I. Specialization of production is one of the forms of organization of production.
Production specialization - this is the concentration of the activities of an industry enterprise on the production of a limited range of products or technologically homogeneous products.
The development of specialization is as limitless as the development of technology itself, leading economists noted. And that's true. Over time, certain forms of specialization only intensify, and their specific manifestations change.
In industry, there are clearly visible sectors that focus on specialization, which means subsequent cooperation (mechanical engineering, woodworking, etc.) and those that tend to combine production (food, chemical, metallurgy, etc.).
In modern industry, three forms of specialization are clearly distinguished, although there are many specific types; the forms of specialization include the following.
1. Subject.
2. Detailed (nodal).
With the subject form of specialization, industry enterprises concentrate their activities on individual items suitable for independent consumption - bread, wine, butter, canned food, sugar, etc. Based on the subject form of specialization, branches of the food industry were mainly formed - sugar, meat, confectionery, winemaking and etc.
In the part-by-part (unit-by-unit) form of specialization, industry enterprises concentrate their activities on the production of individual parts or assemblies of the finished product, suitable for independent consumption. The detailed (unit-by-unit) form of specialization is used and is quite developed in industries that produce structurally complex products - mechanical engineering, instrument making, automotive, and tool industries.
The classic type of detail form of specialization is the ball bearing industry, which produces a single part - bearings.
Food industry products are structurally simple, so there is no detailed form of specialization in this industry.
The technological (stage-by-stage) form of specialization involves the concentration of enterprise activities on the production of one or several phases of production of a finished product suitable for independent consumption; this form of specialization allows for a more rational distribution of industries, bringing some closer to sources of raw materials, others to areas of consumption. A classic example of technological (stage-by-stage) specialization can be the production at individual enterprises of the industry of ore (mining and enrichment), cast iron from ore, steel from cast iron, rolled steel, rolled machines. In the food industry, the technological (stage-by-stage) form of specialization is very developed: granulated sugar and sugar refinery enterprises in the relevant industries; primary, secondary winemaking and finished wine bottling enterprises; grain production - storage and processing of grain in elevators - flour - bread, pasta, confectionery, etc.
The technological form of specialization in the food industry provides significant savings on transport, but in the conditions of the original market it has weakened somewhat. After all, at this stage of the market, every economic entity is looking for maximum profit. And this is achieved by concentrating all possible redistributions. But this is temporary. The law of specialization, as well as the law of free distribution of productive forces, will straighten everything out. Business entities themselves, with great benefit for themselves and competitiveness, will locate their enterprises in accordance with the law of specialization and location.
The process of specialization has a certain level. The level of production specialization is characterized for its various forms and various combinations by the following indicators.
1. The share of products produced by specialized enterprises in the total volume of industry production:
2. The share of specialized enterprises in the total number of enterprises in the industry.
3. The number of types of products produced at the industry enterprise.
4. The number and share of technologically homogeneous product groups in the total production volume.
5. The share of specialized equipment in the total fleet of machines.
The economic efficiency of specialization is very high; the achievements of modern industry in all countries of the world are largely ensured by specialization of production.
Economic efficiency in the specialization of production is achieved by using high-performance and economical specialized equipment, a significant reduction in lost working time due to the absence or minimum of changeovers, and the formation of highly qualified specialized personnel, ensuring high labor productivity in specialized operations. Thus, at specialized tool enterprises, the cost of tools and hardware is several times cheaper, and labor productivity is tens of times higher than their production at every machine-building or other universal enterprise. The same can be said about packaging plants in the food industry.
In the food industry, subject specialization has no prospects. It is already excessively narrowly specialized in subject matter, but the technological (stage-by-stage) form of specialization is promising.
II. Cooperation of production
- one of the forms of production organization, closely related to specialization.
Cooperation of production is long-term, stable connections between independent enterprises in commodity production for the joint production of one product suitable for independent consumption. Cooperation differs from simple relationships between manufacturers and suppliers, various economic entities in the market due to the special technical and economic conditions of the relationships, which are determined by the joint production of a certain product. This form of communication between independent market subjects, independent enterprises.
Cooperation in its economic essence is a product derived from the specialization of production. Specialization of production logically leads to the creation of specialized enterprises and industries as the highest manifestation of the law of division of labor. Specialized enterprises, as noted above, are engaged in the manufacture of individual items, assemblies, parts, production of parts, stages, phases of the overall technology for manufacturing a product. The creation of the finished product itself, suitable for independent consumption, requires specific relationships, the combination of common efforts that make it possible to assemble this finished product with special requirements for its components. Cooperation, thus, develops as specialization develops and beyond its limits it becomes not rational, but simply an unnecessary end in itself.
Cooperation takes place in different forms. In accordance with the forms of specialization, its forms are known:
1. Subject.
2. Detailed (nodal).
3. Technological (stage-by-stage).
In accordance with the territorial location of cooperating enterprises, they are distinguished:
1. Intradistrict.
2. Interdistrict.
If enterprises cooperate and are located in the same economic region, this is an intra-district form of cooperation. If these enterprises are located in different economic regions, then such cooperation takes on an inter-district form.
In relation to industry, intra-industry and inter-industry forms of cooperation are known. If cooperating enterprises belong to the same industry (sanded sugar, refined sugar, etc.), then this will be an intra-industry form of cooperation. In the case of cooperation between enterprises from different industries, it takes on an intersectoral form (flour and pasta mills, mechanical engineering and electronics, etc.)
The following indicators of production cooperation are known in industry.
1. The share of cooperative supplies in the total cost or cost of products produced by the enterprise.
Uk= Ok/Oo x100%
Where Ok is the volume of cooperative supplies, rub.
Оо - cost price or cost of all marketable products, rub.
2. The number of enterprises cooperating with each other. The economic efficiency of classical forms of cooperation consists of the economic efficiency of specialization. It is much cheaper, for example, to receive cooperative supplies of components from independent enterprises than to produce them in small quantities for each enterprise’s own consumption. Tools and hardware, for example, with cooperative deliveries are several times cheaper than their production at each enterprise. Here, of course, the effect of large-scale specialized production, the effect of concentration and specialization of production is manifested.
Cooperation of production, as a rule, is developed in industries that produce structurally complex products or require their special technical characteristics and parameters.
In the food industry, classical forms of cooperation are practically absent. This is again explained by the structural simplicity of the food product and the technical simplicity, undemandingness of products and semi-finished products during sequential processing of raw materials (primary and secondary winemaking, grain-flour-bread, pasta, cookies, etc.).
Of course, there are signs of classical cooperation in the food industry. For example, special technical conditions and requirements are imposed on wine materials for champagne and cognac; to flour for the production of pasta. However, this has no economic significance on an industrial scale. In the food industry, the usual relationships in the commodity market between independent economic entities are sufficient.
For the first time in the food industry, a special and very effective form of cooperation has appeared, based on the joint use of auxiliary production facilities and service farms by nearby food enterprises with the greatest completeness and load throughout the year. The effect and economic feasibility of this specific form of cooperation is complemented by the possibility of mitigating the seasonal nature of the activities of many industries and strengthening the interconnection of objectively related enterprises in the raw material processing area or consumption area.
If in the off-season, when the main production is not operating, it is not always possible to use the technological equipment and areas of these technological workshops, then the facilities of auxiliary production and service farms can always be effectively operated by other nearby enterprises. These are mechanical repair shops, electrical installations and networks, heating facilities, warehouses, access roads, vehicles, general production areas, territory, waste facilities, etc.
During the season, auxiliary production and service facilities are always used more rationally, because production is carried out on a larger scale, and therefore cheaper. During this period, for example, a food enterprise close to beet sugar production purchases steam or electricity from it, several times cheaper than their independent production in a small volume. Such centralization of auxiliary production and service facilities obtains the effect of concentration of production and the advantages of large-scale production.
III. Under transnational corporations refers to international firms that have their business units in two or more countries and manage these units from one or more centers on the basis of a decision-making mechanism that allows for a coordinated policy and overall strategy, distributing resources, technology and responsibility to achieve the result - making a profit .
Transnational corporations own or control production or service complexes located outside the country in which these corporations are based, having an extensive network of branches and offices in different countries and occupying a leading position in the production and sale of a particular product.
The reasons for the emergence of transnational corporations are very diverse, but they are all, to one degree or another, related to market imperfections, the existence of restrictions on the development of international trade, the strong monopoly power of producers, exchange controls, transport costs, and differences in tax laws.
Transnational corporations have a number of undeniable advantages. Foreign branches play an extremely important role in providing access to foreign markets, reducing production costs, and increasing profits. All this ensures the financial stability of transnational corporations and helps them survive periods of crisis.
These advantages are obvious to everyone, so they can be considered as the reasons why transnational corporations are developing so actively:
- opportunities to increase efficiency and enhance competitiveness, which are common to all large industrial firms that integrate supply, production, research, distribution and sales enterprises into their structure.
- imperfection of the market mechanism in the sale of ownership of technology, production experience and other so-called “intangible assets”, primarily managerial and marketing experience, which force the firm to strive to maintain control over the use of its intangible assets. Within transnational corporations, such assets become mobile, capable of being transferred to other countries, and the external effects of the use of these assets do not extend beyond the boundaries of transnational corporations.
- additional opportunities to increase efficiency and strengthen your competitiveness through access to resources of foreign countries(use of cheaper or more skilled labor, raw materials, research capacity, production capabilities and financial resources of the host country);
- proximity to consumers of the products of a foreign branch of the company and the opportunity to obtain information about market prospects and the competitive potential of firms in the host country. Branches of transnational corporations receive important advantages over firms in the host country as a result of using the scientific, technical and managerial potential of the parent company and its branches.
- the opportunity to take advantage of the peculiarities of government, in particular, tax policy in different countries, differences in exchange rates, etc.;
- the ability to extend the life cycle of its technologies and products, dumping them as they become obsolete in foreign branches and concentrating the efforts and resources of divisions in the parent country on the development of new technologies and products;
- Through direct investment, a company has the opportunity to overcome various barriers to entry into the market of a particular country through export. The incentive for foreign direct investment is often provided by national tariff barriers. Thus, in the 1960s, a large flow of investment from the United States to Europe was generated by tariffs imposed by the European Economic Community. Instead of exporting finished goods, multinational corporations set up production in the EEC countries, thus circumventing their tariffs.
In terms of organizational structure, transnational corporations, as a rule, are diversified concerns. The parent company acts as the operational headquarters of the corporation. On the basis of large-scale specialization and cooperation, it carries out technical and economic policy and control over the activities of foreign companies and branches.
Recently, significant changes have been taking place in the structure of transnational corporations, the main of which are related to the implementation of the so-called comprehensive strategy.
The strategy of transnational corporations is based on a global approach, which involves optimizing the result not for each individual link, but for the association as a whole.
The comprehensive strategy consists of decentralizing the management of the international concern and significantly increasing the role of regional management structures. This policy became possible thanks to technological advances in the field of communications and information, the development of national and international data banks, and widespread computerization. It allows transnational corporations to coordinate the production and financial activities of foreign branches and subsidiaries. Comprehensive integration within transnational corporations also requires a comprehensive organizational structure, which is expressed in the creation of regional management systems and production organization.
Currently, it is customary to distinguish the following types of transnational corporations:
- horizontally integrated corporations with enterprises producing the majority of products. For example, car production in the USA or the Fast Food chain.
- vertically integrated corporations that unite under one owner and under unified control the most important areas in the production of the final product. In particular, in the petroleum industry, crude oil production is often carried out in one country, refining in another, and the sale of final petroleum products in third countries.
- diversified transnational corporations, which include national enterprises with vertical and horizontal integration. A typical example of a corporation of this type is the Swedish corporation Nestle, which has 95% of its production abroad and is engaged in the restaurant business, food production, sales of cosmetics, wines, etc. The number of such companies has been growing rapidly in recent years.
Foreign capital, having deeply penetrated the economies of many countries of the world, has become an integral part of their reproduction process. The share of enterprises controlled by foreign capital in the total volume of manufacturing production in Australia, Belgium, Ireland, Canada exceeds 33%, in leading Western European countries it is 21-28%, in the USA, enterprises controlled by foreign capital produce over 10% of industrial output .
Foreign capital in the form of direct investment plays an even greater role in the economies of developing countries. In them, companies with foreign participation account for about 40% of industrial production, and in a number of countries it predominates.
By studying the geographical structure of foreign investment, it can be established that the bulk of it falls on developed countries - both countries exporting capital and receiving countries. At the beginning of this decade, developed countries accounted for more than 93% of capital exports in the form of direct investment and 73% of their imports.
In modern conditions, host countries, both developed and developing, tend to approve of the activities of transnational corporations on their territory. Moreover, there is competition in the world between countries to attract foreign direct investment, in the process of which transnational
Corporations receive tax credits and other benefits.
When choosing a country, transnational corporations evaluate investment conditions according to the following main criteria: assessment of the local market in terms of its capacity, availability of resources, location, etc., political stability in the country, legal conditions for foreign investment, taxation system, nature of trade policy, degree infrastructure development, protection of intellectual property, state regulation of the economy, low cost of labor and its level of qualifications, stability of the national currency, possibilities for repatriation of profits.
However, there are a number of problems associated with the activities of transnational corporations in the host country.
The most common misconception about the consequences of the activities of transnational corporations is the belief that as a result of the international operations of transnational corporations, one country necessarily gains, and the other suffers losses. In real life, such situations cannot be ruled out, but there are other outcomes: both parties can win (or lose).
In addition, host countries tend to believe that the profits made by multinational corporations are excessive. When they receive taxes from multinational corporations, they are convinced that they could receive much more if multinational corporations did not declare their profits in low-tax countries.
The table shows the most typical pros and cons for the receiving country and for the country exporting capital.
| Host Country (HCO) | Country exporting capital | |
| Benefit | obtaining additional resources (capital, technology, management experience, skilled labor);
stimulating the development of national economy, increasing the volume of manufactured product and income, accelerating economic growth and development; receipt of taxes from the activities of TNCs; |
foreign investments are more effective than similar domestic ones; |
| Problems | PS representatives are not allowed to participate in R&D;
increased exploitation and establishment of external control by TNCs; TNCs can manipulate prices to evade taxes |
state regulation of foreign investment: a ban on investment in certain industries, special conditions for investment (use of local semi-finished products, training of local personnel, conducting R&D in the host country, expanding exports of manufactured products), losses in the trade balance;
risk of investment confiscation |
A significant share of international trade (about 30%) consists of intra-company flows of transnational corporations. They created a specific form of capital transfer through transfer prices (including specially underestimated or overestimated) established by transnational corporations themselves when supplying goods and providing services to their subsidiaries and branches within corporations (i.e. transactions between branches of the same transnational corporations are carried out at prices that are set by the corporation itself). Therefore, transfer prices for the products of transnational corporations are a very pressing issue.
Many multinational corporations are quite large and have monopoly power. Some of them exceed entire countries in terms of turnover, and the heads of such firms often deal directly with heads of state.
Often transnational corporations, operating in many countries, are able to influence all spheres of public life. And the largest and most powerful corporations are able to evade economic and political control from host states. There have been cases in history where foreign investors have sought political support for their actions, regardless of the consequences for the local population and the welfare of the country as a whole. Often, experiencing pressure from the government of the host country, transnational corporations leave this country and move to another - with a more loyal government.
It is necessary to note the main negative features of the impact of transnational corporations on the economy of the host country:
- the danger of the host country becoming a dumping ground for obsolete and environmentally hazardous technologies;
- capture by foreign firms of the most developed and promising segments of industrial production and research structures of the host country. Transnational corporations, which have large financial resources even in moments of upheaval, actively use bad market conditions to take over other firms;
- the possibility of imposing unpromising directions on companies in the host country in the system of division of labor within transnational corporations;
etc.................
The division of labor leads to the differentiation of its individual types, and their concentration based on increasing the volume of each type of labor to economically rational sizes ensures massive repetition of operations and processes. Thus, the possibility of specialization of production arises - a compromise between differentiation and concentration.
Specialization of production means the concentration of homogeneous production, which is usually mass or large-scale in type.
Specialization in industry is carried out in 3 forms:
1. Subject - concentration of production of certain types of final consumption products.
2. Detailed - concentration of production of certain parts, assemblies, blanks, semi-finished products.
3. Technological - transformation of individual phases of production or operations into independent production.
Specialization is largely based on standardization and unification. Since standardization was discussed earlier, it is necessary to say a few words about unification. Unification involves eliminating the unjustified variety of products for the same purpose, as well as bringing to possible uniformity in the methods of their manufacture. During unification, the principle of design continuity is observed, when parts and assemblies already used in other products, components, and assemblies are introduced to the maximum extent into a new product, component, or assembly. This ensures the creation of new or modified products with minimal costs for changing work technology.
Specialization indicators include:
1. The share of specialized products in the total production volume.
2. The number of types and types of products produced by the enterprise.
Production cooperation refers to direct production ties between enterprises participating in the joint production of certain products. Cooperation directly follows from the specialization of production. Cooperation processes are the supply of semi-finished components and the performance of work for the needs of a specific production.
Cooperation is distinguished according to sectoral and territorial characteristics. In turn, industry cooperation is divided into intra-industry and inter-industry, and territorial cooperation into intra-district (intra-regional) and inter-district (inter-regional).
The level of cooperation is determined by the following indicators:
1. The share in the cost of products manufactured by the enterprise of components and semi-finished products obtained through cooperation.
2. The share of semi-finished products manufactured by the enterprise externally in their total output and the output of all products.
3. The number of enterprises cooperating with this enterprise.
Combining production: essence, forms
And level indicators
Combination is the unification within one enterprise (plant) of technologically heterogeneous but interrelated productions, for example, the combination of different productions, which represent successive stages of processing raw materials, at one enterprise. The signs of the combination are:
1. Consolidation of dissimilar industries.
2. Proportionality of heterogeneous productions.
3. Technical and economic unity of heterogeneous industries, ensured by centralization of management.
4. Production unity, which consists in the fact that all parts of the plant are most often located on the territory of the plant and are connected by common communications.
5. Unified auxiliary and service facilities.
There are 3 forms of combination:
1. Consistent processing of raw materials up to the production of finished products, for example, ferrous metallurgy.
2. Using production waste to produce other types of products, for example, woodworking.
3. Complex processing of raw materials to obtain different types of products from one type of raw material, for example, oil refining.
The level of combination is determined by the following indicators:
1. The share of raw materials and semi-finished products that are processed into the subsequent product at the place of their production, in the total quantity of the same types of raw materials and semi-finished products produced at the enterprise.
2. The number of products obtained from raw materials processed at the plants, their cost.
3. Number of workers employed in combined production.
4. The share of fixed assets located in combined production in the total cost of fixed assets in the industry.
5. The percentage of extraction of useful components from the raw materials used by the enterprise.
The combination can be vertical, horizontal and mixed. Vertical combining occurs when sequential processing of raw materials into semi-finished or finished products is carried out. We talk about horizontal combination when it comes to obtaining several types of products from one type of raw material. Mixed combination involves combining the two above mentioned types into a single technological process.
Specialization is a process of increasing the number of independent links based on the social division of labor, in which the formation of new industries, new enterprises, types and subtypes of production takes place. There are three types of specialization:
1) substantive, when enterprises specialize in the manufacture of a separate product, finished product or service;
2) detailed specialization - typical for the production of a separate part of the product, its part;
3) technological (stage-by-stage) specialization, characteristic primarily of spinning and weaving factories.
Cooperation is a form of long-term production relations between specialized, independent enterprises and industries that jointly produce a particular product. In other words, cooperation is the aggregation, association, representation of several enterprises. Cooperation can be presented in three forms.
1. The object form (or aggregate form) appears in the case when one enterprise supplies another with any large parts or parts of the finished product. For example, for mechanical engineering this could be electric motors.
2. Detailed cooperation occurs when smaller parts (glass, car mats) are supplied from one enterprise to another.
3. The technological form is characterized by the supply of blanks (casting, yarn, stamping, etc.).
Combination– technological combination of heterogeneous interconnected production in one or different industries within the framework of one enterprise-plant. The following types of combination exist:
1) vertical. In this case, successive stages of production are combined (for example, extraction and processing of raw materials);
2) horizontal combination is the combination of enterprises based on the integrated use of raw materials. For example, the same raw material may be in production at several enterprises at once.
Production concentration represents the concentration of production activities on a number of enlarged facilities. The process of concentration can proceed in two mutually exclusive directions.
1. Absolute concentration, or enlarging the size of a particular enterprise (for example, through mergers and acquisitions). From an economic point of view, the concentration of specialized production (i.e., enterprises of homogeneous specialization) is very beneficial, since it concentrates and increases the amount of capital, ensures higher efficiency of the enterprise as a whole, increases the possibility of introducing the latest technologies, and also contributes to the distribution and reduction of risks. Thus, absolute concentration directly characterizes the size of enterprises.
2. Relative concentration, i.e., an increase in the share (in percentage terms) of the largest enterprises in the total output of a particular industry or the economy as a whole.
Consequently, the level of concentration is directly determined by the volume of output and the share of products of large enterprises. Concentration in industry and the degree of its efficiency are determined directly by the level of use of production factors.
The concentration process is directly dependent on consumer demand and its variability. Under the influence of growing needs and the development of scientific and technological progress, the concentration process is intensively developing.
Specialization- this is the concentration (concentration) of homogeneous production, which is mass or large-scale in nature.
Specialization of production in industry is carried out in the following forms:
Subject specialization means the concentration of production of certain types
end-use products (cars, tractors, airplanes, etc.);
Detailed specialization means concentrating the production of certain parts, components, assemblies (automotive pistons, ball bearings, starting motors, etc.):
Technological specialization means the transformation of individual technological
processes into independent production (production of castings, stampings, welded structures and etc.).
Scientific and technological progress in industry, on the one hand, is characterized by an increase and frequent change in the range of manufactured products, and on the other, by an increase in the level of specialization and automation of production in order to obtain cheaper products in the shortest possible time.
This contradiction is removed primarily by standardization and unification of parts and components intended for the production of a wide variety of products (for example, tractors, electric motors, pumps).
Standardization is based on the principles of advance and complexity. The principle of advance is to establish increased requirements and standards for standardization objects, which in the future are presented as optimal.
The principle of complexity lies in the coordination of indicators and interrelated components included in the object of standardization.
The main purpose of unification- eliminating the unjustified variety of products (parts, assemblies) for the same purpose, as well as bringing to possible uniformity of methods for their manufacture.
The level of specialization is characterized by the following main indicators:
The share of the specialized industry in the total output of this type of product:
The share of core products in the total output of the enterprise;
The number of groups, types and types of products manufactured by the enterprise: the fewer types of products the enterprise produces, the higher the level of its specialization.
In addition to specific indicators, it is possible to use a general indicator:
Kc - level (coefficient) of product specialization;
Total volume of product production at the enterprise;
B- the optimal production size of the product.
Example. The optimal production size of pistons for a car engine is 2 million. pieces per year. Actual production amounted to 1.5 million units per year. The specialization coefficient will be:
Cooperation is understood as industrial relations for the joint production of final products -
Industrial cooperation- an inevitable consequence of the specialization of industries and enterprises in the production of blanks, parts and assemblies for machines, equipment and other products.
Cooperation according to the industry principle is divided into inter-industry and intra-industry, according to territorial - into intra-district and inter-district, according to type - into aggregate, detail and technological.
The level of cooperation is determined by the following main indicators:
The share of components and semi-finished products in the cost of products manufactured by the enterprise is
The share of semi-finished products manufactured by the enterprise externally in their total output or output of all products;
The number of enterprises cooperating with the surrendered enterprise.
The economic efficiency of specialization and cooperation is the result of increased
technical level of production. Specialization, which reflects the concentration of production of structurally and technologically homogeneous products, allows for more efficient use of material and labor elements of production.
The final economic result of specialization and cooperation is a reduction in production costs due to an increase in labor productivity and a reduction in semi-fixed costs per unit of production.
The annual economic effect from specialization and cooperation is calculated using the same reduced cost formulas as when the level of concentration increases.
The annual savings from increasing the level of specialization and cooperation can be determined:
E G= [(C 1 + T 1) - (C 2 + T 2)]* B 2,
C 1 and C 2 - cost per unit of production before and after specialization;
T 1 and T 2 - transportation costs for the delivery of a unit of finished product before and after specialization.
B 2 is the annual volume of production after specialization. The payback period for capital investments required for specialization is calculated using the formula:
where: K is the volume of capital investments for specialization.
To justify the effectiveness of specialization, private performance indicators can also be used: production output per worker, labor intensity. material intensity and capital intensity of products, production profitability, etc.
Specialization is the process of concentrating the output of certain types of products in individual industries, at individual enterprises and their divisions, that is, it is the process of producing homogeneous products or performing individual technological operations.
Specialization of production is one of the forms of division of social labor and organization of production. The following forms of specialization are distinguished:
subject-based, when enterprises specialize in the production of finished products;
detailed, when enterprises specialize in the production of individual parts, assemblies and assemblies;
stage, or technological, in which enterprises specialize in performing only individual stages of the technological process;
specialization of auxiliary production.
This includes enterprises that produce containers and packaging, as well as those performing repair work.
Depending on the scale, intra-industry, inter-industry and interstate specialization are distinguished.
To characterize the level and analyze specialization, a number of indicators are used in practice:
production coverage ratio. It characterizes the share of products of a specialized industry in the total output of products of this type;
specialization coefficient, which characterizes the share of the main product in the total output of the enterprise;
the coefficient of detailed specialization, which characterizes the share of products of detailed specialized enterprises and workshops in the total output of the industry or enterprise;
breadth of product range and range. The wider the range and range of products manufactured at the enterprise and in the workshop, the lower the level of specialization.
Specialization is closely related to the cooperation of production. In fact, these are two sides of one process, therefore, in economic terms, they must be considered in unity.
Cooperation is long-term production ties between enterprises that produce some complex products.
In accordance with the forms of specialization, three forms of cooperation are distinguished:
subject cooperation, which consists in the fact that a number of enterprises supply different products to the parent enterprise;
detailed, when a number of specialized enterprises supply the head with parts;
technological, or staged, expressed in the supply of semi-finished products by one enterprise to the parent enterprise.
From the point of view of industry affiliation and territorial location of enterprises cooperating with each other, the following types of cooperation ties are distinguished:
intra-district, when enterprises located in the same economic region cooperate;
inter-district, when enterprises located in different economic regions cooperate;
intra-industry, when enterprises of the same industry cooperate;
intersectoral when cooperating between enterprises from different industries.
From the point of view of bringing suppliers closer to consumers and reducing transportation costs, intra-district cooperation is the most profitable.
The development of specialization and cooperation has the most significant impact on the efficiency of the enterprise due to the following circumstances:
specialization is the basis for mechanization and automation of production;
at specialized enterprises the quality of products is higher;
more opportunities for the use of more productive equipment and technology and their most effective use;
specialization allows you to reduce production costs;
specialization allows even small enterprises to mechanize and automate production and ensure high efficiency.
The development of specialization and cooperation in production brings not only a positive effect, but also a negative one.
The disadvantages include, first of all, the following points:
increase in transport costs per unit of production due to an increase in the radius of cooperation;
monotony at work.
All of the above positive and negative aspects must be taken into account when planning and developing specialization and cooperation in order to find the optimal option.
