The word "infinitive" in Latin means "indefinite." In many languages of the world, including Russian, this word is used to denote verbs that do not have a specific form.
The concept of the infinitive
An infinitive is an indefinite form of a verb that names a procedural state or action, without indicating the time when this action or state occurs. The infinitive also does not indicate the subject of activity, and does not express any relation to reality.
Infinitive forms of the verb answer the questions: what to do? what to do? For example: What to do? - to love, live, sleep, eat, sing, dance. What to do? - sing, dance, say, forget. The infinitive is the most general form of the verb and expresses its general grammatical meaning.
The infinitive has such morphological features as transitivity, reflexivity, conjugation and aspect. Unlike other languages, in Russian you can form an infinitive form from each personal verb.
The personal form can also be formed from the infinitive. For example: sleep - sleep, sing - sing. Infinitives cannot be inflected in number, gender and tense, as they are opposed to the finite form of the verb.
Means of forming the infinitive
In Russian, infinitives are formed from the personal form using suffixes -th And -ti. In most cases, for verbs whose stem ends with a vowel, the indefinite form is formed using the suffix - т. For example: sleep, dance, eat.
The only exceptions to the rule are two verbs: put and gnaw. The suffix - ti occurs in rare cases when the stem of the verb ends with a consonant. For example: carry, weave. The stress in such verbs is always placed on the last syllable.
The personal forms of verbs, the stem of which ends with the letters - g, - x, - s, have the ending - ch. For example: bake - bake, bank - take care, guard - guard.
The role of the infinitive in a sentence
Most often, the infinitive in a sentence is part of the predicate. For example: Katya began writing poetry at a young age. The infinitive can also act as an object. For example: I suggest you sit and be silent.
In the common phrase “Smoking is prohibited,” the infinitive acts as the subject. It should be noted that the subject can only be an independent infinitive.
Larisa Fominykh
Among verb forms, the infinitive occupies a special position - it can act as any member of a sentence. Very concise information about this is given in educational complex V.V. Babaytseva and L.D. Chesnokova.
The purpose of this note is to summarize information about the syntactic function of the infinitive and offer training material to consolidate this information.
Infinitive as the main members of a sentence
Infinitive as subject known to students mainly through studying the rule for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective. If both main members are verbs in the indefinite form or there is a combination of “noun in the nominative case plus an infinitive,” a dash is placed between them.
However, difficulties may arise when parsing a sentence. Thus, it is not always obvious which member of the sentence is the verb in the indefinite form. The independent infinitive, which comes first in the sentence and is intonationally separated from the predicate, is the subject. He calls an independent, non-procedural action, the characteristics of which are contained in the predicate. Moreover, as a rule, it contains a definable concept about which some kind of judgment is made: Live - means to work. Play Hockey is his main hobby. Create Happiness is hard work. Count other people's income is a thankless task. All exaggerate was his passion.
But the infinitive subject can also occupy a postposition if the second one at the beginning of the sentence main member has a clear evaluative meaning: The worst thing about our work is stay in its growth. His business was patronize younger and take care about elders. Wasted work - fish without hook and study without a book. My favorite thing was read“Rossiada” aloud to her (mother) and receive she gives me different explanations for words and entire expressions that I don’t understand. (Aksakov)
If one of the main members has a connective IT, its presence indicates that we have a predicate and an infinitive is the subject: This is against our law - commemorate old. This is the most affordable way elevate yourself in your eyes - another humiliate . What happiness is this - respect parents.
Sometimes, when determining the main terms, the word order is decisive: Become a sailor - his dream. His dream - become a sailor.
The subject infinitive, like the predicate infinitive, can include words dependent on it if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. This is often found in proverbs and aphorisms: To steal from a thief - only time to waste. teach a fool - what to treat the dead. play a song - it's not a field to yell. Nothing to do - hard work. House to lead - don't shake your beard. To drink a tea - don't chop wood. Talk about what has been decided - only confuse.
Difficulty may arise when the infinitive is combined with words starting with -O: if the infinitive comes first in a sentence, and then a word starting with -O follows, we have a two-part sentence with the subject - the infinitive: Argue with him useless. Tell jokes with liberalismdangerous . Rearranging the infinitive into second place after the word ending with -O, which is a state category, turns the sentence into an impersonal one: It's no use arguing with him. It wasn't easy to get there before work that day due to a snowstorm. It's dangerous to joke with liberalism. The presence in the infinitive of words of the categories of state must, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, etc. indicates that this is the predicate of impersonal sentences, regardless of the word order: You have here you can get lost. Ask about it it was impossible. Need to find another solution.
Independent infinitive can act as predicate in one-part infinitive sentences (in school textbooks they are considered as a type of impersonal construction): Not in sight better luck to you! Raise sail! Everyone get ready! Be silent! Raise no objection commander! Who be in love? Who should believe? Such constructions are most often of an order nature and are distinguished by the categorical nature of the statement.
The most common use of the infinitive is in a compound verbal predicate, which has two parts: auxiliary and main. The first conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, number or gender, the second (infinitive) conveys the basic lexical meaning.
An auxiliary verb can have a phase meaning (the beginning, continuation, end of an action ( started getting ready, started arguing, continued talking, stopped nagging) and is used with the infinitive only not perfect form: At my sister's began to stick together eyes. Welcoming host started me treat. Other meanings are modal: possibilities/impossibility of action ( didn't dare admit it), ought ( forced to endure, must go), expressions of will (desirability, determination, readiness) - changed my mind about buying; subjective-emotional nature ( loved to eat); assessment of the degree of normality of an action ( used to commanding).
If there are two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate if the actions relate to one person - the subject of the action: Ranks are given by people, and people may be deceived. (Griboyedov) If the actions are performed by different persons, then the infinitive is not part of the compound verbal predicate, but acts as a secondary member: Brother asked Pavka come through thick and thin. (N. Ostrovsky) I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to shoot drive up to the capitals. (Griboyedov)
Examples for analyzing the infinitive as main members
Task 1. Determine in which sentences the main members are correctly identified.
1. Get there before work that day it wasn't easy.
2. In the evenings the doctor likes to meet and chat with friends.
3.Peeping is mean, A retell gossip low, vile, vile.
4. It’s not easy for the strong and the evasive win in the ring.
5.Walk on foot - to live a long time.
6.Be famous- ugly.
8. Hurry with answer No need.
9. ride at this time - present pleasure.
10. I had to keep watch weather and for boat travel use every calm.
Infinitives as secondary members of a sentence
The infinitive can serve as an inconsistent definitions. Usually he explains nouns with the modal meaning of possibility, necessity, desirability, expression of will, etc.: the decision to refuse, the fear of making a mistake, the need to meet, the desire to help. Less commonly, the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: manner of arguing, pleasure in hunting, thought of traveling, refusal to obey etc. For example: Only hope (what?) save her son supported her. He was driven by a desire (what?) to figure out the truth. Grushenka made him promise (what?) come behind her at twelve o'clock. Suddenly an opportunity (what?) arose to quickly leave from this city.
The infinitive is addition, if the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs refer to different persons: I ask you (what?) speak on the merits of the matter. My father taught me (what?) walk on a boat with a pole. The king deigned to order (what?) us to come to him call. (P. Ershov) In these examples the action verbs refer to different people(I ask, and the interlocutor will speak; the father taught, and the son will sail the boat; the king ordered, and his subjects came to call).
Much less common are cases where the infinitive complement denotes the action of the same subject: Yesterday we agreed (about what?) go to the dacha. In a week he learned (what?) ride on skates. My sister quickly got used to (what?) care for a sick mother.
The infinitive can be circumstance of purpose. At the same time, the actions of verbs also refer to different persons: In summer and autumn we go beyond the Kama (for what purpose?) gather mushrooms. The travelers settled down by the stream (for what purpose?) rest And feed horses.
Syntactic role of the infinitive
| Sentence Member | Examples |
| Subject |
Repeat
Yeslearn
- sharpen the mind. |
| Predicate (or part of the predicate) | To you not in sight
such battles! Argue I've never been with him could not . Lisa decided definitely her accompany . Hurry with answer No need . |
| Addition | Having crossed himself, he sat down importantly and the prisoner let down
ordered. General Muravyov ordered fire . |
| Definition | He had a cherished dream - move over to the capital. |
| Circumstance of the goal | They go to Pavlysh school study from different countries. |
Examples for analyzing the infinitive as minor members
Task 2. Determine which secondary members of the sentence the infinitive plays.
1. The thought of not catching her in Pyatigorsk struck my heart like a hammer.
2. Well, I hope you have a lot of fun.
3. Captain Tushin sent one of the soldiers to look for a dressing station or a doctor.
4. And now we are going to look for Palitsyno.
5. Guns are fired from the pier, the ship is ordered to land.
6. I have an innate passion for contradiction.
7. The next year Nevzorov went to study abroad.
8. The habit of finding only a changeable side in everything is the surest sign of a shallow soul, because the funny always lies on the surface.
10. Logic is the art of making mistakes with confidence in your rightness.
Training tasks
1. In which sentence is the infinitive the subject?
1. It was a pity to look at him.
2. What is it great pleasure- wander in the forest!
3. Loving others is a heavy cross, but you are beautiful without any twists.
4. Teaching a scientist is just a matter of dragging his feet.
2. In which sentences is the infinitive not a subject?
1. I hate exchanging the familiar for the unknown.
2. Fedor, don’t let him go anywhere!
3. It’s easy to give advice, but difficult to implement.
4. It’s somehow awkward to ask to come into the house.
3. In which sentences is the infinitive part of the predicate?
1. Has it ever happened to you on a stormy winter day, in the late, quiet light, to sit alone, without a candle, in your office?
2. He is always ready to help with advice and deeds.
3. There is no shame in losing your family - it was not your fault.
4. Losing your head is a shame, but that’s what the war is for. (A.T.)
4. In which sentences is the infinitive not part of the predicate?
1. Ivan Ivanovich was a respectable man, of the most subtle manner, and could not stand rude or obscene words.
2. Nozdryov continued to laugh at the top of his lungs.
3. Auntie invited both families to stay with her for two weeks.
4. It was easy to talk to her.
5. Establish a relationship between the highlighted word and its role in the sentence.
3. She said this quite loudly and probably with the intention of stabbing me.
4. Petrushka was ordered to stay at home, watch the room and suitcase.
9. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the infinitive is not part of the predicate.
1. We arrived at the place, to the birch tree, only in the evening and, as usual, immediately began to prepare for the night. 2. Even before the birds arrive (wood grouse flock to the lek at sunset), you need to chop firewood and prepare a bed from the branches. 3. Here, by the hunting fire, I expected to spend more than one night. 4. In the evening, having prepared our lodgings for the night, we separated. 5. The companion went to look for nearby currents, and I was left alone. 6. After seeing my friend off, I trampled down the fire, took the gun and slowly headed into the current. 7. Under an old birch tree I chose a high hummock and, lighting a pipe, prepared to listen and observe. 8. Never before have I seen such an extraordinary number of wood grouse at leks. 9. I sat enchanted, motionless, afraid to move.
(according to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
10. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which there is an infinitive that serves as a definition.
1. The Belaya River began to overflow its banks and flood the meadow side. 2. My father argued that it was difficult to drive through those places that were flooded with spring water. 3. But all such obstacles seemed completely unreasonable to me. worth attention. 4. The desire to move to Sergeevka as soon as possible became for me a painful aspiration of all my thoughts and feelings towards one subject; 5. I could no longer do anything, I was bored and picky. 6. It was possible to foresee and should have taken measures to tame this passion in me, this ability to get carried away to the point of self-forgetfulness and go to extremes.
(according to S. Aksakov)
Keys:
Task 1. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. 8, 9, 10.
Task 2. 1 - definition, 2 - additional, 3 - circumstance, 4 - additional, 5 - additional, 6 - specific, 7 - specific, 8 - specific, 9 - additional, 10 - def.
Training tasks: 1) 2, 3, 4 2) 1, 2 3) 1, 2 4) 3, 4 5) 1d, 2c, 3b, 4a 6) 2, 4 7) 2, 3 8) 1, 2 9 ) 5, 7, 9 10) 4, 6.
Literature
Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language: Theory: Textbook. for 5-9 grades. general education textbook institutions / V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova. - M., Education, 1993.
Modern Russian language. Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: for higher students. textbook establishments. In 2 hours. Part 2. Morphology. Syntax / V.V. Babaytseva, N.A. Nikolina, L.D. Chesnokova and others; edited by E.I. Dibrova. - M., 2008.
Fedorov A.K. Tough questions syntax / A.K. Fedorov. - M., 1972.
Predicate expressed by infinitive
As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical predicate has the following properties:
Included in block diagram offers;
Expressed by the conjugated form of the verb and nouns, adjectives and others.
Structurally subordinate to the subject;
Occupies a position after the subject (not always);
Matches a logical predicate;
Denotes a predicative feature of the subject of speech;
Expressed in predicative words;
Denotes a new thing, a rheme (but can also denote a theme).
These properties of the predicate constitute a complex of differential features of the concept of a typical predicate and are included in its definition in various combinations.
It is difficult to give an exhaustive definition of the predicate, as well as the subject, since even the inclusion of all the above-mentioned features of the predicate does not cover all cases of the functioning of the predicate in speech.
Simple verb predicate
The infinitive in the indicative mood is used under the following grammatical condition: the infinitive is directly related to the subject - without the help of a conjugated verb, and this is not a consequence of omission or ellipsis. The result of this use of the infinitive is that it designates an action related to the subject in terms of a specific time. This value the infinitive characterizes it as one of the forms of a simple verbal predicate.
The infinitive expresses the main components of the grammatical meaning of the predicate differently than the conjugated verb forms:
The meaning of time is expressed descriptively - by the relationship of the predicate and subject in the sentence, taking into account the syntactic environment. Therefore, the temporary meaning does not always appear quite clearly and indisputably.
The infinitive in the indicative mood does not have one temporal meaning. In certain contexts it can be used to mean the past tense or the present tense. But in the indicated use, the infinitive does not form a modal-temporal paradigm of the predicate, that is, it is not a means of regularly expressing the correlative modal and temporal meanings of a simple verbal predicate.
The grammatical subordination of the predicate to the subject does not receive fictitious expression. There is no dependence of the form of the predicate on the form of the subject: they have neither direct nor indirect influence on each other. Consequently, the attribution of the predicative attribute to the subject is not expressed by the form of the predicate, but is conveyed by syntactic means located outside the predicate - word arrangement (the norm is the postposition of the predicate) and intonation. Intonation in the constructions under consideration plays a more prominent role than in sentences with a consistent predicate: it is not only a means of connecting the predicate with the subject, but also expresses the modal meaning of the infinitive and the sentence as a whole (the incentive meaning of the infinitive in a sentence, etc.).
The infinitive in the indicative mood contains additional expressive and semantic connotations, for example, an intense beginning of action - “an energetic attack to action.” The presence of “excess meaning” determines the expressiveness of the forms under consideration, which is determined not by the lexical meaning of the verb, but by the construction of the sentence and the position of the infinitive. The very form of the predicate - the infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood - is stylistically marked; its main area of use is everyday speech.
You can sit on it, light a cigarette and think.
Now I won’t sit on its banks with a fishing rod, I won’t go to the islands where it’s calm and cool, where the bushes are bursting with all sorts of berries...
Well, I haven’t hit him with the horn yet - I should sit on his head like a sheaf on a pitchfork.
...that wall, the eastern one, should be polished as the master wanted, the crowns should be sheathed and placed, and colored glass should be inserted into the upper windows...
Compound predicates- these are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.
Wed: He started singing(PGS). - He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). - He was sick for two months(SIS).
Composite verbal predicate(GHS) consists of two parts:
A) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.
SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive
For example: I started singing; I want to sing ; I'm afraid to sing.
However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:
The auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.
Wed: I began- what to do?; I want- what to do?.
If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.
Wed: She sat down (for what purpose?) relax .
The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.
Wed:
1.
I want to sing . I want to sing- compound verbal predicate (want - I, sing will- I ).
2.
I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate, sing- addition (I asked, she will sing).
Auxiliary verb meanings
| Meaning | Typical verbs and phraseological units | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action) | start, become, start, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop and etc. |
He began to prepare to leave. |
| 2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional assessment of an action, etc.) | Can, be able to, wish, want, dream, intend, refuse, try, strive, count, be able to, contrive, strive, assume, get used to, hurry, be embarrassed, endure, love, hate, be afraid, be afraid, be cowardly, be ashamed, set a goal , to burn with desire, to have the honor, to have the intention, to make a promise, to have the habit and etc. |
I can sing . |
Plan for parsing a compound verbal predicate
- Indicate the type of predicate.
- Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what meaning does the auxiliary part have (phase, modal) and what form of the verb is it expressed.
Sample parsing
The old man started chewing again.
Started to chew- compound verb predicate. Main part ( chew) is expressed by a subjective infinitive. Auxiliary part ( set off) has a phase meaning and is expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
FBGOU VPO "MORDOVIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER M.E. EVSEVIEV"
Faculty of Philology
Department of Russian Language
COURSE WORK
Syntactic function of the infinitive
(based on the stories of V. Shukshin)
E. S. Pronina
Head of work
Ph.D. Phil. Sciences, Associate Professor
V. Kashtanova
Saransk 2014
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. SYNTACTIC NATURE OF THE INFINITIVE
1 History of the study of the infinitive in Russian linguistics
2 Semantics of the infinitive
CHAPTER II. SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF THE INFINITIVE
1.2.3 Compound nominal predicate
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST
INTRODUCTION
Subject course work- “The syntactic function of the infinitive in the stories of V. Shukshin.”
general characteristics work: this course work is devoted to the consideration of one of the most important aspects Russian syntax - the role of the infinitive as the main and secondary members of the sentence.
The relevance of the topic is that the question of the nature of the infinitive has traditionally been the subject of various studies and debates and still receives ambiguous interpretation in syntax. And as a consequence of this, there are problems in the interpretation of the syntactic function of the indefinite form of the verb in a sentence by schoolchildren.
The question of the infinitive has always worried grammarians. Some of them (the Fortunat school, except A.M. Peshkovsky) decisively separated the infinitive from the verb, citing the fact that by its origin the infinitive is a name with a verbal base (cf.: know-know and know, know; become-will and become , article, etc.) that the infinitive does not belong to the number of either predicative or attributive forms of the verb. The infinitive was declared a special part of speech and was considered as a word not involved in conjugation. Let us note that the infinitive under the name “verb” was singled out from the verb into an independent category by I.F. Kalajdovich. Only academicians D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.A. Shakhmatov and linguists of the Baudouin school persistently emphasized that the infinitive in modern Russian is a “verbal nominative”, i.e. the main, original form of the verb.
In order for a given form to be called a verb, it does not need to have a specific personal ending, but it is quite enough to have a relation to a person, even if unknown outside the context. “The relation to the person makes the infinitive a conjugated part of speech,” wrote D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky.
It is known that A.A. Potebnya, considering the infinitive a special part of speech, nevertheless attributed to it a relation to an undefined person. The infinitive, according to Potebna, “does not contain its subject, but requires it as an adjective and verb.”
In the same way, Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, following A.A. Potebney, insisted that “the idea of the infinitive evokes the idea of the producer of the corresponding action - state; this is similar to how an adjective evokes the idea of the bearer of the corresponding quality - property. Under certain conditions, the infinitive, while remaining the name of a verbal feature, may not evoke the idea of the producer of the feature; this occurs where the infinitive appears as a complement, where it has the meaning of an object [7, 343]. “It is impossible - without violence against language and over one’s consciousness - to see in the form of live a separate word that is not connected with the forms I live, I lived, etc.
So, the infinitive is inseparable from other forms of the verb. Even A.M. Peshkovsky, for a long time who considered the infinitive to be a special, albeit mixed part of speech, was forced to recognize it as a verbal “nominative”: “How Nominative case(mostly though singular) is accepted by us as a simple bare name of an object without those complications in the process of thought that are introduced by the forms of oblique cases, so the indefinite form, due to its abstractness, appears to us as a simple bare expression of the idea of action, without those complications that are introduced into it by all other verbal categories.
Purpose of the work: to consider the syntactic role of the infinitive.
Job objectives:
Analyze linguistic literature on this issue;
Consider the semantic nature of the infinitive;
Practically substantiate the syntactic role of the indefinite form of the verb with examples taken from the stories of V. Shukshin.
Theoretical basis For this work, the works of leading Russian linguists (V.M. Britsyn, V.V. Vinogradov, G.A. Zolotova, L.F. Kazakova, P.A. Leconta) were used.
Object of study: infinitive, its syntactic and semantic nature. We tried to confirm the theoretical provisions with examples from the works of V. Shukshin. The language of the writer’s stories is rich, therefore the syntactic function of the infinitive in them is varied, unusual, interesting, and sometimes it is difficult to determine the syntactic role of the infinitive form of the verb.
The structure of the course work consists of an introduction, a main part consisting of two chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.
The introduction reveals the main provisions of the course work, defines the purpose and objectives.
The first chapter of the main part - “The syntactic nature of the infinitive” - covers theoretical issues related to the nature of the infinitive, the ambiguity of interpretations on the status of the indefinite form of the verb in morphology.
The second chapter - “The syntactic nature of the infinitive in a sentence” - examines the role of the infinitive form of the verb as a member of a sentence.
The material for the study was the stories of V. Shukshin: “How the bunny flew on balloons", "Letter", "Choosing a village to live in", "Order", "Resentment", "The desire to live", "I believe!", "Master", "Freak", "Ticket to the second session", "Wolves", “Strong Man”, “Grief”, “Version”.
In conclusion, the results of the course work are summed up.
syntactic infinitive indefinite verb
Chapter I. SYNTACTIC NATURE OF INFINITIVE
There is probably no more controversial issue that worries linguists as much as the question of the nature of the infinitive.
Modern interpretation the infinitive, which is given in “Russian Grammar - 80”, is as follows: “The infinitive, or the indefinite form of the verb, is the original form of the verbal paradigm. An infinitive is a form that only names an action and does not in any way indicate its relation to person, number, time, reality or unreality. Of the morphological meanings inherent to the verb, the infinitive contains only non-inflectional meanings of aspect and voice (to do, to do, to be done). The infinitive has special inflections -т/-ти and -ч, which, as a rule, are attached to the past tense stem.”
These infinitive suffixes can be defined as formative within the verb paradigm; some of them can be part of word-forming suffixes when forming verbs from other parts of speech.
The most productive is the suffix -т; it characterizes the infinitive of most Russian verbs: work, write, say, lie, saw, veil. The suffix -sti, -st characterizes the infinitive of a small group, the present tense stem of which ends in the consonants t, d, b, for example: put-put-klala, put; sit down, sit down, sit down. The suffix -ti (always under stress) is known in the verb to go and in a few verbs with a present tense base on the consonants s, z; Wed: carry-carry, carry-carry. The suffix -ti preserves the most ancient form of the infinitive suffix. This suffix arose as a result of a phonetic change in the suffix - ti- reduction of the final - and in the absence of stress. The suffix -ch stands out in a few verbs with the base of the present tense on the voiced back consonant g: coast-to-take care, guard-to-guard, mogu-can. This suffix goes back to the Old Russian suffix -chi (final and reduced).
1.1 History of the study of the infinitive in Russian linguistics
The syntax and semantics of the infinitive have traditionally been the subject of various studies of the Russian language.
In a number of studies, the infinitive is isolated as a separate part of speech, sometimes close to nouns. A.M. Peshkovsky qualifies the infinitive as “a noun that does not reach one step before the verb.” The tradition of “considering the infinitive as one of the forms of the noun and attributing to it the syntactic functions of the name”, accurately noted by G.A. Zolotova. , is also present in studies examining the infinitive in the system of verb forms, which is manifested in the attribution to this form of the functions of subject, object, and inconsistent definition. A number of works indicate the syncretic meanings of the infinitive: “... the infinitive occupies an intermediate position between the category of the verb and the category of the noun.” The infinitive is characterized as a specific inter-particular form, devoid of clear morphological characteristics and used by two main parts of speech - a verb and a noun. The infinitive acts as the first (syntactic) step in the transition of a verb into a noun, in which its attachment to the sphere of nouns is manifested in its syntactic positions, and its belonging to the verb is in its use with analytical morphemes.
According to some scientists, the answer to the question about the essence of the infinitive should be sought in the complexity of its functions. There are several such functions. The first, main function is the addition of modal and so-called phase verbs (i.e. with the meaning of the beginning, end or continuation of an action). Two other points indicate the strengthening of the substantive character of the infinitive: use as a subject, object or circumstance.
Like any other verb, the infinitive performs the function of connection, i.e. expresses the meaning of the relationship, content, or rather, the direction of which expresses its lexical meaning.
One of the traditions that has developed when considering the infinitive is to see in it a substitute (i.e., one of the forms) of a noun and attribute to it the syntactic functions of a name. This approach leaves unresolved a number of issues that no less traditionally accompany infinitive constructions.
The basis for such an identity is usually taken to be the possibility of posing a “nominal” question in indirect case from the previous word and the presence of parallelism in constructions with an infinitive and a verbal name: learning what? - draw, drawing; hunting for what? - to wander, to wander. And also motivating this by the fact that, by its origin, the infinitive is not a verbal, but a nominal form and is a frozen form of the dative-local singular case of a verbal noun, which according to ancient principles declined to i. This name was drawn into the verb system and received the verbal categories of aspect and voice.
Proponents of this point of view argue that evidence that the infinitive is in origin a nominal and not a verbal form is also the fact that in modern language its connections with the noun are still preserved. The following examples are given: the infinitive can and the noun can in the phrase run as fast as you can, the infinitive oven and the noun oven, etc.
In the history of the Russian language, the suffix -ti of the infinitive changed to -т as a result of reduction and disappearance [and] in an unstressed position; that is why in the Russian literary language the suffix -ti appears only in those cases when it is under stress: to carry, to grow, etc. In written monuments, forms of the infinitive in -t have been noted since the 13th century, but the infinitive in -ti predominates. And this form appears according to tradition until the 17th-18th centuries.
A.M. Peshkovsky, offering his solution to the “riddle” of the infinitive, defines the modern infinitive as “a noun that has not reached the verb by one step.” But such an interpretation contradicts the observations of Peshkovsky himself that “the indefinite form of a verb denotes an action, in contrast to the parallel verbal noun denoting an object.” The categorical semantics of a class of words cannot but be considered. This is one of the important features that determine their nature and systemic place in the language, but contrasting the meanings of the infinitive and the verbal noun as an action and an object, Peshkovsky relies not so much on semantics as on morphology. Semantically, the infinitive and the verbal noun are related, the categorical semantics of both is the meaning of the action. But a verbal name, unlike an infinitive, means an objectified action, which is expressed in the morphological categories of the name. The discrepancy between semantic and morphological features determines the dual nature of the verbal name. The absence of any shade of objectivity or objectification in the presence of verbal morphological features constitutes the specificity of the modern infinitive and does not give reason to suspect a noun in it. It is no coincidence that the coordinative connection between a noun and an infinitive turns out to be impossible, to which D.N. drew attention in a special work. Shmelev: the heterogeneous nature of these categories, reflecting the heterogeneity of the phenomena they designate, cannot give homogeneous relationships.
In rare and undoubtedly colloquial cases, where the infinitive appears in coordinating connection with a noun, for example: Give me some food and tea; Bring a broom and wipe it with something, the impossible creation of the concepts of object and action does not occur: the infinitive appears here in a figurative meaning, it names the object (usually a tool or means) according to its functional meaning.
According to Zolotova G.A. , experimental attempts to replace the infinitive in various designs subject names give a negative result, confirming qualitative differences in the nature of these categories.
This confirms the point of view about the impossibility of considering the infinitive as one of the forms of a noun.
Modern morphological theories consider the infinitive as one of the forms in the verb system. But the accepted syntactic approach ignores the verbal nature of the infinitive, its meaning of action.
The common thing that predetermines the parallelism of the syntactic use of the infinitive and the verbal noun, as well as the infinitive and the finite forms of the verb, is not the subjectivity, but the verbal basis, the semantics of the action.
The semantics of the infinitive, like any other lexico-grammatical category, determines its entire syntactic position. This is manifested in the fact that the name of an action can only enter into those syntactic connections that the action enters into with other phenomena of the extra-linguistic world.
The connection of an action with an actor, a subject, is a condition for the very implementation of the action: the object exists, the action does not exist, but is carried out only as a function of the acting subject.
Peshkovsky, recognizing that “it is logically impossible to imagine an activity without any relation to the actor,” believed that due to the “irrationality of language” it “created a special category (infinitive) with this meaning.” But, according to G.A. Zolotova, “it is hardly worth exaggerating the irrationality of language, since the lack of expression of personal meaning in morphological form the infinitive is overcome by the language syntactically."
The difference between the infinitive and personal forms is the absence of a morphological formant of the person and in the case form syntactic expression personality: with an infinitive, the actor is named by a name not in the nominative, but in the dative case: “It is impossible... to unconditionally oppose the infinitive to all other “predicative forms” of the verb,” wrote V.V. Vinogradov. The difference between an infinitive sentence and a dictionary infinitive is that the subject of the action in the first case is always known. In a sentence containing a message about an action, the subject of the action, potential or real, in principle always realizes its meaning in one of three forms of a person: definitely personal, indefinitely personal or generalized.
So, the syntactic position of the infinitive is determined by its semantics.
2 Semantics of the infinitive
The infinitive as an indefinite form of the verb significantly expands the range of modal meanings expressed by finite verbs. Sentences with infinitives are formed with simple and complex sentences complex system, the members of which are in relations of mutual conditionality and complementarity.
Appeal to the infinitive as part of a sentence reveals its clearly expressed predicative functions, associated not with the name of phenomena, as is typical, for example, of verbal nouns, but with the designation of manifestations. The infinitive, like personal verbs, has the properties of verbal control. The combination of an infinitive with a subject is one of the most important prerequisites for the possibility of using this form. In this respect, the infinitive turns out to be even more “verbal” than the finite forms. This is evidenced by the limited functions of many infinitives, correlative with impersonal verbs, for example, infinitives denoting manifestations of nature, functional, psychological and intellectual processes, modal relations: dawn, chill, feel, seem, seem, etc. Such infinitives are used only in combination with modal and phase verbs. Thus, despite the morphologically correct remark of A.M. Peshkovsky, who points out that “it (the indefinite form) has an important difference from the verb, which is that it does not have any indication of the active subject,” in terms of the actual use of the infinitive in a sentence, the regular orientation of this form towards the real or potential (generalized, indefinite subject.
The verb position is one of the most characteristic of the infinitive. (According to the observation of V.M. Britsyn, in the modern Russian literary language there are about four hundred verbs in which the dependent infinitive can be used.
Numerous facts of both correlation and non-correlation of infinitives and verbal nouns indicate the presence of certain similarities between them, which with individual personal verbs become more significant than the discrepancies. With other verbs, differences come to the fore, making it possible to use only an infinitive, or only a verbal noun. In this regard, the semantics of the supporting verb becomes important tool explanations of the functional role of the infinitive in a sentence. Identification of the semantic properties of the verb, which contribute to the consolidation of the position specifically for the infinitive, requires the development of a system for contrasting them with the verb, which are not combined with the infinitive.
For example, Britsyn V.M. The following classification of verbal constructions with a dependent infinitive is given:
Verbs denoting an incentive to action, and in their composition verbs expressing: a) the actual impulse, b) permission, c) an incentive to move, d) help;
Verbs of movement associated with movement in space and lacking this feature;
Verbs denoting ability, disposition and other relations to action, divided into subgroups of verbs: a) ability, b) acquisition and loss of skills and habits, c) hopes, expectations, d) desires, e) aspirations, f) intentions, decisions, g) readiness, determination, h) attempts, i) agreement, promises, j) haste, k) emotional attitude, m) pleas;
Verbs expressing the beginning, continuation or termination of an action.
CHAPTER II. SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF THE INFINITIVE
The syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is varied. Indefinite form The verb can be expressed as the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate - and the secondary ones - the definition, the complement, the circumstance. According to its semantics, the natural syntactic role of the infinitive in a sentence is the predicate.
1 The main members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive
The members of a sentence are considered as the core of categories, characterized by a full set of differential features. In addition, following V.V. Babaytseva, we will consider typical sentence members to be those in which the absence or weakening of any feature, as well as the appearance of any feature characteristic of another category, does not affect the syntactic meaning of the sentence member .
The main members of a sentence - the subject and the predicate - form the structural diagram of the sentence and usually express the linguistic component of the semantics of the sentence.
1.1 Subject expressed by infinitive
According to the classification of Lekant P.A., the Russian language is characterized by two main forms of the subject - nominative and infinitive.
The infinitive subject is very semantically capacious, since the infinitive retains its syncretic nature in this function.
The infinitive in the subject position does not receive an objective meaning and is not substantivized, while all “substitutes” of the noun are substantivized and are given the opportunity to be combined with agreed definitions. With an infinitive subject, a verbal predicate cannot be used, which means that the infinitive in the subject position cannot denote the producer of the action.
The infinitive in the function of the subject retains its inherent meaning of an action presented without connection with the subject and without flowing in time. Thus, the infinitive denotes an independent attribute (action), the characteristics of which are contained in the predicate.
The grammatical independence of the infinitive subject is based on the invariability of the infinitive and is manifested in its position relative to the predicate.
A sentence with an infinitive subject is characterized by a clear division into two compositions - the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. IN oral speech this is expressed by intonation, in writing- “dash” sign. The division into two compounds can be formalized using the particle this and auxiliary verbs.
The infinitive can also act as a subject in the case where the infinitive group comes after the predicate, which includes predicate words. Subject inversion is associated with the actualization of the infinitive subject, the attribute of which is revealed in the predicate.
Structural types of infinitive subject
There are two structural types of infinitive subject, differing in the means of expressing grammatical meaning - and infinitive-nominal (compound) subject.
Proper infinitive subject
The infinitive subject itself is characterized by the combination of both elements of grammatical meaning in one lexical unit: the meaning of the predicatively defined independent action is based on the morphological nature of the infinitive, and the grammatical independence of the subject is expressed using the formal indicator of the infinitive.
The grammatical form of the actual infinitive subject appears:
In the infinitive of a full verb.
For example:
I just lived and didn’t understand how wonderful it was to live.
In general, life is good.
In the infinitive of a verbal phraseological unit.
For example:
It’s a stupid thing to indulge your soul with an animal.
But going crazy with grief is also... stupidity.
In the infinitive form of a verbal-nominal descriptive phrase. We did not come across such examples during Shukshin’s analysis.
In each of the indicated means of expression grammatical form there is no separation of indicators of the elements of the grammatical meaning of the infinitive subject.
Compound (infinitive-nominal) subject
A compound subject is two-component. Each component has its own functions. The infinitive component indicates the independent, independent nature of the attribute contained in the subject and expresses the grammatically independent position of the subject in the sentence. The nominal component expresses the syntactic meaning of the feature and its material content.
The verb component of a compound subject performs service (auxiliary) functions. It itself cannot act as an independent subject, since it is represented by the infinitive form of linking verbs, that is, verbs with a grammatical lexical meaning. In addition to the indicated elements of the main grammatical meaning of the subject, the infinitive - “copula” introduces additional shades: statements of the presence of an independent feature (to be), indications of the occurrence of a feature (to become, etc.) or its detection (to appear).
For example:
Becoming a pilot was interesting.
It's hard to be a teacher.
The compound subject differs from the infinitive proper not only in structure, but also in semantics. The infinitive subject itself expresses an independent action, and the compound subject expresses an independent quality or property.
1.2 Predicate expressed by infinitive
As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical predicate has the following properties:
Included in the sentence structure;
Expressed by the conjugated form of the verb and nouns, adjectives and others.
Structurally subordinate to the subject;
Occupies a position after the subject (not always);
Matches a logical predicate;
Denotes a predicative feature of the subject of speech;
Expressed in predicative words;
Denotes a new thing, a rheme (but can also denote a theme).
These properties of the predicate constitute a complex of differential features of the concept of a typical predicate and are included in its definition in various combinations.
It is difficult to give an exhaustive definition of the predicate, as well as the subject, since even the inclusion of all the above-mentioned features of the predicate does not cover all cases of the functioning of the predicate in speech.
1.2.1 Simple verbal predicate
The infinitive in the indicative mood is used under the following grammatical condition: the infinitive is directly related to the subject - without the help of a conjugated verb, and this is not a consequence of omission or ellipsis. The result of this use of the infinitive is that it designates an action related to the subject in terms of a specific time. This meaning of the infinitive characterizes it as one of the forms of a simple verbal predicate.
The infinitive expresses the main components of the grammatical meaning of the predicate differently than the conjugated verb forms:
The meaning of time is expressed descriptively - by the relationship of the predicate and subject in the sentence, taking into account the syntactic environment. Therefore, the temporary meaning does not always appear quite clearly and indisputably.
The infinitive in the indicative mood does not have one temporal meaning. In certain contexts it can be used to mean the past tense or the present tense. But in the indicated use, the infinitive does not form a modal-temporal paradigm of the predicate, that is, it is not a means of regularly expressing the correlative modal and temporal meanings of a simple verbal predicate.
The grammatical subordination of the predicate to the subject does not receive fictitious expression. There is no dependence of the form of the predicate on the form of the subject: they have neither direct nor indirect influence on each other. Consequently, the attribution of the predicative attribute to the subject is not expressed by the form of the predicate, but is conveyed by syntactic means located outside the predicate - word arrangement (the norm is the postposition of the predicate) and intonation. Intonation in the constructions under consideration plays a more prominent role than in sentences with a consistent predicate: it is not only a means of connecting the predicate with the subject, but also expresses the modal meaning of the infinitive and the sentence as a whole (the incentive meaning of the infinitive in a sentence, etc.).
The infinitive in the indicative mood contains additional expressive and semantic connotations, for example, an intense beginning of action - “an energetic attack to action.” The presence of “excess meaning” determines the expressiveness of the forms under consideration, which is determined not by the lexical meaning of the verb, but by the construction of the sentence and the position of the infinitive. The very form of the predicate - the infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood - is stylistically marked; its main area of use is everyday speech.
You can sit on it, light a cigarette and think.
Now I won’t sit on its banks with a fishing rod, I won’t go to the islands where it’s calm and cool, where the bushes are bursting with all sorts of berries...
...that wall, the eastern one, should be polished as the master wanted, the crowns should be sheathed and placed, and colored glass should be inserted into the upper windows...
1.2.2 Compound verb predicate
In the basic forms of a compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary component expresses one of the meanings - modal or phase. The grammatical nature of these meanings is also manifested in compatibility with the main component - the infinitive. It has no lexical restrictions, that is, any full-valued verbs in the infinitive can be combined with the corresponding forms of modal and phase verbs.
Specialized forms of a compound verbal predicate are a combination of the main component - the infinitive - with an auxiliary, which is expressed by conjugated forms of a phase or modal verb.
Phasic verbs indicate the moment of the beginning of the action expressed by the main component, and, thus, are not independently recognized. They seem to merge with the infinitive, playing the role of a kind of indicator of the moment of the action (beginning, continuation, end). Thanks to this, the construction of the predicate has integrity: both verbs complement each other.
The unity of the components of the predicate is also manifested in the expression of specific meanings and shades. The main component is combined with phase verbs only in the imperfective form.
Sometimes it happened that the grandfather suddenly began to laugh for no reason at all.
And then - unbeknownst to themselves - they began to slightly lie to each other.
Shurygin, stop being willful!
The verb to continue is used in a compound verbal predicate only in the imperfective form: the meaning of the ultimate form of the perfective form is incompatible with the function of this verb in the infinitive - to express continuation, that is, the course of the action:
Maxim put out his cigarette on his sole and continued to listen with interest.
A special position in a compound verbal predicate with a phase meaning is occupied by constructions in which the auxiliary component is expressed by conjugated forms of the verb to become. By its use in a compound verbal predicate, this verb differs from the actual phase verbs.
Sometimes the verb become can be perceived as a phase verb with the meaning of the beginning of an action:
I began to slowly remove from the attic the books that had been stolen earlier from the school closet.
During the war, from the very beginning, two troubles began to torment us children most of all: hunger and cold.
Mitka began to show signs of life.
In other cases, the verb become indicates the very fact of the presence of an action:
Philip began to think about his life.
And this deep, quiet hatred also began to live in her constantly.
I began to think that I had again failed to repay Kolka Bystrov, so as not to think about Viy.
Sanka was completely sober, so they didn’t call the police.
Due to extreme distraction and uncertainty lexical meaning of the verb to become in a compound verbal predicate, its role is reduced mainly to expressing general grammatical meanings mood, tense and relation of the action expressed by the main component to the subject.
Despite the indicated differences between the verb to become and phase verbs, the forms of the compound verbal predicate, which include this verb, are close in basic grammatical properties to constructions with phase verbs: firstly, the infinitive is combined with the conjugated forms of become only in imperfect form; secondly, the form of a compound verbal predicate with the verb become is characterized by “unity”, close cohesion of components expressing an action formalized by all the main grammatical meanings.
Thus, the compound verbal predicate with conjugated forms to become is adjacent to constructions with phase verbs, although the verb to become does not have a distinct phase meaning.
Modal verbs express a modal assessment of an action, the name of which is contained in the main component - the infinitive.
In a compound verb predicate with modal verbs the unity of meaning that characterizes constructions with phase verbs is not revealed. Modal verbs retain the independence of their content; they do not indicate the moment of the main action and do not contain a specific characteristic of this action. There is no need for this, since with modal verbs the infinitive is combined in two species forms.
Lekant P.A. identifies eight main types of modal meanings of the auxiliary component, expressed by modal verbs:
Ought (must, obliged, forced, etc.);
Why did we decide that good should defeat evil?
The teacher suddenly jumped up, ran from the side of the church where it was supposed to fall, and stood under the wall.
Opportunity (to be able, to be able to, to have time, etc.);
But Nikitich can talk in this manner all night long - just keep your ears open.
Can years really age a person?
Fyodor, in the heat of the moment, couldn’t immediately think of anything to promise.
The rest of the villagers could not believe it.
Expression of will (to want, desire, dream, etc.);
It's hot, but I'm still dying to sleep.
I want to find a village to live in.
Only the guy didn’t want to listen.
With a hint of readiness, determination to take action (decide, think up, get together, etc.);
I decided not to wait for the police.
People noticed this, and no one dared to speak to him at this time.
With a hint of an attack on action, an attempt to perform an action (try, try, try, etc.);
We followed them and also tried not to look at the plane: it was impossible to show that we were really such a completely impassable “village”.
With a connotation of consent or “permission to oneself” to perform an action (agree, undertake, etc.);
Tell me now: we allow you to repair the Talitsky church.
Subjective-emotional assessment (to love, prefer, become addicted, etc.);
Actually, I like driving too.
Well, some kind of shed, some importation there - I like to plan in my free time.
Assessment of the normality of an action (get used to, learn, adapt.
Then I got the hang of stealing books from school bookcase.
The older people were all baptized in it, they buried their deceased grandfathers and great-grandfathers in it, just as they were used to seeing heaven every day.
In the considered types of modal values, it is revealed general concept modal assessment of an action, the relationship between the subject and the action - an assessment that represents a mandatory grammatical meaning, expressed by auxiliary components of specialized forms of a compound verbal predicate. This meaning is superimposed on the general grammatical meaning of the predicate.
In the compound verbal predicate, among unspecialized forms, two varieties are distinguished - synthetic and analytical forms.
In synthetic forms, the auxiliary component is represented mainly by either verbal phraseological units or descriptive verb phrases.
Verbal phraseological units express the same modal meanings as the corresponding modal verbs in specialized forms. The entire composition of the verbal phraseological unit is involved in the expression of modal meaning. The general grammatical meaning of the predicate is expressed by the formal indicators of the conjugated verbal member of the phraseological unit. Since the modal meaning is characteristic of the phraseological unit as a whole, it must be assumed that the expression of general grammatical meanings and modal ones is not distributed between the components of the phraseological unit, i.e. carried out synthetically.
I already promised, no, let’s poison my soul now!
So, Vanechka, you can sleep through the entire kingdom of heaven.
But, in a good way, he should be driven out with three necks.
And I’m just crying for you, I came to congratulate you from the bottom of my heart.
He really wanted to look at the hut.
In analytical non-specialized forms of a compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary component has a two-term structure. It consists of a connective and a full-valued word from the class of names; each member performs its own function. The copula in the conjugated form expresses the basic grammatical meaning of the predicate (the meaning of the present tense of the indicative mood is found in the zero form of the copula to be). The nominal member expresses modal meaning. Thus, in analytical forms the grammatical meanings of the auxiliary component are expressed separately. However, the analytical construction as a whole is functionally adequate to the conjugated modal verb (I agreed to leave - I agreed to leave).
The nominal member of the auxiliary component can be consistent - these are the forms short adjectives or participles (glad, ready, much, forced, agree, etc.)
Bronka is silent for a while, ready to cry, howl, and tear the shirt off his chest.
He was ready to cry.
Analytical constructions of the auxiliary component, although in principle they duplicate the main modal meanings of conjugated verbs, may differ from them in detail both in some shades and in stylistic coloring. Some analytical constructions are not correlated in meaning with modal verbs (had to, was glad, had to, etc.)
All noted constructions of the main forms of a compound verbal predicate have a significant common feature - the expression of one of the specific grammatical meanings, phase or modal - but differ in the ways of transmitting these meanings, in the means of expressing the auxiliary component.
Complicated forms of a compound verbal predicate
In complicated forms of a compound verbal predicate, not one, but two grammatical meanings of a phase or modal type are expressed. This means that the complex form includes, in addition to the main, material infinitive component, at least two units of an auxiliary nature. Grammatical complication of a compound verbal predicate is carried out due to the auxiliary component.
The complication of a compound verbal predicate lies in the additional expression of grammatical meaning specific to the auxiliary component, i.e. modal or phase. Elimination of the complicating component leads to the loss of additional grammatical meaning, but does not affect the real meaning of the predicate.
No matter what complex structure a compound verbal predicate acquires, no matter how many grammatical meanings of the modal or phase type it expresses, it remains unshakable foundation the grammatical form of a given structural subtype of the predicate is its fundamental two-partness, two-componentity. The complication occurs due to the auxiliary component, which acquires additional meaning, but retains the main function unchanged - the expression of the grammatical meanings of modality, tense and the relationship of the predicative feature to the subject. The grammatical complication does not concern the main component - the infinitive of a full verb.
The main component of a compound verbal predicate can only receive lexical complication - due to the infinitive of the second full-valued verb. Two infinitives of full-valued verbs, not connected by objective or target relations, can be included in a compound verbal predicate only on the condition that they denote accompanying actions; the meaning of the predicate does not change.
Thus, grammatical complication of a compound verbal predicate occurs only due to the auxiliary component. Not all scientists distinguish this type of predicate.
The girl Vera began to go to bed.
1.2.3 Compound nominal predicate.
The infinitive in the function of the nominal part does not lose its categorical meaning. The infinitive as part of the predicate acquires an evaluative, characterizing meaning due to its relationship with the subject, represented by certain categories of nouns. The infinitive is used in a predicate with a subject - a noun with a modal-evaluative meaning (goal, task, purpose, happiness, pleasure, etc.) or with general meaning activities (business, occupation, work, etc.).
An identification relationship is established between the subject and the predicate:
If only we could start all over again!
Complicated forms of a compound nominal predicate
Complicated forms of a compound nominal predicate are built on the basis of the basic forms and differ from them by additional grammatical meanings.
Complication of the forms of a compound nominal predicate is achieved with the help of verbs (or other forms, in particular analytical ones), used as an auxiliary component of a compound verbal predicate. These complicating means introduce corresponding grammatical meanings into the compound nominal predicate - phase and modal.
She wants to be like her mother.
Sasha began to shake, but he gathered all his strength and wanted to be calm.
And the driver, Mikolai Igrinev, is about a year old to me, and he’s already trying to drive at an even pace; we can’t slow down too much either: we retreat.
Philip was used to making this journey in the morning - from home to the ferry, and he did it thoughtlessly.
The generalized meaning of the replaceable part, expressed by the infinitive, is guided by the meaning of specialized forms of nouns - nominative and instrumental cases noun as part of the predicate. However, there is no reason to talk about duplication of this value. The infinitive does not denote an object, but an action outside its course and outside the relationship to the subject.
Complex forms retain the main structural features of the compound nominal predicate: the functional demarcation of the main and auxiliary components, the means and form of expression of the nominal part. The complication affects only the auxiliary component, and its consequence is the expression of one or more additional grammatical meanings.
2 Secondary members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive
Members of a sentence, being a functional category, use certain parts of speech for their material expression, or more precisely, the forms of these parts of speech. On the other hand, parts of speech, in the historical aspect, are frozen members of a sentence, that is, categories identified on the basis of functional characteristics. In this regard, there is a certain relationship between parts of speech and members of a sentence. The core of each minor member of a sentence consists of such members of the sentence, the syntactic function of which is correlated with their morphological expression. Thus, the most typical way of expressing a circumstance is an adverb; additions - prepositional-case forms of names; definitions - adjective and other compatible parts of speech. Thus, there are typical ways of expressing sentence members, inherent in their syntactic and morphological nature, and there are atypical ways of expressing sentence members, not determined by their morphological-syntactic nature.
Members of a sentence whose mode of expression corresponds to their syntactic function are called morphologized, and members of a sentence whose mode of expression does not correspond to their syntactic function are called non-morphologized. Thus, the syntactic function of the infinitive, which expresses the secondary members of the sentence, is atypical. There are few such examples in the works under consideration. Often, morphologized and non-morphologized members of a sentence can be combined in a homogeneous series.
An infinitive can express a definition, an object, and a circumstance.
2.1 Definition expressed by infinitive
Definition - a minor member of a sentence that explains a word form with an objective meaning and names the attribute of this object.
Definitions expressed by the infinitive serve to reveal the content of the subject, often designated by an abstract noun.
She painfully experienced this ineradicable, fireproof passion of her husband - to write, write and write in order to restore order in the state...
So, the idea of Christ arose from the desire to defeat evil.
Solodovnikov felt a strong desire to act.
They found an opportunity to ruin an important moment.
And while he was walking, the very same idea came to his mind - to call Yegor here.
There is an irresistible desire to look down into a dark corner.
2.2 Object expressed by infinitive
An addition is a minor member of a sentence, denoting an object to which an action is directed, which is the result of an action or its instrument, an object in relation to which an action is performed or a sign is manifested.
Objects expressed by an infinitive denote an action as an object to which another action is directed. The complement can be a subjective or objective infinitive.
An infinitive is called subjective if the subject of the action it denotes coincides with the subject of the action denoted by the verb being explained.
When I was very young, for example, I dreamed of getting together three or four of us, equipping a boat, taking guns, gear and sailing down the rivers to the Arctic Ocean.
No one calls for silently enduring insults, but immediately because of this, overestimating all human values, putting down the very meaning of life - this is also, you know... a luxury.
An infinitive is called objective if the subject of the action indicated by the infinitive does not coincide with the subject of the action indicated by the word being explained.
I hate it when people teach me how to live.
2.3 Circumstance expressed by infinitive
A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence, explaining a member of a sentence that denotes an action or sign, and indicating the method of performing the action, its quality or intensity, or the place, time, reason, purpose, condition with which the action or manifestation of the sign is associated.
The infinitive expresses only the circumstances of the goal, which indicate the purpose of performing an action.
He was in town (he went to buy a motorcycle) and went to a restaurant there to eat.
I got up and went to their room to see what kind of stoves there were in the city.
Tomorrow we’ll invite grandpa to spend the night, and you’ll read it all to us again.
We arrived late in the evening at the brigade house and sat down to sip on the rubbish.
It’s time to go to you for treatment.
Kaygorodov stopped to light a cigarette.
As can be seen from the above examples, the syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is varied. All members of a sentence are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. This speaks to the complex and ambiguous nature of the infinitive both in syntax and morphology.
CONCLUSION
The syntax and semantics of the infinitive have traditionally been the subject of various studies of the Russian language. Peshkovsky A.M. called the infinitive a category of verb that is mysterious in its meaning”, in independent part speech under the name “verb”, the infinitive was highlighted by Khalaydovich I.F., representatives of the Fortunatov school separated the infinitive from the verb, citing the fact that by its origin the infinitive is a name with a hagol stem and evidence of this is the preserved connections of the infinitive with the noun, for example, the infinitive can and the noun can in the phrase run as fast as you can, etc. In a number of works by Tenier L., the intermediate position of the infinitive is indicated - between the category of the verb and the category of the noun.
According to G.A. Zolotova, the basis for such a variety of interpretations of the infinitive is the insufficient development of the principles of classification of parts of speech, and the lack of a comprehensive description of the syntactic positions of the infinitive.
In the course of our work, we came to the following conclusions.
Firstly, the syntactic position of the infinitive is determined by semantics.
Secondly, one should distinguish between two forms of existence of the infinitive. As a dictionary representative of all other verbal forms, the infinitive acts in a purely nominative function as the name of an action. IN speech use infinitive, as opposed to the dictionary, the nominative function is dominated by the predicative, expressed in syntactic connections.
Thirdly, the understanding of the infinitive in morphology and syntax is different. In morphology, the infinitive is taken as the initial form (the rules for the formation of a number of forms are formulated from the bases of the infinitive). In syntax, the infinitive represents a secondary form: the modal and expressive coloring of the infinitive takes it beyond the main models of the syntactic “center”. “The infinitive is not the center of the verbal system, but its outskirts,” wrote V.V. Vinogradov. . At the same time, the infinitive “outskirts” of syntax itself is quite extensive and not simply structured. Thus, the syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is varied. The indefinite form of the verb can express both the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate - and the secondary ones - the definition, the complement, the circumstance.
According to its semantics, the natural syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is the predicate. The infinitive can be expressed:
Proper infinitive subject
In general, life is good.
Compound subject
It's hard to be a teacher.
Simple verb predicate:
Well, I haven’t hit him with the horn yet - I should sit on his head like a sheaf on a pitchfork.
Compound verb predicate
Since childhood, my father began to carry it around the taiga with him.
Compound nominal predicate
I lie there and try to think about it more cheerfully.
Definition
There is an irresistible desire to look down.
Addition
I ask you to get this hardware today.
Circumstances of the goal
Kaigorov stopped to light a cigarette.
So, the infinitive is a category with special syntactic behavior, with its own functions and constructive capabilities, due to its semantic specificity. All members of a sentence can be expressed in an indefinite form of a verb.
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