Introduction
The relevance of the chosen topic has recently increased greatly. In the twenty-first century, traditional face-to-face communication has been replaced by electronic (network) communication. This trend has increased fatigue and reduced stress resistance of the population of many countries. Agree, it’s hard to think about good things when you don’t even have the strength to get out of bed, when good relationships are ruined due to misunderstandings of electronic messages. Hasn't this ever happened to you? However, you need to force yourself to smile at every new day, to find positive moments in the most terrible things. We cannot divide everything into black and white, even if we really want to. It is the ability to force yourself to find a ray of light in pitch darkness that is positive thinking. How is positive thinking related to success?
The essence of the concept of “positive thinking”. Who is a positive person?
A Positive Person is a person with a high degree of positivity (above 75-80%). And positivity is the second main characteristic of a person. The first characteristic is the level of a person. It is these two characteristics that are most important for everything a person achieves and experiences in his life.
Level of development and Positivity are the main vectors of development (strengthening and purification) and changes in his destiny.
Who is a Positive Person?
A positive person is a person who always strives to follow the “Spiritual Laws” and not commit stupid or evil acts leading to negative consequences.
Following the Spiritual Laws means living in accordance with a certain code of Honor based on high moral principles (not to do evil, not to suppress others, not to destroy oneself, to do good deeds for people and this world, and many others).
That being a Positive person, simply not doing evil is not enough, as they say " good man“This is not a profession. A positive person is one who creates some good, who enriches this world and the souls of people. But the grass that grows along the road can simply not commit evil, and it copes with this perfectly!
If the level of development is the Strength of a person (his core, personal qualities and abilities), what peak he is able to conquer, what obstacles to overcome on the way to it. Positivity is Light, something that comes from a person, something good that opens the hearts of other people, and the absence of negativity, from which everything shrinks inside.
ALMATY BRANCH OF A NON-STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"SAINT PETERSBURG HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF TRADE UNIONS"
Faculty: Cultures
Department: OOD
CONTROL WORK
discipline: Psychology and ethics of business communication
on the topic: Positive thinking in problem situations? situations. How to take criticism constructively
Completed by a student: Group 301PV, 3rd year correspondence department
Pavlenko Yulia
Checked: Art. Rev. Dmitrieva P.N.
Almaty, 2015
INTRODUCTION
1. Essence positive thinking
2. Techniques for mastering positive thinking. Problem situations
3. Ways to accept criticism constructively
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Relevance. Stressful situations overwhelm your life modern man. It is often difficult to cope with existing emotional stress. One of the effective ways to combat stress is the way of cultivating positive thinking Aronson E. “Psychological laws of human behavior in society”, St. Petersburg, 2012 - 83 p. . This is what will allow you to save inner peace and harmony, and ultimately preserve mental and physical health. An equally important skill is the ability to take criticism. Much depends on our attitude towards criticism, how we perceive criticism addressed to us. By reacting incorrectly to criticism, we can ruin our relationship not only with our superiors and work colleagues (which can affect career growth), but also with loved ones.
The purpose of this work: to study positive thinking in a problem? situations and methods of mastering it, as well as techniques for constructively accepting criticism.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Familiarize yourself with the term positive thinking;
Learn techniques for mastering positive thinking and problem situations.
Consider ways to accept criticism constructively.
The literature on this issue is quite diverse; when writing, we used the literature of such authors as Aronson E., Sidorenko E.V., Zakharov V.P., Scott J. Gr., Mayers D., Kozlov N.I. and others.
The structure of the work consists of an introduction, three main chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
1. The essence of positive thinking
One of important places The theory of positivism is occupied by the work of Norman Vincent Peale - “The Power of Positive Thinking”. The practice described in it is based on the interweaving of religion, psychology and psychotherapy.
Peale's philosophy is based on faith in oneself and one's God-given powers and abilities. Success is facilitated by faith in the human spirit, which is the source of human strength and the awakening of which is necessary to achieve achievements.
The essence of positive thinking is to see in life not obstacles and shortcomings, failure and need, but to perceive it as a chain of positively resolved opportunities, favorable desires that should be cultivated in oneself and in others. However, not everyone can accept the principles of positive thinking, although it is necessary to strive for this Sidorenko E.V., Zakharov V.P. Practical methods? psychology of communication. L., 2010, -28 p. .
Usually people spend their lives in constant confrontation with troubles and, in their quest to rise, do not stop complaining about the difficulties that accompany their path. There is even such a concept - bad luck, but along with it there is also fortitude. And there is no reason to constantly give up, complaining about circumstances and not showing the potential for struggle inherent in everyone.
One of the ways available to an individual is to allow difficulties to be controlled by the mind and ultimately face the fact that they prevail in life. If you follow the path of getting rid of the negativism of your thoughts, then every person is able to overcome obstacles that would otherwise break him. As Peale himself says, everything contained in the book is from God, it is he who Great Teacher humanity.
First of all, faith in one’s own strengths and talents; if personal abilities are not realized, then success cannot be achieved; in this case, a feeling of inferiority will interfere, bordering on the collapse of plans and desires. But it is precisely the feeling of self-confidence that contributes personal growth and achieving set goals.
Peale's recommendations for changing your inner position are based on a technique for clearing the mind, which should be done at least twice a day. Fears and hopelessness, regrets and hatred, resentment and guilt, all this should be recycled and thrown away. The very fact of efforts made in this direction in itself brings relative relief.
However, emptiness does not exist, and here too, new ones come to replace the removed negative thoughts, but so that they are not negative again, one must strive to receive positive emotions so that thoughts are creative and positive.
To do this, throughout the day you should cultivate calming images in yourself that would have a positive effect on the soul and personality. Similar images include the impressions of contemplating the surface of the sea in the moonlight or the silence and tranquility of an age-old pine forest, For example. Articulation helps images, because power is hidden in every word Aronson E. “Psychological laws of human behavior in society,” St. Petersburg, 2012 -84p. . To control your internal state one should have hobbies, because only after immersing oneself in some positive activity, a person can get rid of the feeling of fatigue. Otherwise, energy leaks through the hopelessness of idleness and idleness.
The absence of positive life events leads to the degeneration of the individual and vice versa; the deeper the immersion in a significant type of activity, the more positive energy And fewer options get bogged down in petty troubles. There is a simple formula for overcoming adversity by reading prayers and positive images. The concept of “thinking” is generic in relation to the term “positive thinking”, so let’s consider their relationships and specifics.
According to leading psychologists A.N. Leontyev and S.L. Rubinstein, thinking acts as a set of mental actions aimed at solving a specific problem, life situation. Thinking is the operation of images, symbols, and signs in the mind in order to make the right decision.
Whole line psychological theories examines the problems of the essence, types and mechanisms of thinking, the possibilities of its development - these are associative theory, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, the concept of J. Piaget, activity, semantic, information-cybernetic theories of thinking, the theory of multiple intelligences of E. Gardner, etc.
At the same time, positive thinking is a relatively new, insufficiently studied phenomenon in modern psychology and pedagogy, and therefore it is not represented either in traditional classifications of types of thinking, or in the theories of thinking mentioned above. The problem of educating positive thinking also awaits its solution and the search for appropriate pedagogical concepts and technologies.
One of the main issues of psychology, according to L.S. Vygotsky, is “the question of the connection between intelligence and affect.” He came to the conclusion that there is a unity of affective and intellectual processes. “Thinking and affect represent parts of a single whole - human consciousness,” since “every idea contains, in a processed form, a person’s affective attitude to reality.” Ideas L.S. Vygotsky served as the basis for subsequent conclusions that there is a natural relationship between emotional and intellectual processes; that the development of emotions occurs in unity with the development of thinking; that there are motivational and emotional regulation of thinking.
A.N. Leontiev notes that “activity is based on a functional system of integrated and cognitive processes; thanks to this system, a person’s emotions become “smart”, and intellectual processes acquire an emotional-figurative character and become meaningful.”
The most developed theory of the relationship between thinking and emotions is the theory of A. Ellis. The “ABC formula” he created shows that an activating situation or event “causes” ideas about the situation, thoughts, views, etc., which as a result “give rise” to emotions and behavioral reactions. According to this model, thinking is primary, since it is what “triggers” the experience of various emotions; emotions act as a result of a person’s thoughts and beliefs. According to A. Ellis, it is the interpretation that is important, and not the life situation itself.
The possibility of developing the concept and technology of cultivating positive thinking is based on the indicated point of view about the predominance of cognitive assessments over emotions, due to which a person can use his thoughts to influence feelings. By changing cognitive assessments, you can learn to think differently about what is happening.
In the context of the problem we are studying special attention requires consideration of the mental phenomena of optimism and pessimism.
It is clear that optimism and pessimism manifest themselves in a positive or negative feeling and perception of the world, in positive and negative thinking styles. Obviously, optimism is one of the most important components of positive thinking and attitude towards life, along with activity and self-confidence.
Both domestic and foreign psychologists agree that in problematic situation An optimist, a person with a positive mindset will be action oriented. He strives to develop a sufficient list of alternative strategies for solving the problem and behavior. A pessimist who thinks negatively, on the contrary, is focused on the state, as a result of which he is not inclined to either look for options to overcome the difficulty that has arisen or act actively.
Optimism and pessimism do not simply reflect one or another style of thinking of an individual, they represent a different practical orientation of a person in the world.
In various studies devoted to the problem of positive thinking, the following terms, similar in content, are used: sanogenic, healing thinking, positive, optimistic, constructive, rational, harmonious, thinking from a position of hope Sidorenko E.V., Zakharov V.P. Practical methods? psychology of communication. L., 2010, -58 p. .
The essence of positive thinking and the problem of its formation have interested humanity, science and practice since ancient times. The doctrine is known Tibetan lama T. Lobsang Rampa on the influence of thinking on human life: “thought is greatest power. And only thanks to a positive mind - always positive - ... can one survive and overcome all the suffering and trials prepared for, resist insults, deprivations and, in general, survive.” According to this teaching, negative thoughts cause the experience of negative emotions, and not only interfere with a person’s normal life, but also, being an indicator of “laziness of thinking,” significantly delay a person’s spiritual development. Mastering positive thinking, on the contrary, allows a person to be independent of circumstances, learn to manage his actions and consciousness in general. Ultimately, “everything depends on our way of thinking.”
It has been established that “bright”, positive thoughts are the result of conscious control, and negative thoughts are the result of an automatic response without thought or volitional effort. The dominance of certain thoughts is determined by a person, due to which everyone is the master of his own destiny to the extent that he has power over his thoughts. This is manifested, firstly, in the fact that a person is what he thinks about himself; secondly, a way of thinking can give rise to a corresponding way of life; thirdly, the result depends on the quality of thoughts and, fourthly, the “quality” of life is determined not by the objective situation, but by the subjective response to it, manifested in the prevailing style of thinking.
It is no secret that the meaning of the same event changes depending on a person’s train of thought. In accordance with this, Yu.M. Orlov introduces the concepts of sanogenic (positive) and pathogenic thinking.
The essence of sanogenic (positive) thinking is to distinguish between things that depend on us and things that we cannot control. This distinction allows a person, in the first case, to actively change situations, and in the second, to accept situations as they are and adapt to them, which preserves his mental and physical health. It can be argued that sanogenic thinking is inherent in the “man of will,” and pathogenic thinking is inherent in the “man of habit.” The ability to think positively is a necessary condition for the manifestation of subjectivity, and the degree of mastery of positive thinking indicates the degree of a person’s internal freedom.
Analysis of the works of foreign and domestic researchers devoted to the problem of positive thinking allows, firstly, to reveal the essence of the concept of “positive thinking” and highlight a number of characteristics characterizing it, secondly, to determine the structure of positive thinking as a psychological and pedagogical phenomenon, thirdly, determine the functions of positive thinking in a person’s life. All this gives us the opportunity to present our model of positive thinking.
So, positive thinking is characterized by a number of specific features, the leading of which will be: the presence of a positive self-concept; a person’s awareness of the possibility of solving problems, focus on finding ways to overcome them constructively, and the presence of motivation to achieve success; optimism as a dominant thinking style and personality quality; managing the way you think; vision of a positive life perspective.
2. Techniques for mastering positive thinking. Problem situations
The first thing that is necessary to master positive thinking is the realization that each person himself creates his own home of happiness.
The second thing that should not be avoided is the desire to understand all the problems that haunt and gnaw.
The third principle of positive thinking involves setting goals and priorities. Clear goals and mental, in detail, modeling of their achievement are important. Powerful tool- mental visualization of goals.
The fourth principle is smiling: “Laughter prolongs life.”
The fifth principle is the ability to appreciate what is “here and now”; every moment is unique and will never happen again.
Principle six - optimism. Not the optimist who sees everything exclusively in a rosy light, but the one who is confident in both himself and his abilities.
Positive thinking is an art. Mental balance, mental balance, they are promoted by true art - positive thinking. One of the greatest planetary forces in reality is the power of thought. Man has the power to evolve to the greatest heights with the power of his own thoughts.
If the thought process is directed towards the negative, then instead of development there will be a degradation of the personality, as intense as the person is active in his fall. The power of positive thinking is hidden in the inability of the person who cultivates it to be influenced by anger and hatred, greed and pettiness, fear and meanness, that is, negativism in any of its manifestations. Each individual reacts to the environment in a unique way, and it is precisely this reaction that will be the basis of his future. This postulate indicates that it depends only on the individual what kind of future awaits him, a joyful one or something else.
Positive thinking is based on three main conceptual principles Scott J. Gr. Conflicts, ways to overcome them. - Kyiv: Vneshtogizdat, 2011, -83 p. :
Exchange of energies;
Eradicating mental pollution;
Interdependence of body and mind.
The exchange of energies lies in the fact that literally every emotion felt by an individual leaves quite definite traces on his subtle body, which subsequently influence the line of his future thoughts. In this regard, emotions are divided into those that give energy and those that take it away. To acquire harmony, you should immerse yourself in a meditative state, give the mind the opportunity to modify thoughts in a positive direction, transform anger into mercy, sadness into gratitude.
It is almost impossible to eliminate completely unfavorable thoughts, but it is quite possible to transform them into favorable thoughts. There is an opinion that bad emotions clog the brain, among them arrogance and jealousy, passion and insatiability, self-interest and lust, envy and rashness.
First of all, it is necessary to get rid of them, because they are the essence of a projection of shortcomings on a person’s physical and spiritual health. The experiences of each person are reflected in himself and in the world around him, so one should accept as an axiom the statement about the interconnectedness of the human body with the thoughts generated by the brain. According to the essence of positive thinking and the practice that accompanies it, you will be immersed in a meditative state, focusing on a problem situation and - mentally destroying it.
3. Ways to accept criticism constructively
First we need to understand: what do we mean by the concept of “criticism”? Criticism is a discussion, analysis of something in order to make an assessment, to identify shortcomings; negative judgment about something, indication of shortcomings Ozhegov S., Publisher: Oniks-LIT, Dictionary Russian language, 2013, 376 pp.
Many people are very sensitive to the slightest hint of criticism. This happens because negative information in general turns out to be more significant for people than positive information, since, being less common, it attracts more attention. This does not mean that criticism as a way of influencing people should be excluded. However, when using it, it is necessary to consider in what form it should sound, at what time and in what place. Thus, good coaches never criticize their athletes immediately after the game, when emotions have not yet cooled down. They postpone the “debriefing” for the next day, for “cool heads.” Otherwise, they may make unfounded criticism and needlessly offend the athlete.
How to rationally perceive criticism? We often have to listen to criticism addressed to us. It has long been known that criticism becomes useful only when the people to whom it is addressed have certain attitudes towards its perception. They can be reduced to the following provisions:
Criticism addressed to you is your personal reserve for improvement. Objectively, criticism is a form of helping the person being criticized to find and eliminate shortcomings in their work. Criticism addressed to you is an indication of areas for improving the business you are doing. There is no criticism from which one cannot derive benefit.
Any muting of criticism is harmful, since it “drives the disease inside” and thereby makes it difficult to overcome the shortcoming.
Constructive (with an attitude towards improving things) perception of critical comments cannot depend on what motives the critic was guided by (it is important that the essence of the shortcoming is correctly indicated).
The business perception of criticism should not depend on who (which person, for what purposes) makes critical remarks. The reception of criticism should not depend on the form in which it is presented; the main thing is that the shortcomings are analyzed. Main principle constructive perception - everything I did could be done better. The most valuable ability is to be able to find the rational grain in criticism even when it is not visible at first glance.
Any criticism requires reflection: at a minimum - about what caused it, at a maximum - about how to correct the situation Fomin Yu.A. Psychology of business communication. - Minsk, 2013, -83s. .
The benefit of critical comments is that they also analyze areas of work that are not addressed in the discussion. The first step in correctly accepting criticism is fixation; the second is comprehension and identification of opportunities to use for business; third - correction of the deficiency; the fourth is the creation of conditions that prevent its recurrence. If they criticize, it means they believe in my ability to fix things and work without failures.
If there is no criticism addressed to you, this is an indicator of disdain for you as an employee.
The most valuable criticism points out the real mistakes of someone who appears to be doing a good job.
Criticism of possible negative consequences the decisions I made are a prerequisite for the timely prevention of work failures.
The ability to see critical content in the questions asked is an important ability of an employee and a condition for detecting weaknesses in the organization of a business.
Truly business-like behavior of a person presupposes the ability to identify a critical attitude towards one’s actions and actions even when there is no open criticism.
In turn, give constructive criticism. When someone on your team does something wrong, you as a leader should point it out to them and tell them how to proceed. But be careful - harshness or tactlessness in this matter can shake a person's self-confidence or undermine his morale. Few people like to criticize people (with the exception of certain neurotics, who, alas, are sometimes found among us), but if you choose the right approach, criticism can benefit both parties. Our brief recommendations will help turn criticism into a positive tool.
Make critical comments promptly, directly to your face and face to face. If someone is doing something they shouldn't, you should point it out at the first opportunity - don't put it off too long. Address the person directly, but respectfully and in a way that the situation can be discussed properly. Make sure that there are no strangers during your conversation. Public humiliation of your team members is unlikely to benefit the cause.
Make sure the person agrees with you. For example, you think that your subordinate forgot to prepare something for tomorrow. But before you scold, make sure that this is really the case. The person may have justifiably delegated his work to someone else because he was busy himself. Therefore, try to reach agreement on the facts.
Ask for reasons and then listen to the answer. You both agree that you forgot to prepare something, but why? Maybe your employee is in trouble. But it may turn out that he was just chatting with his colleagues. Obviously, each case requires its own approach. Give the employee a chance to explain.
Criticize actions, not people Stolyarenko, L. D. Psychology of business communication for university students: textbook / - Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2012, -63 p. . Don't try to shame anyone, don't throw out phrases like: "You're just a talker, that's the whole problem." By labeling, you only reinforce an unwanted behavior pattern. Focus on the action: “The problem is that outside conversations while working distract you.”
Place the error in a broader context. It is possible that your employee does not fully understand possible consequences of his mistake. Explain why you should pay attention to it: “If something is not prepared in advance, then tomorrow there will be no time for it. The schedule is disrupted, and we will be late all day, causing dissatisfaction with our students. And besides,..."
Find a consistent solution. A mistake was made, time cannot be turned back. The most important thing is to ensure that it does not happen again in the future. You need to find a solution that will satisfy both of you. Ideally, it should come from the offender himself. In this case, he will feel obliged to fulfill it.
End the conversation on a positive note. There is absolutely no reason for you to leave an employee depressed or undermine his confidence in his abilities. This does not improve productivity. Therefore, always end the conversation with a compliment: “We hope that everything will be all right, because you have always been committed” or “By the way, thank you for yesterday’s event, you were great there...”.
It is not always necessary to respond to criticism immediately, especially for impulsive people. If you have an explosive character, it is better to wait a little. When we respond angrily, with a feeling of wounded pride, we, as a rule, regret it later.
Also, in order to correctly perceive criticism, you should understand that: Any constructive criticism is beneficial. Not paying attention to criticism is harmful, as it drives problems deep inside and makes it difficult to overcome shortcomings. It doesn’t matter what motives the person criticizing you was guided by, it is important that the essence of the mistake or shortcoming is correctly indicated Stolyarenko, L. D. Psychology of business communication for university students: a textbook / - Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2012, -163 p. . Any criticism requires reflection: at least about what caused it, at most about how to improve the situation.
A person striving for success and self-improvement must be able to identify a critical attitude towards himself and his actions even when there is no open criticism.
American psychologists Connirae and Steve Andreas, who study the impact of criticism on people's health and well-being, came to the conclusion that the key difference between people who tolerate criticism well and those who feel devastated after hearing a remark is the attitude towards criticism. People who remain calm find it easier to evaluate criticism, decide whether there is a rational grain in it, and decide how to behave. And those who do not know how to respond correctly to criticism, do not understand its true meaning, take what is said to heart and fall into despair. If criticism is constructive, not directed at the individual, and leads to improved future performance, then it serves the general interest. This is why an effective counselor never shies away from criticism. It is worth noting that there will be less criticism directed at you if you yourself criticize infrequently and justifiably. If this is not the case, then you should familiarize yourself with the secrets of conflict-free behavior Kozlov N.I., “How to treat yourself and people, or practical psychology for every day,” 4th ed. lane and additional, -M: Ast-press, 2001, -336 p. .
positive thinking constructive criticism
CONCLUSION
The benefits of positive thinking for the success of a modern person are undeniable. Positive thinking is based on three main conceptual principles: 1) energy exchange; 2) eradication of mental pollution; 3) interdependence of body and mind.
Taking criticism constructively means:
Listen carefully to the person who criticizes you, and thereby express respect for him;
Try to understand your problems and thereby express respect for yourself;
Consider and implement proposed changes, if appropriate.
Also, in order to correctly perceive criticism, you should understand that any constructive criticism is beneficial Fomin Yu.A. Psychology of business communication. - Minsk, 2013. -83 p. . Not paying attention to criticism is harmful, as it drives problems deep inside and makes it difficult to overcome shortcomings. It doesn’t matter what motives the person criticizing you had, it is important that the essence of the mistake or shortcoming is correctly indicated. Any criticism requires reflection: at least about what caused it, at most about how to improve the situation. A person striving for success and self-improvement must be able to identify a critical attitude towards himself and his actions even when there is no open criticism.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Aronson E. “Psychological laws of human behavior in society”, St. Petersburg, 2012, -328p.
2) Kozlov N.I., “How to treat yourself and people, or practical psychology for every day,” 4th ed. lane and additional, -M: Ast-press, 2001, -336 p.
3) Mai?ers D. " Social Psychology", St. Petersburg, 2012, -225 p.
4) Sidorenko E.V., Zakharov V.P. Practical methods? psychology of communication. L., 2010, -328 p.
5) Scott J. Gr. Conflicts, ways to overcome them. - Kyiv: Vneshtogizdat, 2011, 183 p.
6) Stolyarenko, L.D. Psychology of business communication for university students: textbook / - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2012, -163 p.
7) Fomin Yu.A. Psychology of business communication. - Minsk, 2013.
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Abstract plan:
1. Introduction.
2. The concept of psychological culture.
3. The concept of mental health.
4. Positive thinking (aimed at solving a problem, improving the quality of life) as a component of mental health.
5. The relationship between psychological culture and psychological health.
6. Conclusion.
7. List of used literature.
“Personality is such uniqueness and uniqueness,
which is not only the bearer of consciousness, thinking,
feelings, etc., but in general a subject who
relates himself to his environment”
(A.F. Losev, 1989).
1. Introduction.
The most important social task of a civilized society is to strengthen mental health and ensure the harmonious development of the younger generation. Children's health is one of the fundamental values of education at the present stage.
Psychological health is a necessary condition full functioning and development of a person in the process of his life throughout his life.
The state of mental health of children is the most important component their overall health, it determines the future of our country.
2. The concept of psychological culture.
Currently, it is becoming increasingly obvious that psychology, while serving the education system, cannot remain aloof from solving pressing problems. social problems, related to the quality of reproduction of the nation, to the state of the general and psychological culture of society. Many problems of modern public life are based on the lack of culture and, above all, the psychological culture of citizens. Psychological illiteracy, low psychological culture modern society, the lack of a culture of relationships in the living space in which many children live creates conditions under which a child often, from the moment of birth, falls into the “risk zone” - the risk of not becoming human. The level of psychological culture of a society can be considered as the “zone of proximal personal development” of the country’s younger generation. In this regard, one of the important tasks of practical psychologists is the search and implementation of means and ways of influencing public consciousness in the direction of reviving psychological culture. And, obviously, we need to start from childhood, in which “the universal genetic program of development as improvement is hidden” (R. Bykov).
The topic of psychological culture cannot be considered separately from psychological literacy. Psychological literacy as a set of elementary psychological knowledge and skills represents the basics of psychological culture, from which its development begins, taking into account age, individual and other characteristics. Psychological literacy means mastering psychological knowledge (facts, ideas, concepts, laws, etc.), skills, symbols, traditions, rules and norms in the field of communication, behavior, mental activity, etc. Psychological literacy can manifest itself in the horizons, erudition, awareness of various mental phenomena both from the point of view scientific knowledge, and from the point of view of everyday experience, extracted from traditions, customs, direct communication of a person with other people, gleaned from the media, etc. Psychological literacy presupposes mastery of a system of signs and their meanings, methods of activity, in particular methods of psychological knowledge. Moreover, we are talking not only about knowledge, but also about its application, the implementation of norms and rules at the level of role behavior, social functions, and traditions. By literacy, we understand, following E. A. Klimov, B. S. Gershunsky, B. S. Erasov, the necessary minimum level of education, competence, and culture as a whole.
General psychological literacy is a step in the development of culture, accessible to every normally developing person.
But knowledge alone is not enough to develop psychological culture. Personal culture always manifests itself in the relationships between people. We can say that the basis of a person’s psychological culture is psychological knowledge, fertilized by universal, humanistic values. The implementation of such knowledge in society is carried out from the position and in the context of respect, love, conscience, responsibility, and careful attitude towards the sense of human dignity of both one’s own and another person. Moral principles, nobility of feelings, which are expressed in a person’s ability to have subtle experiences, deep empathy, and the ability to act generously, are the essence of the psychological (internal) culture of the individual. Janusz Korczak, knowing and understanding perfectly the psychology of a child, wrote: “I have often thought about what it means to be kind? It seems to me that a kind person is a person who has imagination and understands how another feels, knows how to feel what another feels.” ]
Psychological culture is not born by itself; its development involves attention to the inner world of the child, to his feelings and experiences, hobbies and interests, abilities and knowledge, his attitude towards himself, towards his peers, towards the world around him, towards ongoing family and social events, towards life as such. Thus, in the science of the 20th century, some scientists drew attention to the existence of a special children's world, which has its own cultural system of ideas about the world and people, social norms and rules, inherited from generation to generation of children of traditional forms of folklore texts.
Children must be prepared to understand how to behave humanly in society, how to understand what is happening in this society, etc. Psychological education seems necessary and natural for the normal development of a modern growing person. Psychological culture not only manifests itself in the interaction of people, but serves as a regulator of this interaction, presupposes and implements live communication, conditioned by the mutual respect of the interlocutors. Psychological culture excludes the manipulation of people's consciousness, feelings, and relationships. Mastery of culture begins from the moment a person is born. And this fate is largely determined by the cultural environment that surrounds the child from the moment of birth. Everyone learns to be human, and this learning occurs in the context of culture and education.
3. The concept of mental health.
Recently, domestic psychologists have begun to understand more and more that the goal of practical psychological work with children can be the child’s mental health, and his mental and personal development can be a condition, a means of achieving this health.
This understanding is based, firstly, on the analysis of domestic and foreign literature on mental health issues; secondly, on a critical analysis and generalization of our own theoretical and experimental work in this direction; thirdly, on the results of studying the main problems, difficulties, successes and failures, doubts, achievements, disappointments of practical psychologists working in children's educational institutions.
Understanding the substantive essence of psychological services, psychologists felt the need to introduce a new term into the scientific psychological lexicon - “psychological health”. If the term “mental health” relates primarily to individual mental processes and mechanisms, then the term “psychological health” refers to the individual as a whole and is in close connection with highest manifestations human spirit and allows us to highlight the actual psychological aspect of the problem of mental health and other aspects.
Psychological health makes a person self-sufficient. We are not the ones who set boundaries, norms, guidelines for her from the outside; we are not the ones who evaluate her in the usual way: this personality is developed, this one is not very developed, this one is at an average level. We equip (or rather, we must equip) the child in accordance with his age - with the means of self-understanding, self-acceptance and self-development in the context of interaction with the people around him and in the conditions of the cultural, social, economic and environmental realities of the world around him.
Thus, psychologists suggest that it is the psychological health of children and schoolchildren that can be considered both as a goal and as a criterion for the effectiveness of psychological services public education.
There are many approaches to understanding and solving this problem. The term “mental health” itself is ambiguous; first of all, it seems to connect two sciences and two areas of practice - medical and psychological. In recent decades, at the intersection of medicine and psychology, a special branch has emerged - psychosomatic medicine, which is based on the understanding that any somatic disorder is always somehow associated with changes in the mental state. In some cases, mental states become main reason diseases, in other cases they are like an impetus leading to illness, sometimes mental characteristics affect the course of the disease, sometimes physical ailments cause mental distress and psychological discomfort.
The term “mental health” was coined by the World Health Organization (WHO). The report of the WHO Expert Committee “Mental health and psychosocial development of children” (1979) states that mental health disorders are associated with somatic diseases or defects physical development, as well as with various unfavorable factors and stresses affecting the psyche and associated with social conditions.
In brief psychological dictionary edited by A.V. Petrovsky and M.G. Petrovsky and M.G. Yaroshevsky, the term “mental health” is interpreted as an integral characteristic of the usefulness of an individual’s psychological functioning.
The main condition for normal psychosocial development (in addition to healthy nervous system) recognizes the calm and friendly environment created by the constant presence of parents or surrogates who are attentive to the emotional needs of the child, talk and play with him, maintain discipline, provide the necessary supervision and provide the material resources necessary for the family. At the same time, the child should be given more autonomy and independence, given the opportunity to communicate with other children and adults outside the home and provide appropriate conditions for learning.
All these and other questions require serious consideration and study. Only one thing is clear: psychological health is inextricably linked with mental health, the state and development of which does not yet occupy its rightful place in pedagogical and psychological programs for working with children.
4. Positive thinking (aimed at solving problems, improving the quality of life) as a component of mental health.
Every person in his life has experienced at least once such feelings as resentment, shame, disappointment, melancholy, etc. in the same way, each person perceives these situations absolutely differently: some fall into depression, others, on the contrary, find new strength, goals, life guidelines. What does this depend on? In modern psychology, the range of issues raised is part of the problem of sanogenic, positive thinking. The term "sanogenic thinking" reflects the solution internal problems, characterizes the direction of thinking, the main role of which is to create conditions for achieving the goals of self-improvement: harmony of traits, agreement with oneself and the environment, elimination of bad habits, managing one’s emotions, controlling one’s needs. O. M. Orlov suggests calling it “thinking that generates health,” and pathogenic thinking is thinking that generates disease.
Pathogenic thinking is quite normal, but contains such striking features that contribute to mental tension, the formation of reactions and behavioral stereotypes that involve a person in conflict. As a result, mental and physical health deteriorates.
Traits of pathogenic thinking:
1. Complete freedom of imagination, daydreaming, separation from reality, such involuntary imagination easily actualizes negative images, which are accompanied by negative emotions.
2. Inability to stop the thinking process. The structure of pathogenic thinking can be presented in the following form: thinking – experiencing – consolidating the image – acquiring great energy of feelings – accumulating negative experience.
3. Lack of reflection, i.e. inability to look at oneself from the outside.
4. Tendency to cherish oneself, to maintain resentment, jealousy, shame, fear.
5. Lack of awareness of those mental operations that give rise to emotions, considering emotions to be an uncontrollable part of character, which leads to stress, neuroses, and suffering.
6. Tendency to live in memories.
7. Expectation of negative events, misfortunes in the future.
8. The tendency to hide one's true face behind masks is often played by roles.
9. Avoiding mutual intimacy and displaying honest and frank relationships with other people.
10. Inability to use your intellectual abilities.
Having summarized the most striking features of pathogenic thinking, Yu. M. Orllov identified the following forms of its manifestation:
Pathogenic psychological defense (aggression, fear, escape into an unreal fantasy world, etc.)
Pathogenic nature of emotions (resentment, guilt, shame)
Coercive control paradigm (role expectations, revenge, threats, etc.)
Sanogenic thinking helps to improve mental health, relieve internal tension, and eliminate old grievances. Sanogennon thinking is conscious, voluntary.
Traits of sanogenic thinking:
1. High level of concentration and concentration on reflection.
2. Knowledge of the nature of specific mental states that need control.
3. The ability to reflect as the ability to consider one’s actions and memories from the outside.
4. The ability to create a favorable background of deep inner peace for reflection.
5. Enough high level general outlook and internal culture of a person. First of all, it is necessary to understand the origins of stereotypes, cultural behavior programs, and cultural history, which are the most important prerequisites for sanogenic thinking.
6. Ability to stop the thinking process in time.
7. Lack of habit of expecting troubles or misfortunes in the future.
Of all the listed features, the central one is the thesis about the importance of a person’s general outlook and internal culture. Each person should be confident that his behavior is determined primarily by himself, and not by cultural stereotypes.
Another type of thinking, close to sanogenic, aimed at the formation of psychological health is positive thinking, characterized by a positive, constructive orientation, the desire to resolve emerging problems and not fall into despondency and panic, to look for the positive aspects of life.
Some people allow obstacles to control their minds to the point that they become the dominant factor in their thinking. By learning to put them out of their minds, by refusing to mentally cooperate with them, people can rise above the obstacles that usually cause them to retreat. Thus, it is important for a teacher to develop sanogenic thinking himself and demonstrate examples of it to children in daily communication.
5. The relationship between psychological culture and psychological health.
Psychologists often use the concept of “psychological health.”
I. V. Dubrovina see the difference between mental health and psychological health in that the concept of “mental health” refers primarily to individual mental processes and mechanisms, and the concept of “psychological health” - to the individual as a whole, is in close connection with the highest manifestations of humanity spirit and allows us to highlight the actual psychological aspect of the mental health problem in contrast to the medical, sociological, philosophical and other aspects.
The term “psychological health” emphasizes the inseparability of the physical and mental in a person, the need for both for full functioning. Psychological health involves mental health. A healthy person is, first of all, a happy person, living in harmony with himself, not feeling internal discord, defending himself, but not being the first to attack, and so on. A. Maslow identified 2 components of mental health: the desire of people to be everything they can - to develop their full potential through self-actualization; pursuit of humanistic values.
The psychological health of children has its own specific characteristics - complete mental development at all stages of ontogenesis, which differs from the health of an adult by a set of neoplasms that have not yet developed in the child, but must be present in the adult.
L. S. Kolmogorova believes that mental and psychological health cannot be considered as a part or a whole, but as a foundation. Mental health is the “foundation” for psychological health. You cannot be a psychologically healthy person without being mentally healthy. A mentally unhealthy person often does not realize his illness and cannot become the subject of his own psychological health, or consciously create it. Mental health correlates with the concept of “psyche,” and psychological health with psychology, i.e. science, health knowledge and its application. Therefore, what is brought by knowledge and cultural experience into our health will create psychological health. Psychological health as a cultural phenomenon is always consciously, arbitrarily and purposefully “grown”, created by the person himself. He makes efforts for this, joins the accumulated human experience, to culture through books, other people, etc. Psychological health is the result of people's deliberate efforts to improve their mental well-being. In this regard, according to L. S. Kolmogorova, the concept of “psychological health” is closely interconnected with the concept of “psychological culture”. That is why psychological health is always culturally indirect, depending on the “cultural frame” in which the child is located. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the transmission by adults of existing cultural modes of behavior, on the role of interaction between adults and children in the process child development and the development of their mental health. The psychological culture of an individual, which is the result of his upbringing and training, is the decisive factor determining his psychological health.
L. S. Kolmogorova defines general psychological culture as follows: it is an integral part of basic culture as a systemic characteristic of a person, allowing him to effectively self-determinate in society and self-realize in life, promoting self-development and successful social adaptation. It includes literacy, competence in the psychological aspect of understanding the human essence, the inner world of a person and oneself, human relations and behavior, a humanistically oriented value-semantic sphere (aspirations, interests, worldview, value orientations), developed reflection, as well as creativity in the psychological aspect of human knowledge and one’s own life.
6. Conclusion.
The task of adults in the family, school, and society is to help the child master the means of understanding himself, self-acceptance and self-development in the context of humanistic interaction with the people around him and in the cultural, social, economic and environmental realities of the world around him. Psychological illiteracy, low psychological culture of society, lack of a culture of relationships in the living space in which many children live, create conditions under which a child often, from the moment of birth, falls into the “risk zone” - the risk of not becoming human.
7.List of references used.
1. edited by L. S. Kolmogorova “To the teacher about the mental health of preschoolers”
2. Egorova M.S. and others. From the life of people of preschool age. Children in a changing world: - St. Petersburg: Alteya, 2001
3. Kravchenko A.I. Culturology: Tutorial for universities. - 3rd ed. - M.: Academic Project, 2001.
4. Manual practical psychologist: mental health of children and adolescents in the context of psychological services / Ed. I.V. Dubrovina. - M., 1999.
5. Practical psychology education / Ed. I. V. Dubrovina. - M., 1997
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Often, the concept of positive thinking is misunderstood. In fact, this does not mean that you have to be happy every day and, at the same time, smile all the time. Rather, it is a choice, a way of life, a philosophy that helps to look for the positive in any life situation. Of course, it's easy to enjoy every day when life flows smoothly and simply.
However, it is only when it begins to throw up problems, difficulties and even tragedies that your positive thinking is truly tested, says A2news.ru.
Positive thinking entails positive life. This, in turn, presupposes the ability to improve. We call it a skill because this ability can be acquired in the same way as learning a language or playing a game. musical instruments. For those who are optimistic by nature, this is certainly easier to do, but everyone can become more positive if they just want to.
What is the opposite of positivity? That's right, negative. This phenomenon occurs in abundance in our society, especially in the current climate of fear, uncertainty and uncertainty. Recently, one can often observe how young couples set themselves, first of all, the goal of acquiring nice apartment, house, other material goods, make a certain cash reserve. How to spot signs of kidney disease There is a theory that it is because of the instability in the world around us that young people have become more insistent in their desire to have everything at once, without waiting for a long time. Older members of our society tend to take the opposite view, being more conservative on this issue. They are ready for restrictions and are not afraid of difficulties.
Neither of the two positions is correct. It is unwise to be too careful in your actions, but you also cannot forget about everything in the world on the way to your goal. Neither the first nor the second opinion corresponds to reality when it comes to positive thinking.
The media play a big role in shaping the social attitudes of each of us. But, unfortunately, much of what we hear and see on television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet brings us negative emotions. Of course, it is very difficult to maintain positive attitude in light of such a powerful onslaught of negativity. Many people choose to exclude any exposure to media from their lives for this reason, but positive thinking does not involve avoiding problems. It's about about walking boldly through life and always having your own point of view, especially when you have to face negative side life.
So what is true positive thinking?
The whole truth about positive thinking.
In fact, positive thinking is more than just optimism. People who have it are able to easily challenge all problems and difficulties. The well-known expression that the glass can be half empty or half full perfectly characterizes supporters of positive thinking. Two people can look at the same glass and see two completely different situations, depending on their point of view. We have a wonderful story that shows how this happens.
A father took his two young sons to the doctor because one boy was a complete pessimist and the other was an absolute optimist, which worried the father very much. The doctor asked the man to leave his children with him for the day. The man agreed, and the doctor led the boys down the corridor. He opened one door leading to a room filled with every imaginable toy, stuffed animal, sweets, and more. The doctor suggested that the pessimist stay there for a while, saying that the room could be fun. He then led the optimist into a second room, which contained nothing but a huge pile of dung located right in the center. The doctor left the boy there. At the end of the day, the doctor entered the room where the first boy was to play. The room looked terrible, toys were broken, scattered all over the floor, everything was a mess. The pessimistic boy cried and told the doctor that he had no more toys left! Then the doctor went to next room, where he found an optimist boy sitting in a pile of manure. When asked why he climbed there, the boy replied that, in his opinion, if there was such a large pile of manure, then there must be a horse somewhere nearby!
This story very clearly characterizes both pessimism and optimism. The pessimistic boy was unhappy, despite all the blessings that were given to him, and the optimist looked for good in the most terrible things.
Let's give another example. Two men, one of whom was an optimist and the other a pessimist, were on an air flight. The pessimist told his friend about all the potential dangers of such a trip - crime, airport security, the risk of terrorism, and so on. Since the optimist did not react to this information, the pessimist finally remembered that the plane could explode! Without thinking twice, the optimist replied that it’s okay! If this happens, they will already be much closer to heaven. Thus, the typical approach of a person who strives for positive thinking and living is to see the good side in even the most terrible events.
The concept of negativity.
Before we can consider changing negative thinking to positive thinking, we must understand the nature of the former. The reason why most people prefer to have a negative thinking style is because it is much more convenient and safe. Negativity is associated with fear and the need to control the world around us. Positivity is characterized by trust and the belief that life is good. But trust is a risk. Many people are afraid that life will give them unwanted surprises.
Negative ego.
In nature, all opposites are balanced. Sometimes we observe the principle mentioned first above, sometimes the last. In general, however, we move in waves between the two, embracing both sides of our nature. Most of us are raised to strive to show only our positive sides, which results in us not being our full selves. The human psyche is based on both positive and negative. The latter is represented as the negative ego. This is literally ours dark side, whose job is to make us worry, doubt, feel anger, resentment, self-pity and hatred of others - the whole spectrum of so-called negative emotions. We say so-called because all emotions are in fact healthy and should be expressed without judgment or restriction. What really matters is how we respond to them. In addition, there are certain means by which you can add optimism to yourself.
When the negative ego speaks in us, we still have to listen to it, because we have enough wisdom and strength not to do bad things. In doing so, we simply become more resilient and stronger. This voice is suppressed by most of us, leading to many potential problems. In very severe cases, the dark side of our consciousness finally develops into a tendency towards violence, crime, drug addiction and destructive behavior.
On the other hand, the reward for accepting yourself completely, both positive and negative side, is an achievement that helps free your consciousness. Give yourself the opportunity to be yourself. At the same time, one cannot do without struggle and self-doubt. This doesn't mean you only need to listen to on the positive side consciousness, excluding the manifestation of negativity. However, if you allow the negative ego to control you, it can lead to problems such as drug addiction, depression and self-hatred.
How will all of this help you become more positive? The point is that being at peace with yourself is a principle of positive thinking. As we wrote at the beginning, optimism in our lives does not allow problems to completely take over our minds.
Negative thinking is a completely different concept, the appearance of which in our lives is not at all desirable. When he manages to take over your positive side of consciousness, make an effort to stop and immediately change your thoughts to positive ones. If you cannot do this, try to neutralize the influence of negative thinking. For example, when you think that you could do something, an optimist will think that he can do it, and a pessimist will think that he will not do it. Thus, if you are naturally a negative thinker, start your thought with the phrase - I am not going to think that... Gradually, you will be able to get rid of the influence of negative thinking.
Proactive life.
Being positive is great, but you can take it to the next level. From positive thinking to prosperity thinking, which involves planning your life one step ahead, creating your own destiny, always expecting the best, rather than fearing the worst. This is required not only by the philosophy of optimism, but by maximum trust in oneself and life. This means living actively, not passively. Plan your goals and dream about them, expect results and believe that everything will work out.
Like any theory, positive thinking requires a lot of strength and determination. Moreover, you will always be surrounded by people who are ready to tell you about what a dreamer you are and that life is very cruel now, and you are simply wearing pink glasses. Say you create your own reality and life scenario, in accordance with your thoughts. It is much easier to complain and be a pessimist than to insist that everything will be fine, no matter the circumstances. You should never give in to fear - never, ever. The economy, climate change, terrorism - all problems associated with these factors have their solutions, and you must be sure that you will find them.
Approval and attraction.
These two concepts accompany active living and creating a positive existence. Affirmations literally mean our positive statements about life. Even though they are said out loud and are perceived mechanically, affirmations have the power to help change thinking over time. Try to choose a specific area in which you want to work and, if possible, write your own affirmations. Make it as simple as possible, formulating them in the present tense and repeating the affirmations constantly, like a mantra. In light of the current financial crisis, you can, for example, say that you are financially secure. Reality will indeed change with your statement if you believe in what you are saying and have made a firm decision to use this method.
Attractiveness is an expression of the energy you put into changing your thoughts and expressing what you want to see in material form around you. Feeling grateful for what you already have is part of this energy. Anxiety is the exact opposite of positive energy and actually delays achieving results. It's great to set goals and want to achieve great things in the future, but it's also vital to stay in the present. Goals that you set too far into the future are a sure recipe for developing negative thinking and strengthening feelings of fear. Enjoy life in the present moment, but not recklessly. Enjoy the small ones simple gifts that make up your daily life, such as sunlight, the food we have, love, our family and friends, our home and so on.
Unfortunately, both positive and negative are very unstable and grow in direct proportion to the energy that causes them. Therefore, it is very important to make a conscious choice and remain positive every day, no matter the circumstances. If this is not natural for you, then initial stage difficulties may arise. However, remember that the key to learning is practice.
Sometimes, uncertainty triggers a person's defense mechanisms. It happens that the influence of external factors over which you have no control direct control, comes into conflict with the need to succeed in achieving the goal. Remember that only you are responsible for your own destiny, until the moment you want it.
Here are ten tips to help you develop truly positive thinking skills:
- · Give up negativity - consciously choose the predominance of positive thoughts over negative ones in all life situations.
- · Avoid feelings of anxiety, no matter how difficult the situation you find yourself in - relax, laugh and enjoy the fact that you are simply living.
- · Stay in the present, which is always easy to manage.
- · Face your fears about the challenges you are currently facing. Stay courageous and believe that your problems can always be solved.
- · Choose positivity as a way of life and practice it every day.
- · Use affirmations to attract all the good things you would like to bring into your life.
- · Be grateful for what you already have.
- · Identify and then get rid of old principles that no longer serve a positive purpose in your life.
- · Accept yourself for who you are and be at peace with everything that surrounds you.
- · Maintain a positive atmosphere around you. Hang out with optimistic people. If there is someone around you with a negative mindset, show them your beliefs and let the pessimist learn from your example, releasing their fear on the way to positive thinking.
