To use various wood compounds in the field of construction, you cannot do without just tools, but also without the appropriate experience. That is why inexperienced craftsmen do not always make such connections accurately. One of best options— professionals use various types of fasteners for the array, which are made of metal.
Many surviving architectural monuments made of wood without nails, using only an axe. This fact causes true pleasure to this day. However, centuries later, the fasteners made of metal, used to build solid wood buildings, have changed radically, and it is for this reason that today it makes no sense to repeat the experience of our ancestors.
It is preferable to build quickly and without complications. Let's talk in more detail about the fasteners offered by manufacturers, taking as an example parts that make it possible to simplify the connection of beams with floor joists, or wall surfaces made of solid wood.
Perforated fasteners
When beams and also joists floor surface hidden in the interior space, they can be connected using beam shoes. This fastener for wood structures is suitable for fastening solid wood not just to wood, but also to concrete and brickwork. It is created from durable steel.
Manufacturers advise fastening such fasteners to the parts being connected with special screws, and in case of excessive load, or fixing to a stone material, use the holes for the necessary bolts. In addition to anchor shoes, today you can purchase special clamps and much more.
Tenon and groove
This galvanized wood fastener consists of a tongue and groove section that fit together to provide better transfer of horizontal as well as vertical forces.
The connection can be visible or hidden; for these purposes, the steel parts are recessed into special grooves in advance.
Three-dimensional slats
Modern Italian company produces fasteners that are placed perpendicularly and vertically at an angle, using T-type slats created by extrusion from a high-strength steel alloy. They are produced in several modifications designed for different levels of loads.
The fastening system must be selected according to the size range of sections of the combined beams and the dynamic as well as static loads acting on them.
During the installation process, the slatted base is attached to the beam using self-tapping screws. Then a groove of the same size as the slatted shelf is created on the end part, attached to the base of the joist beam. If there is no perforation, the shelf is equipped with a log and the connection is secured using self-tapping screws.
Hidden details Hedgehog
These connectors are steel washers, the base of which is equipped with holes drilled under the slope. These holes are for self-tapping screws. In the center of the washer there is a threaded hole into which a pin is inserted. Its free end is threaded into a special hole and secured with reverse side beams as a part with an enclosed washer.
The created connection functions perfectly not only in pull-out, but also in shear. If there is excessive load in the area of the end part of the joist, it is possible to install several elements at the same time.
Fasteners with complex threads
Unusual self-tapping screws that make it possible to save time, cash, since in this option no metal parts required. Self-tapping screws are equipped with threads, which help create a high degree of resistance when pulled out, and are also tightly screwed into an array, which completely changes their traditional functioning.
In this case, the work of the screws occurs exclusively by pulling out, which gives them the opportunity to absorb most of the forces that fall on the connection. So, you can fasten elements at an angle, combine parts, minimizing their deflection, as in the photo of wood fasteners below.
Special purpose self-tapping screws
Using similar elements, quite massive wooden crafts. The cap has milled ribs and is easily recessed into the product, while the tip is created like a drill. In the middle of the screw the cutter makes bigger hole, helping to pull the element as tightly as possible.
An adjusting type self-tapping screw will be useful for fastening door frames, window openings, solid wood lathing to wood, metal. The self-tapping screw is screwed directly into the box, as well as the one located behind it wall surface, or a power part.
The self-tapping screw acts as a weather vane for high-quality fastening of solid wood cladding to a base made of steel. It has a tip in the form of a drill and wings placed above it to expand the hole in the tree.
When drilling metal products, the wings break. As a result, having made a thread in a metal part, the self-tapping screw fits tightly to it, while the solid element is attracted by its head to the metal.
Photos of wooden fasteners
We all know what fasteners are and what they are needed for, be it construction or just repairs. You will definitely need fasteners.
SOME TYPES OF FASTENINGS
Bolt(Bolt) - fastener from metric external thread shaped like a rod or cylinder, with a head at the opposite end. The bolt head can be hexagonal, cylindrical (imbus bolt), or spherical (furniture bolt). Bolts form a connection using a nut or a prepared threaded hole in the product being connected. Bolts come with full or partial threads.
Screw(Screw) – one of the fastening products intended for forming a connection and fixation. It is made in the form of a cylinder with external thread and structural element on the other, to transmit translational torque. Heads come with a spitz, with knurling, or simply a slot in the end of the rod in the absence of a head.
Screw(Wood screw) is a popular fastener, in everyday life it is called a self-tapping screw. It has the shape of a pointed, conical rod with an external special thread, and a head at the other end. The screw thread has a larger cavity width compared to the width of a tooth with a triangular pointed profile. A thread is formed in the hole of the wooden or plastic product being connected by screwing.
Hairpin(Stud) - a fastener in the form of a rod or cylindrical rod with external threads cut along the entire length of the product or only at the ends on both sides.
Pin(Pin) is a special fastener in the shape of a cylindrical or conical rod. Designed for fixing various products during the assembly process.
screw(Nut) - a fastener with a metric threaded hole. For constructive transmission of torque, nuts can be multi-faceted, hexagonal, knurled on the side surfaces, with a slot, end and radial holes, etc. The design of the nut can be different: cap nut, extension nut (coupling), mustache, etc.
Washer(Washer) - a type of fastener, a product with a hole placed under the head of a bolt, screw or nut to increase the supporting surface of the fastening structure and prevent self-unscrewing.
Cotter pin(Split pin) - a special fastener is in the form of a semicircular wire rod, folded in half at the bend to form a head.
Rivet(Rivet) - a smooth cylindrical fastener in the form of a rod with a head, used to obtain a permanent connection, forming a head on the opposite end of the rod through plastic deformation.
- Fasteners are a type of product that allows you to fasten parts together. The more durable the material from which they are made various elements fasteners, the strength and durability of the product as a whole depends.
The main types of construction fasteners and fasteners indispensable in the construction of buildings and carrying out repair work on premises.
Construction fastener - direction of fastener used in construction for connection building structures and various structures. This group includes the following fasteners: self-tapping screws, bolts, screws, anchors, studs, nuts, clamps, couplers, nails, screws, dowels, screws, cotter pins, washers and similar products.
Metric fasteners are fasteners that have a thread pitch of a certain size (thread pitch is a rule for determining a particular distance between any two points). This type of fastener includes bolts, nuts, screws, and studs.
Stainless steel fasteners have a high degree of corrosion resistance and thus have an advantage over other types of fasteners. Corrosion resistance in unfavorable conditions for stainless steel fasteners it is much higher, in addition, it perfectly resists oxidation in alkaline, acidic environments, and in chloride solutions.
Thanks to the long service life of hardened fasteners of stainless steel, they are classified as high-strength fasteners. High-strength fasteners are one of the types of engineering fasteners, so called because they can withstand greater loads and have strength classes of 8.8, 10.9, 12.9, and do not lose their strength characteristics at high temperatures.
An anchor is a fastener of the construction fastener category, there are varieties: anchor bolt and anchor nut. The anchor is able to stay inside foundations or a solid wall (strong, inelastic, non-fragile structure). Designed for fastening construction and other equipment as well as various designs. Anchors are usually used on all construction sites, from dams, nuclear power plants, before standard building inclusive.
The classic dowel is used for fastening any parts in a solid, non-fragile and durable wall or ceiling panel. The principle of fastening the dowel is the expansion during installation from a screw or screw, which creates a holding friction force.
A clamp is another type of fastener. Clamps are mostly made to connect any types of pipes made of metal and plastic. Plastic clamps are used to fasten less durable materials than metal clamps, but they provide greater mobility of pipes.
Modern construction rigging makes it possible to select fasteners for various types construction work. This type of rigging such as an eye nut and an eye bolt are used to organize the lifting and movement of loads during lifting and rigging work. Steel rope or wire rope is used for lifting heavy loads in construction, these positions are important detail operating lifting mechanism, both for manual hoists and for cranes. A chain is also one of the types of rigging. Steel chains are used in various lifting mechanisms, from manual to cranes. Steel chains, like steel ropes, are used to lift and move loads for various purposes and structures.
Each fastener is manufactured for specific purposes, therefore there are a great many types of fasteners, because fasteners are developed and used for specific material and from specific details. For example, using certain types of fasteners, you can connect metal to plasterboard, metal to metal, metal to gypsum fiber, and metal to wood.
When carrying out construction, repair and other work, in mechanical engineering..., in almost any production it is impossible, or extremely difficult, to do without the use of various types of fasteners. Metal fasteners guarantee reliable connection of individual parts to each other. The most common and popular fasteners are rightfully considered hardware - metal products.
Classification of fasteners
1. Anchor fasteners - technically complex steel products that support high loads(up to 5 tons).
2. Screws and self-tapping screws are the most commonly used and easiest to use type of fastener. It has a very wide distribution and application.
3. Metric fasteners - the most reliable and common type (nuts, bolts, washers, etc.)
4. Dowels - mainly products made of propylene or nylon. Used in conjunction with screws or self-tapping screws.
5. Nails - made of metal for fastening parts to wooden bases.
6. Tapes perforated with holes - made from sheet steel (corners, punched tape...). Often used in the construction of wooden houses.
7. Rigging fasteners - used for fastening and moving various loads (cables, chains, carabiners...).
Anchor fasteners
There are several types of anchors:
- drive-in anchor - metal sleeve. One side is threaded, the other side is cut. There is a wedge inside, which, when driven (mainly into concrete), securely holds the structure being mounted;
- wedge - also used in concrete and natural stones. It is hammered in and additionally tightened with a wrench;
- expansion - a special expansion mechanism opens inside the base;
- chemical anchor - a pre-prepared hole is filled chemical composition and the fastening rod is inserted.
Electrical Installation Fasteners
Some types:
- dowel-bracket for round and flat wires;
- cable tie;
- universal wire clamp;
- fastening flat and round wires;
- clamps;
- fastenings for corrugated pipes, PVC and cables.
Self-tapping screws
Divided by type of head:
- hexagonal;
- semi-cylindrical;
- secret;
- hemispherical;
- with a cross-shaped slot.
The types of tips differ:
- with a sharp end;
- in the form of a drill.
Depending on the application they are divided into:
- for joining wooden parts;
- for connecting metal parts;
- roofing
Protection of fasteners by galvanic coating
Serves to increase service life. Anti-corrosion coating can be:
- copper;
- tin;
- zinc;
- nickel;
- cadmium
Without reliable fasteners, it is impossible to build a house or renovate an apartment yourself, or with help. You won't be able to attach a rafter to a beam, you won't be able to hang a shelf, you'll never be able to assemble furniture. Here is an incomplete list of what you cannot do without having a nail, screw, self-tapping screw or bolt at hand. Many will say, what will this article be about if you just listed all the popular fasteners. In principle, all that remains is to add anchors, rivets, dowels, confirmations and screws. That's all, in fact, these are just names of hardware, and fasteners have a slightly different classification.
Most likely, this concept was invented artificially in order to combine all the details that can be used to connect various building elements and.
This group of fasteners includes screws, self-tapping screws, nails, dowels, etc. There are also types of construction fasteners, namely dowels, anchors, metric products and self-tapping screws.
Stainless steel fasteners stand out as a separate group. As a rule, it is manufactured according to the DIN standard (Germany). Such fasteners have an almost unlimited service life, since they are not exposed to atmospheric precipitation and is quite resistant to chemical reagents. Moreover, the aesthetic appearance of this fastener will not be spoiled.
If there is a need to securely fasten something, then anchors will come to the rescue. An anchor is special kind fastener consisting of two parts, a pin or core and a sleeve. The use of anchor fasteners is not regulated, but, as a rule, builders use anchors for greater reliability of fastening. So, if you need to secure a heavy element to a hollow base or concrete, then an anchor is perhaps the only way to do this. You can often see the use of anchors when PVC installation windows Depending on the problem that needs to be solved with the help of an anchor, the necessary or most suitable anchor is selected - a frame anchor, an anchor with a hook, a driven anchor, an anchor with a ring and an anchor bolt.
There are also dowels that have the same purpose as an anchor, but are used for lighter loads.
Chemical anchors stand in a separate group - these are devices that are structurally different from the classic anchor. A chemical anchor is more way attaching the pin to the base. As a rule, such anchors are used for maximum loads that conventional anchors cannot withstand. To secure the anchor, a hole of the required diameter and depth is made. The dimensions of the holes are strictly regulated by the manufacturer of the chemical anchor. Then, using a special gun, a certain amount of chemical glue is placed into the hole, then the anchor itself is inserted into the hole filled with glue. As a result chemical reaction glue with the base and body of the anchor, mutual penetration of one into the other occurs. The end result is a permanent connection that can withstand enormous shear, torsion and bending loads.
High strength fasteners
By by and large anchor fasteners can be classified in this group. However, it all depends on the grade of steel used and production technology. Required mechanical properties high-strength fasteners class 8.8. 10.9 and 12.9 is achieved by sequential heat treatment, a combination of heating and cooling (quenching and tempering). Also, high-strength fasteners have greater resistance to precipitation, chemical exposure compared to usual.
Inch fasteners
In English-speaking countries - Great Britain, Australia, and the USA - inch fasteners with threads of various pitches (large - UNC and small UNF) are widely used. The only difference between this fastener and the metric one is that the unit of measurement is inch, not mm. Those. We receive fasteners that meet the standards of the countries listed above.
Almost all of its types listed above can be safely classified as furniture fasteners. There are also nails, bolts, and screws. Only screeds are specifically used. This connection is not used anywhere else except in furniture production.
Welded fasteners
This type of fastener is used for various technologies welding Structurally, nails, bolts, bushings, and threaded rods are used for welding.
Brass fasteners
The main advantage of this fastener is its low cost compared to stainless steel fasteners. At the same time, the products withstand aggressive influences much better external environment. In addition, like stainless steel fasteners, brass has the same decorative qualities. It is also worth noting the absence of magnetization, as a consequence, the absence of interference when used in electronic devices.
A special group stands out for rigging fasteners. This is a fastener that is used for rigging and lifting operations. These are staples, thimbles, lanyards, belts.
Requirements for construction fasteners.
1. Securely fasten structures.
2. Have a convenient and easy way to use.
3. Fasteners must be maximally protected from aggressive environmental influences and have excellent decorative properties where it is needed.
Types of metric fasteners used in construction and repair 
Vibrating slats: types and purpose
Today, there are practically no construction works in which self-tapping screws, anchors and other fasteners would not be used. Whether it’s façade cladding or plinth fastenings, we are faced with the question: which fastener choose in this case?
Just a few years ago we would have said with confidence that it could be a nail or a screw, but both the first and second have their own advantages and disadvantages. A nail is used for quick installation, but it does not provide strength to the structure and over time it may simply fall apart. The screw adds strength to the structure, but due to inconvenience during installation, it reduces the speed of work. Therefore, this problem is solved by self-tapping screws, anchors, dowels and screws. They combine both installation speed and fastening force, since a specially selected thread pitch and angle, as well as the tip, provide them with quick fit and a reliable, durable connection. In addition, they have an anti-corrosion coating, which allows several times to increase the service life of the fastening, and therefore the reliability and durability of the entire structure.
Frame The fastener is designed for fastening bars, wooden and structural planks, building facades, window frames and metal profiles.
General purpose fasteners used for light fastenings, as well as various types of hooks for fastening scaffolding, ropes, cables, chains. In addition, the distribution network has fasteners for plumbing equipment, light and heavy building structures, for insulating materials and etc.
Self-drilling screws used for fastening sheet steel to heavy load-bearing structures And sheet metal each other (overlapping), as well as for steel and wooden bases, installation finishing works. Can be used in furniture production.
Roofing screws used for fastening profile sheet metal to wood, to light steel structures or between. by yourself (overlapping).
Hardened self-tapping screws Designed for joining wood, particle boards and plasterboards, as well as thin sheet metal.
Screws for installation of plasterboard boards, they are used for attaching plasterboard to sheet metal profiles, to wood elements, as well as for twisting sheet metal profiles.
Self-tapping screws for installation of window profiles are used for fastening plastic and wooden profiles and other installation works.
Fastening wood
The strength and stability of any product or structure depends on the kind of fastening used that connects its parts into one. Wood occupies an exceptional place due to the ease with which elements made from it can be connected to each other with a variety of fastenings - nails, spikes, adhesives, bolts, staples, dowels, screws, etc.
For fastening strength, the product or connection design must not be selected randomly, but must correspond to the properties and purpose of the product, taking into account fastening along or across the fibers, as well as changes in size due to fluctuations in humidity.
Nails. Nails are the most common type of fastening in building structures and wood products. I produce construction nails of two types: with a flat and conical head.
Nails are made from light-colored, low-carbon, non-hardened steel wire by cold stamping.
Construction nails of round (less often square) cross-section in carpentry production used in lengths from 7 to 90 mm, thickness 0.7-3.5 mm.
Round nails are used when installing carpentry partitions and barrier panels. Pins are also used - thin nails without heads, which are used to attach the lining, layout, and posts. The connection of the main parts of these products is done with glue, less often with screws.
Tar paper nails length from 9 to 40 mm, thickness from 0.8 to 2 mm are used for upholstering with roofing felt assembled window and door blocks, cones of beams, wooden building structures in places of their contact with walls.
Decorative nails intended for the front surfaces of furniture, mainly upholstered. They are available with round, square and shaped heads, which can be smooth with embossed or molded designs. The sizes of the heads by diameter or side of the square are 6,8,10 and 12 mm. The length of the rod of these nails is no more than 30 mm. When driving nails into wood ( wooden hammer) their heads should not jump off the rod, there should be no dents, distortions or peeling of the decorative layer.
Nails resist pull-out and lateral (shear) loads or the combined action of two types of loads. Resistance depends on the properties of the wood and nail and the conditions of their use. Nails, like other fasteners such as staples and T-nails, should be positioned so that the connection is primarily in shear rather than pull-out mode, so that the nails experience primarily lateral loads and not pull-out forces. The resistance of a nail shank to being pulled out of wood depends on the density of the wood, the diameter of the nail and the depth of its penetration.
The pull-out resistance of nails is greatly influenced by factors such as point type, shank type, nail coating, time the nails remain in the wood, and changes in wood moisture content.
Nails driven perpendicular to the grain of the wood have the greatest resistance to pulling out. When a nail is driven along the grain, that is, at the end, the pullout resistance for softwood is 75 or even 50% of the resistance when driven across the grain.
Crutches. Regular wire crutches are made in the same way as wire nails. Their tip has the shape of a tetrahedral pyramid, length 76-305 mm, with this length their diameter is larger than that of ordinary wire nails.
Bolts They are used to connect parts; they are especially widely used in bent furniture. To protect the wood from crushing when screwing the bolt, washers are placed under its head.
Screws made from low-carbon steel or brass wire. Screw sizes: length - from 6 to 120 mm, rod diameter - from 1.5 to 10 mm, head diameter - from 3 to 20 mm, the threaded part of the rod must be at least 0.6 of the screw length. Screws are used to connect parts of products when the area for gluing is insufficient in size, for example, in bent furniture, screws are used to fasten metal devices and fittings to furniture and to carpentry and construction products. For ease of screwing, its head has a spline groove (slot). Screws are distinguished with countersunk, semi-countersunk and semicircular heads.
For screwing flush to the surface of the wood, screws with flat heads are most often used. Screws with oval or round heads are used in cases where it is necessary to give the wood surface a beautiful appearance or if it is undesirable to screw the screws in. The main parts of a screw are the screw thread and the shank.
Modern trends in the development of wood fastening include the use of screws with thread cutting along the entire length of the rod. Commercially available self-tapping screws have certain advantages in some cases.
Pins. Pins driven into pre-drilled holes that are 3.2mm smaller in diameter than the pin are expected to make a good connection. The lateral load on a pin driven across the grain of wood should not exceed the maximum shear load of a rod of the same diameter. To compensate for the lack of washers and nuts, the pins are longer than regular bolts.
Staples. There are several types of staples, differing in the shape of the tip, the processing of the rod, the type of coating, caliber, length and diameter. These fasteners are available for use in pneumatically operated installations with clamps or cassettes. They are used for upholstery of furniture.
"Capercaillie"- large screws with a length of 35 mm and a thickness of 6.0 mm with a square or hexagonal head, adapted for screwing with a capercaillie key. Furniture capercaillie have a square shape with a wide base, which acts as a washer, preventing the wood from being crushed when screwing the capercaillie.
Squares metal ones are used for additional fastening corner connections details.
Overlays They are straight metal plates with holes for screws: they are attached to one or both sides of the bar (part) in places of insufficient strength or at the site of a fracture.
Used to connect parts of disassembled furniture. metal ties. There are overhead and mortise ones.
Shelf supports serve to support adjustable shelves in cabinet (cabinet) furniture. They are a metal pin with corners attached to them. The shelf holders are supplied with metal frames for the pins (pistons). The casings are tightly inserted into the sockets drilled into internal sides cabinet walls. They protect the walls of the socket from being crushed by the pins of the shelf holders.
Hardware
Loops are called hardware, like other fittings for windows and doors (bolts, handles, locks, etc.). Typically hardware is made from light-colored mild steel. Facial devices are varnished, chrome-plated, and nickel-plated.
Window and door hinges are used for hanging door panels and window sashes, for raising or lowering; transoms and opening windows.
By design, card loops are distinguished: hinged with a removable hinge rod (bout), semi-hinged with a rod immovably embedded in one card, hinged with a rod that cannot be removed from the hinge, and pinned.
Hinges with a removable core are used where wooden panels or window sash cannot be lifted to remove it from the fixed hinge rods.
I use half-hinged hinges for wooden panels and sashes.
Hinges with hinged rods are used for small window sashes, transoms, and vents.
Card hinges are selected taking into account the size of the panels and sashes, and the thickness of the strapping of the bars.
Each hinge consists of two cards with a hinge. The card consists of one steel plate, on one longitudinal edge of which cuts are made, and the resulting protrusions are bent to form a hinge (folded cards).
From the longitudinal edge of the card to the side edge of the heel block door leaf or sash there should be a distance of 6-11 mm depending on the size of the bars.
Pinned loops are used for hanging binding sashes and canvases balcony doors with an influx.
In public buildings with a large oncoming flow of people, door leaves are hung on spring double-leaf hinges to open the doors in both directions. There are left and right hinges depending on the hinge of the door and sashes.
Pens for doors and windows there is a wide variety. There are door handles for interior doors and balcony doors. Buttons instead of handles are used only for interior doors.
Espagnols- These are keyless locks. There are door and window latches. Door bolts are cut into the folding edge of the left leaf on a double-leaf door. The upper door latch is 370 mm long, the lower one is 230 mm long. They must be installed without distortion or jamming.
Mortise or overhead locks are made only at doors. On the market building materials and products, fundamentally new mechanical locks with a plastic key card are used. Locks of this type have the ability to be recoded multiple times and form extensive systems of authorized access.
Opening is done by lightly pressing the card key, and closing is done without using a key.
Window shutters, top and bottom, have a very simple design. They are incorrectly called bolts. Keyless locks also include door and window latches. different devices and hooks.
Devices that help close doors include springs without a lever, with a lever, or pneumatic.
Currently, the retail chain has a wide range of devices for windows and doors, mainly made of aluminum alloys with an anodized coating, which improves their appearance.
Furniture fittings, depending on the type of purpose and material of the furniture, are distinguished by a wide variety, including artistic decoration for its decoration.
Materials for fastening carpentry structures
To fasten wooden products to walls and connect wooden structures to each other, ruffs, crutches, staples, overlays, clamps, anchors, etc. are used. They are called forgings.
Construction forgings are made from malleable, low-carbon steel (iron), most of them are forging products.
Ruffs They are used for fastening window and door blocks and partitions in the openings of stone-shaped walls, as well as partitions at the junction with the walls. The pointed ends of the brush are driven into antiseptic wooden or plastic plugs installed in the walls. The ruffs are nailed to the box of blocks through the eyelet in the ruffs. Crutches are used for hanging cornices, paintings, chandeliers, etc. on stone-like walls. After punching a bolt or drilling a hole, they put plugs and drive the crutches into it.
Staples serve for additional fastening of connections on rafter notches and mauerlat. Depending on the location of the connections of structural elements, they can be straight, reverse and angular. Made from round steel rods with a diameter of 10-12 mm or square. 10x10 and 12x12 mm.
Overlays used for fastening composite beams and lower chords of trusses and arches. They are made from thick rolled steel.
Bolts used for fastening composite beams, fastening frame and panel walls etc. The hole for the bolts is drilled using electric drills or they are placed in the foundation when pouring.
Clamps tie and not tie are used for tightly fastening beams from logs or beams in paving and log houses, fastening beams. They are made from strip steel with a cross section of 4x60 mm.
Anchors- these are steel parts made of strip steel with a cross section of 4x40 mm, T-shaped, of various lengths. Used for connection wooden beam with a stone wall. Most often the dimensions are 400x720 mm.
For connecting wooden beams with reinforced concrete purlins T-section anchors with a length of 500 mm are used. The bent ends of the anchor engage with the purlin brand.
Clamps made from steel scraps, and used to fasten sheets of galvanized steel, to fix flat strip tiles. Distinguish different types clasps. So, one end of a piece of steel is nailed to the sheathing when performing the roof, and the other is secured to a standing seam of galvanized roofing steel. Clamps for fastening tiles allow you to fasten two tiles at once in the following way: the horizontal flap of the clamp lies on top of the laid tile, and under its vertical flap, another, adjacent tile is placed. Clamp hooks are driven into the sheathing from the attic side.
Galvanized screws measuring 5x60 mm or 5x70 mm with a half-round head are used to fasten corrugated slate. To attach auxiliary asbestos-cement corners, use a 5x40 mm screw with a semi-round and countersunk head.
For roofing works I use construction and roofing nails. Roofing nails have a diameter of 3.5 mm and a length of 40 mm. Diversity construction nails allows you to select the necessary nails in the following assortment: diameter 2.5 mm, length 50 or 60 mm; diameter 3 mm, length 70 and 80 mm diameter 3.5 mm, length 90 mm; diameter 4mm, length 100 and 110mm and diameter 5mm, length 150mm. Fastening all piece materials with nails.
So, for asbestos-cement flat slate use nails with a diameter of 2.5 and 3 mm and a length of 35–40 mm, respectively. For corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 30 mm are used. For wooden roofing (shingles, shingles, shavings), 2.5 mm nails, 50 or 60 mm long, are used. Fastening the boards with nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 10 mm.
The wire is used as a fastener for stamped and ridge tiles. It is used together with nails with a diameter of 3-4 mm and a length of 40-50 mm. The nails are driven 2/3 into the sheathing and a wire is wound onto the remaining outside part of the nail, the other end of which is tied to the tile tenon. Use steel wire with a diameter of 1 mm, copper wire - 2 mm, and aluminum wire - 2.5 mm. Before attaching the tiles, the copper and steel wires are covered oil paint so that it does not rust or oxidize, then it is dried.
For fixed connections in carpentry, fasteners such as bolts, squares, plates, insert plates, nails, screws, etc. are used.
Large nails are used to fasten the skull blocks to the beams when making floor elements, when knocking together panels for partitions, ceilings, and walls. The thicker and longer the nail, the more firmly it holds in the wood. A square nail holds more firmly than a round one. The end of the nail, nailed through, is bent across the grain of the wood.
When fastening with nails, sockets with a diameter of up to 3/4 of the nail are drilled into solid wood. If you need to drive a thick nail close to the edge, then coniferous trees holes are drilled into wood, the same in soft hardwoods.
