Alfred Nobel's will
The significant text was invented and signed in 1895 in Paris. According to the will, the executors must exchange all property remaining after it for securities on the basis of which a fund will be created. Interest from the resulting capital will go towards bonuses for scientists who have brought the greatest benefit to humanity. They must be divided into five parts: one for the one who discovered or invented something new in the field of physics, the other for the most talented chemist, the third is intended the best doctor, the fourth - for the creator of the main literary work year, dedicated to human ideals, and the fifth - for those who can help establish peace on the planet, fighting for the reduction of armies, the abolition of slavery and the friendship of peoples. According to the will, Nobel Prize laureates in the first two categories are determined by the Swedish Sciences. For medicine, the choice is made by the Royal Karolinska Institute, the literary one is chosen by the Swedish Academy, and the latter is chosen by a committee of five people. They are elected by the Norwegian Storting.
Award sizes
Since the bonus is determined as a percentage of the capital invested by Nobil, its size varies. Initially, it was provided in crowns, the first amount was 150 thousand. Now the size of the Nobel Prize has increased significantly and is awarded in US dollars. IN last years it is about a million. As soon as the money in the fund runs out, the bonus will disappear. The Nobel prize initially amounted to almost 32 million Swedish kronor, so, taking into account successful investments, it has only increased over the years. However, recently interest has not made it possible to achieve a positive budget - the costs of the prize, the ceremony and the maintenance of the administration are too high. Several years ago, it was decided to reduce the size of the Nobel Prize in order to ensure the stability of the fund in the future. The administration is doing everything possible to maintain it as long as possible.
Family scandal
If history had gone differently, this prize might never have been born. The Nobel prize turned out to be so large that relatives could not come to terms with its loss. After the death of the inventor, one of the others began litigation, in which attempts were made to challenge the will. Nobel owned a mansion in Nice and a house in Paris, laboratories in Russia, Finland, Italy, Germany and England, many workshops and factories. All the heirs wanted to divide it among themselves. However, the Storting decided to recognize the will. The deceased's attorneys sold his property, and the timing and amount of the Nobel Prize were approved. The relatives received the sum of two million.
Foundation establishment
The Nobel Prize, whose history began with a scandal, was first awarded only when the Royal Council met on June 29, 1900, at which all the details were considered and the official fund was approved. Part of the money was used to purchase the building in which it is located. The first award ceremony was held in December 1901. The size of the Nobel Prize of one hundred and fifty thousand was the first and most modest. In 1968, the Swedish Bank proposed to nominate specialists in the field of economics. for this area are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was first awarded in 1969.
Rules for the ceremony
The will indicated only the size of the Nobel Prize and the sciences for which scientists should be recognized for their achievements. The rules of conduct and selection had to be drawn up by the fund administration. They were developed at the beginning of the twentieth century and have remained virtually unchanged since then. According to the rules, the prize can be awarded to several people, but there cannot be more than three. If the nominee died at the time of the December ceremony but was alive when nominations were announced in October, he will receive the amount posthumously. The Nobel Foundation does not award prizes, entrusting this to special committees for each area. Their members can seek help from scientists from different scientific fields. The Prize in Literature is given to the best specialists linguistics. The laureate in the peace category is chosen with the consultation of scientists in the field of philosophy, law, political science, history, and is invited for discussion. Sometimes a specialist can personally propose a candidate. This right belongs to the laureates of previous years and members of the Swedish Academies of Sciences. All nominations are approved by February 1 of the year in which the award will be held. Until September, each proposal is evaluated and discussed. Thousands of specialists may be involved in the process. When preparations are complete, the committees send approved nominations to the official Nobel Prize scientists, who will make the final decision. In the field of physics, chemistry and economic sciences, the main ones are groups of representatives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, each of which has twenty-five people. Fifty participants from the Karolinska Institutet practice medicine. Literature - eighteen scientists from the Swedish Academy. The Peace Prize is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. In October, the last statement is made, which is announced at a press conference in Stockholm to the whole world, accompanied by comments on the reasons for each decision. By December 10, the laureates and their families are invited to a ceremony.
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Subtitles
Story
Alfred Nobel's will, drawn up on November 27, 1895, was announced in January 1897:
“All my movable and immovable property must be converted by my executors into liquid assets, and the capital thus collected must be placed in a reliable bank. The income from the investments should belong to a fund, which will distribute them annually in the form of bonuses to those who, during the previous year, have brought the greatest benefit to humanity... Specified percentages must be divided into five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other - to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third - to the one who makes the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who creates the most outstanding literary work of an idealistic direction; fifth - to the one who has made the most significant contribution to the unity of nations, the abolition of slavery or the reduction of the strength of existing armies and the promotion of peace congresses ... It is my special desire that when awarding prizes, no consideration will be given to the nationality of the candidates ... "
This will was initially received with skepticism. Numerous relatives of Nobel considered themselves deprived and demanded that the will be declared illegal. Only on April 26, 1897, it was approved by the Storting of Norway. The executors of Nobel's will, secretary Ragnar Sulman and lawyer Rudolf Liljequist, organized the Nobel Foundation to take care of the execution of his will and organize the presentation of prizes.
According to Nobel's instructions, the Norwegian Nobel Committee, whose members were appointed in April 1897 shortly after the will came into force, became responsible for awarding the Peace Prize. After some time, the organizations awarding the remaining prizes were determined. On June 7, he became responsible for awarding a prize in the field of physiology or medicine; On June 9, the Swedish Academy received the right to award a prize for literature; On 11 June, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was recognized as responsible for the awards in physics and chemistry. On June 29, 1900, the Nobel Foundation was founded to manage the finances and organize the Nobel Prizes. Agreements were reached at the Nobel Foundation on basic principles prizes, and in 1900 the newly created foundation charter was accepted by King Oscar II. In 1905, the Swedish-Norwegian Union was dissolved. From now on, the Norwegian Nobel Committee is responsible for awarding the Nobel Peace Prize, and Swedish organizations are responsible for the remaining prizes.
Prize rules
The main document regulating the rules for awarding the prize is the Nobel Foundation.
The prize can only be awarded to individuals and not to institutions (except for peace prizes). The Peace Prize can be awarded to individuals as well as official and public organizations.
According to § 4 of the statute, one or two works can be rewarded at the same time, but the total number of recipients should not exceed three. Although this rule was only introduced in 1968, it has always been de facto respected. In this case, the monetary reward is divided among the laureates as follows: the prize is first divided equally between the works, and then equally between their authors. Thus, if two different discoveries are awarded, one of which was made by two people, then the latter receive 1/4 of the monetary part of the prize. And if one discovery is awarded, which was made by two or three, everyone receives equally (1/2 or 1/3 of the prize, respectively).
Also in § 4 it is stated that the prize cannot be awarded posthumously. However, if the applicant was alive at the time the prize was announced (usually in October), but died before the award ceremony (December 10 of the current year), then the prize remains with him. This rule was adopted in 1974, and before that the prize was awarded posthumously twice: to Erik Karlfeldt in 1931 and to Dag Hammarskjöld in 1961. However, in 2011, the rule was broken when, by decision of the Nobel Committee, Ralph Steinman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine posthumously, since at the time the Nobel Committee considered him alive.
According to § 5 of the statute, the prize may not be awarded to anyone if the members of the relevant committee did not find worthy works among those nominated for competition. In this case, the prize money is retained until the next year. If in next year The prize was not awarded, the funds are transferred to the closed reserve of the Nobel Foundation.
Nobel Prizes
Nobel's will provided for the allocation of funds for awards to representatives of only five areas:
- Physics (awarded since 1901 in Sweden);
- Chemistry
- Physiology and Medicine (awarded since 1901 in Sweden);
- Literature (awarded since 1901 in Sweden);
- Promoting World Peace (awarded since 1901 in Norway).
In addition, regardless of Nobel's will, since 1969, at the initiative of the Bank of Sweden, the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has also been awarded, informally called the Nobel Prize in Economics. It is awarded under the same conditions as other Nobel Prizes. In the future, the board of the Nobel Foundation decided not to increase the number of nominations.
The laureate is required to give a so-called “Nobel Memorial Lecture,” which is then published by the Nobel Foundation in a special volume.
Nobel Prize amount
Award procedure
Award Nomination
Requests for nominations are sent by the Nobel Committee to approximately three thousand individuals, usually in September of the year preceding the year the prize is awarded. These individuals are often researchers working in the relevant field. For the Peace Prize, requests are sent to governments, members of international courts, professors, rectors, Peace Prize recipients, or former members of the Nobel Committee. Proposals must be returned by January 31 of the award year. The committee nominates approximately 300 possible recipients. The names of the nominees are not publicly announced, and the nominees are not informed of the fact of their nomination. All information about nominations for the award remains secret for 50 years.
Award presentation
The award procedure is preceded by a lot of work that is being carried out all year round numerous organizations around the world. In October, the laureates are finally approved and announced. The final selection of laureates is carried out by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institutet and the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The award procedure takes place annually, on December 10, in the capitals of two countries - Sweden and Norway. In Stockholm, prizes in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and economics are presented by the King of Sweden, and in the field of peace by the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee - in Oslo, in the city hall, in the presence of the King of Norway and members of the royal family. Along with a cash prize, the amount of which varies depending on the income received from the Nobel Foundation, laureates are awarded a medal with his image and a diploma.
The first Nobel banquet took place on December 10, 1901, simultaneously with the first presentation of the prize. Currently, the banquet is held in the Blue Hall of the City Hall. 1300-1400 people are invited to the banquet. Dress code: tailcoats and evening dresses. The menu development involves the participation of chefs from the Town Hall Cellar (a restaurant at the Town Hall) and culinary specialists who have ever received the title of Chef of the Year. In September, three menu options are tasted by members of the Nobel Committee, who decide what will be served “at Nobel’s table.” The only dessert that is always known is ice cream, but until the evening of December 10, no one except a narrow circle of initiates knows what kind.
For the Nobel banquet, specially designed dinnerware and tablecloths are used. A portrait of Nobel is woven on the corner of each tablecloth and napkin. Dishes self made: along the edge of the plate there is a stripe of three colors of the Swedish Empire - blue, green and gold. The stem of the crystal wine glass is decorated in the same color scheme. The banquet service was commissioned for $1.6 million for the 90th anniversary of the Nobel Prizes in 1991. It consists of 6,750 glasses, 9,450 knives and forks, 9,550 plates and one tea cup. The last one is for Princess Liliana (1915-2013), who did not drink coffee. The cup is stored in a special beautiful wooden box with the princess's monogram. The saucer from the cup was stolen.
The tables in the hall are arranged with mathematical precision, and the hall is decorated with 23,000 flowers sent from San Remo. All movements of the waiters are strictly timed down to the second. For example, the ceremonial bringing in of ice cream takes exactly three minutes from the moment the first waiter appears with a tray at the door until the last of them stands at his table. Other dishes take two minutes to serve.
The banquet ends with the delivery of ice cream, crowned with a chocolate monogram “N” like a crown. At 22:15 the Swedish king gives the signal for the start of dancing in the Golden Hall of the Town Hall. At 1:30 the guests leave.
Absolutely all dishes from the menu, from 1901 onwards, can be ordered at the Stockholm Town Hall restaurant. This lunch costs a little less than $200. Every year they are ordered by 20 thousand visitors, and traditionally the most popular menu is the last Nobel banquet.
Nobel Concert
The Nobel concert is one of the three components of the Nobel week, along with the presentation of prizes and the Nobel dinner. It is considered one of the main musical events of the year in Europe and the main musical event of the year in the Scandinavian countries. The most prominent classical musicians of our time take part in it. In fact, there are two Nobel concerts: one is held on December 8 of each year in Stockholm, the second in Oslo at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony.
Nobel Prize Equivalents
Many areas of science remained “uncovered” by the Nobel Prize. Due to the fame and prestige of the Nobel Prizes, the most prestigious awards in other fields are often informally referred to as "Nobel Prizes".
Mathematics and computer science
Initially, Nobel included mathematics in the list of sciences for which the prize is awarded, but later crossed it out, replacing it with the Peace Prize. The exact reason is unknown. There are many legends associated with this fact, poorly supported by facts. Most often this is associated with the name of the leading Swedish mathematician of that time Mittag-Leffler, whom Nobel disliked for some reason. Among these reasons, they name either the mathematician’s courtship of Nobel’s fiancée, or the fact that he was persistently begging for donations to Stockholm University. Being one of the most prominent mathematicians in Sweden at that time, Mittag-Leffler was also the main contender for this very prize.
Another version: Nobel had a lover, Anna Desry, who later fell in love with Franz Lemarge and married him. Franz was the son of a diplomat and at the time was planning to become a mathematician.
According to the director of the executive committee of the Nobel Foundation: “There is not a word about this in the archives. Rather, mathematics was simply not within Nobel's area of interest. He bequeathed money for bonuses in areas close to him.” Thus, stories about stolen brides and annoying mathematicians should be interpreted as legends or anecdotes.
The “equivalents” of the Nobel Prize in mathematics are the Fields Prize and the Abel Prize, in the field of computer science - the Turing Award.
Economy
This is the unofficial name for the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The prize was established by the Bank of Sweden in 1969. Unlike other prizes awarded at the award ceremony for Nobel laureates, funds for this prize are not allocated from the legacy of Alfred Nobel. Therefore, the question of whether this prize should be considered a “true Nobel” is debatable. The winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics is announced on October 12; The awards ceremony takes place in Stockholm on December 10th of each year.
Geography
Art
Every year, His Imperial Highness Prince Hitachi, honorary patron of the Japan Arts Association, presents five “Imperial Prizes (Praemium Imperiale)” awards, which he says fill the gap in the Nobel Committee's nominations - specially designed medals, diplomas and cash prizes in five fields of art : painting, sculpture, architecture, music, theater/cinema. The reward is 15 million yen, which is equal to 195 thousand dollars.
Criticism
One point of view is that Ivan Bunin, Boris Pasternak, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Mikhail Gorbachev, etc., received the prize only for criticizing the USSR, etc. An example of such criticism is the opinion of journalist Sergei Lunev:
I would not consider the Nobel Prize in Literature as anything other than part of a propaganda campaign against Soviet Russia. This does not mean that Russian Soviet writers received this prize undeservedly, it is just that their work was in second place among those who awarded them this prize.
Grigory Revzin satirically played on the fact that there are few Nobel Prize winners in literature from Russia, and all of them can be associated with one or another political background. The historian of science A. M. Bloch writes about this criticism as follows:
The Nobel committees were accused of bias, of cultivating anti-Sovietism when choosing laureates of the most prestigious award of the century, etc. During the noisy propaganda campaigns associated with the awarding of the Nobel Prize to B. L. Pasternak, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, A. D. Sakharov, accusations of anti-Soviet provocations, of course, were developed primarily in the ideological departments of Old Square or under their direct patronage. However, these far-fetched claims found fertile ground in society, including in intellectual circles. Hostility towards the Nobel institutions eventually turned into one of the manifestations of anti-Western sentiments, persistently preached by party ideologists and at the same time providing stable feedback.
A striking example feedback became the Nobel Peace Prize, awarded in 1990 to USSR President M. S. Gorbachev. The award caused a predominantly negative reaction among the population, although ideological structures did not take a visible part in organizing protest sentiments; after all, Gorbachev, being the president of the country, at the same time also retained the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. IN in this case Soviet society itself reaped the benefits of suspicion and hostility instilled by total propaganda towards any positive step on the part of Western countries...
Repeated awards
Prizes (other than the Peace Prize) can only be awarded once, but there have been a few exceptions to this rule in the history of the award. Only four people have won the Nobel Prize twice:
- Marie Skłodowska-Curie, in physics in 1903 and in chemistry in 1911.
- Linus Pauling, Chemistry in 1954 and Peace Prize in 1962.
- John Bardeen, two prizes in physics, in 1956 and 1972.
- Frederick Sanger, two prizes in chemistry, in 1958 and 1980.
Organizations
- The International Committee of the Red Cross has been awarded the Peace Prize three times, in 1917, 1944 and 1963.
- The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has twice received the Peace Prize, in 1954 and 1981.
Nobel Prize in Art
Ig Nobel Prize
Ig Nobel Prizes, Ignobel Prize, Anti-Nobel Prize(eng. Ig Nobel Prize) - a parody of the Nobel Prize. Ten Ig Nobel Prizes are awarded at the beginning of October, that is, at the time when the winners of the real Nobel Prize are named, for achievements that first make you laugh and then make you think ( first make people laugh, and then make them think). The prize was founded by Mark Abrahams and the humor magazine Annals of Incredible Research.
see also
| Nobel Prize on Wikimedia Commons | |
| Nobel Prize in Wikinews |
- List of Nobel Prize laureates by university
Notes
- Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin. ((publication)) . - 2001. - P. 5.
- Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin. Error: parameter |title= is not specified in the template ((publication)) . - 2001. - P. 11.
- // New encyclopedic dictionary: In 48 volumes (29 volumes published). - St. Petersburg. , Pg. , 1911-1916.
- Golden, Frederic. The Worst And The Brightest , Time magazine, Time Warner (16 October 2000). Retrieved April 9, 2010.
- Sohlman, Ragnar. Error: parameter |title= is not specified in the template ((publication)) . - 1983. - P. 13.
