Crimean Tatar language. Crimean Tatar language. Classification and dialects

Karaite language

Karaite language ( karai, karai– Karaite, Karaite) is the language of the Kipchak-Polovtsian subgroup of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages. The total number is about 3.5 thousand people. They live in Ukraine - in Galich, Lviv region and in Crimea (Bakhchisarai, Simferopol), Lithuania (Vilnius, Panevizhys, Trakai) and Poland.

They are genetically associated with that part of the Turkic-speaking Khazars who professed Karaite Judaism.

The Karaite language has three dialects: Crimean, which completely coincides with the middle one ( orta yolak) dialect of the Crimean Tatar language (see below), with the exception of Judaisms, Trakai (dialect of the Lithuanian Karaites) and Galich. Differences between the Trakai and Galich dialects: in phonetics - correspondences ö/e, ÿ/i, ‘ä/e, sh/s, w/z, h/ts, j/dz, hey/ay, njl/ll, y/n(<нъ), in Auslaut x/k(<къ) : öp‑/ep‑"kiss", kelgyanlyar/kelgenler"they came", bash/bass"head", Terezya/Terese"window", ac/ac"hungry", jan/zan"soul", barmakh/barmak"finger", bulay/bulay"So", enli/elli"fifty", maya/mana"to me"; correspondence t'/k before i, e: yew/kiss"tooth", keldy/kelgi"he came"; in morphology – the affixes of predication and accessory have different forms: ‑myn, ‑min / ‑men, ‑m; ‑son, ‑sin / ‑sen, ‑s; ‑y / ‑n; ‑yiz, ‑yiz, ‑yuz, ‑yÿz / ‑nyz, ‑niz, ‑nuz, ‑nÿz; in both dialects the participle is used ‑adogon: baradogyon"going there"; the syntax is deformed under the influence of Slavic languages; in the vocabulary - Jewish borrowings, a lot of Slavicisms, a certain number of Arab-Persianisms.

Traditional writing based on Hebrew, predominantly square script. Handwritten collections of texts of varied content, called majmuah. The Latin and adapted Russian alphabet were also used in printing.

The scientific study of the Karaite language is associated with the names of V.V. Radlov, J. Grzegorzhevsky, V.A. Gordlevsky, A.N. Samoilovich, A. Zayonchkovsky, T. Kovalsky, A. Mardkovich, O. Pritsak, S. M. Shapshal , K. Musaeva, V.I. Filonenko, N.A. Baskakova, A.M. Shcherbaka.

Literature:[V.V. Radlov]. Samples of folk literature of the northern Turkic tribes / Collected by V.V. Radlov. Part VII. Adverbs of the Crimean Peninsula. – St. Petersburg, 1896; K.Musaev. Karaite language: Phonetics and morphology. – Moscow, 1964; Karaite-Russian-Polish dictionary / Edited by N.A. Baskakov, A. Zayonchkovsky, S.M. Shapshal. – Moscow, 1974 (Bibliography: pp. 14-29); K.Musaev. Karaite language // Languages ​​of the world. T. 2. Turkic languages. – Bishkek, 1997. – Pp. 254-262.

Here is presented prepared by Alexander Garkavets for publicationKaraite prayer book in Karaite and Russian languages, A4 size.

Pocket edition: Karaite prayer book. - Moscow;Nalchik: Rus. village, 2008. – 226 p.

In our version, the Karaite prayers of the collection published in Evpatoria by V.Z. Tiriyaki are carefully corrected from a Turkological point of view, the Russian translation is completely edited taking into account the Russian publications of the Tanakh (Torah, Prophets and Scriptures), the Synodal and other translations of the Bible, and are universally determined by the Hebrew the canon of the books, chapters and verses of the Holy Letter used in the prayer book, and the corresponding index is attached.

Karachay-Balkar language

Karachay-Balkarian ( karachay, balkar/malkar) is the language of the Kipchak-Polovtsian subgroup of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages. Of the approximately 170 thousand Karachais, about 135 thousand live in the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region of the Russian Federation. Of the approximately 100 thousand Balkars, about 75 thousand live in the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Republic. Some of the Karachais and Balkars deported in 1944 live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan.

a, e, s, i, o, ö, y, ÿ); voiceless beginning of a word ( tau"mountain", kon"Sun"); preservation h, w(forehead"bucket", asha“eat, eat”); initial j(dzhyiyrma"twenty"); assimilative changes: dn>nn, nl>ll, nd>mn, nad>nn, nb>mb, dl>ll(Mennen<менден "from me" , tolla<тонлар "sheep-skin coats" kesimnen<кенсинден "Push" , tennen<тенъден "from a friend" ombre<он бир "eleven", Kelelle<келедилер “they are coming, coming, coming here”); in morphology – the plural affix has a truncated form ‑la/‑le along with ‑lar/‑ler; affix of assimilation – ‑ bark; infinitive for -rga/-rge; terminative participles on ‑ganly, ‑gynchy, ‑ganlai(jazzganly"since I wrote it" Kelginchi"until he comes" Kirgenley"as soon as I entered"); future obligatory tense -roar, -nyk, -lyk(kallykma"I'll stay"); in syntax – the predominance of a simple sentence, complicated by non-predicative phrases with its own subject of action based on verbal nouns, participles and gerunds; in the vocabulary - borrowings from the Ossetian, Adyghe, Abkhaz languages, mythological names common to these peoples (names of pagan gods and heroes).

Dialects: Karachay-Baksano-Chegem, or clinking(the basis of the literary language), Malkar, or clucking, and Kholamo-Bisingey, or mixed.

Writing: traditional in the Arabic alphabet, from 1925 - in the Latin alphabet, from 1937-1938 - the Russian alphabet.

Literature: M.A. Khabichev. Karachay-Balkar language // Languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR. T. 2. Turkic languages. – Moscow, 1966. – Pp. 213-233; A.A.Chechenov, I.Kh.Akhmatov. Karachay-Balkar language // Languages ​​of the world. T. 2. Turkic languages. – Bishkek, 1999. – Pp. 272-286.

Crimean Tatar language(Crimea; Dobruja, Romania; Türkiye)

Crimean Tatar ( ksrymtatar) is the language of the Kipchak-Polovtsian subgroup of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages. Of the approximately 400 thousand Crimean Tatars, almost 300 thousand have returned to their homeland in recent decades from Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, where they were deported on May 18, 1944. About 100 thousand more live in Turkey, where they call themselves KsRym Turk-Tatarlars, and Dobruja (Romania). There is an opinion that the Krymchaks and Karaites of Crimea also speak the Crimean Tatar language. But in post-Soviet times, the languages ​​of the Krymchaks and Karaites of Crimea are increasingly spoken of not only as languages ​​of different ethnic groups, but generally as separate languages ​​that have a sufficient number of linguistic distinctive features.

Textbooks by A.N. Garkavets on the Crimean Tatar language for grades 7 and 8 and the Crimean Tatar-Russian dictionary (co-authored with Shevket Asanov and Seyran Useinov), published by the Kiev publishing house "Radianska Shkola" in 1988 and 1989, as well as the 1st volume 3rd edition of the Crimean Tatar-Russian-Ukrainian dictionary 2002 (co-authored with Seyran Useinov).

Features: in phonetics – 8 vowels ( a, e, s, i, o, ö, y, ÿ), which are characterized by stability (irreducibility) in all positions, with the exception of s, and, reduced in combination with sonorants; a consequence of the conditional combinatorial designation of vowels ö, ÿ through letters OU over the past 60 years, especially among the younger generation, subject to the detrimental influence of “eye” pronunciation (as it is written, so I say: Cordi read exactly like that, not how kordi / kordÿ), in the mass pronunciation of these front vowels, depalatalization, which is originally unusual for the Crimean Tatar language, is very often noted; consistent palatal vowel harmony with limited labial harmony ( korip"having seen" tour"getting up"); preservation of the deep-posterior lingual in the literary language k(kara"black", aksak"lame"); in morphology – Kipchak type of declension and conjugation; the use, along with Kipchak, of a number of Oguz verb forms - participles in -mouse, verb name on - so; in the vocabulary there are two groups of Oguz borrowings: Old Oguz-Pecheneg and New Oguz-Ottoman; a significant number of Arab-Persianisms, predominantly of literary origin (through the Turkish language); Russianisms, Uzbekisms and internationalisms of the Soviet era; new Turkish borrowings and a lot of neologisms of the post-Soviet period.

The Crimean Tatar language has three sharply distinct dialects: middle ( orta yolak“middle zone” – Kipchak-Polovtsian with a certain number of old and new Oghuz elements); northern, or steppe, which gravitates towards the Kipchak-Nogai languages ​​(dzhekanye, delabialization of labial vowels: kirek / lit. kÿrek"shovel"); southern, or south coast (closer to the Turkish language and gravitates towards the Oguz group of languages).

The old literary language developed in the traditions of the Western Old Turkic language and the Old Ottoman literary language, and therefore the works of many Crimean Tatar authors of the 14th-18th centuries and even the 19th century are often considered as common Turkic or Ottoman, or even included in the Ottoman classics. By the way, Ashik Umer (1621-1707) is considered a classic of Crimean Tatar and Ottoman literature, and the creative heritage of Diya ibn Muhammad al-Krimi (d. 1376), Runk ed-Din al-Krimi (d. 1381), who were the rectors of the Al madrasah -Beybarsiya" in Cairo, Abubekir Muhammad, Abdulmejid, Taklyhoja, Amethoja, Mevlana Ishak (XV century) are usually not isolated from the literature of Mamluk Egypt, the language of which is defined as mixed Oghuz-Kypchak.

The folk Kipchak tradition of Crimean Tatar song speech first penetrates into the literary language in Oedipus Efendi’s poem “Sefer Name” (“Thought about the Campaign”), dedicated to the campaign of Islam-Girey together with Bogdan Khmelnitsky against Poland. The element of the people wins in the Crimean Tatar literary language in Soviet times.

According to the resolution of the 1928 conference in Simferopol, the middle dialect was chosen as the basis of the literary language, and since then the influence of not only the northern and southern dialects, but also the Turkish literary language has been limited. However, in recent decades - due to a forced break in the literary tradition and in connection with the activity of southern coastal authors - a new Oguz bias has emerged in the development of the Crimean Tatar literary language, especially strengthened by the introduction of Latin script based on the Turkish Latin alphabet.

Traditional writing based on the Arabic alphabet, adapted for the Crimean Tatar language by Ismail Gasprinsky at the end of the 19th century. From 1928 to 1938 they used the Latin alphabet, then the Russian alphabet without additional characters, but using letter combinations g, j, k, n. Since 1996, the Latin alphabet, long used by the Crimean Tatars of Turkey, has been introduced.

Systematic scientific study of the Crimean Tatar language began in the Soviet period at the Crimean Pedagogical Institute and the Crimean Research Institute of Language and Literature. During the years of deportation, several textbooks on language and literature were published in Tashkent for universities and junior classes. Nowadays, Crimean Tatar linguistics is being revived at the Crimean State University and the Crimean Industrial Pedagogical Institute, whose publications are distinguished by deep innovation.

Literature: B.G. Gafarov. Spelling of the Crimean Tatar language // Spellings of Turkic literary languages. – Moscow, 1973. – Pp. 152-169; S.R. Izidinova. Phonetic and morphological features of the Crimean Tatar language in areal coverage: Author's abstract. Ph.D. diss. – M., 1982; A.M. Memetov. Tatars or grammar workshops. – Tashkent, 1984; A.N. Garkavets. Anatili (textbooks for grades 7 and 8). – Kyiv, 1988; 1989; Ana tilinde (readers for grades 7 and 8). – Kyiv, 1988; 1989; Sh.A.Asanov, A.N.Garkavets, S.M.Useinov. Crimean Tatar-Russian dictionary. – Kyiv, 1988; A.M. Memetov. Sources of formation of the vocabulary of the Crimean Tatar language. – Tashkent, 1988; Kyrymtatar muzykasynyn anthologies. – Kyiv, 1989; E.S. Akmollaev. Elifbe. – Kyiv, 1989; R. Muzafarov. Crimean Tatar encyclopedia. T.1-2. – Simferopol: Vatan, 1993; Crimean Tatar-Russian dictionary / Comp. S.M. Useinov. - Simferopol: SMNPP “Dalog”, 1994; I.L. Belyansky, I.N. Lezina, A.V. Superanskaya. Crimea. Geographical names: A brief dictionary. – Simferopol: Tavria-plus, 1998; I.A.Kerim. Gasprinskyin “janly” tarihi. 1883-1914: Kyrymtatar tili, edebiyaty ve medenitinden malyumat destegi. – Akmescit: Tarpan, ; B.Ercilasun, C.Kur naz, H.Çeltik, C.Bekir, İ.Kerim, M.Şevket, Z.Yüksel .– Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1999; A.N. Samoilovich. Selected works about Crimea. – Simferopol: Dolya, 2000; A.M. Memetov. Lexicology of the Crimean Tatar language. – Simferopol: Krymuchpedgiz, 2000; A.M.Memetov, L.A.Alieva, I.A.Memetov. Kyrymtatar tili: 5 sons. – Simferopol: Kyrymdevokuvpedneshir, 2000; A.M.Memetov, L.A.Alieva, I.A.Memetov. Kyrymtatar tili: 6 sons. – Simferopol: Kyrymdevokuvpedneshir, 2000; A.M.Emirova, E.S.Ganieva, N.S.Seidametova. Kyrymtatar tili tilshynaslyk termlenrinin lugaty. – Simferopol: SONAT, 2001; Crimean Tatar-Russian-Ukrainian dictionary. In 3 volumes. Volume I. A-Icon (together with S. Useinov). – Simferopol: SONAT, 2002. – 20+256 p. (The letters A-O, on which A.N. Garkavets and S.M. Useinov worked, were published by S. M. Useinov in the same publishing house in 2003 and 2004 as part of the 1st and 2nd volumes without mentioning the name of the co-author ).

A.N. Garkavets. A brief outline of the phonetics, grammar and spelling of the Crimean Tatar language.

In Russian - file in MS Word 6.0/95 format: Tatgramr.doc (144 Kb).

In Ukrainian - file in MS Word 6.0/95 format: Tatgramu.doc (189 Kb).

Fonts must also be downloaded

Ismail Asanoglu (Asan-oglu) Kerim. Eski edebiyatymyzda kullanylgan base sezlernin izaatlary. – Akmesdzhit: Kyrymdevokuvpedneshir, 1997.

A brief dictionary of old Crimean Tatar vocabulary in MS Word 6.0/95 format: Kerim_1_Lugat.doc (68 Kb).

Seyran Memetovich Useinov, Vadim Aldanovich Mireev. Ukrainian-Crimean Tatar dictionary. – Simferopol: Share, 2002.

Dictionary of 10 thousand words with the transmission of Crimean Tatar words in the new Latin alphabet, MS Word format. A standard Unicode or Times New Roman Turkish font is required for reading.

The book can be ordered by email to V.A. Mireev: [email protected] or by phone in Simferopol: 380652542124.

Alexander Lvovich Berthier-Delagarde, Sevastyan Moiseevich Tanatar, Romulus Alexandrovich Prendel. Brief Russian-Tatar dictionary (Crimean dialect) / Editor Ismail Gasprinsky. In the book: Grigory Moskvich. Illustrated practical guide to Crimea. - Odessa, 1904.

A reprint edition of the dictionary was prepared for publication and published at his own expense by Vadim Aldanovich Mireev with the participation of Seyran Memetovich Useinov in the Simferopol publishing house “Dolya” in 2002.

Crimean Tatar ditties – mane and chyn– in MS Word 6.0/95 format, published by: Maneler ve chinlar / Toplagan ve ishlegen Riza Fazil. – Tashkent: Edebiyat ve sanat neshriyaty, 1975. – 372 b. File: Manechyn.doc (230 Kb).

You must also download fonts containing diacritics and special marks.

Krymchak language

Krymchaksky ( kyrymchakh) we attribute the language to the Kipchak-Polovtsian subgroup of Turkic languages ​​on the basis that it is Kipchak in origin. However, in modern spoken and especially written speech there are so many Oguz elements that the Krymchak language can rightfully be considered a mixed Kipchak-Oguz language.

Below we present a fragment from the article by D.I. Rebi, B.M. Achkinazi and I.V. Achkinazi “Crimean Language”, published in three different publications: Languages ​​of the World. T. 2. Turkic languages. – Moscow, 1997; Bishkek, 1999; Krymchaks / Compiled by D.I. Rebi, V.M. Lombroso. – Simferopol, 2001:

“Until the end of the 19th century, the Crimeans called their language “Chagatai.” Distributed mainly in the Crimea. According to the 1989 census, 1,448 Crimeans lived in the USSR.

The emergence of Krymchak writing based on the Aramaic alphabet is obviously connected with the need to translate prayers from the Hebrew language (monument of the late 15th – early 14th centuries “Ritual of Kaffa”). Textbooks on the Krymchak language published in the first decades of the twentieth century used the Latin alphabet. After 1936, the Latin script was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet.

At the beginning of the 20th century, two primary schools with instruction in the Krymchak language were opened in Simferopol and Karasubazar... In 1989, a Sunday school was opened and operates in Simferopol, where students of different ages study the Krymchak language.”

Distinctive features are most clearly expressed in phonetics: strong reduction of the front vowel And, which in a weak position on the letter is denoted by the letter s: Birr"one", syz"You", kytiyim"I'm leaving here" kybyk"How"; spirantization k at the end of a word: boydah"bachelor", kartlykh"old age"; Oguz elementary V: ver"give", var"there is, there is" var-"to go"; Oghuz form of the auxiliary verb ol‑"be"; transition of the initial T V h: chysh"tooth", why"dream", choshmek"fall"; some depalatalization of vowels ö, ÿ in the first syllables: ach copeckler"hungry dogs"; men ishchy dugulym"I'm not a worker."

In the field of morphology it coincides with the middle dialect of the Crimean Tatar language.

Specific vocabulary: kysrege"truthful", bootperest"idolater", cherry"taste", Rusfay"bad", opranmah"suffer", kybar"shy", mefe"benefit", avoda"service", Amyle"pregnant", akibat"hope", choir"almighty, god" zofra"bile", d'iba"silk", halt"stupidity" Aryn"Just", mogejet"miracle", behsun"sad", airan ol-"fall in love", isfat“oath”, etc. Handwritten collections called by the Karaites majmuah, the Crimeans call junk(cf. Kr.-Tat. junk"album").

Sample of written text from KrymchakthjunkA:

Ashyk Garipyn masalas ve turkysy beyan 1

Zaman yilyn bir zamanynda Tavriz sheerynde bir ehtiyar adam var emysh. O ehtiyar adamnyn bir qarysy, bir kyzy ve bir ogyly var emysh. Karysynyn ady Khanzohra, kyzynyn ady Gulyukhan, oghylynyn ady Ashyk Gharip. Bu ehtiyar adam anistan bir kefsyzlykke ogyrayyr, arasy chokka varmayyr bu ehtiyar adam oliyir. Kalayyr karysy, kyzy ve ogyly. Bu oglan Ashyk Gaarip dedyklery gendy bahar emysh, gaet behsun emysh. Bu Ashyk Gharipnyn dushyne bir gechye heliyir bir ah sakalli adam. Geliyyr d’iyyr ki: “Ogylym, kime nyshanlachakhsyn, kymyn kysmetysyn?” Ashyk Garip de d’iyyr: “Bylmiyyrym.”

_______________________

1 The publishers' spelling has been preserved [Rebi et al., 2001: 43].

Tales and songs of Ashik Garib

Once upon a time in the city of Tabriz there lived an old man. This old man had a wife, daughter and son. The wife's name was Khanzohra, the daughter's name was Gulyukhan, and the son's name was Ashyk Garip. Suddenly the old man fell ill and soon died. His wife, daughter and son were left alone. Ashik Garib, a very young man, took on all the worries and was very sad. One night, a gray-bearded old man came to Ashik Garib in a dream. He came and said: “Son, who will you marry, who is your destiny?” Ashik Gharib answers: “I don’t know.”

Literature: D.I.Rebi, B.M.Achkinazi and I.V.Achkinazi. Crimean language // Languages ​​of the world. T. 2. Turkic languages. – Moscow, 1997; Bishkek, 1999; Krymchaks / Compiled by D.I. Rebi, V.M. Lombroso. – Simferopol, 2001.

Cuman (Polovtsian, Kipchak-Polovtsian, Tatar) language

Kumansky ( coman, tatarcha, kypchak) is the language of an ethnic conglomerate of tribes known under the common name of Kipchaks-Cumans-Cuman-Tatars of Altai, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, the valleys of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, the Volga region, the interfluves of the Urals, Volga and Don, the Azov region, Kuban, the Caucasus and the Northern Black Sea region, including Crimea, in a word, the great Kipchak steppe, which stretched in the 11th-14th centuries from Altai to the Danube and was called Desht-i-Kipchak, as well as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Mamluk Egypt.

Compiled the Kipchak basis of the Kipchak-Polovtsian, Kipchak-Bulgar, Kipchak-Nogai and Kipchak-Kyrgyz languages.

Name Cuman, as well as Koman, a foreign language, although perhaps it is also based on a Turkic ethnonym. In ancient Russian chronicles, speakers of the Cuman language in the 11th - early 13th centuries appear as polovtsi, Polovchin(about one person) , and since the Mongol-Tatar invasion - as Tatarov.

The Cuman-Kypchak-Polovtsian language is attested in written monuments of the Old Russian, Greek, Hungarian, Arabic and Persian languages ​​in the form of lexical borrowings, in the dictionary of Mahmud of Kashgar “Divanu lugat-it-tÿrk” (1072-1074), monuments of the mixed Oguz-Kypchak language Golden Horde and Mamluk Egypt, etc. The direct medieval successor of the Cuman language is the Armenian-Kypchak language, recorded in monuments of the 16th-17th centuries and also called by its speakers themselves as Kipchak, but more often as Tatar.

The Cuman-Kypchak-Polovtsian language is most fully reflected in the handwritten collection of the 13th-14th centuries “Alfabetum Persicum, Сomaniсum et Latinum Anonymi scriptum Anno 1303. Diе 11 Julii”. This manuscript was donated by the famous Italian Renaissance poet Francesco Petrarch to the Venetian library in 1362. Currently kept in the Church of St. Mark in Venice: Biblioteca Divi Marci - Biblioteca ad templum Divi Marci Venetiarum, Venezia, Cod. Marc. Lat. DXLIX (549/1597). In wider scientific circles, the manuscript is known as the Codex Cumanicus. This popular name was given to the monument by the Hungarian scientist Géza Kuun.

The Code consists of two parts: Italian (ll. 1-55 vol.) and German (ll. 56-82 vol.) and includes: Latin-Persian-Cuman, Cuman-German and German-Cuman dictionaries, Cuman paradigms, riddles, prose and poetic Christian texts (traditions, prayers, hymns), including with notes. The volume of the manuscript is 82 sheets (164 pages), 7 of which are blank. In addition, 6 double sheets do not have a second half (half sheets are cut out).

The monument was published by Geza Kuun, Vladimir Radlov, Kaare Grönbeck, Vladimir Drimba and others. To date, extensive experience has been accumulated in reading and interpreting the monument both from the point of view of Latin, German, Iranian and Turkic linguistics, which puts on the agenda the need for a qualitatively new publication of this most valuable document on the history of the Kipchak languages ​​and peoples.

The illustration below shows a page fromcollection “Codex Cumanicus” with a drawing of a parrot,sheet 58 revolution. Nearby in the photo is the Library of St. Mark (Biblioteca Marciana) in Venice, where for six and a half centuries this nondescript manuscript in a crumbling leather binding, donated by Francesco Petrarch as a gift to the Venetian Republic, along with a huge collection of expensive tomes, has been carefully preserved and where in the fall of 2004 we were lucky enough to explore the dilapidated pagesa unique monument of the Kuman-Kypchak-Polovtsian language:

Features of the Kuman-Kypchak-Polovtsian language in the field of phonetics: 9 vowels ( a, ä, e, s, i, o, ö, y, ÿ), which are generally not subject to reduction; instability k(yok / yoh"No"); predominance of initial th(yemis"vegetables", but along with this and jozÿm / zÿzÿm"grape"); in morphology – Kipchak type of declension and conjugation, individual Oguz forms (along with the regular universal verbal noun in -gan meet participle on -mouse and the verb name - so); The vocabulary includes Iranianisms, Arabisms and Russianisms.

In contrast to the mixed Oghuz-Kypchak language of the Golden Horde and Mamluk Egypt, the language of the Codex is characterized by the complete predominance of the colloquial element. In this aspect, the brilliant translations of Latin prayers and hymns amaze with the purity of Turkic speech.

The Turkic titulary, onomastics and common vocabulary attested in the Code are heterogeneous in terms of dialect, which is obviously due to the mixed nature of the Turkic tribal associations that were part of the Kypchak Union and the remnants of the Turkic associations that came to Europe earlier (Huns, Avars, Bulgars) that joined it. , Khazars, Pechenegs).

The letter of the Codex is Latin - bastard, in the German part - with an increased italic character. Standing alone at the top left on the front page of sheet 30 is the word bitik“letter” written vertically with a brisk hand in the Uyghur alphabet.

Literature : J. Klaproth. Notice sur un Dictionnaire persan, coman et latin, légué par Petrarque à la Republique de Venise // J. Asiatique.– 1826.– T.8.– P.114-117; J. Klaproth. Vocabulaire latin, persan et coman de la bibliothèque de Francesco Petrarcha // Mémories relafcifs à l'Asie, contenant des recherches historiques et philologiques sur les peuples de l'Orient, par…– Paris, 1828.– T. 3.– P. 122-254; O.Blau. Über Volkstum und Sprache der Kumanen // Ztschr. Deutsch. Morgenland. Gesell.– 1874.– B. 29.– S. 556-587; G. Kuun. Codex Cumanicus bibliothecae ad templum Divi Marci Venetiarum.– Budapestini, 1880; P.Hunfalvy. Der kumanische oder Petrarka-Codex und die Kumanen // Hungarische Revue. – 1881. – S. 602-632; P. Golubovsky. Pechenegs, Torques and Cumans before the Tatar invasion. – Kyiv, 1884; W. Radloff. Das türkische Sprachmaterial des Codex Cumanicus.– SPb., 1887; E. Teza. Gli inni e le preghiere in lingua cumanica: Revisione del codice veneciano // Rediconti Accad. Lincei. Cl. scieze morali, storiche e filologiche.– 1891.– T.7, 1 sem. / 12.– P. 586-596; C.Salemann. Zur Kritik des Codex Cumanios // Izv. Academician Sciences. – 1910. – Page. 942-957; W.Bang. Beiträge zur Kritik des Codex Cumanicus // Bull. Acad. Belg.– 1911a.– T. 1.– S. 13-40; W.Bang. Komanische Texte/ / Bull. Acad. Belg.– 1911b.– S. 459-473; S.Salaville. Un manuscrit chrétien en dialecte turc, le Codex Cumanicus // Echos d’Orient. – 1911. – T. 14. – P.278-286, 314; J.Németh. Die Rätsel des Codex Cumanicus // Ztschr. Deutsch. Morgenland. Gesell.– 1913.– B.47.– S.577-608; W.Bang. Der komanische Marienpsalter nebst seiner Quelle herausgegeben // Bang W., Marquart J. Osttürkische Dialektstudien.– Berlin.– 1914.– S. 239-276; S.Salaville. Un peuple de race turque christianisée au XIII siècle // Echos d’Orient. – 1914. – T. 18. – P. 193-208; A. N. Samoilovich. On the history and criticism of the Codex Cumanicus / Dokl. Ross. Academician Sciences. – 1924. – Page. 86-89; J.Németh. Zu Rätseln des Codex Cumanicus // Körösi Csoma Archivum.– 1930.– Bd.2.– S.366-368; K. Grønbech. Codex Cumanicus: Cod. Marc. Lat. DXLIX in Faksimile herausgegeben mit Einleitung von... – Kopenhagen, 1936; K. Grønbech. Der Türkische Sprachbau.– Kopenhagen, 1936; K. Grønbech. Komanisches Wörterbuch: Türkischer Wortindex zu Codex Cumanicus. – Kopenhagen, 1942; G. Györfy. Author du Codex Cumanicus // Analecta Orientalia memoriae Alexandri Csoma de Körös dedicata. – Budapest, 1942. – T. l. – P. 3-30; A. Zajączkowski. Zwązki językowe połowiecko-słowiańskie.– Wrocław, 1949; A. Zajączkowski. Do historii Kodeksu Kumańskiego: Term “talašman” // Sprawozd. Pol. Akad. Um.– 1950.– T.50, z.8.– S. 420-125; A. Kuryshzhanov. Forms and meanings of cases in the language “Codex Cumanicus”: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences – Alma-Ata, 1956; A. von Gabain. Die Sprache des Codex Cumanicus // Philologiae Turcicae Fundementa.– Wiesbaden, 1959.– T. 1.– S.46-73; O.Pritsak. Das Kiptschakische // Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta.– Wiesbaden, 1959b.– Bd. 1.– S. 74-87; A. Kuryshzhanov. To the study of Cuman riddles // Questions of history and dialectology of the Kazakh language. – Alma-Ata, 1960. – Vol. 2.– pp. 167-176; J.Németh. Reise um zwei kiptschakische Ortsnamen in Hungaria // Ural-Alt. Jahrbücher.– 1961.– B. 33, H. 1/2.– S.122-127; A. von Gabain. Komanische Literatur // Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta.– Wiesbaden, 1964.– T. 2– S. 213 -251; D.Monchi-Zadeh. Das Persische im Codex Cumanicus. – Uppsala univ., 1969; A. Kuryshzhanov. On the history of studying the spoken speech of the Kipchaks of the 13th–14th centuries. // Izv. Academy of Sciences of the KazSSR. Ser. societies, sciences. – 1970. – No. 6. – Page. 53-60; A. Tietze. The Koman Riddles and Turkic Folklore.– Berkeley, 1966; Pashuto V.V. Polovtsian bishopric // Ost und West in der Geschichte des Denkens und der kulturellen Beziehungen.– Berlin, 1966.– S. 33-40; A.Bodrogligeti. The Persian Vocabulary of the Codex Cumanicus.– Budapest. 1971; A. Kuryshzhanov. On the history of the study of the Cuman language // Izv. Academy of Sciences of the KazSSR. Ser. society Sciences. – 1972. – No. 6. – Page. 32-42; V.Drimba. Syntaxe Cormane.– Bucureşti; Leiden, 1973; A. Kuryshzhanov. The language of Old Kypchak written monuments of the 13th–14th centuries: Author's abstract. doc. diss. – Alma-Ata, 1973; A. Kuryshzhanov. On the editors’ comments in the margins of the manuscript “Codex Cumanicus” // Soviet Turkology. – 1974. – No. 6. – Page. 86-97; A. Kuryshzhanov, A. K. Zhubanov, A. B. Belbotaev. Kumansha-Kazaksha zhilik sozdik. – Almaty, 1978; A. A. Chechenov. The language of the monument “Codex Cumanicus” (14th century): In areal illumination. – M., 1978; A.A.Chechenov. The language “Codex Cumanicus” and its relationship to modern Western Kypchak languages: Author's abstract. Ph.D. diss. – M., 1979; D. Drüll. Der Codex Cumanicus: Entstehung und Bedeutung. – Stuttgart, 1980; L. Ligeti. Prolegomena to the Codex Cumanicus // Codex Cumanicus / Ed. by Geza Kuun. – Budapestini, 1981. – P. 1-54; Garkavets A. N. Kypchak languages: Cuman and Armenian-Kypchak . – Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1987; Garkavets A. N. Turkic languages ​​in Ukraine. – Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1988; P.Golden. The Codex Cumanicus // Central Asian monuments / Edited by H. B. Paksoy. – İstanbul: ISIS Press, 1992; V. Drimba. Codex Comanicus: Édition diplomatique avec fac-similés.– Bucarest: Editura Enciclopedică, 2000; Codex Cumanicus: Polovtsian prayers, hymns and riddles of the 13th-14th centuries / Prepared by A.N. Garkavets. – Moscow: Russian Village, 2006. – 88 p.

Kumyk language

Kumyk ( kumuk) is the language of the Kipchak-Polovtsian subgroup of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages.

The total number in the territory of the former USSR in 1989 was 282 thousand people, of which 232 thousand lived in Dagestan.

Features: in phonetics – initial G: gishi"Human"; preservation k: tashlyk"rocky place"; assimilative changes ld>ll, nl>ll, nd>nn, md>mn, zs>ss: Atyls"he rushed" zamallar"time", Senne"at your place", burnumna"on my nose" Yassa“if he writes” (cf. Crimean Tatar atyldy, zamanlar, sende, stormyda, yazsa); shortened form of the genitive affix: atny"horse"< atnyn, goznya"eyes"< goznÿn; in morphology – affix of belonging 2 l. pl. h. ‑gyz / ‑giz / ‑guuz / ‑gÿz(anagyz"your mother"); verbal adjective ‑ma / ‑me: yazma"writing"; future tense for -R: barar"will go" mountain"will see"; future mandatory for ‑azhak / ‑ezhek: barazhak"will go" kelezhek"will come"; parallel forms of the desirable-imperative mood: yazgyn / yazgyr“write; I should write to you"; parallelism of verbal-nominal forms on ‑mak / ‑mek, ‑ma / ‑me, ‑maga / ‑mege in the function of the infinitive supine: aitmak / aitmaga / aitma"(to) say"; verb names in -agaan And -gan opposed in time: Jÿrÿigen"walking" Jÿrÿgen"arrived"; terminative participles: aitganly"since he said" eshitginche“until he hears”; in syntax – a tendency to analyze a complex sentence; in the vocabulary - borrowings from the surrounding languages ​​- Dargin, Avar, Lak.

Dialects: Khasavyurt, Buynak, Kaytak (Khaidak), Podgorny and Terek. Among the features noted is the violation of vowel harmony in the Kaitak and Piedmont dialects ( altmish"sixty", bermah"give" zhiymakh"gather"); occlusive-laryngeal in the Kaitak dialect not only in borrowings from Dargin, but also in the Turkic words themselves: k'ants"vinegar", ch'ank'a"mestizo" jak'a"pig", t'oymak"to be saturated"; past effective on -P and long past tense based on this form ( yatividim“I was lying there”) in the Kaitak dialect in place of the form on -gan and its derivatives in the rest.

Traditional writing is in the Arabic alphabet, in 1929-1938 - Latin, then the Russian alphabet.

The literary Kumyk language was formed on the basis of the folk poetic tradition (the epics “Ashik Garib”, “Koroglu”, etc.) and the Western Turkic mixed literary language Turks. The founders of the modern literary language are Irchi Kazak (1830-1880), Nukhay Batyr-Murzaev (1860-1919), Zeynalabid Batyr-Murzaev (1897-1919).

The scientific study of the Kumyk language is associated with the names of A.A. Shifner, K.G. Zaleman, Y. Nemet, B. Chobanzade, N.K. Dmitriev, Kumyk scientists and educators A. Akaev, A. A. Satybalov, M. Osmanov and etc.

Literature: B. Chobanzade. Notes on the language and literature of the Kumyks. – Baku, 1926; B. Chobanzade. Preliminary report on the Kumyk dialect. – Baku, 1926; N.K. Dmitriev. Grammar of the Kumyk language. – Moscow; Leningrad, 1940; A.G. Magomedov. Kumyk language // Languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR. T. 2. Turkic languages. – Moscow, 1966. – Pp. 194-212; L.S. Levitskaya. Kumyk language // Languages ​​of the world. T. 2. Turkic languages. – Bishkek, 1999. – Pp. 319-327.

Urumsky language – Azovian Urums (An article in English)

Name Urum language There are two genetically and typologically different groups of dialects of the Turkic-speaking Greeks.

The first ones were resettled in 1778-1779. from Crimea to the Northern Azov region together with the Rumeans (Hellenically speaking Greeks), Turkic-speaking Volokhs (Moldavians) and Georgians and together with them are among the so-called Mariupol Greeks. The latter moved from Turkey to the Caucasus and the Caucasus in the 18th-19th centuries and are also known as Trabzonian (Trebizond) Greeks, numbering about 30 thousand people .

The language of the second group - the language of the Trialeti Urums - differs from Turkish in phonetic, lexical and grammatical substrate and is an Oghuz language, and therefore in this article we leave it aside.

The Urum language is compactly represented in the 29 Urum villages of the Donetsk region that they founded, in one village in the Zaporozhye region and in the city of Mariupol.

The number of Azov Urums is about 60 thousand people.

The language of the Urums of Crimean origin is basically Kipchak-Polovtsian, but over the centuries its various dialects, to varying degrees, as well as the local Tatar, Karaite and Krymchak dialects, were subjected to Oguz-Turkish and Nogai influence, which was reflected in their current various kinds of mixed character . If we ignore the Greek substratum, then the Urum dialects of the Northern Azov region in their dialectal features repeat the appearance of the Crimean Tatar dialects of those places from which the Urums were evicted about two and a quarter centuries ago.

The Urum dialects of the Northern Azov region are combined into four dialects: Kipchak-Polovtsian (Velikaya Novoselka - Yeni-Sala, Starobeshevo and Pershotravnevoe - Mangush), Kipchak-Oguz (Staromlinovka - Kermenchik, Bogatyr, Ulakly), Oguz-Kypchak (Granitnoye - Karan, Starolaspa and Komar - Kamara, Starognatovka - Gurji) and Oguz (Old Crimea and Mariupol). All of them are united by a common Greek substrate, within which 5 substrate Modern Greek dialects of Crimea can also be distinguished. Generally speaking, the most striking substrate features of the Urum language: in phonetics - transition k > ħ > t´ > h > th >ø And g > ђ > d´ > j > th >ø. before front vowels e, and, occasionally before ö, ÿ ; in morphology - the loss of the local case and the transformation of syncretic verbal nouns into differentiated verbal forms of participles, gerunds, finite verbs and verbal nouns against the background of a general analysis of syntax.

The folk poetic works of the Urums testify to the deep historical connections of the Urum language with other languages ​​of the Western Hunnic branch. This is evidenced by medieval masalas (dastans) about Ashikh Garib, Arzu and Gamber, Tair and Zora, Kozy Korpesh, Makhmerem and Khurshutbeg, Teroglu.

The development of Urum song speech was strongly influenced by the Ottoman poetic tradition, which was widespread in medieval Crimea.

The old Urum writing (translations of Christian texts, manuals on the Greek language, correspondence) is based on the Greek script, the new one (manuscripts of plays, collections of songs, private letters) is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The current Urum alphabet was developed and implemented in Cyrillic.

Illustration: Page of S.F. Popov’s manuscript from Granitny (Karani) with the Urum alphabet on a Greek basis and interpretation of the Cyrillic letters:

Literature:

A.Yu. Krimsky. Türks, their language and literature // Create in 5 volumes. T. 4. Similar knowledge. – Kiev, 1974. – Store. 447-583.

I.A. Korelov. The language of the Trialeti Urums and its specific features: Author's abstract. Ph.D. diss. – Baku, 1970.

A.N. Garkavets. Turkic languages ​​in Ukraine. – Kyiv, 1988.

Sevortyan Ervand Vladimirovich
(1901-1978), linguist, Doctor of Philology (1957). Professor of Moscow State University, employee of the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Works in the field of Turkology. Author " Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages"(vol. 1-3, 1974-80).

CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE (from the book “ Languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR", vol. 2, M, 1966)
E. V. Sevortyan
§ 1. Crimean Tatar language is the native language of the Turkic population living on the Crimean Peninsula, but currently (1966) for the most part - on the territory of the Uzbek SSR.
Crimean Tatars, in Tatar Crimea Tatarlars , the Tatar population called themselves, starting from the pre-steppe zone and to the Black Sea coast. The Tatar population of the entire northern steppe part called themselves Nogai Tatars ( nogay tatarlary ) or Nogais ( nogyaylar ), and the Tatar population of the southern coast of Crimea was sometimes designated by the ethnonym tat .
Crimean Tatar language belongs to the group Kipchak languages(Kumyk, Crimean-Karaite, individual dialects of Karakalpak, Uzbek languages, medieval-Kypchak languages, Kuman), which were influenced to varying degrees Oghuz languages, in this case, mainly in the field of phonetics and partly vocabulary.
The core of a literary language consists of its central dialects ( orta yolak‘middle zone’), rooted in Cuman (Polovtsian) and related tribal languages ​​located in the northern Black Sea region. Overlaid on this core are the later introduced and largely assimilated dialects of the southern and southeastern coasts of the Black Sea, as well as the Nogai dialects, which were the most recent in their appearance, and were influenced by the central dialects.
The oldest monuments of the Crimean Tatar language date back to the 17th ("On the campaign of Islyam-Girey to Poland" by Jan-Muhammad, 1648 - 1649) and the 18th centuries. 1 (“Asseb-us-sayyar” ‘Seven Planets’ by Seyid Muhammad Riza 2, “El-muhit-ul-burhani” ‘Ocean of Evidence’ 3) and bear the influence of the Ottoman literary language of those centuries. In subsequent times, the written and literary language of the Crimean Tatars was not homogeneous. The language of some literature (press, journalism, educational literature) continued to remain under the certain influence of the Turkish literary language 4.
The language of the other part was more homogeneous, but it did not remain completely free from external influences 5. The heterogeneity of the Tatar literary language persisted in the first decade after the October Revolution. However, by the mid-30s, the results of the dialect reorientation of the literary language were determined, and by the time the Crimean Tatar written language switched to a Russian graphic basis, the most important features of the new Crimean Tatar literary language had already emerged.

Crimean Tatar - Russian: Russian - Crimean Tatar dictionary can be found on the Internet by searching

Systematic scientific study of the Crimean Tatar language begins only in Soviet times - first at the department of Tatar language and literature of the eastern (later Tatar) department of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute named after. M.V. Frunze, but especially intensively within the walls of the Crimean Research Institute of Language and Literature, created in the early 30s. A. S. Pushkin. Among the major scientific events of the Institute, dialectological expeditions carried out throughout the Crimea under the leadership of Prof. were of particular importance. N.K. Dmitrieva in 1935 - 1936 and gave very valuable results.
Until 1928, Crimean Tatar, like most Turkic languages, used Arabic script, since 1928 - Latinized, and since 1938 - Russian script.

Alphabet: a, b, c, d, g, d, f, f, g, h, i, j, k, k, l. m, n, nъ, o, p, r, s, t, y, f, x, c, h, j, w, sch, ъ, s, b, e, yu, i.

PHONETICS
§2. In the Crimean Tatar language there are 8 vowel phonemes, distinguished by three phonetic characteristics: 1) palatal: e (at the beginning of a word or syllable it is written e), i, ё (the same as the common Turkic ө, as well as yo), yu (the same as common Turkic y, and at the beginning of a word, syllable - yu) and non-palatal: a, y, o, y; 2) labials: o, e, y, yu and non-labials: a, s, e, and; 3) wide: a, e, o, e and narrow: s, i, y, yu

VOWEL CLASSIFICATION
Nonlabial Labial
Wide Narrow Wide Narrow
Front e and e yu
Rear a y o y
The pronunciation of the phoneme ы is close to the Russian unstressed a or o in the words dad, oko, and the phonemes ё and yu are similar to the German ö (Köln) and ü (grün). The phoneme is articulatory unstable and is realized in two equal variants: and full formation, as in Russian. kipa, and reduced g (written and), in northern dialects forming a separate phoneme (cf. kir ‘dirt’ and kir ‘come in’, sirke ‘vinegar’ and sirke ‘nit’).
The remaining vowels are articulatory close to the corresponding vowels of the Russian language in the initial position under stress. The front labials (е, ь) are strongly depalatalized in the anlaut and the first syllable after the initial labial and velar stops b, p, m, k, g, irregularly - after j, graphically they are transmitted through o and u, for example: oz (from өз) 'sam', uch (from үч) 'three', pain- (from bol-) 'to divide', muche (from muche) 'organ', djur- (from dzhur-) 'to walk'.
§ 3. Consonants consist of the following phonemes: b, v, e, gъ, d, zh, z, j, k, kъ, l, m, n, nъ, p, r, s, t, f, x, c , h, j, w, sch. The consonant g in articulation resembles the southern Russian or Ukrainian g in the words richly and head. The consonant къ can be compared with the sound combination кх in the word Bacchus. The consonant Нъ is articulatory close to the German ng in the word Angst. The consonant j is pronounced together and is close to the English j in the word John. The remaining consonants are articulatory close to the corresponding consonants of the Russian language in the position between the vowels. The consonants ц and ь are found only in borrowings from Russian. In southern dialects, the consonant N is sometimes found in the speech of the older generation.
The consonants of the Crimean Tatar language are divided into groups according to the following distinctive paired features: 1) voiceless k, kъ, p, s, t, f, ch, sh and paired voiced ones g, gъ, b, z, d, v, j , and; 2) sonorous gъ, й, l, m, n, nъ, рн are noisy - all the rest. For further division of consonants, see the table below.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS
Labial Labial-dental Anterior-lingual Mid-lingual Posterior-lingual
Noisy Closed Voiceless
Voiced p
b t
d k, k
g, n
Slotted Blind
Voiced f
in c, w
h, f x
Africates Voiceless
Voiced h
j
Sonorant Stops (nasals) m n
Slotted lines
Trembling p
Uvular g
§ 4. Basic phonetic patterns in the area of ​​vowels. Almost all bases and forms of words of Turkic, and often foreign, origin, as well as most affixes, are covered by the law of progressive palatal harmony, under the influence of which all vowels in a word are likened to the vowel of the first syllable and are either palatal or non-palatal, for example: chegertke 'grasshopper' ( palatal vowels), tolk'unlamak 'to worry' (palatal vowels). In this regard, most affixes have palatal and non-palatal variants. Outside its effect remain individual word-forming affixes of nouns (-dash, -mach), adjectives (-dai), many old borrowings from Arabic and Persian and new borrowings from Russian, as well as stem roots with depalatalized v and u in the initial syllable and individual bases of Turkic origin, for example: bojek (from bejek) 'insect', utyu (from utu) 'iron', kurek (from kurek) 'shovel', chavke 'daw', chabik 'quick', etc.
Within the framework of palatal harmony, labial harmony partially operates; its effect extends no further than the second syllable and only to narrow vowels; wide labials are usually possible in the first syllable. Both patterns are combined into palatal-labial harmony with the leading palatal one. In this regard, the number of options in some affixes increases due to labial ones, for example: sheer-li ‘city dweller’, but koi-lyu ‘peasant’. Some affixes have only a labial vowel, and therefore a word may contain three labial vowels: boysun-uv ‘subordination’.
Basic phonetic patterns in the area of ​​consonants. Based on the voicedness (in Oghuz) or voicelessness (in Kipchak) of the initial stop (k ~ g, t ~ d), Crimean Tatar belongs to the Kipchak languages. But it also contains elements of Oghuz languages, these include: gemi 'ship', gol 'lake', gizli 'secret', dinle- 'listen-', dirt 'four', dol- 'to be filled', etc. instead of keme /kema, kol, kizli, tynla-, tert, tol-; presence of initial b (Oguz) ~ m (Kypch): bin 'thousand', boyun 'neck', burun 'nose', boynuz 'horns'. Oghuz also includes the form of the verb ol- ‘to be’.
Turkic root words do not have initial p or l. Consonants at the end of words can only be voiceless (with the exception of sonorant ones), and therefore in borrowings the final voiced ones are deafened.
There are various types of assimilation between adjacent consonants, the most consistent of which is voiceless-voiced harmony. It can be progressive (more often) and regressive (less often). Under its influence, in affixes with initial stops there are almost always variants with voiced and voiceless consonants. The first is used after final vowels and sonorants, the second - after final voiceless ones, for example: oda-da ‘in the room’, bash-ta ‘in the head’. The alternation of palatal - non-palatal, labial - non-labial vowels, initial voiceless and voiced consonants increases the number of variants of some affixes to eight, for example, in the derivational affix of a verbal name -kyn -kin -kyun -kyun, -gyn -gin -gyun -gyun, etc. Wed . bas-kyun ‘attack’, kes-kin ‘sharp’, uch-kyun ‘spark’, yan-gyun ‘fire’, sen-gyun ‘extinguished’. In borrowings, assimilation often has a regressive nature, for example: melon (Persian) from bagcha ‘garden’, zapt (Arabic) from zabt ‘capture’. The affixes -chyk, -chan and some others do not have variants with an initial voiced voice.
Progressive nasal assimilation: choban-nar from choban-lar ‘shepherds’, an’na- from an’la- ‘understand’.
A combination of consonants - usually two - is possible under certain conditions at the end of a word, namely: sonorant + noisy - syrt ‘back’, ters ‘back side’, silk- ‘sneak away’, ashayt ‘food’. In other combinations (in borrowings) a dividing narrow vowel appears between the consonants: cf. synyf (Arabic) from synf ‘class’, sabyr (Arabic) from sabr ‘patience’, as well as colloquial or dialect dekabir ‘December’, lozunuk ‘slogan’. Within a word, any combination of adjacent consonants in adjacent syllables is possible; a combination of three consonants is possible if the first two of them form the above combinations of the ends of words, and the third is at the beginning of an adjacent syllable: kurt-ka ‘witch’, arslan ‘lion’. The etymological combination of consonants at the beginning of words is impossible. in borrowings, a vowel appears between or before the initial consonants (most often narrow) or a metathesis occurs with a narrowing of the vowel (the latter is observed in dialects): yspravka, birigada/birgada, pirsidatel; old borrowings - ystakan, ustol.
As a result of the influence of vowels on consonants and vice versa, the following occurs: 1) voicing of voiceless stops and affricates between vowels: 2) palatalization of consonants next to palatal vowels and 3) choice of a palatal-non-palatal variant of the affix depending on the final consonant of the stem. In the voicing of voiceless consonants and affricates h, one should distinguish: the oldest voicing of the final stop in monosyllabic names under the influence of the preceding etymologically long vowel; voicing k, k the end of a non-monosyllabic nominal stem; restoration of voicing of final consonants in borrowings. The limitation of voicing to the framework of the name is typical for the Oghuz languages, in contrast to the Kipchak and especially Siberian languages, where it tends to also extend to verbal forms and even voiceless geminates. On this basis, the Crimean Tatar, with the exception of its northern dialects, is close to the Oghuz languages.
The oldest voicing during inflection include: at (< * а: т) - ад-ы ‘его имя’; уч (< * у: ч) - удж-у ‘его конец’, къап (< * къа: п) - къаб-ы ‘его сосуд’6. Регулярное озвончение конечных к, къ и менее регулярное - конечных т, ч в неодносложных основах является разви-вющимся процессом; ср. къапакъ - къапагъ-ы ‘его крышка’, огют - огюд-и ‘его наставление’, агъач - агъадж-ы ‘его дерево’, список - списог-и ‘его список’, ударник - ударниг-и и т. п.
In borrowings, when inflected, the lost voicing is restored: sharap (Arabic) - sharab-y 'his wine', barut (Arabic) - barud-y 'his gunpowder', borch (Sogd.) - borj-u 'his debt' ' etc., and the etymologically unvoiced t, ch, p - are preserved: sakat 'crippled' - sakat-y, top - top-u 'his ball', etc.
Adding here what was said earlier about the palatal-labial synharmonicity of vowels, we can conclude that the palatal synharmonicity extends throughout the entire syllable and word. Therefore, in particular, the consonants k, g are combined (palatal (keyik 'game', gemi 'ship'), kъ, eъ with non-palatal vowels (kat 'layer', bogaz 'throat'). Synharmonism does not apply to borrowed stems. In Arabic-Persian borrowings, individual consonants in the Crimean Tatar are pronounced palatalized, which is why the affixal vowel is also palatal: cf. (Arabic) - k'anaat-len- 'to be satisfied'; with etymologically palatalized l: sual' (Arabic) - sualler 'questions', vertical - vertical-len-ler; with non-palatalized final consonant: tarikh-y 'his history ', yawn-ly 'joyful', muit-y 'his environment'.
Reduction and elimination of vowels are observed more in relation to narrow ones in two-syllable names, when, when changing, the narrow vowel of the second syllable ends up in an open pre-stressed syllable surrounded by sonorants (flowing, occasionally stop and flowing): burun - burunu 'his nose' > burnu, kokyus - koksyu 'his chest'. The same rule applies in borrowings with an intercalated narrow vowel: ilim - il'mi 'his science', akis - axi 'his echo' 7. Reduction of the pre-stressed vowel is observed without restructuring the syllabic structure of the word: cf. liter, vasta (Arabic) from wasyta 'remedy', oturshuv from oturushuv 'meeting', yashna-from yashyn - 'to sparkle' (about lightning), etc. Characteristic of all dialects is the elision of a narrow vowel at the beginning or inside a syllable: ( i)lyach 'medicine', (I)smail 'Ismail', (i)shte 'here', (u)sta 'master', (u)rajai, k(i)rerim 'I will enter', brgada, sh( i) shesi 'his bottle', etc.
Among the contractions we can note: alket- apket- (from alypket-) ‘to carry away’, Apselyam (from Arabic Abd-ul-Selyam), Apkerim (from Arabic Abd-ul-Kerim). Metathesis: echki (from kechi) ‘goat’, yuku (from uikyu) ‘sleep’.

§ 5. Phonetic structure of syllables and words. Monosyllabic roots: 1) G8 (o, ‘he’); 2) G + S (al- ‘take’); 3) C + G (bu ‘this’); 4) G + + Sop. + See / Prot. (ant ‘oath’); G + Prot. + See (ast. ‘bottom’); 5) S + G + + Sleep. + See / Prot. (kart ‘old’, tars - onomatopoeia for roar); 6) S + G + S (kaash ‘eyebrow’); C + C + G - secondary origin (Smail, Cre/Rome, see above).
Word stress. In a single word, the vowel of the last syllable is pronounced with great force. The vowels of pre- and post-stressed syllables are the weakest. In polysyllabic words, the vowel of the initial syllable is fuller sounding than other unstressed vowels, for example: Araba ‘cart’, yigirmi ‘twenty’, but b’revi ‘someone’, where the wide pre-stressed one is fuller sounding than the narrow vowel of the initial syllable. In borrowings, the original emphasis is preserved: party, drummer; Arab, zaten ‘in fact’, asla ‘essentially’, daima ‘constantly’, etc.; in the pronouns myna ‘here’, ana ‘out there’, etc. Unstressed: predicate affixes - 'ja, -'dai, particles - 'chy, 'da, etc.; after the unstressed affix of verbal negation -ma-/-zhe- the following syllables are also unstressed.
Stress can play a grammatical role: 1) adverbs temiz ‘completely’ from temiz ‘pure’, yalynyyz ‘only’ from yalynyyz ‘one’, yanyy ‘just’ from yanyy ‘new’; 2) other parts of speech - arkadashym ‘my comrade’ and arkadashym ‘I am a comrade’; mende ‘in me’ and men de ‘I also’; berejegim ‘what I have to give’ and berejegim ‘I will give’; alma ‘apple’ and alma ‘don’t take’, etc.

MORPHOLOGY
The Crimean Tatar language has 11 parts of speech.
§ 6. Nouns have the grammatical categories of number, case, belonging and predicativeness.
Number category is expressed by the affix -lar/-ler and means plurality and totality: ev-ler ‘at home’, duygular ‘feelings’. Nominal stems without -lar denote an individual object and its entire class, as well as paired organs: ayvan ‘animal’, ‘animals in general’, goat ‘eye’, ‘eyes’. When naming innumerable objects and phenomena, -lar means their abundance: kar-lar ‘snow’, yagymur-lar ‘rain’. With proper names of persons, -lar means their entourage: Asan-lar ‘Asan and his entourage’ (family or friends), sometimes with the insertion -a-: Ilyas-a-lar ‘Ilyas and his entourage’.
The case category covers six forms attached to a pure stem or to a stem with affixes of belonging and plural.
Affixes Examples
Basic - tash ‘stone’, tepe ‘top’
Genus. -now/-nin tash-nyn, now-nin
Dat. -eg. -kа/-ke, -gа/-ge tash-kа, tep-ge
Vin. -ny/-ni tash-ny, warm-nor
Local -yes/-de, -ta/-te tash-ta, tepe-de
Ref. -dan/-den, -tan/-ten tash-tan, tepe-den
Nouns are declined according to the same pattern. plural and an infinitive, the dative-directive case of which, however, will be -mag'a (and not -mak'a) and -mege (and not -mekke), for example almag'a 'to take'.
The category of grammatical affiliation of persons has the following affixes, attached to a pure stem or to a stem with a plural affix.
Unit number and pln. number
With stems with final vowels
1 l. -m (ode-m ‘my room’) -myz/-miz (ode-myz)
2 l. -нъ (од-нъ) -ныз/-нъз (од-нъыз)
3 l. -sy/-si (oda-sy) -sy/-si, -lary/-leri (oda-sy/oda-lary ‘their room’, ‘their rooms’, ‘his room’)
With stems with final consonants
1 l. -ym/-im (ash-ym ‘my lunch’) -ymyz/-imiz (ash-ymyz)
2 l. -yn/-in (ash-yn) -ynyz/-iniz (ash-ynyz)
3 l. -ы/-и (ash-ы) -ы/-и, -lary/-leri (ash-y, ash-lary ‘their lunch’, ‘their lunches’, ‘his lunches’)
Nouns in the form of affiliation are often accompanied by the genitive case of the corresponding personal pronoun, in the presence of which the 1st and 2nd person affiliation affixes can be omitted: koyuniz or sizin koi ‘your village’.
The names of body organs and relatives are used with indicators of belonging: an-sy ‘his (her) mother’, agyzym ‘my mouth’. When addressing relatives, the affix of belonging may be omitted: woman! 'father!'.
In southern dialects, the plural is used from the possessive form: baba-m-lar ‘my parents’ (with my father’s closest relatives), with the extension -a-: kardash-yn-a-lar ‘your brothers’ (with my surroundings). Declension of possessive forms occurs according to the already indicated scheme, with the exception of the dative-directive case, which has the affix -a/-e in the 1st and 2nd person (baba-m-a 'to my father', fikir-ler-in'-e ' to your thoughts'), in the 3rd person singular-i- (babasy-n-a, baba-sy-n-da, baba-sy-n-dan) appears in front of him. The accusative case of the 3rd person form is more often used in a truncated form: baba-son-n ‘his father’.
The predicability category is an indicator of the predicativeness of nominal parts of speech. Its paradigm is given in the verb section.
Word formation. Nouns have the following productive word-forming affixes:
1) forming nouns from nominal stems:
-lyk/… - with the meaning of the name of an area abounding in something - agach-lyk ‘grove’, ‘tree planting’ from agach ‘tree’; storage from the names of storage items - ace-luk ‘salt shaker’ from ace ‘salt’; purpose - agyz-lyk ‘bit’ from agyiz ‘mouth’, ‘mouth’; occupations, duties, states from the names of the bearers of these qualities - oja-lyk ‘occupation, profession of a teacher’ from oja ‘teacher’.
-ly/… - with the meaning of the name of a resident from geographical names: koi-lyu ‘peasant’ from koi ‘village’, yalta-ly ‘Yalta resident’;
-dzhy/-chy/… - to denote the name of a figure on the subject of activity, inclination, etc. - odun-dzhy ‘woodcutter’;
-chyk... - with a diminutive meaning - odun-chyk ‘log’ from odun ‘firewood’;
2) forming nouns from verb stems:
-(y)idzhy -(y)idzhi - with the same meaning as -dzhy/-chy, - satydzhy ‘seller’ from sat- ‘to sell’;
-(a)mamazlyk -(e)memezlik - with the meaning of a negative name for the action - tyukenmezlik ‘inexhaustibility’ from tyuken- ‘to be exhausted’, an’lash-ama-mazlyk ‘mutual misunderstanding’ from an’lash- ‘to understand each other’.
Unproductive affixes. From nominal bases: -dash - with the meaning of a person on the basis of participation, co-ownership - soy-dash ‘relative’ from soy ‘kin’; diminutive affix -akъ/-ek - yol-akj 'strip' from yol- 'path', etc. From verb stems: -къ/-ыкъ/…, -ы/-и…, къы/ -гъы/…, - kan/-gan..., -kych..., -yn..., -t... etc. - with the meaning of an object, tool, result, place, name, carrier of action, for example: ora-k 'braid' from ora- 'to mow' , kur-gan 'mound' from kur- 'build', aq-yp 'flow' from ak- 'to flow', kech-it 'passage' from kech- 'to pass'.
Analytical nouns consist of: 1) paired combinations, the members of which can be in synonymous or antonymic relationships: chanak-chelmek (< чёмлек) ‘посуда’ (букв. ‘миска-посудипа’); 2) фразеологизмов: балкъурт ‘пчела’ (букв. ‘медовый червь’), акъбардак ‘подснежник’, ‘белая лилия’ (букв. ‘белая чаша’).
Occasional substantivity. All non-substantive parts of speech can be used in place of nouns and take on the grammatical categories of nouns.
§ 7. Adjective differs from a noun: 1) affixes - -ja/-je, -cha/-che, indicating the incompleteness of the attribute -
ajjija ‘quite bitter’; -jarak/-jerek - ajdzhy-jarak ‘a little bitter’; -yltim (in 4 variants), denoting colors - kog-ultim ‘bluish’; 2) “intensive” expressions with the meaning of the completeness of the attribute, formed by repeating its first syllable at the beginning of the adjective with a change in the final consonant: ap-aidyn ‘completely obvious, clear’, tim-tik ‘completely vertical’. The expression of excess quality is conveyed using the intensifying adverb pek ‘very’ and the adjectives chok’ ‘very’ (< ‘много’), яман (букв, ‘скверный’) ‘очень’ или их сочетаний: пек (или чокъ//яман) буюк ‘очень, ужасно большой’ (о степенях сравнения и производных формах см. в раздело о дополнительных словосочетаниях).
Word formation. Productive affixes: 1) from nominal stems:
-lyk… - with the meaning ‘designed for/in’: kuz-lyuk ‘designed for autumn’, besh saatlyk ish ‘work for five hours’;
-ly... - forms derivatives from nouns and phrases with the meaning 'possessing', 'containing', 'consisting of': for example, smoke-ly 'moist' from smoke 'moisture', yuksek selbi, cypress trees (shen alleyalar) ' (cheerful alleys) with tall poplars and cypresses' from yuksek selbi, cypress 'tall poplars and cypresses';
-ly... -ly - with the meaning of the totality: baba-ly ogyul-ly (eki koylyu) ‘(two peasants) father and son’;
-syz... - with a privative meaning: sessiz ‘without voice’, ‘voiceless’ from ses ‘voice’;
-chyk… - with the meaning of location, sympathy: kyyskа-chyk ‘short’ from kyyskа ‘short’; kuchyu(k)-chik (the final -k, -къ stems are dropped before this affix) ‘tiny’ from kuchyuk ‘small’, ‘small’;
2).
Non-productive affixes: a) from nominal stems - -ki/-kyy (with the meaning of time and space): dyun-ki ‘yesterday’ from dunes ‘yesterday’, tysh-kyy ‘external’ from tysh ‘ outer side'; b) from nominal (verb) stems - -chan/-chen (with the meaning of the property): ashyk-chan ‘hasty’ from ashyk- ‘to hurry’, yashav-chan ‘tenacious’ from yashav ‘life’; c) from verbal stems - -chakb/-chek (with the meaning of property, ability, inclination): maktanchak ‘boastful’ from maktan- ‘boast’; -(a)vuk, -k, -k, -ak, -ek..., -y..., -kak, -gak..., -chyk..., -kyr/-kir, -gyr/-gir, -kyyn/- kin, -gyyn/-gin, etc. (with the meaning of the affix -chak, as well as a sign of state), for example: yangyyr-avuk 'voiced', sez-gir 'sensitive', otkyur 'voiced'.
Among the analytical word-formation forms of adjectives, one can note reduplications that express the plurality of a feature, its gradations and excess, for example: kara-kara (bulutlar) ‘black (clouds)’ (many black clouds or many clouds of different shades of dark color) from kara ‘black’.
Synonymous and antonymous paired combinations: yany-eski ‘both new and old’, karly-buzlu (töpeler) ‘(peaks) covered with snow and ice’.
Phraseologisms: achkoz ‘greedy’ (lit. ‘hungry eyes’), yalynayak ‘barefoot’ (lit. ‘bare legs’).
Inflectional word-formants include -nynki, -daki, -dai (without phonetic variants). Unlike derivational affixes, they can be applied to pronouns, any nouns and their possessive forms. The affix -nynki denotes an object already named in speech, according to its belonging to another person, for example: Bizim ev(imiz)de kop halk otura, sizin-ki-n-de (-ki takes -n- before cases) de az degil ' There are a lot of people living in our house, and quite a few in yours (house). The affix -daki means a sign of the location of an object: ev (-im, -in, -imiz, etc.) deki (sharait) ‘(my, yours, ours, etc.) home (conditions)’. The affix -dai expresses a sign by similarity, for example: baba(-m, -нъ, -sy, etc.)dai ‘like (my, yours, his, etc.) father’, birdai ‘like one’.
§ 8. Numeral. Quantitative: bir 'one', eki 'two', uch' 'three', dirt 'four', run 'five', alty 'six', eat 'seven', sekiz 'eight', dokuz 'nine', he 'ten' ', on bir 'eleven', on eki 'twelve', etc., yigirmi 'twenty', otuz 'thirty', kyirk 'forty', elli 'fifty', altmysh 'sixty', etmish 'seventy', seksen 'eighty', doksan 'ninety', yuz 'hundred', besh yuz 'five hundred', etc., bin 'thousand', eki bin 'two thousand', etc. The numeral bir is especially used to denote uncertainty: bir kart 'some old man', and after the definition - for its logical selection: kart bir adam 'old man'. There are other cases of using bir: bir aittim, eki aittim ‘I told him once, I told him twice’; bir-eki seylesmek ‘to talk a little with someone’.
Cardinal numbers can be inflected, take affixes of belonging, acquiring a cumulative or partitive meaning: eki-si ‘two of them’, ‘they are two’, substantivized: on-lar ‘tens’.
The affix -large/lerge forms a place numeral from the names of the places: on-large (defa) ‘tens (times)’, bin-lerje (seir-ji) ‘thousands (spectators)’; from the names of units of time: saat-lerje ‘hours’, asyr-larja ‘centuries’. When substantivizing, derivatives in -large are replaced by analytical expressions with chok: chok bin'ler ‘many thousands’.
Fractional numbers consist of a denominator (standing in the locative case) and a numerator (in the main case) - besh-te uch ‘three-fifths’. Half of something is denoted by the word yarym - yarym saat ‘half an hour’; in an approximate meaning - yary (in the function of the definition): bereketnin yarys ‘half the harvest’, in a figurative meaning - yary (in the function of definition): yary olyu ‘half-dead’. For whole numbers, ‘half’ is expressed by the word buchuk: dirt buchuk ‘four and one second’.
Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers using the affix -(ы/у)нди, -(и/у)нди attached to the last component of the number: eki yuz on alty-nji 'two hundred and sixteenth', as well as ilk-inji 'first', son-undzhy 'last' (by time), ortangy 'middle (by age among children)', kach-yndzhy? ‘which?’ (by count).
Disjunctive numerals are formed from the quantitative affixes -ar/-er for bases with a final consonant and -shar/-sher for bases with a final vowel: bar-er 'one by one', alty-shar 'by six', as well as yarym-shar ' half by half. In complex numerals, the affix takes the last number: uch yuz kyyrk edi-sher ‘three hundred and forty-seven each’, with integer digits - the name of the number of digits: dörder yuz ‘four hundred each’; with a whole number and a half - the number itself: eki yuz on besher buchuk ‘two hundred fifteen and a half each’. Analytical form: besh-besh ‘by five’, yuz-yuz ‘by a hundred’.
Cumulative numerals are formed from quantitative affixes -av/-ev: ek(i)-ev 'two', uch-ev 'three', etc. - almost up to six or seven and are used mainly with affixes of accessory: uchevi 'they are three ' 'three of them.'
Counting units (“numorative words”) are used as names of measures: elli bash koyun ‘fifty heads of sheep’, eki syuryu sygyyr ‘two herds of cows’. An indefinite set of countable units is transmitted in the form of reduplication: deste deste gul ‘bouquets of roses’.

§ 9. Pronoun. Personal: men ‘I’, sen ‘you’, o ‘he’, biz ‘we’, siz ‘you’, olar ‘they’. The 1st and 2nd person plural pronouns also have the forms biz-ler and sis-ler to denote a dismembered plurality, and in the 2nd person - also for polite respectful address.
Declension of personal pronouns follows the general pattern of nouns. The exceptions are the pronouns of the 1st person in the genitive case (menim, bizim) and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular in the dative case (1 l. man'a, 2 l. san'a, 3 l. on'a).
The reflexive pronoun oz ‘sam’, in the attributive function corresponding to the Russian ‘sam’, ‘own’ - (oz) elimnen ‘with one’s own (own) hand’, is used with affixes of belonging and is declined: main. above. oz-yum ‘I myself’, gen. above. oz-yum-nin, dat. -eg. pad. oz-yum-e, etc. Substantive forms in -ki from the genitive case: oz-yum-nin-ki, oz-yun-nin-ki, etc.
Demonstrative pronouns: bu ‘this’, ‘that’ (as already mentioned); shu ‘that’ (a little further), ‘that’ (what will be discussed); o ‘that’ (even further, sometimes unknown)’, ‘that’ (what happened before the moment of speech): Ne ichyun ishini tashlap kettin? - Sanya ony kim aitty? ‘Why did you quit your job and leave? “Who told you about this?” Boo and shu are semantically close. Wed. bu veya shu ‘that(t) or other(th)’, and when indicating the nearest moment or event, the pronoun shu is preferable to bu, for example: shu dakka(sy) ‘this minute’. In general, for this moment, bu is used: bu yil ‘this year’.
Declension scheme: bu, bu-nyn, bu-nya, bu-ny, bu-n-da, bu-n-dan; similar to this is the declension -shu and o; pl. h. - bu-n-lar, shu-n-lar, o-lar.
Demonstrative pronouns also include myn-a ‘here’, an-a ‘out there’ and derivatives - myna bu (and less commonly buna bu), ana shu ‘this one’, ana o ‘that one’, contracted forms - mynavy (< мына бу) и анавы, анав (< ана бу) в тех же значениях.
Attributive demonstrative pronouns: boyle, shoyle ‘such’, oyle ‘such’ (more distant, or unknown, or the one that was discussed earlier), boyle-shoile ‘such-and-such’, ‘so-and-so’.
Derivatives: boyle-dzhe, oile-dzhe, boyleliknen ‘in this way’.
Determinative pronouns: ep ‘everything’, alai, butyun, jumle (obsolete) ‘all (all, everything)’, er ‘everyone’, er bir ‘everyone’, ‘anyone’. The pronoun ep takes plural affixes and is inflected: epi-miz ‘all of us’, epi-news, epi-si ‘all’, ‘all’, ‘all of them’. Episi is used substantively and attributively: episi senin kibi ‘all like you’ and episi balalar ‘all children’. The form ep is used in an adverbial function: o ep inley ‘he keeps moaning’. Other attributive pronouns can take possessive affixes and inflections.
Indefinite pronouns: a) substantive - biri(si), bi-rev(i) (colloquial birevsi) ‘someone’, ‘someone’; bir kimse ‘someone’; kimdir ‘someone’, nedir ‘something’. All these forms are inflected with and without affixes of belonging: bir kimse-m ‘someone with me’, bir kimse-n’ ‘someone with you’, etc.; kimdir, kimnindir, kimgedir, kimimizdir ‘one of us’, etc., similarly, nedir; b) attributive: bases ‘some’, na-syldyr/nedaydyr ‘some’, ‘somehow’; substantivization of the base: bases-mans ‘some of us’, bases-lars ‘some of them’, ‘some’. Indefinitely disjunctive: kimi… kimisi ‘who… who’, biri… biri… ‘one… another’.
Negative pronouns: ich ‘nothing’, ich kimse//ich birisi//ich bir kimse ‘nobody’, ich bir shey ‘nothing’, inflection occurs according to the scheme biri/bir kimse.
Interrogative pronouns: kim ‘who’, not ‘what’, sent, neday ‘what’, angi, kaisy ‘what’, ‘which’ (in space or in a homogeneous series); kach ‘how much’, kachyndzhy ‘which according to’, kachar ‘by how many’. The pronouns kim, ne, angi, kaisy and kachyndzhy can be declined and take affixes of belonging: kim-im? ‘who do I have?’, kim-i?, kim-i-si? ‘who is he?’, no-si? ‘what does he have?’, etc.; angi-miz/kaisy-myz? ‘which one of us?’, similarly in other persons. Declension scheme: angi(-nin, -ne), kaisy(-nyn, -na), etc., angimiz(-nin, -e, -ni, -de, -den), kaisymyz(-nyn, - a, -ny, -yes, -dan).
The role of relative pronouns is played by the same interrogative pronouns, but with a relative meaning: kim olsa olsyn ‘whoever it is’. The pronoun does not yet have the meaning of the measure of the attribute: ne taze from ‘what fresh grass’.
§ 10. Verb has the grammatical categories of aspect, mood, tense, person, voice and aspect.
The category of aspect conveys the verb in its positive (at- 'throw'), negative (at-ma- 'don't throw') form, in the form of possibility formed by the auxiliary verb bil- and the gerund with -а/-е/-й from the given verb (ata bil- 'to be able to throw'), and in the form of impossibility, which has three options: 1) the gerund with -(ы)п of the given verb + olma-; 2) participle starting with -а/-е/-й of the given verb + alma-; 3) the affix -(th)ama-/-(th)eme-, for example: atyp olma-//ata alma- (usually in the combined form atalma-)//atama- ‘fail to quit’.
Face category has two forms:
Unit number Mn. number
1st form
1 l. -(s)m/-(i)m -(s)wash/-(i)miz
2 l. -son/-sin -syz/-siz, -son/-siniz
3 l. - -lar/-ler
2nd form
1 l. -m -k/-k
2 l. -нъ -ныз/-ныз
3 l. - -lar/-ler
Indicators of the second type are added to the stems of the past tenses of the indicative and the tenses of the conditional mood. Indicators of the first type are added to the bases of the remaining conjugated forms.
The category of person formally coincides with the category of predicate to which it goes back. The negative form of the category of predicability is formed with the help of the particle degil ‘not’ and predicate affixes: men oja degil-im ‘I am not a teacher’, sis oja degilsi(nyi)z, etc.
The Crimean Tatar language has five moods, each of which, except for the indicative, has its own indicator.
Like all other moods and tenses, the imperative mood is formed from the stem of the verb, which, within the framework of the paradigm, means the 2nd person singular:
Unit number Mn. number
1 l. -a-yym/-e-yim (al-a-yim ‘I’ll take it’) -a-yyk/-e-yik (al-a-yyk)
2 l. - (al) -(s)nyz/-(i)nyz (al-yniz)
3 l. -son (al-son) -synlar/-sinler (al-synlar)
The negative form is formed according to the same pattern. To enhance the call and motivation in the 2nd person, the particles -chy/-chi or -sa/-se can be used: kal-chy! ‘Well, stay!’, kal-sa (shuns)! ‘you should have stayed!’, as well as the particle -sana/-sene: yat-sana ‘well, lie down’. In a special circumstantial meaning, desene is used (from de- ‘to say’) ‘tell me, please’, ‘it turns out’.
Imperative forms from other aspects are formed according to the given scheme.
The interrogative form in all personal forms of the verb is formed by attaching the particle we/... to the end of the personal form: alayimmy ‘should I take it?’, almayykymy ‘shouldn’t we take it?’, etc.

Indicative
Forms of present and future tenses
The present tense has two stems: 1) on -а/-е/-й (the latter for verbs with a final vowel) and 2) -ып/-п (for actions with a limit), -а/-е/-й (for actions without specifying a limit) + service verb yat-: Tan' agyara // Tan' agyaryp yata 'It is dawning' (lit. 'The dawn is turning pale'). Ana, Smail kele yatyr ‘Here comes Ismail’. The second form is close to English. Present Continuous Tense.
Unit number Mn. number
1 l. ala-m ‘I take’, al-a-myz,
iste-y-im ‘I wish’ iste-y-miz
2 l. al-a-son, iste-y-sin al-a-sy(nyy)a, iste-y-si(nyi)z
3 l. al-a, iste-y al-a-lar, iste-y-ler

The present tense often conveys, like the aorist, an ordinary or constant action.
The negative form is formed according to the same scheme: al-ma-y-ym, al-ma-y-son, etc.
The present tense in -makta/-mekte is a stylistic parallel to the form considered and is used in newspaper and journalistic speech. Conjugation: unit. tsp - 1 l. almakta-m ‘I take’, 2 l. Almakta-son, 3 l. Almakta, etc.
The aorist (or present-future tense) expresses the certainty of the upcoming action from the speaker’s point of view, as well as the familiarity, constancy and consistency of the process. The indicator of the aorist stem is -(a)p/-(e)p; some monosyllabic verbs (al-, ber-, ol-, bar-, etc.) have a narrow connecting vowel -(ы)р/…
Unit number Mn. number
1 l. alyr-ym ‘I’ll take it, I usually take it’ alyr-myz
2 l. alyr-son alyr-sy(ny)z
3 l. alyr alyr-(lar)
The negative form has the indicator -maz/-mez and is conjugated as follows:
Unit number Mn. number
1 l. alma-m diamond estate
2 l. diamond-son diamond-sy(ny)z
3 l. diamond diamond-(lar)
In the 1st person singular. h. The diamond-y form is dialectal.
The future tense expresses an action that will certainly happen in the future, and is formed with the help of the affix -ajak/-ydzhak, -edzhek/-ydzhek.
Unit number Mn. number
1 l. al-adjag-ym ‘I’ll take’ al-adjak-myz
2 l. al-adzhak-son al-adzhak-sy(ny)z
3 l. al-ajak al-ajak-(lar)
In the 1st person singular, the final -къ or -к affix is ​​voiced before the vowel -ы/-й personal indicator.
Negative form: al-ma-y-jag-ym, al-ma-y-dzhak-son, etc. Verbs with a final vowel are conjugated using the same pattern: men dinley-dzheg-im 'I will listen', etc. d.
Past tense forms
The past tense with the affix -dy/-you expresses the very fact of action in the past (without any aspectual-modal shades):
Unit number Mn. number
1 l. aldy-m ‘I took, I took’ aldy-k
2 l. Aldy-n Aldy-nyz
3 l. aldy aldy-(lar)
The negative form is formed according to the same pattern.
The past tense form of the verb e- is used as a connective to the nominal predicate in the past tense: singular. tsp - 1 l. edim ‘I was’, 2 p. edin, 3 l. Eddie, etc.
The perfect has the -kan/-ken indicator and conveys a completed action, which is inferred from its results or based on information:
Unit number Mn. number
1 l. al-g'an-ym 'I (already or it turns out) took (took)' az-g'an-myz
2 l. al-g'an-son al-g'an-sy(ny)z
3 l. al-g'an al-g'an-(lar)
The remaining tenses of the indicative mood are classified as complex, since they are formed from combining the stems of simple tenses with the auxiliary verb e- in the past tense (edi).

A certain imperfect is formed from the base of the present tense on -a+edi and transfers the action to a certain moment of the past indicated in speech: unit. tsp - 1 l. ala (in the negative form almay) edim ‘I (then) took (did not take)’, 2 p. ala edin, etc.
Another form of a definite imperfect is the combination of the present tense stem with yat-+edi: singular. h. 1 l. ala yatyr edim, etc. The stylistic parallel of the form on -a edi is the form on -makta edi: unit. h. 1 l. almakta edim ‘I (then) took’, 2 l. alzhakta edin, etc.
The indefinite imperfect is formed from the stem aorist + edi and has the same meanings as the aorist, but placed in the past: singular. h. 1 l. alyr edim ‘I (usually, out of habit) took’, 2 l. alyr edin, etc. The negative form is formed from the negative stem of the aorist: unit. h. 1 l. diamond edim, 2 l. diamond edin, etc. The indefinite imperfect also corresponds to the subjunctive mood of the Russian language: singular. h. -
1 l. alyr edim ‘I would/would take’, 2 l. alyr edin, etc.
The future (or intention) in the past is formed from the combination of the stem on -ajak+edi and conveys an action that was intended or had to be performed in the past: singular. tsp - 1 l. alajak edim ‘I intended (had to) take / take’, 2 l. alajak edin, etc. The negative form is formed from the negative base of the future tense: unit. h. 1 l. almaijak edim, etc.
Long past I is formed from the base perfect + edi and means an action that occurred long ago or earlier than another past action, for example: men yatkan edim, bearden kapu qakyldy ‘I (was) laying down, but suddenly there was a knock on the door’. Conjugation scheme: unit. tsp - 1 l. alg'an edim ‘I took/took (long ago or at the time when another action occurred)’,
2 l. algan edin, etc. The negative form is formed from the negative base of the perfect.
Long past II is formed from the combination of personal forms of the past tense + edi and means an action that happened relatively long ago: singular. tsp - 1 l. aldym edi ‘I took / took (long ago)’, 2 l. aldyn edi, etc. The negative form is formed from the negative stem of the past tense.
The obligatory mood has the indicator - small / - meli for the present and - small / - meli edi for the past tense: present tense - unit. h. 1 l. (men) almaly-m ‘I must take (take)’, 2 l. (sen) Almaly-son, etc.; past tense - units h. 1 l. (men) almaly edim ‘I had to take / take’, 2 l. (sen) almaly edin, etc. Negative forms - according to the general scheme.
The basis of the conditional mood has the indicator -ca/-ce. The present tense of the conditional mood expresses the conditional action in any tense (corresponding to the time of the predicate of the main sentence). The past tense expresses an unreal conditional action. Conjugation scheme: present tense - singular. h. 1 l. al-sa-m ‘if I take, I will take (took, took)’, 2 l. al-sa-n, 3 l. al-sa, plural h. 1 l. al-sa-k, etc.; the past tense is formed from the stem of the mood + edi: unit. h. 1 l. alsa edim ‘if I took / took’, 2 l. alsa edin, etc. Negative forms of both tenses are formed according to a general pattern. Positive and negative forms of the past tense also come in a merged form: alsaydym, almasaydym, etc. When used independently, the conditional mood has temporary and desirable meanings: -bir de bak'sa (or korse), not bak'syn (or korsyun) 'and when he looked around, what did he see? ya kinogya barsak ‘why should we go to the cinema’.
The desired mood is formed using the affix -kay/-key, -gyay/-gey + personal forms of the verb e-, or the continuous form -kaydy: singular. tsp - 1 l. al-gay edim / algaydym ‘take / should I take’, 2 l. al-gay zdin / algaidyn, etc.; negative form al-ma-gay edim / almagaydym, etc.
Modalities, covering, in contrast to moods, all significant parts of speech, including the verb, are represented by three forms: on olsa / ise, on zhen and on -dyr/-tyr... The first form expresses convention and is connected with names and bases of tenses and moods (except imperative and conditional), for example: Kerim mynda olsa/ise 'if Kerim is here', biz ketmeli olsak / isek 'if we have to leave', etc. The second form - on wives - expresses incomplete reliability of information or information based on the result , for example: post myna shu zhen 'the post office, it turns out, is this (building)', sen koige ketedjek ekensin 'you, they say (it turns out, they say) are going to go to the village', etc. The modality in -hole expresses decisiveness or hesitancy to assert. The affix -holes is combined with names and certain tenses of the indicative mood: cf. paste vr. - Suv koyadyr dep belledim ‘I thought that he was probably getting water’; perfect - Sen onya kelgensindir, shai degilmi? ‘You came to her, didn’t you?’, etc.
In Crimean Tatar there are homonyms kerek ‘necessary, necessary’ and kerek- ‘to be necessary, necessary’, of which the second is conjugated only in the following forms: aorist - 1 l. kerekirim ‘I will be needed, I will come in handy’, 2 l. kerekirsin, etc.; negative form kerekmem, kerekmezsinj, etc.; future tense - 1 l. kerekedzhegim ‘I will be needed’, etc.; The negative form is formed similarly. Participle in -an: kerek-en ‘necessary’. Phrases with kerek: infinitive + kerek (in all persons) - chalyshmak kerekmen (not -im) ‘I have to work’, etc.; The present tense base of the conditional mood + kerek is used to convey an undoubted probability, for example: Qasym olsa kerek ‘(this) must be Kasym’.
Affixal word formation of denominal verbs is carried out with the help of polysemantic productive affixes -la-, -lan-, -landyr-i-lashdyr, of which the second and third form intransitive verbs, the rest - transitive verbs, for example: chatala- 'to chop' from balta 'axe' ', dalg'alan- 'to worry' from dalg'a 'wave', guzellesh- 'to become beautiful' from guzel 'beautiful', etc. Non-productive affixes: -(a)l-/-(e)l-, -ar-/ -er-, -ay-/-ey-, -y-/-y-, -a-/-e-/-y-…, -къ-/-к-, -sa-/-se/-sy -…, -n-/-t-, etc., affixes of imitative verbs: -kyr-/…, etc., for example: john-el- 'to head', aky-y- 'close your eyes' from aq 'proteins' , zor-uk- 'to overwork' from zor 'effort', ad-a- 'to call' from at 'name', etc. Unproductive forms of repetition: -la-/-le- - siypa-la- 'to stroke'; -kaala-/-kele-, -gaala-/-gele- - tart-kaala- ‘to fiddle with’; -mala-/-mele- - deg-mele- ‘to beat’; -(s)kala-/-(i)kle- - ite-kle- ‘push’.
Of the voice forms, the obligatory and passive voices are grammatically well developed and commonly used, to a large extent - mutually joint, the indicators of the voices are attached to the positive base of the verb.
The forced voice has: 1) productive affixes: -t- for stems with a final vowel or l (except for monosyllabic ones) and -dyr-/-tyr-... for other stems: dinle-t- 'give, let listen', e-dir -'give, allow (to) eat'; 2) non-productive affixes: -kyz-/-kiz-, -gyyz-/-giz-: kir-giz- 'to force to enter', -ar-/-er-, -yr-/-ir-: ich-ir- 'give or force (to) drink', -sat-/-set-: kir-set- 'place', 'turn on'. Compulsory voice affixes have also historically been used in word formation, creating transitive verbs from intransitive ones: kjork-ut- 'scare', kjork-uz- 'threaten' from kjork- 'fear', ol-dur- 'kill' from ol- 'die' etc. Phrases with forced voice are constructed according to the following scheme: subject (stimulus of action) - object in date. pad. (performer of the action) - addition to the main. / wine above. (subject of action) - predicate: Men onaa kereken dzhevapny yazdyrdim ‘I forced him to write the required answer’.
The passive voice has affixes: -(ы)н-… from verbs with a final vowel or l: asha-n- ‘to be eaten’ and-l-with other stems: ach-yl- ‘to be open’. The passive voice also conveys the meaning of the impersonality of the action, which can be created from both transitive and intransitive verbs: chokcha bar-yl-dy (from bar- ‘to walk’) ‘walked a lot’. With the help of affixes of the reflexive and passive voices, many medial verbs are formed: at-yl- ‘throw’, kyr-yl-’break’.
The passive phrase is formed according to the following scheme: subject (subject of the action) - indirect object with tarafyndan (performer of the action) - predicate: Bu karar ukyumet tarafyndan kabul olundy ‘This decision was made by the government’.
The reflexive voice has the indicator -(s)n-... and forms mostly medial, less - reflexive, sometimes participatory verbs: reflexive - gizle-n- 'hide', medial - bashla-n- 'begin', participatory - heat- in- 'kick', 'kick'.
Mutual-joint voice is formed using the affix -(ы)ш-... from transitive verbs more often with a mutual meaning, and from intransitive verbs more often with a joint meaning: cf. kach-ish- ‘to run away’, op-yush- ‘to kiss’. A number of verbs have a medial meaning: bula-sh- / bula-n- ‘to muddle’, il-ish- ‘to get caught’, etc.
Forms and moments of action implementation are expressed through combinations of gerunds starting with -а/-ып with service verbs. Steps (phases) of action: 1) proximity to action: -a + yaz- - az qalyp (az qaldy) ala yazdym ‘I almost took it’; 2) beginning, preparation for action: -a/-yp bashla-: ala/alyp bashla- ‘start taking’; -yp + otur - alyp otur-‘to begin to take’ (tsp); 3) the course of the action: a) its development in known direction: -a/-yp+bar- - kyyskara / kyyskaryp bar- ‘(more and more) shrink’; b) continuation of a previously started action: -yp+kel- - yashap kel- ‘continue to live’ (at the time of the story); c) its immutability or constancy: -a/-yp + tur- - bakyyp tur- ‘(all) look’; -yp ogpur- - oynap otur- ‘to be busy playing’: -yp djur- - aldyp djur- ‘to engage in deception’; 4) continuation of the action: -a+ber- - kule bersin! ‘let him laugh!’; 5) completion of the action: -yp+bitir- -ala bitir- ‘finish taking’; completion of an action and transition to another state: -а/-ып+ket- (with medial verbs) - kyiza ket- ‘blush’ from kyz- ‘blush’; 6) transition to rest (from verbs of state): -а/-ып+къал- - юкълap къал- ‘to fall asleep’. Quantitative characteristics of the action: 1) its completeness: -yp+chyk- - alyp chyk- ‘take’ (everything that should have been); 2) speed: -yp al- - kapyp al- ‘pull off’; 3) one-time occurrence: -yp+al- - tyurtip al- ‘push’; -yp tashla- - aityp tashla- ‘pronounce’; -yp jiber- - aityp jiber- ‘to pronounce’, sometimes with a touch of surprise; 4) single and multiple: -a/-yp+ber- - ala / alyp ber- ‘take’, ‘take’.
Participles and verb names. The aorist form in -r is purely participial. It means the property or ability to perform any action (state): aq-ar (suv) ‘flowing (water)’, ol-mez (karamanlyk) ‘immortal (feat)’. Indicators of verb-nominal forms: -kan/-ken, -gan/-gen, -adzhak/-edzhek, -yadzhak/-ydzhek; -kan. These forms mean the fact, the result and the subject of the action and take the affixes of ownership: yaz-g'an-ym ‘that fact (or that) that I write/wrote’, ‘what I wrote’. Combinations -kan-y (-m, -нъ, etc.) with bar 'is' and yok 'no' express a decisive statement or denial of an action: kor-gen-im bar 'yes, I saw', kor-gen -im yok 'no, I didn't see'. The form na -kan also has the meaning of the present-past participle: yaz-gan ‘writing/wrote’. The form in -ajak/-edzhek, -ydzhak/-ydzhek is homogeneous with the form in -kan, but refers to the future, for example: qaltejegimizni (from kai etedjegimizni) bil'meymiz ‘we don’t know what to do’. The same form in the participle meaning expresses a sign of a future, possible or expected action: ol-ma-yjak shey ‘impossible thing’ (lit. ‘thing that cannot be’). The participle in -ajakъ/-yjakъ in combination with degil expresses a decisive denial of intention: al-ajakъ degil-im ‘I (at all) am not going to take / take’.
The names of the action are the forms: na -mak/-mek, -ma/-me and -v/-uv/-yuv. The first forms an infinitive that can be inflected. The other two forms can be combined with affixes of belonging and create common phrases such as ishni bilyuv ‘knowledge of the matter’, ket-me-m ichyun ‘so that I go’, etc.
On the basis of the forms in -kan, -r, -adzhak/-ydzhak in their participial meaning and the verb ol-, so-called periphrastic phrases are formed, expressing a change in the state of the character. Periphrastic phrases, in principle, have a complete conjugation paradigm. The periphrastic form with -р means a transition to a permanent (or regular, usual) state - Kart-liqta okur yazar oldym ‘In old age I became literate’. The negative form means a transition to a state opposite to the previous one - Areket etmez oldylar ‘They stopped moving’. Periphrastic turnover with -ajak /-ydzhak means readiness for a change of state: Sen not yapadzhak bolasyn? ‘What are you going to do?’. The periphrastic turn with -kan means the transition of action into result: Ne korgen olsam, ony aitam ‘I say what I saw’.
Gerunds: 1) universal gerunds with -(ы)п/-(и)п (negative form with -may/-mei from gerunds with -а/-е, -и) means the connection of two consecutive actions (yat-yp din- len-mek 'to lie down and rest'), it can also replace other gerunds: rakovschik olyp chalyshmak 'to work as a raker'; 2) gerundials of manner of action, in -(th)arak/-(th)erek (colloquial -(th)araktan/-erekten): kul-erek aitmak ‘to speak while laughing’; negative form - in -madan/-meden: bil-meden (or bilmeerek) ‘not knowing’; the paired participle with -а/-е, -й appears with the meaning of repetition or duration: laf ete ete kezmek ‘talking, walking’; 3) participles of time - in -kanda/-kende, -ganda/-gende 'when...', -kanja/-kenje, -ganja/ -genje 'not yet', 'when', negative form - in -mayinja/- meinje', -(a)r -maz/-mez 'barely... how', 'didn't have time... how'; the form on -dymy/-dimi has the same meaning. Participial phrases and expressions of time: -kan-dan evel / burun ‘before (before) how’; -kan son ‘after’, -mazdan/-mezden evel/ogune ‘before’; the time limit is expressed using the affixes -kanga/-kenge//-ganga/-genge kadar, kanja; -k'andan/-g'andan berley 'since...', -k'any/-keni//-g'any/-geni kibi is a synonym for the gerund in -(a)r -maz.
§ eleven. Adverb. Productive affixes: -ja/-je, -cha/-che, affixes secondary from it: -jasyna/-jesine, -chasyna/-chesine (from names in simple or possessive form) - semantics-ja 'semantically', mendzhe( blue) 'in my opinion'. Lexicalized forms - adverbs of time on: -layyn/ -leyin - aqsham-layt 'in the evening', -yn/…: yaz-yn 'in the summer', plural possessive forms from the names of parts of the day: saba-lar-y 'in the morning ', kunduz-ler-i 'in the afternoon', etc.; -yna/-ine in the meaning of the mode of action - aqs-ine/ters-ine ‘on the contrary’; achyk-tan ‘clear’, bir-den ‘immediately’; adverbs of place: myn-da 'here', an-da 'there', kaida 'where', 'where', etc. A number of adverbs go back to Arabic forms: shakhsen 'personally', bazan 'sometimes', ajeba 'isn't ' and etc.

§ 12. Functional parts of speech. Postpositions are divided into:
1) postpositions that control the main case express repetition, addition: sayyn, kun sayyn ‘every day’;
2) postpositions that control the main case (for nouns and verbal names) or the genitive case (for personal pronouns, except for the 3rd person plural), express: a) compatibility and instrumentality -ile (-la/-le), nen 'with', 'through', b) likeness and resemblance - kibi, c) goal - ichyun (abbr. -chyun);
3) postpositions that control the dative-directive case express: a) a limit, point or direction of movement in space or time - qadar ‘to’, the quantitative limit is expressed by the main case - eki saat qadar ‘about two hours’ (duration); dogu/taba ‘k’, ‘in the direction of’, b) conformity and basis - kore ‘judging’;
4) postpositions that control the initial case express: a) previous or subsequent position in space or time evel / burun ‘before’, ‘before’, son’ra / son ‘after’; when denoting the amount of time, the main case is used: besh kun son'ra / son 'in five days', b) the starting point for counting time - berley / bashlap / itibaren, c) reason - sebep / otryu 'as a result of': shundan sebep / otryu 'as a result of this '; d) exception - bashka / gayry ‘except’, ‘besides’: bu erden bashka / gayry ‘except for this place’.
Service names are used with affixes of belonging in the dative-directive, locative and initial cases: ustyu-ne ustyu-nde ‘on’, ‘above’; ustünden ‘through’, ‘with’; asty-na (-nda/-ndan) ‘under’, ‘from under’; tyubyu-ne(-nde/-nden) to indicate the foundation or foot of something; ogyu-ne(-nde/-nden) ‘(immediately) before something’; art-y-na(-nda) ‘behind’, ‘behind’, arty-ndan ‘from behind’; ichi-ne(-nde) ‘in’, ‘inside’; ichinden ‘from’; yanashasy-na(-nda/-ndan) ‘(directly) next to’; yany-na(-nda/-ndan) ‘near’, ‘near’; karshysy-na(-nda/-ndan) ‘(on) against’; bashy-na(-nda/-ndan) ‘for’: ish bashynda ‘at work’; ailanasy-na(-nda/-ndan) ‘around’; ortasy-na(-nda/-ndan) ‘in the middle’; arasy-na (-nda/-ndan) ‘among’, ‘between’; bou(nja) ‘along’, ‘during’; ogyrunda ‘for the sake of’, ‘in the name of’; tarafyndan ‘from the side’; mujibinje ‘by’, ‘according to’; kararlarynda ‘about’ (about time), etc.
Conjunctions: 1) connective - ve, nen/ile ‘and’; em ‘and’, em de, her em de ‘and (besides)’; common connecting conjunctions: with a hint of emphasis em... em de (or ve em de) ‘and... and (besides)’; 2) adversatives - lyakin ‘no’, ama - with increased adversarialness; yoksa / yakhut / yada ‘or’, ‘otherwise’; in the common form - I... I 'or... or', kya... kya or de... de 'to... that', kimerde... kimerde 'sometimes... sometimes'; 3) causal - chyunki ‘since’, madamki ‘time’; 4) conditional - eger ‘if’; 5) negative - not... not ‘neither... nor’.
Particles: 1) connecting - yes/de ‘and’, ‘also’: shunu al da ket ‘take this and go’; 2) adversatives - ise ‘a’, ‘zhe’; 3) amplifying-excretory - atta (in preposition) // bile (in postposition) ‘even’; ta ‘still’, ‘the very’: ta balalyqtan berley ‘since childhood’; tap/tam ‘most’, ‘just’, tam bu sirada ‘just at this time’; 4) clarifying - yani ‘that is’; 5) a) emphatic - -chi, -sana (see imperative); yes: I am men insanim yes ‘but I am a man’; ki - em oile syzlay ki ‘and so the heart aches’; andi - not bilmeim andi ‘how could you not know’; shu - toqta shuny! ‘wait a minute!’; yoksa(m) - kulaklarim chynlay yoksa(m) ‘there’s a ringing in my ears or something’; 6) negative - degil ‘not’.
§ 13. Interjections - aman 'for God's sake', ah 'ah', ay 'o' (with approval, encouragement, satisfaction), ey 'well and', op 'gop', sakyn 'beware', 'look', kaala 'come on', 'well', bakayim // koreyim 'come on', 'well', k'a 'o' (with surprise, joy), aidy(nyz) 'come on', 'come on )'.
Imitative words describe images, states of objects, as well as sounds made. In the end they have a monosyllabic structure S+G+S or S+G+S+S and convey a single act, for example: pat 'bang', gur (imitation of a rumble), yalt (imitation of a sparkle), shyp (to convey surprise) and etc. To convey the inconstancy, unevenness or multiplicity of a phenomenon, the root is doubled, and often the vowel in it changes to u: pat-put (imitation of uneven rumble), yalt-yult (imitation of uneven sparkling, play of glare), tym-tym 'dlin -dlin', dzhylp-dzhylp (imitation of a shifting gaze, flickering butterflies), etc. The flow of the process is conveyed by the growth of paired roots with modifiers -yr/-yl/…: shapyl-shupul (imitation of squelching), kybyr-kybyr (imitation of swarming). From stems in -yr, nouns with the affix -ty/-ti, -dy/-di are formed: from gurul - gurulti ‘roar’, from manyyr - manyyrty ‘bleating’.

SYNTAX
§ 14. In the Crimean Tatar language there are two types of verbal connections - morphological and syntactic. The first serves to convey analytical forms of word formation and inflection, the second - to convey syntactic relationships. Analytical forms are constructed through composition or adjacency. Syntactic connections expressed through the following forms or one of them.
1. Comparison: a) word order is a form of expression of predicative and attributive relations in which the rule applies - a syntactically subordinate element precedes the subordinating element: definition to the defined, addition or circumstance to the predicate.
Word order for different sentence compositions: P - Ov (or Ov - P) - S; P - Pd/Kd - S; P - Ov - Pd/Kd - S; P - Ov - Ohm - Pd - S; P - Ov - Ohm - Kd - Pd - S; P - Ov - Ohm - Kd - Oo - Pd - C9. Rearranging the subject and predicate can turn a sentence into a modifier, for example: ava serin ‘the weather is cool’ and serin ava ‘cool weather’.
A word with a logical accent is placed before the predicate: Bugunj toplashuv klubda olajak ‘The meeting will be at the club today’.
b) Adjacency. The attribute of a name or verb is connected to it by adjacency. Homogeneous members are connected to each other by adjacency: Bagchamyzda yuzum, indzhir, ilakh. - er shey bar ‘In our garden there are grapes, figs, etc. - everything is there’.
2) Control is carried out by a verb, noun and adjective through the case and postpositional forms of the controlled word.
3) Agreement is consistently carried out only between the subject and the predicate in the 1st and 2nd person - in person and number: sen ozyun kabaatlysyn ‘it’s your own fault’. In the 3rd person, only agreement in person is required: kunler, aylar boyle kechti ‘thus days and months passed (lit. ‘passed’). There may not be agreement in person between members of the attributive group of plural nouns of the 1st and 2nd person: sizin balalar(ynyz) ‘your children’.
The main types of phrases differ in syntactic content and are divided into attributive, additional and attributive-additional.
Determinative phrases are divided into combinations of nouns and combinations of attributive parts of speech + nouns. Combinations of nouns have three forms: 1) without grammatical affixes for both members; 2) with the affix of belonging in the second member and 3) with the affix of belonging in the second member and the genitive case in the first.
1. In the first form, the definition means: a) the name of the material from which the object is made, the measure of the object: bakır tepjere ‘copper pan’, uchā araba odun ‘three cartloads of firewood’; b) names of people (with proper names) by occupation, position, rank, nationality, gender, similarity, etc.: odzhapche Islyamova 'teacher Islyamova', chingene Amet 'gypsy Amet', chiberekchi kart 'old man-cheburechnik', tilki kadyn ' fox woman'. With a common noun, the attribute can represent a proper name: Fatma apay ‘Auntie Fatma’.
2. In the second form, what is being defined is specified: a) by its constant connections with other objects (phenomena): kirech, kesegi ‘piece of lime’; edebiyat ojasy ‘literature teacher’; ev masrafi ‘household expenses’; October bayramy ‘October holidays’, sou v degirmeni ‘water mill’; b) by its connection with one of its parties: “Birlik” artel ‘Unity artel’; baar keluvi ‘the coming of spring’; “ketmek” fiili ‘verb “to go”’.
3. In the third form, what is being defined is specified through indicators of grammatical affiliation, denoting: a) belonging of an object to an object - Margubenin fistany ‘Margube dress’; parts (second member) of the whole - armutnyn kokulysy ‘fragrant (variety) of pears’; b) constant connection of an object with an object - tilkinin kuyrugy ‘fox tail’; c) the connection of the subject with one of its sides: Krymnyn dyulberligi ‘the beauty of Crimea’; adamnyn degeri ‘human dignity’ and other groups.
Combinations of the first and second types do not allow words between its members. In combinations of the third type, own definitions are possible for each of the terms - otken yylnyn buyuk muvafaqiyetleri ‘great successes of the past year’.
Determinative combinations of attributive parts of speech + noun can consist of an adjective or pronoun or adverb + noun (akhmakchasyna yalan 'stupid lie'), as well as several attributive words + noun, arranged in strict order - okuvga ketken bu dert yash yigit (participle - pronoun - numeral - adjective - noun) 'these four young guys who went to study'.
Determinative-additional combinations consist of an independent member - a verb and a dependent member - an adverbial word: 1) chabik davranmak ‘to act quickly’; 2) korer-kormez sevinmek ‘as soon as you see it, be happy’; 3) omur boyi inanmak ‘believe all your life’.
Additional combinations consist of a verb and a controlled noun in case form (except for gender and pad.): el dzhurmek ‘to walk the path’; in date eg pad. - evge kaitmak ‘return home’; wine /basic pad. erini bilmek ‘know your place’; in local pad. - sözyunde qalmak ‘keep to what is said’; in ref. pad. - fyrsattan faydalanmak ‘to take advantage of the opportunity’.
Additional combinations with the control name: date. -eg. pad. ishke aves ‘hunting for work’, osyumlikke bai ‘rich in vegetation’; ref. pad. - achlyktan olyum ‘death from hunger’, bundam beter ‘worse than this’, etc.
According to the last model, the expression of the comparative degree is constructed: the subject of comparison (subject) - that with which they are comparing (indirect object in the original case), - the sign of comparison (predicate): sen ondan ishkirsin ‘you are more efficient than him’. One of the superlative forms is also formed: guzelden guzel ‘beautiful of the beautiful’, ‘the most beautiful’.
§ 15. The basis of a simple sentence is a predicative connection, expressed: 1) analytically (in literary language only in the 3rd person) - ortalyk (subject) kaya (predicate) ‘around the rock’; V spoken language also in the 1st and 2nd person: men brigadier ‘I am the brigadier’; 2) synthetically (in the 1st and 2nd person) - akylysyn ‘you’re right’ and 3) analytical-synthetically - sen akylysyn ‘you’re right’.
The subject and predicate are the main parts of the sentence.
A sentence can be common or non-common, one-part or two-part. One-part sentences fall into: 1) impersonal - Bizde shay aytyla ‘We say this’; 2) indefinitely personal - Bizde shay italar “We say so”; 3) personal names - Hall. Piano. Checker. 'Hall. Piano. Flowers'. If there are also secondary members - additions, circumstances or definitions - the proposal becomes simply extended.
Sentences can be complete and (mainly in dialogical speech) elliptical - Men isterdim... (sozuni kesip) ‘I would like... (interrupting himself in speech)’.
The members of a sentence can be individual or group, i.e. homogeneous. The required grammatical form is taken by the last of the homogeneous members, unless there is a special emphasis on each of them: Buzenginlik, guzellikten (indirect pad.) faidalandy tek olar ‘Only they used this wealth and beauty’.
The sentence includes, without violating its structure, introductory words and addresses, for example: Ebet (introductory word), jail edi ‘Well, of course, he was uneducated’; Bilesin, tuvganym (appeal), Airyldym men senten “You know, dear, I broke up with you.”
§ 16. In the Crimean Tatar language, compound and complex sentences are distinguished.
Compound sentences are divided into the following types.
1. Connecting, in which the parts are connected by alignment. Connective sentences can be used with personal and adverbial predicates. 1) Sentences in personal predicative form can be non-union and union: non-union - Kolkhoz eglendzhe akshamlary teshkilyat-landyryla, drum togerek azalary concert bereler ‘Entertainment evenings are organized on the collective farm, members of the drama club give concerts’; conjunctional sentences are formed through the conjunctions ee 'and', em 'and also', particles yes/de 'and', ise 'a', 'zhe': Mektepnin mudiri yok, odzhalar da tekmil degil 'The school does not have a director, and there are no teachers either All'. 2) Participial sentences: Vystavkomda besh aza olyp, bularnyn uchi dai miy surette chalysha ‘The Vystavkom has five members, three of them work regularly’.
2. Separating sentences are formed through conjunctions: I... I (yes) 'or... or' - I men beririm I o 'or I will give or he'; yoksa ‘ili’, etc.
3. Adversative sentences are connected either only semantically, or by the conjunctions lyakin, ama, fak'at 'but', 'however', particles yes/de, ise and connecting words: Sen mana sez berdin, endi kuiruk burganin not? ‘You promised me, why are you wagging now?’; Deck rykmarik toldy, icherideki erler ise bom-bosh ‘The deck is jam-packed, but the seats inside are empty’.
Complex sentences are usually divided according to the syntactic function of the subordinate clauses. There are sentences with purely semantic or formal-semantic subordination dominant in the language, which is expressed by the form of the predicate subordinate clause, union or both.
1. Predicate and subject sentences: a) predicate sentence - Al bu ki, olarny kurslarg'a avushtyrmak kerek edi ‘The fact is that they had to be transferred to courses’; b) subjective sentence - Chok shukur ki, ona bir shey olmada ‘Thank you that nothing happened to him’.
2. Additional sentences: 1) with semantic subordination - Andy is not an olyr, billmem ‘Now I don’t know what will happen’; 2) with formal semantic subordination: a) using the forms of the verb de-: subordinate clause - direct speech - “Biz sachuvga azyrmyz” deyler ‘They say: “We are ready for sowing”’; the gerund participle dep, combined with verbs of speech and thinking, introduces an additional clause in the form of direct speech; the further the dep is from the meaning of the verbs of speech (thinking), the more formal its meaning and direct speech, for example: Yrgat - yok - dep dzhevap bergen ‘The farmhand answered: “No!” (direct speech); Men o vakyytta bugunki kunlerni korermen dep asly tyushyunmey edim ‘To be honest, at that time I didn’t think (lit. ‘speaking, I didn’t think’) that I would see these days’ (dep formalized); b) with the help of the conjunction ki-: Emin ol, ki senin gunany men evelden san'a bygyshladym “Know that from the very beginning I have forgiven you your guilt”; in combination with a connecting word - shuns / shurasyns: Shuny kaid etmek kerek ki, er shey azir ‘It is necessary to note that everything is ready’.
3. Determinative sentences: 1) with semantic subordination in combination with connecting words and expressions (oile bir, o kadar, nasyl), for example: About oile kulkyu kopargan, atta koylyuler kok gurley bellegenler 'He laughed so hard (that) the peasants even thought : it thunders'; 2) with formal semantic subordination: Ony daa tyushyune-dzhegim dzhevabyny berdi ‘He answered: I’ll think about it’;
4. Comparative sentences: Evelde bu koide bir oja olgyan olsa, shimdi 12 oja bar ‘If earlier there was one teacher in this village, now there are 12 teachers’.
5. Circumstantial sentences.
1) Conditional sentence: a) real conditional sentence - predicate of the subordinate clause in the conditional mood + conjunction eger, predicate of the main one - in the indicative mood - Eger kerek olsa silya astynda turmagya azyrym ‘If necessary, I am ready to take up arms’; semantically expressed real conditional sentence - Kordi - otyu patlar ‘If he sees it, he will burst with anger’; the same + the union of madam - Madamki kart deeenler, demek o kerchekten de kart ‘Since they called him an old man, then, therefore, he is actually an old man’; in the form of verbal noun phrases in -kan alda / takdirde - Ava yakhshy olmag'an alda (or takdirde) evden chykma / ‘Since the weather is bad, don’t leave the house!’; b) unreal conditional sentence - the predicate of the subordinate clause is formed in the past tense of the conditional mood, the main predicate is in the indefinite imperfect or future in the past, the auxiliary verb edi in the predicate of the subordinate clause can be omitted: Ishni biz ozyumiz yapsak (edi), vaziet daa, yakhshy olur edi 'If we had done the work ourselves, the situation would have been better'; c) conditional periods with other meanings: reinforcing-restrictive - Chuvalda olsa olsa 50 pilo bogyday bar ‘There is at most 50 kilograms of wheat in the bag’; exact match - in combination with the connecting words sent / neday: Instructionda nasil yazylgan olsa men de onaa kore machine tool tyuzeltirim ‘As it is written in the instructions, this is how I set up the machine’; temporary meaning - Aksham olsa evden beraber chykar, dogu koinin chetine baryr edik ‘When evening came, we left the house together and walked to the edge of the village’.
2) Concessive sentences - with a form in -sa da or with a turn in kany alda, bakmadan: Signallar olg'apy alda (you can also olg'anyna bak'madan) kereken tedbirlerni almadyk ‘Although there were signals, we did not take the necessary measures’.
3) Sentences of state, image and measure of action: a) sentences of state and manner of action are connected to the main one through the connecting elephant oyle - Oyle tartkan, jardan suvgaa tyushken ‘He pushed her so hard that she fell off a cliff into the water’; same form + conjunction; through forms of gerunds - 1600 ton pamuk teslim etilip, senelik plan eda ethylgen letters. ‘Having delivered 1,600 tons of cotton, the plan was fulfilled’; b) proposals for a measure - with the help of a connecting expression about qadar / about derej - Kose o qadar achuvlangan, turmushy atesh kesilgen ‘Kose-bai got so angry that he began to boil’; the same form + conjunction pi.
4) Temporary - there are more than two dozen varieties: a) with a semantic connection - Kirdim, or ‘As soon as I enter, she pesters’; b) with connecting words ne zaman (vakyt)… (tep) o zaman (vakyt) or ondan son - Ne zaman biz teshkilyatly surette chalyshmagya bashladyk, ondan son (possibly also: tek o zaman) ish yoluna mindi 'After we started to work in an organized manner, things went smoothly'; c) with the gerund in -kanda - Geje olganda pose-bai usulnen aranchyg'a kirgen ‘When night fell, Kose-bai carefully entered the barn’; with the gerund degende - Tilki bir belyadan kachtym degende daa buyugine ogyragan ‘When the fox thought that she had run away from one trouble, she encountered more’; with the gerundial na -kan sayyn - Yuzyum sarargan sayyn ishtaasy daa ziyade arta eken ‘The more grapes were poured, the more her appetite grew’.
5) Target - from dep - Men buny okusynlar dep newspaperpagya yapyshtyrdym ‘I pasted this on the (wall) newspaper so that they could read’.
6) Causes and consequences: a) with the conjunctions ki, chyunki, madam, with the connecting combination onun (shunyn) ichyun ... ki - Men de “evlyad” edim, onun ichyun de men chalyshkyanyma karshylyk ak almay edim 'I was also a “son” and therefore did not receive remuneration for his work'; b) with the gerund dep - O begenmez dep andi dervish kesaleikmi? ‘What, should we turn into dervishes just because he doesn’t like it?’; c) with an adverbial turn in -kyany ichyun: Koy yakyn olmagany ichyun (or olmaganyindan sebep), chok el dzhurmek kerek olgan ‘Since the village was not so close, we had to go a long way’.
7) Connections and relationships - with the gerund kelgende - Mass ishke kelgende, ishler daa osal ‘As for mass work, things are still bad’, etc.

VOCABULARY
§ 17 - 18. The vocabulary of the Crimean Tatar language, which is basically Kipchak, contains a significant number of elements of southwestern languages, due to which quite a lot of synonyms have been formed in the language: tyus = renk (the left part is a Kipchak word, the right is Oguz) 'color ', jez = bak'yr 'copper', ald = og 'in front', k'oz = dzheviz (Arabic) 'nut', chochk'a = domuz 'pig', shai (shundai) = shoile 'such', 'so', jiber = yolla- 'to send', asra-= etishtir- 'to breed', ait-= seyle-'to speak', andi = shimdi 'now', nen = ile 'with', dai = kibi 'how', etc. Purely Oghuz words : alyn (along with manlay) 'forehead', anjak 'only', 'barely', alysh - 'get used to', ada - 'engage', ara - 'search', etc.
The number of Arabic and Persian borrowings that entered the Crimean Tatar language back in the era of the Golden Horde greatly decreased in the post-October period. International words, words born from the era of socialism, and numerous designations for social and scientific concepts began to flow into the language.
The process of differentiated designation of people by gender has not been developed, although in some cases such designations have existed for a long time: cf. oja ‘teacher’ and odjapche (from oja apte) ‘teacher’, kart ‘old man’ and kartiy ‘old woman’.
In the newest vocabulary, which has changed the appearance of the Crimean Tatar dictionary in recent decades, noticeable activation has been achieved, in particular, by phrases such as alla-takatly 'prosperous', ust kurym 'superstructure', a number of compound verbs with et- and verbs with -lan-/- lash-, -landyr-/-lashtyr-, etc. (kooperativlestirmek 'to cooperate', planlashtyrmak 'to plan', etc.). Numerous terminological dictionaries have been created for secondary schools and technical schools.

BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT DIALECTS
§ 19. Since the beginning of the second millennium AD. e. almost the entire territory of Crimea, starting from Pritavria and to the mountain range in the south, was inhabited by Kipchak tribes, as evidenced by the old toponymy of Crimea; the coastal strip from Baydar to Kafa (Feodosia) had a mixed population (Byzantines, Genoese, Armenians, etc.), from which toponymic names have also been preserved, but there are no old Turkic place names among them. In the XV - XVI centuries. immigrants from Turkey began to appear here and then settled for a long time - most of all from Anatolia. Even later, the Nogais came to the steppe part of Crimea.
These ethnolinguistic factors determined the structure of the dialect map of Crimea and, to a large extent, the formation of the Crimean Tatar literary language in subsequent times.
The Crimean Tatar language has three dialects: northern(steppe), average And southern, within the boundaries of which a number of dialects and individual subconventions differ.
The steppe dialect has its southern border approximately along the line of Evpatoria - Biyuk-Onlar - Feodosia - Kerch Peninsula.
The southern dialect occupied the coastal and mountainous strip, starting approximately from Baydar to Feodosia.
The space between these territories was occupied by the middle dialect.
Dialects differ according to the following phonetic features: 1) initial й ~ j: south. el ‘road’, el ‘wind’, yay- ‘spread (sya)’, yayan ‘on foot’, yyg- ‘gather’, er ‘place’, yokh ‘no’; avg. yol, spruce, jay-, jayav, dzhyy- (but yygyn ‘heap’), er, yok; north jol, dzhel, djai-, jayav, dzhyi-, jer, dzhok - but in almost all northern dialects: yipek ‘silk’, yaz- ‘write’, yakshi ‘good’, yildirym ‘lightning’;
2) initial t ~ d: south. dag ‘mountain’, ‘forest’, dalg’a ‘wave’, dat ‘taste’, dyush- ‘to fall’, dishh ‘tooth’, dol- ‘to fill’, dur- ‘to stand’, ‘to become’; avg. dag, dalg'a, dat, tyush-, tish, tol-, tur-, but durul- ‘to defend’; north tav, tolkun, tat, tyush-, tur-, but de- ‘to speak’, ‘to say’, deniz ‘sea’, derya-deniz - the same;
3) labial assimilation: southern. tuzlukh 'salt shaker', chyuryuklyuk 'rot', khurulush 'construction', oldyurul- 'to be killed', tyutyundzhyuluk 'tobacco growing', koylyu 'peasant', kurksyuz 'without fur', gumush/kumush 'silver', oldu 'he became' ; avg. tuzluk, chyuryuklik, kurulysh, olduril, tyutyundzhilik, koylyu, kurksyuz, kumyush, oldy oldu; north tuzlyk tuzluk, churiklik, kurylysh kurulysh, olduril-oldiril-ottirgl-, koyli, kumush kumush, oldy.
The dialects differ according to morphological characteristics:
1) dative case of personal pronouns: south. mana ma: (occasionally bana) ‘to me’, sana sa: ‘to you’, una uga ‘to him’; avg. mana, san'a, on'a; north mag'a ma:, sag'a sa:, o'a;
2) demonstrative pronouns: south. bu ‘this’, shu ‘that’, u (rarely ol) ‘that’; abu (< hа бу) ‘вот этот’, аву (< hа у) ‘вот тот’, эбир (< о бир) ‘тот другой’, уменьшительными абуджух абучух, авуджух авучух; бу(й)ле, у(й)ле ‘такой’; средн. бу, шу, о, мына ‘вот’, ана ‘вон’, вторичные мынавы (< мына бу) ‘вот этот’, анавы (< ана бу) ‘вон тот’; бойле бундай, шойле шундай, ойле шай; сев. бо бы, шо шы (изредко со), о, осы; бон ‘этот’; бондай, шондай, шай; бундай(ын)/бындай(ын), шундай(ын) шындай(ын), шайна шайтып (< шай этип) ‘так’, ‘таким образом’;
3) adverbs of place: south. aburaya (< hа бурая) абрал абраджа аб’ерде ‘здесь’, аврая (аврада) (< hа о ерде) авраджа ав’ерде ‘там’; уменьшительными - абраджых абрачыкъ (-та, -тан); средн. мында ‘здесь’, анда ‘там’; сев. мында, анда, боерде, сёерде ‘здесь’;
4) predicate affixes: south. -dyrym, -dyrsyn, -dyr, -dyrykh (1 literal plural) - ojadyrym ‘I am a teacher’, ojadyrsyn ‘you are a teacher’, etc., tyutyunjudyuryum ‘I am a tobacco grower’; -m - men ojam ‘I am a teacher’, -yim - men ojayim ‘I am a teacher’; -myn -we (in 4 variants) men ojamyn ojamy ‘I am a teacher’; avg. -m, much less often -yim (in two versions); north -man -men, men ojaman, men tyutunjimen;
5) postposition of jointness-tools: south. nan nen, much less often ilen (-lan -len, ile, -la-le): atnan atnen, at, ilen (atla ‘on horse’; middle nen; northern man men.

TEXT IN CURRENT SPELLING
ASAN OGLY USEIN MASALY
Bir zamanda bar eken, bir zamanda yok eken. Bir padishalykta Asan degen adam bar eken. Bu Asannyn da Usein degen bir ogly bar eken. Useinin zenaati dagdan kiyik ayvanlarny avlap ozine kechinish chykara eken. Kunlerden bir kun, er vakytki kibi, Usein oz okyny alyp avlanmagya ketken. Chok vakyt dag ichinde dolashsa da urmaga bir kuush bile tapamagan. Usein artyk umyutini kesip bashlagan, bir vakytta bir tereknin ustunde daa dunyada misli koryulmegen ajayip bir kuush korgen. Usein okynyn dzhayny chekip, kushny kozlep atkan. Kanatyndan uryp yaralagan. Kushny urdym bellep almagya chapyp barganda, ajaiyp kush insan kibi seilenmege bashlagan. - Hey, merametli avdzhi, sanya yalva-ram, meni oldurme. Menim dzhanymy bagyshla, belki senin bir keregine yararym.
IN PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
ASANOGLY USEINMASALY
bir zamanda bareken | bir zamanda yogeken | bir padishalykta asandegen adam-bareken || bu asanynda useindegen birogly bareken || useinn zenaat dargan kiyigaivanlarny avlap ozune kechinish chykaraeken || kun'lerdenbirkun' | ervaqyt-kibi usein oz’okyny alyp avlanmagaketken || chokvakyt dagichinde dolashsada urmaga birkuushbile tapamagan || usein artyk umutini kesibbalshagan | birvaqytta bir tereknistunde daa dun’yada misli korulmegen azhayybbirkush kor’gen || usein oқnynҗaiyny checkip kushny goat-patkan || kanatyndan urypyaralagan || kushny urdymbellep almaga chapybbarganda | aҗayypkush insangibi soylenmege bashlangan || eimera:metli avvy | Sanayalvaram | meni ol’durme || menіmҗanymý bagyshla | squirrels senin bir keregineyararym ||
TRANSLATION
THE TALE OF ASAN, SON OF USEIN
Whether it happened or not, in one kingdom there lived a man named Asan. And that Asan had a son named Usein. Usein was engaged in hunting in the mountains (in the forests) (literally for game) and lived by it. One day, as usual, Usein took a bow and went hunting. Although he wandered for a long time in the mountains (in the forest), he was able to even find a bird that could be killed. Usein was already beginning to lose hope, when suddenly he saw on a tree a wonderful bird that had not yet been seen in the world. Usein pulled the bowstring, took aim and fired, wounding her in the wing. When he ran after the bird, thinking that he had killed it, the wonderful bird spoke like a human: “O merciful hunter! I beg you, don't kill me. Leave me life, maybe I will (still) be useful to you.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bodaninsky A. Russian-Tatar primer for reading in primary public schools of the Tauride province. Odessa, 1873.
Jamanakly K. ve Usein A. Massalar, tortip etkenler, vol. I. Simferopol, 1941.
Kondaraki V. Self-teacher of the Turkish-Tatar and Modern Greek languages, or a Guide to learning to speak Modern Greek and Tatar without the help of a teacher. Nikolaev 1868; Ed. 2. - St. Petersburg, 1875.
Odabash A., Kaya I. Guide for teaching the Crimean Tatar language. Simferopol, 1925.
Olesnitsky A. Materials on the study of Crimean folk poetry. - East. Sat., book. I. Ed. Society of Russian Orientalists. St. Petersburg, 1913. A practical self-instruction manual of the Turkish-Tatar language with a dictionary and an application of the Turkish alphabet was compiled by Karaite... Sevastopol, 1898.
Radlov V. Samples of folk literature of Turkic tribes, vol. VII. St. Petersburg, 1896. Samoilovich A. N. Experience of a brief Crimean Tatar grammar. Pg., 1916. Chobanzade B. Karym Tatar ilmiy sarfs. Akmesjid, 1925 (in Arabic alphabet). Islamov A. Grammatika, II q. Syntax. Aksmedzhid, 1937.

________________________________________
1 Not counting the khan’s labels, the language of which can hardly be unconditionally attributed to the Crimean Tatar, and mentioned by P. M. Melioransky in his book “Arab philologist about the Turkish language” (St. Petersburg, 1900, p. X, footnote 1) has not yet the found work of Abu Hayyan ***, about which Muhammad Salih speaks.
2 M. A. Kazem-bek. Asseb o-sseyar, or seven planets... Kazan, 1832.
3 A four-volume large-format manuscript written by Abdul Lutfullah Ilhak and donated by Selyamet-Girey Khan of the Bakhchisaray Theological Academy “Zenjirli” in 1735. The author of this essay saw this manuscript before the Patriotic War in the Crimean Archival Central Administration.
4 Wed. the language of the newspaper “Terjuman” (‘Translator’), published by I. Gasprinsky, the author of the first grammar of the Crimean Tatar language (1909), compiled according to the reformed “new method” of school teaching, known in pre-revolutionary Russia under the name “Jadidism”.
5 Wed. the language of the newspaper “Vatan Khadimi” (‘Servant of the Fatherland’), published by the Mediev group, which was in opposition to the activities of I. Gasprinsky.
6 There are, of course, exceptions: ach (< * а:ч) - ач-ы ‘голодный’, кучъ (< * кү:ч, ср. туркм. гүйч) - куч-ю ‘его сила’, кокъ (< * кө:к) - кок-ю (ког-ю) ‘его небо’. Они объясняются разрушением указанной выше закономерности.
7 In dialects, unreduced forms are also possible: buruns, boyuns, koyuns, kokyusi, vakyts, ilimi, along with which there are komur - komryu ‘his coal’, oyun - oinu ‘his game’, which are not accepted in the literary language.
8 G - vowel. S - consonant, Dream. - sonorant, See - stop, Prot. - flow-through.
9 P - subject, S - predicate, Pd - direct object, Kd - indirect object, Ov - time circumstance, Om - place circumstance, Oo - manner of action circumstance.

Content

Introduction.

1. Origin of the Crimean Tatar language.

Settlement and occupation of the Tatars.

1. Influence Ottoman Empire to the Tatars of the southern coast of Crimea.

   Features of the formation of the Tatars of the Mountain Crimea.

   Adherents of a nomadic lifestyle are the steppe Tatars.

Where do we come from and where are our roots?

1. Research into the roots of Arslan Reshatov's family.

Conclusion.

Used Books.

Introduction

Language is the confession of the people,

You can hear his nature in him

His soul and life are dear.

P.A. Vyazemsky

Tilimiz pek zengin eken!..

Bu zengin til – halkymyznyn

kalp – sevinchi, figyan,

Turkic tiller gulzarynyn

En chechekli fidans.

(E. Shemy-zadeh)

The Crimean Tatar language is an integral part of our life. From birth we heard it around us. We use many different words without thinking to express our thoughts and feelings to communicate with loved ones and friends. This is the most important means by which a person learns to live and understands the world around him. From early childhood, our mothers and grandparents taught us to speak our native language, read and told fairy tales in the Crimean Tatar language. “Language is a tool. It is necessary to know it, to master it well,” said the Russian writer M. Gorky. The Crimean Tatar language is rich and diverse. It is very difficult to study, but interesting. It is deep and inexhaustible. This is how he captivates and fascinates those who study him. In our opinion, it is impossible to know it completely. The Crimean Tatar language is our native language, therefore we believe that we must learn to speak correctly and beautifully. Correct speech- This is the first sign of human culture.

The purpose of our work:

- study the origin of the Crimean Tatar language.To achieve this goal, the following were implementedtasks:

- analyze the similarities and differences between the dialects of the South Coast, Mountain and Steppe Tatars;

- collect material about the origin of the Crimean Tatar language.

Subject of study : dialects of the Crimean Tatar language.

Object of study: dialects of our families (the Reshatov and Khalilov families).

The process of formation of the Crimean Tatar people.

1.1 Formation of the Crimean Khanate.

IN X IIIcentury, Crimea became the object of Mongol expansion. The Mongols first appeared in Crimea in 1223. Under them, the peninsula received the name Kyrym (Crimea). For a long time, Crimea was only an ulus (province) of the Golden Horde. The residence of the governor of the Golden Horde Khan was Solkhat. Only in the first halfXVcentury, in connection with the collapse of the Golden Horde, an independent state formation was separated from its composition - the Crimean Khanate. The Crimean Khanate, in addition to the Crimean Peninsula, included the Dnieper and Azov regions. Bakhchisarai became the capital of the Khanate. But as an independent state, the Crimean Khanate did not last very long. Already in 1475, the Turks conquered the Genoese colonies on the southern and eastern coasts and the Principality of Theodoro. The Crimean Khan had to obey all orders of the Turkish Sultan. Kefe, Sudak, Kerch, as well as part of the South-Western Crimea became the possessions of the Sultan (sanjak). Kefe became the residence of the Sultan's governor. The Crimean Tatars cannot be considered as direct descendants of the Mongol conquerors. The formation of the Crimean Tatar people took a rather difficult path. The most important role in this process was played by the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Cumans (Kypchaks). Before the beginningXIIIcenturies, almost the entire peninsula was under the rule of the Polovtsians. The Seljuk Turks, who invaded Crimea by sea from Asia Minor, also occupied a certain place in the formation of the Crimean Tatar people. The descendants of the Goths and the Greek population of coastal and mountainous Crimea played a certain role in the formation of the Crimean Tatar people.

1.2 Origin of the Crimean Tatar language.

Formation process Crimean Tatars how a certain ethnic group continued fromXIII before XVIV. As a result, two main groups of Crimean Tatars arose in Crimea: steppe (northern Crimean) and southern coastal ones, which differed from each other in anthropological characteristics and even in language. To understand the ethnic history of the Crimean Tatars, it is necessary to find out the history of the use of the term “Tatars”. It was first mentioned in the ancient Turkic Orkhon monumentsVIIIV. to refer to the northeastern Mongol tribes and means "foreigner". The ethnonym “Tatars” until the 20sXXcenturies called the Turkic-speaking population of the Volga region, Crimea, Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Then self-names appeared: Azerbaijani, Karachai, Balkar, Kumyk, Nogai, Kazan Tatar, Crimean Tatar, etc. At the endXIXcentury, linguists introduced the term “Turk” to denote the belonging of Turkic-speaking tribes to one language system. The following took part in the process of formation of the Crimean Tatars: 1.Non-Turkic-speaking ancestors: Taurians, Scythians, ancient Greeks, Sarmatians, Alans, Byzantines, Goths. 2.Turkic-speaking ancestors : Huns, Turko-Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Golden Horde tribes.

Ethnic heterogeneity was reflected in the characteristics of the language, material and spiritual culture of the population of certain regions of Crimea. In the process of interaction between ethnic groups based on common territory, economic ties, religion, language withXI By XVIIIV. the Crimean Tatar nationality was formed.

The Crimean Tatar language is part of the Western Hunnic linguistic branch of the Turkic languages.

The study of the works of scientists, practical observations, the study of dialect differences in language, features of the physical type, material and spiritual culture make it possible to divide the Crimean Tatars into three generally accepted groups: south coast, mountain and steppe.

1. Crimean Tatars of the South Bank (self-name “yalyboylyu” - coastal). Their language belongs to the Oguz-Seljuk group of Oguz languages, along with Seljuk, Old Ottoman, Old Azerbaijani, Turkish and Urum. Dialects: Yalta, Sudak, Balaklava. Replete with Greek words, there are Italian words. The anthropological type is Caucasian, there are no signs of Mongoloidity. Dialectsouth coastCrimean TatarsVerycloseToTurkishlanguage( BysomesignsHecloserto literaryTurkish, howsomedialectsactuallyTurkishrange. Literary normCrimean Tatarlanguage, createdinsecondhalfXIXcentury

educator, reliedto the South Coastdialect.

Talks:

1) The Western (Yalta) dialect was widespread from Foros in the west to Nikita in the east. Characteristic features: Kipchak initial k- and t- instead of Oguz g- and d- in most words, present tense affix -yır, -yir (corresponding to Turkish -yor).

2) The Middle (Alushta) dialect was widespread from Gurzuf in the west to Tuvak in the east. Characteristic features: Oguz initial g-, Kipchak initial t- instead of Oguz d- in most words, present tense affix -y -ıy, -iy, -uy, -üy, 1st person plural affix. numbers -ıq, -ik, -uq, -ük.

3) The Eastern (Sudak) dialect was widespread from Uskyut in the west to Koktebel in the east. Characteristic features: Oghuz initial g- and d-, present tense affix -y -ıy, -iy, -uy, -üy, 1st person plural affix. numbers -ıq, -ik, -uq, -ük. In the dialects of some villages, soft k corresponds to a specific sound, close to ch.

In general, the South Coast dialect is very heterogeneous and the language of people from almost every village or group of nearby villages has its own unique features, especially in the field of vocabulary. For example, the dialect of the natives of the village of Uskut contains dozens of words that are not found in any other Crimean dialects or dialects. The real Yalyboylu lived in the area from Foros to Alushta. The inhabitants of the Sudak region - the Uskuts - have their own characteristics. The South Coast Tatars are descendants of the Greeks, Goths, Turks, Circassians and Genoese. Outwardly, the Yalyboylu are similar to the Greeks and Italians, but there are blue-eyed and light-skinned blonds.

Features: It is believed that South Coast residents are distinguished by entrepreneurship and business acumen.

2. Crimean Tatar population between the First and Second ridges of the Crimean Mountains , the so-called “tats”, “tatlar”. The language belongs to the Kipchak-Polovtsian group, is heavily Oghuzized, rich in Iranianisms, Greekisms, contains Arabisms, and individual Gothic words: “razan”, “soba”. The anthropological type is Caucasian, there is no Mongoloid identity.

3. Steppe Crimean Tatars - Nogai (self-name “Mangyt”). The name of Mangyt Khan Nogai became a household name for the entire Mangyt tribal union. The Mangyt-Nogai language is included in the Kipchak-Nogai group along with Karakalpak, Kazakh, Nogai, and Kipchak dialects of the Uzbek language. Currently, he has become close to the language of the foothill Crimean Tatars. It is divided into two main dialects: Evpatorian (Kezlev) and Kerch (Kerich). Contains Arabisms mainly of religious origin, as well as some Mongolian and Iranian words. Features: among the Crimean Tatars there is a widespread belief that Nogai men are distinguished by their prudence and calm disposition.

II. Settlement and occupation of the Tatars.

2.1 The influence of the Ottoman Empire on the Tatars of the Southern Coast of Crimea.

The Crimean Tatars of the southern coast of Crimea were under significant Turkish influence (along the southern coast lay the lands of the sanjak of the Turkish sultan). This was reflected in their customs and language. They were tall, with European features. Their flat-roofed dwellings, located on mountain slopes near the seashore, were built from rough stone. The South Coast Crimean Tatars were famous as gardeners. They were engaged in fishing and animal husbandry. Her true passion was growing grapes. The number of its varieties reached, according to the estimates of foreign travelers, several dozen, and many were unknown outside the Crimea.

2.2 Features of the formation of the Tatars of the Mountain Crimea.

Another group of the Tatar population emerged in the Crimean Mountains. Along with the Turks and Greeks, the Goths made a significant contribution to its formation, thanks to which people with red and light brown hair were often found among the Mountain Tatars. The local language was formed on the basis of Kipchak with an admixture of Turkish and Greek elements. The main occupations of the highlanders were animal husbandry, tobacco growing, gardening, and vegetable gardening. They grew, as on the South Coast, garlic, onions, and over time, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, and herbs. The Tatars knew how to prepare fruits and vegetables for future use: they made jam, dried them, and salted them.

The mountain Crimean Tatars, like those from the south coast, also built houses with flat roofs. Houses with two floors were quite common. In this case, the first floor was made of stone, and the second floor, with a gable roof, was made of wood. The second floor was larger than the first, which saved land. The protruding part of the tower (second floor) was supported by curved wooden supports, whose lower ends rested against the wall of the first floor.

2.3 Adherents of a nomadic lifestyle are the steppe Tatars.

The third group formed in the steppe Crimea, mainly from the Kipchaks, Nogais, and Tatar-Mongols. The steppe Crimean Tatars remained committed to a nomadic way of life for the longest time. In order to bring them to a settled state, Khan Sahib-Girey (1532–1551) ordered the wheels to be cut and the carts of those who wanted to leave Crimea to become nomads to be broken. The Steppe Tatars built housing from unbaked brick and shell stone. The roofs of the houses were made of two or single slopes. As many hundreds of years ago, sheep and horse breeding remained one of the main occupations. Over time, they began to sow wheat, barley, oats, and millet. High yields made it possible to provide the population of Crimea with grain.

Crimean Tatars (kyrymtatarlar , qırımtatar, kyrymtatar ) or Crimeans - people historically formed in And ; along with the few And , Crimean Tatars belong to the indigenous population of the Crimean peninsula. They speak, which is included in languages.

The vast majority of Crimean Tatars are- .

The name “Crimean Tatars” has remained in the Russian language since the times when almost all Turkic-speaking peopleswere called Tatars:(Mountain Tatars),(Transcaucasian or Azerbaijani Tatars),(Dagestan Tatars),(Abakan Tatars), etc. Crimean Tatars are descendants of Turkic-speaking, Caucasian and other tribes that inhabited eastern Europe before Mongol invasion, when the ethnonym “Tatars” came to the west.

The Crimean Tatars themselves today use two self-names:qırımtatarlar (literally “Crimean Tatars”) andqırımlar (literally “Crimeans”. In everyday colloquialspeech can be used as a self-name and wordtatarlar (“Tatars”).

The dialects of the Nogais and Yalyboys differ in much the same way as Russian and Ukrainian language. The literary Crimean Tatar language is based on the Tat language - it combines the characteristics of the “northern” and “southern” dialects.

III. Where do we come from and where are our roots?

3.1 Research of the roots of the family of Reshatov Arslan.

My name is Reshatov Arslan Fevzievich, I am 13 years old, I study in grade 6-A. The topic of dialects of the Crimean Tatar language interested me very much, because I thought that all Crimean Tatars spoke the same way. First of all, I asked my parents what dialect they belonged to. My mother, Reshatova Elvira Osmanovna, said that her grandparents (on the maternal side) came from the village of Ozenbash, where they lived before deportation in 1944. My mother’s father was half from Ozenbash, half from Bakhchisarai. My father, Reshatov Fevzi Rustemovich, had great-grandparents from Bakhchisarai.

Consequently, I belong to the group of dialects of the middle dialect of the Crimean Tatar language, associated with the cities of the foothills: Akyar, Bakhchisarai, Akmesdzhit, Karasuvbazar. Thus, I am a Bakhchisarai Tat! The Bakhchisaray Tats are considered intelligent; the Bakhchisaray dialect formed the basis for the formation of the Crimean Tatar literary language!

3.2 Research of the roots of Anif Khalilov’s family.

I, Khalilova Anife Rustemovna, I am 12 years old, I study in grade 6-A. I learned about the dialects of our people from my grandmothers and parents. My mother, Khalilova Sherfzade Anipovna, is a Tatka on the maternal side (Balaklava, Baydary); on the paternal side – nogai (Chernomorsky district, Belogorsk). My father, Khalilov Rustem Migdatovich, on the maternal side - Tat and Yalyboylu (Balaklava, Urkusta village, Alupka); from the paternal side - tat and nogay (Bakhchisarai, Evpatoria). So, I am Tatly Nogai! My family speaks the Tat dialect, but we also speak the Nogyai dialect well.

This work brought great pleasure, expanded my horizons and added new knowledge about my native language.

Conclusion.

The goal of our research work has been achieved, the assigned tasks have been fully realized. This study strengthened our feeling and desire to preserve and develop our native language. I would like to express my impressions in the words of the Crimean Tatar writer Idris Asanin:

Ana Tili

Doggan erin Kyrym senin,

Er tilnin bar doggan eri.

Doggan erin kibi dulber,

Ajayipsin, Ana tili!

K. D. Ushinsky showed with classical clarity the importance of the native language for the formation of a nation: “Language is the most living, most abundant and strong connection that connects the obsolete, living and future generations of the people into one great historical living whole... When it disappears the people's language - there are no more people! ... As long as the language of the people lives in the mouths of the people, so long does the people live. And there is no violence more unbearable than that which wants to take away from the people the inheritance created by countless generations

his surviving ancestors. Take away everything from the people - and they can turn everything back, but take away the language - and they will never create it again; A people can even create a new homeland, but never a language; If the language died out in the mouths of the people, the people also died out.”

Every nation has its own native language, which it speaks, which its grandfathers and great-grandfathers spoke, and which its children and great-grandchildren will speak. Language is an entire era, the history of a people, its culture and its heritage.

That is why language must be protected as the greatest value!!!

Used Books:

Multinational Crimea, ed. N.G. Stepanova. – Simferopol: Tavria, 1988. – Questions and answers; Issue 1.

Turkic peoples of Crimea. Karaites. Crimean Tatars. Krymchaks. / Rep. ed. S. Ya. Kozlov, L. V. Chizhova. - M.: Nauka, 2003.

Crimean Tatars inXIX- in the beginning.XXcenturies Edited by Zheltukhina O.A. – Guide to the ethnographic department.

Visiting the Crimean Tatars (Notes of travelers and ethnographers of the 19th-20th centuries). Compiled by Timur Bekirov - 2015.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Oryol educational complex" of the municipal formation Krasnoperekopsky district of the Republic of Crimea

Crimean Republican competition of research works and projects “Step into science”

Direction:

The work was completed by:

Reshatov Arslan Fevzievich,

Khalilova Anife Rustemovna,

Students of grade 6-A of the municipal budgetary educational institution "Oryol educational complex" of the municipal formation Krasnoperekopsky district of the Republic of Crimea

Scientific adviser:

Tantana Mumine Muzafarovna,

Teacher of history and Crimean Tatar language of the municipal budgetary educational institution "Oryol educational complex" of the municipal formation Krasnoperekopsky district of the Republic of Crimea

DIALECTS OF THE CRIMEA TATAR LANGUAGE:

HISTORY AND PRESENT

Krasnoperekopsky district – 2017

Performance

Municipal budgetary educational institution Oryol educational complex,

Republic of Crimea, Krasnoperekopsky district

Orlovskoye village, Yubileynaya st., 2

kr_ orlovka_ schol@ mail. ru

(full name of the nominating institution, address, including email)

Nominates a participant ______________________________________________________________

p./p.

FULL NAME.

student

(fully)

Educational institution

Class

Direction

Job title

Head of work

( FULL NAME,

place of work, position, telephone)

Contact information

student

(telephone)

Reshatov Arslan Fevzievich

MBOU Orlovsky UVK

6-A

Crimean Tatar language and literature

Tantana Mumine Muzafarovna,

MBOU Orlovsky UVK,

teacher of history and Crimean Tatar language

+7978 88 59 235

+7 978-78-28-467

Khalilova Anife Rustemovna

MBOU Orlovsky UVK

6-A

Crimean Tatar language and literature

Dialects of the Crimean Tatar language: history and modernity

Tantana Mumine Muzafarovna,

MBOU Orlovsky UVK,

(middle dialect and literary standard) Nogai-Kypchak subgroup(steppe dialect) Oguz group Turkish subgroup(South Coast dialect)

Writing : Language codes GOST 7.75–97 : ISO 639-1 : ISO 639-2 : ISO 639-3 : See also: Project: Linguistics

Spread of the Crimean Tatar language

Crimean Tatar language(Qırımtatar tili, Kyrymtatar tili) or Crimean language(Qırım tili, Kyrym tili) - language Crimean Tatars, refers to Turkic languages, included in Altaic family of languages. Writing based Latin alphabet And Cyrillic alphabet.

Demography

The total number of Crimean Tatar speakers in the territory of the former USSR is approximately 350 thousand people, of which about 250 thousand are in Crimea. IN Bulgaria And Romania- about 30 thousand. Any reliable data on the number of speakers in Turkey are missing.

Dialects

Each of the three subethnic groups of the Crimean Tatars (coming from middle zone Crimea, steppe people and south coast people) has its own dialect.

• Yuzhnoberezhny(southern, Yalyboy) dialect refers to Oghuz languages and very close to Turkish. It differs from literary Turkish less than some Turkish dialects proper. A feature of this dialect is also a significant number Greek and a certain amount Italian borrowings.
• Stepnoy(northern, Nogai) dialect spoken by the steppe people belongs to Kipchak languages and related Nogai and others Nogai-Kypchak languages. The steppe dialect is spoken by the Crimean Tatars of Romania and Bulgaria, as well as the vast majority of the Crimean Tatars of Turkey.
• The most common middle dialect(Orta-Yolak, Tat), spoken by people from mountain and foothill regions of Crimea, is intermediate between the two above. It contains both Kypchak and Oghuz features. On the basis of this dialect, the modern literary Crimean Tatar language was created. Despite significant Oghuzization, the middle dialect is a direct continuation Polovtsian language, which was spoken in Crimea in XIV century(language of the written monument Codex Cumanicus).

Ethnolects

Some scientists consider the Turkic languages ​​that developed in the territory Crimean Khanate among other ethnic groups of the peninsula, like ethnolects Crimean Tatar. This is a Crimean dialect Karaite language , Krymchak And Urum languages. The Crimean version of the Karaite language and the Krymchak language differ from literary Crimean Tatar only in some pronunciation features and the presence of Hebraisms. The differences between the Urum language (which itself consists of several dialects) and the Crimean Tatar language are noticeably stronger. First of all this big number borrowings from Greek language and the presence of specific sounds missing in Crimean Tatar. Sami Karaites , Krymchaks And ourums insist on the independence of their languages.

Crimean Tatar dialects are also common in Bulgaria And Romania(defined as Balkan Crimean Tatar), and the distinction between the Nogai, Polovtsian and Oguz dialects is preserved.

Story

Three Crimean Tatar dialects were formed mainly during the Middle Ages on the basis of the Kipchak and Oguz dialects of the Turkic-speaking population of Crimea. The strong differences between the dialects are explained by the fact that the process of ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars is very complex, and many Turkic and non-Turkic peoples took part in it. During times Crimean Khanate the literary language of the Crimean Tatars was first a variety of the Turkic language inherited from the Golden Horde, and then Ottoman language.

The modern history of the Crimean Tatar language began at the end 19th century from the activities of an outstanding educator Ismail Gasprinsky. He contributed to the revival of Crimean Tatar culture after a century-long period of decline that followed the entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Gasprinsky actually created the Crimean Tatar literary language. This language, unlike the modern one, was based on the South Coast, Oghuz dialect.

(2) One-to-one correspondence between Cyrillic and Latin alphabets does not exist.

Historical alphabets

Arabica (until 1928)

Isolated	Final	Average	Initial	Name	Resp. in Latin
ﺍ	ﺎ	-		elif	a, â
ﺀ	-			hemze	-
ﺏ	ﺐ	ﺒ	ﺑ	be	b, p (at the end of words)
ﭖ	ﭗ	ﭙ	ﭘ	ne	p
ﺕ	ﺖ	ﺘ	ﺗ	those	t
ﺙ	ﺚ	ﺜ	ﺛ	se	s
ﺝ	ﺞ	ﺠ	ﺟ	Jim	c
ﭺ	ﭻ	ﭽ	ﭼ	chim	ç
ﺡ	ﺢ	ﺤ	ﺣ	Ha	-
ﺥ	ﺦ	ﺨ	ﺧ	hey	h
ﺩ	ﺪ	-		distance	d
ﺫ	ﺬ	-		potion	z
ﺭ	ﺮ	-		re	r
ﺯ	ﺰ	-		ze	z
ﮊ	ﮋ	-		same	j
ﺱ	ﺲ	ﺴ	ﺳ	syn	s
ﺵ	ﺶ	ﺸ	ﺷ	tires	ş
ﺹ	ﺺ	ﺼ	ﺻ	garden	s
ﺽ	ﺾ	ﻀ	ﺿ	dad	d, z
ﻁ	ﻂ	ﻄ	ﻃ	You	t
ﻅ	ﻆ	ﻈ	ﻇ	PS	z
ﻉ	ﻊ	ﻌ	ﻋ	ain	-
ﻍ	ﻎ	ﻐ	ﻏ	gayin	ğ
ﻑ	ﻒ	ﻔ	ﻓ	fe	f
ﻕ	ﻖ	ﻘ	ﻗ	kaf	q
ﻙ	ﻚ	ﻜ	ﻛ	kef (kef-i araby)	k (g, ñ) 1
ﮒ	ﮓ	ﮕ	ﮔ	Gef (Kef-i Farsi)	g
ﯓ	ﯔ	ﯖ	ﯕ	nave (kef-i nuniy, sagyr kef)	ñ
ﻝ	ﻞ	ﻠ	ﻟ	lam	l
ﻡ	ﻢ	ﻤ	ﻣ	mime	m
ﻥ	ﻦ	ﻨ	ﻧ	noon	n
ﻭ	ﻮ	-		wav	v, o, ö, u, ü
ﻩ	ﻪ	ﻬ	ﻫ	heh	-, e, a
ﻻ	ﻼ	-		lam-elif	la, la
ﻯ	ﻰ	ﻴ	ﻳ	yeah	y, ı, i

1 - often the letter ﻙ (kef) was also used instead of ﮒ and ﯓ.

Latin (1928-1938)

A a	B in	C c	Ç ç	D d	E e	F f	G g
H h	I i	J j	b b	K k	Q q	Ƣ ƣ	L l
Mm	Nn	N̡ n̡	O o	Ɵ ө	P p	R r	Ss
Ş ş	T t	U u	Y y	V v	X x	Z z	Ƶ ƶ

Morphology

The generally accepted classification of the Crimean Tatar language places it in several groups: Oghuz , Kipchak-Polovtsian And Nogai-Kipchak languages; Tatar language refers to Volga-Kypchak And Polovtsian-Kipchak subgroups.

There are similarities between different dialects of the Tatar and Crimean Tatar languages. For example, the affricate ç in Mishar dialect brings it closer to the Crimean Tatar language, but in Kazan dialect ç fricative, which will finish Kazan dialect from middle dialect Crimean Tatar language, but at the same time brings it closer to steppe dialect. Vocalism Mishar dialect(unrubbed a) brings Tatar closer to the Crimean Tatar language, but the presence of a rounded variant in the Kazan dialect separates the Tatar language from the Crimean Tatar.

The similarities and differences between the Crimean Tatar and Tatar languages ​​are considered separately for each dialect of both the Crimean Tatar and Tatar languages. The most distant language from the Tatar language is South Coast dialect of the Crimean Tatar language.

Writing the name of the language

The spelling of the name of the language - the adjective "Crimean Tatar" - is debatable. Two options are widespread: fused - Crimean Tatar and hyphen - Crimean Tatar. Despite the fact that, according to the officially current “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” of 1956, the word must be written together, there are a number of publications and dictionaries that recommend hyphenated spelling. At the same time, in practice, in Crimea and Ukraine in general, almost exclusively continuous spelling is used; in Russia, both options are used, but the hyphen is used more often. In particular, the standard in force in Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan GOST 7.75-97 “Language name codes” calls the language of the Crimean Tatars “Crimean Tatar”, while the literature published in Crimea (including all modern Russian-language grammars, textbooks and language manuals) is “Crimean Tatar”