There are different parts of speech. The union is a service union. This is not the main morphologically important object, but it has its place in the sentences of the text. He wants each word in the link to represent a single syntactic whole. Each part of speech has its own definition.
The union is called a service part and is designed to connect single parts into one sentence; it cannot be changed and is not a member. There is a division of unions along many lines.
What do conjunctions mean?
There are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. And the first, in turn, are divided into:
- connecting,
- dividing,
- adversarial.
Equal parts are connected using:
And; yes (in the sense of “and”), not only.., but, also, neither.., nor.
With the help of which mutual exclusion occurs are called dividing. Their examples are following unions: or...or, either, or, or.
Conjunctions that contrast are considered adversative. These are conjunctions: a, yes (meaning “but”), nevertheless, but.
Stand apart
There are several more groups coordinating conjunctions. They are not studied in school curriculum In Russian. Gradational ones express comparison - not just... but, if not... then also; there are connecting ones (and, also, and, yes and).
And with explanatory conjunctions, something needs to be explained or supplemented (that is, something like that).
Subordination in unions
Such conjunctions are divided according to the meaning of subordinate clauses (expository, adverbial, attributive). Subordinating conjunctions connect main and subordinate clauses. This is called submission. Types of such unions:
- explanatory (so that, how),
- conditional (if, if, if...then),
- denoting time (barely, only),
- indicating the reason (because, for),
- comparison (as if, as if, as if)
- concessions (at least),
- purpose (so that)
- consequence (so).
There are unions that combine several types. For example, the conjunction “so that” is targeted and explanatory.
By origin
There are two types: derivatives, formed from other parts of speech (because, albeit, but) and non-derivatives, having no connection with other parts of speech - (however, and, that, but).
Composition matters
Consisting of one word, that is, simple (as if, for) and several words - complex (while, after, because).
By use
There are three groups:
- Singles (uh, what);
- Repeating (and..., and; as..., as);
- Paired - from two words (like..., so, if..., then).
Complex sentences With different types communications- This complex sentences , which consist of at least from three simple proposals , interconnected by coordinating, subordinating and non-union connections.
To understand the meaning of such complex constructions, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connections are divided into two or several parts (blocks), connected using coordinating conjunctions or without unions; and each part in structure represents either complex sentence, or simple.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [there is no friend with me], (with whom I would drink the long separation), (whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many happy years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected non-union; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II is a complex sentence with two attributive clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [Lane was all in the gardens], and [grew at the fences linden trees, now casting, under the moon, a wide shadow], (so fences And gates on one side they were completely buried in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating conjunction and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on the main thing and is joined to it by the conjunction so.
A complex sentence can contain sentences with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).
(And is a coordinating conjunction, as is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet died down: the turtle doves were murmuring nearby, the cuckoo was crowing in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - coordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
3) subordination and non-union connection.
For example: When he woke up, the sun was already rising; the mound obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and there were only oak trees; they began to bloom only recently, so that now through the young foliage the entire garden with its stage, tables and swings was visible.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
In complex sentences with coordinating and subordinating connection There may be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions nearby.
For example: The weather was beautiful all day, but as we approached Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating conjunction, when - a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of communication
In order to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections, it is necessary to select simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences in complex sentences with different types of connections.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious frost] , and [it went on like this two hours], [then the frost disappeared] , [the sun has closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of a non-union connection.
For example: (When he woke up), [the sun had already risen] ; [the mound obscured it].(The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
At the site of the non-union connection between simple sentences within a complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for placing punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest has not yet died down] : [doves gurgled nearby] , [the cuckoo crowed in the distance]. (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [the idea of an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: coordinating and non-conjunctive.)
In difficult syntactic constructions, breaking up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining internal signs placed on their own syntactic basis.
For example: [The bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here] (that wild felling has become like a garden to me) : [I caressed every bush, every pine tree, and Christmas tree], and [they all became mine], and [it’s the same as if I planted them], [this is mine own garden] (Priv.) – there is a colon at the junction of blocks; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage] (to get a worm from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the layer of old aspen foliage from his beak](Priv.) – there is a semicolon at the junction of blocks.
Particular difficulties arise placement of punctuation marks at the junction of the composing And subordinating conjunctions (or coordinating conjunction and allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. However, there are also special attention require sentences in which several conjunctions appear nearby.
In such cases, a comma is placed between conjunctions if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow. then, yes, but(in this case subordinate clause may be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between two conjunctions.
For example: Winter was coming and , When the first frosts hit, living in the forest became difficult. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became difficult to live in the forest.
You can call me, but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. – You can call me, but if you don’t call today, then we’ll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try, you will succeed. – I think that if you try, you will succeed.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (based on grammatical basics) the number of simple sentences and find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or coordinating).
5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Create a proposal outline.
SAMPLE EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided
Non-union and allied coordinating connections are one of the ways of constructing. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are capable of containing two or more sentences telling about different events.
Complex sentences and their types
Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a conjunction (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech) or by a non-conjunction.
Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:
- Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky suddenly darkened, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, driving down dust and washing away the city smog.
- Constructions that combine elements with a subordinating relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice.
- Complex sentences with subordinating and non-conjunctive types of connections: No matter how he hurried, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
- In polynomial constructions, subordinating, non-union and allied coordinating connections can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but heard only the voice of a robot informing her that her loan was overdue.
It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, a syntactic lexical unit contains several grammar basics, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.
Non-union designs
In this type of lexical constructions, 2 simple sentences or more can be combined, which are connected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:
- Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
- Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
- Binary connection of simple elements into a polynomial complex design, in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.
A non-conjunctive, like a conjunctive coordinating connection, in a complete connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.
Commas in non-union polynomial constructions
In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:
- The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
- When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.
Non-union constructions are most often used to convey a large amount of information that is not always connected in meaning.
Dividing marks in non-union formations
These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:
- Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
- When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
- The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
- When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
- In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.
Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.
Complex constructions
In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:
- Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
- In separating relationships, conjunctions are used what and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, or it itself approaches us.
- Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
- Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.
Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.
Complex sentences with mixed types of communication
Constructions where a non-union and a union coordinating connection are present at the same time occur quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the line between them is separators, although individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.
As a supporter of tolerance and a preacher of peaceful life in the spirit of mutual understanding and assistance between peoples different nations(which in Moscow, for example, is being successfully carried out) I give a few unusual example creative/poetic collaboration.
The book of original poems and selected translations of the famous poet Eduard Khandyukov includes his best poetic works of recent times. Eduard Khandyukov showed himself brilliantly in the “rubai” genre, which is not possible for every poet, even gifted ones. This publication is unique both in form and in content thanks to the participation of the wonderful Afghan poet Latif Nazemi and the no less remarkable translator Rahmatullah Rawand. The author-compilers of the book are long-time friends of the Center for the Afghan Diaspora. The result of the creative efforts of Eduard Khandyukov and Rakhmatulla Ravand went beyond literature and grew to the scale of universal, cultural significance, as it represents unique example two translations at once - from Russian into Farsi (Dari) and from Farsi (Dari) into Russian. The authors opened more than one door into the world of one culture - they opened doors in both directions and, thus, gave the reader the opportunity to enjoy and compare, criticize and ponder unique creative material.
For many, the book “Friends, our union is wonderful” will become a good companion in our difficult, but interesting life. Reading these poems is a real pleasure!
Khandyukov E., Nazemi L., Ravand R. Friends, our union is wonderful: a collection of poems and translations. - M.: IPO “At the Nikitsky Gates”, 164 p. Circulation 500 copies.
This review was published in the Moscow Government newspaper “TVERSKAYA, 13” on my author’s page “World of Reading” - Year of Literature, January 31, 2015 p.19.
Eduard Khandyukov was born on September 12, 1940 in the Azov region, in the city of Mariupol.
Graduated from the Leningrad Higher Marine Engineering School named after. Admiral S.O. Makarova and the Moscow Higher Art and Industrial School (formerly Stroganov).
Secretary of the Board of the International Public Organization of the Union of Writers of Russia, member of the editorial board of the magazine "Poetry".
Full member of the Academy of Medical and Technical Sciences. Laureate of the Moscow Regional Literary Prize named after Yaroslav Smelyakov for 2011. Laureate of the competition " Best book 2008 - 2011".
Rahmatullah Rawand was born on December 25, 1954 in the Badakhshan province of Afghanistan. He graduated from the Pedagogical College in the city of Konduz and in 1981 from the Moscow Energy Institute. From 1986 to 1990 worked at the Progress publishing house in Moscow as a senior control editor and translator. Author of translations and publications of many books and articles.
Latif Nazemi was born in 1946 in the city of Herat. Graduated from the Faculty of Philology of Kabul University in 1969. From 1971 to 1973. worked as a literary critic at a Kabul radio station. From 1973 to 1989 worked as a teacher at Kabul University. At the end of 1989 he immigrated from his homeland and to this day lives and works in Germany. He has published numerous articles and essays, some of them in English, German, French, Russian, Mongolian and Bulgarian. He published three collections of poems.
R.P. Rogozhnikova Gradational unions in the Russian language
Leningrad
Gradational conjunctions in the Russian language began to be highlighted by researchers quite recently. They were first noticed by F.I. Serebryannaya and V.A. Beloshapkova. At first the alliances were marked not only but; yes and.. Later other unions were included in this group: not so much... as...; not that..., but...; if not... then...
Detailed description of sentences with gradational union yes and as well as with some others, mainly with the union not only but…, carried out by F.I. Serebryannaya. She gives a definition of gradation relations, noting that gradation relations are characterized by the predominance of one element compared to another, by different weights of the members of the gradation series.
The group of gradation unions is not limited to the unions listed above. There are much more of them. Apparently, they have all been identified, but not all have been identified yet, but now we can name the following:
not only but…; not only..., but, but...; not only..., but also...; not just..., but, but...; not only..., but also...; not only that, but, and...; yes and; or even; and not even that; not that, ..., but, but...; not that..., but, but...; not so much..., but...; not as much... as... (not as much... as...; not as much... as...); not like…; not only that; except that; Besides that; if not... then...; if not..., if not..., then...; if not... then...
From this list one can see that gradational conjunctions are different in their lexical and morphological composition: among them there are complex conjunctions: yes and; or even; and not even that; not so much; Not only; not just now; if not; except that; Besides that; not only that - and complex dismembered unions, the components of which are in different parts offers: not only..., but also...; not only..., but...; not like…; not so much... as...; if not... then and etc.
Dismembered unions are characterized by many options, so the important question is about their boundaries, about which components are included in the union and which are not its components.
In dissected gradational unions, both the first and second parts vary. Conjunctions that differ in the lexical and lexical-phraseological composition of the first part represent different lexical-syntactic formations and, thus, are different conjunctions, different lexical-syntactic units. Wed: not only but…; not only..., but also...; not that..., but, but...; not that..., but, but. It should be noted that many of them are very close or even identical in meaning and usually differ only stylistically. Wed: not only but…; not only..., but also... (colloquial); not that..., but, but...; not so that..., but, but... (colloquial).
The second part of some gradational conjunctions also varies. Yes, the union not only but… it either appears in the form: but and, and; But, or absent altogether. In all cases, conjunctions differ in their semantic shades. With the help of the union not only but any actions, phenomena, qualities are compared, and the second of them is the most significant. It is with the help of the component And the second part of the conjunction creates a matching value. The first homogeneous term seems to go without saying. For example: The hut was stuffy and stinking; a whole crowd of people - not only family, but also neighbors - crowded at the foot of the stove on which the sick man lay (Saltykov-Shchedrin. Peshekhonskaya antiquity). The children of mine workers have to support not only themselves and their families, but also their father’s family too early (Mamin-Sibiryak. Mountain Nest).
Union not only..., but (a) attaches such homogeneous members of the sentence, of which the second homogeneous member or the sentence is contrasted with the first. The meaning of opposition arises in the absence And in the second part of the union. The contrast between the second part of the gradation series is emphasized by the words on the contrary, on the contrary. The contrast between the parts is especially clear in sentences in which the first part of the gradational series is negative. For example: Volodya was the only person who not only did not show signs of respect to the inspector of the timber export office, but, on the contrary, gloomily shouted at him (Atarov. Head of Small Rivers).
It is hardly possible to talk about a tendency to crowd out formations without And in the second part of the conjunction in modern language, since in both cases there are known semantic differences.
The absence of the second part of the union creates a sharp contrast between the members of the sentence or sentences within the gradational series, and the second part essentially becomes the center of attention. For example: I saw the Fatherland of others, the home of friends and relatives. But I didn’t find not only sweet souls - graves! (Lermontov. Mtsyri). At this age, not only a year - a month can change a lot (Komsomolskaya Pravda, March 19, 1966).
Wed also unions not that... not that...without the second part: I woke up, strained, remembering, but behind me there was blackness - smooth, as if hewn, and black, not like a dream - I didn’t see a single face (M. Sholokhov. Quiet Don). He once said to Marlen Topniyan, his student, with true contrition: “I thought you were a serious person, but you play the harmonica.” (Marlen played the accordion.) And it wasn’t that he scolded the guy, he pitied him (A. Agranovsky. Vocation).
All these semantic shades of formations that are similar in lexico-morphological composition indicate that the latter are different lexico-syntactic units.
The inclusion in a sentence of particles with the help of which something new is not created, but only the basic meaning is strengthened, does not lead to the fact that such particles become integral part union. Yes, to the union not only... but... particles may be adjacent even, also, still, in the second part of the sentence.
However, they do not create new meaning. These particles are not required components in sentences. It is hardly possible to talk about special alliances not only..., but even...; not only... but also...
Some dismembered unions are not clear-cut. For example, unions not that..., but, but...; not that..., but, but... can connect homogeneous members of a sentence and sentences with different meanings.
Unions not that..., but, but...; not that..., but, but... connect homogeneous members or sentences, of which the first expresses uncertainty that a given phenomenon is precisely named, while the second homogeneous member clarifies it, and sometimes only approximately names some phenomenon. Therefore, the second homogeneous member or second sentence is usually accompanied by particles such as simple, straight etc. under. The gradation here is that the same concept is called differently, and usually the second homogeneous member or second sentence represents this concept more meaningful word. Combinations not that..., but, but...; not that..., but, but...; perform not only the functions of linking parts of a sentence or clauses, but also introduce shades into the sentence that are not characteristic of conjunctions. These combinations in in this case it would be more correct to call them complex allied particles. For example: Pakhom Stepanych not only spoke loudly, but directly shouted (Garin-Mizailovsky. Pencil from life). And it wasn’t that her grandmother spoiled her, but it simply never occurred to her to refuse her anything, her granddaughter was so sweet in begging for everything she wanted (A. Tolstoy. Four Centuries). An expression not so much of pity, but of gloomy concern appeared on the general’s face, and he suddenly hurried (A Fadeev. Young Guard).
In addition, the union not that..., but, but... expresses gradational-comparative relationships. There is, as it were, a comparison of homogeneous members, and the homogeneous member, added by the second part of the union, seems more significant, more significant than the first homogeneous member. In this case, with the second homogeneous term, an intensifying particle is often used even or pronoun himself, the most. For example: I’m not defaming my daughters, but I wouldn’t just trade any of them, but now I’d trade all of them for the first pockmarked girl (A.K. Tolstoy. Sadko). “Before,” said Shlikin, “sparrows gathered in flocks of two to three thousand. It happened that they would fly up, rush through the air, so not only people, but even cabbies’ horses would shy away (K. Paustovsky. The Shot Sparrow).
Another group of gradational unions consists of complex undivided gradational unions. These include: yes and, and even and, and not that and, if not, not only, not that, not that.
Some of them correspond to dismembered unions. Both of them include the same components, but in dismembered unions there is also a second part, cf.: if not... then... - if not; not only..., but also... - not only; not that..., but, but... - not that; not that..., but, but... - not that.
Both dissected and complex conjunctions are independent separate conjunctions, differing in their lexical and morphological composition, and in their inherent semantic shades, and in location in the sentence. What is common to all complex unions that correlate with dismembered ones is their connecting nature. Dismembered unions are deprived of it.
Dismembered Union if not... then... connects homogeneous members of a sentence; of these, the second term is more real, although less significant compared to the first homogeneous term, which is allowed. For example: Something absurd was happening, disastrous confusion distorted the plans, and the offensive threatened to end, if not in the defeat of the attackers, then, in any case, in failure (M. Sholokhov, Quiet Don).
The ratio of homogeneous members connected by a union if not, other. Union if not adds a second homogeneous member, which, on the one hand, is more significant in content in comparison with the first homogeneous member, and on the other hand, as if a reservation allowing for a broader, more significant idea of something. For example: The blacksmith Arkhip, according to general testimony, was alive and probably the main, if not the only culprit of the fire (Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
Complex unions not only, not that, not that can attach a second homogeneous member to the first, either directly or with the help of a conjunction A, reinforcing the opposition. For example: - So, maybe yours won’t be here soon? - Why not soon? Our people will soon be in Kursk, and not just with you (A. Gaidar. In the days of defeats and victories). - So you think that arable farming is the most profitable thing to do? - Chichikov asked. – More legal, not just more profitable (Gogol. Dead Souls).
Combined with some words conjunction if not can be phraseologized. These words are more, less, better. This is completely out of character for a dismembered union. if not... then... Phraseologization is facilitated by the absence of other words in the part joined by the conjunction if not, and the position of a homogeneous member with this union.
Combinations if not more, if not less, if not better used with certain homogeneous members:
The first homogeneous term is an antonymous word with negation not: Tanya is much more beautiful, but the guys probably like Zhenya no less, if not more, for her liveliness and happy character (Azhaev. Far from Moscow).
The first homogeneous member is a combination of a cardinal number and a noun or a noun with the meaning of quantity: We can say that people traveled half, if not more, of the long and difficult journey from the primitive state to the modern state on horseback (V. Kozhevnikov. Living Water).
The first homogeneous member is a qualitative adjective or participle, sometimes with related words and always with the words the same, the same: The Hindus of the times of Darius Histamus and Alexander the Great seem to us the same, if not better, than current descendants them (Dobrolyubov. A look at history and current state East Indies).
In common parlance, the conjunction can also be used in this case how not:
My link is now one prize of one and a half hundred pounds of grain, if not more,” said Dusya Samsonova (Laptev. Zarya) in one group of lunchers.
Complex union or even serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence into simple sentence or clauses in a compound sentence. All the constituent components of this union form a single whole, namely, as a single whole it is used with a certain meaning. There is an opinion that the particle And combined with union otherwise helps to strengthen the subsequent member or sentence. In our opinion, in such cases the particle And is a component of the new union.
Most often the union or even attaches a homogeneous member of the sentence, which seems stronger, more significant in quantitative terms compared to the previous one.
Most often union or even connects combinations of a numeral with a noun, with the second numeral being higher in number. For example: A cultivator and two, or even three, seeders will be attached to the back of the tractor, and even a dragger (Laptev. Zarya). Well, with such a length the rope sags on the fairway by one and a half meters, or even two (Gribachev. The sun rises behind the Don...).
Wed. also the case when the noun has a quantitative meaning: My friends are living hungry, Aunt Glasha, can you get two pounds of flour, or even a bag? (M. Gorky. Egor Bulychov and others).
The second member of the gradational series can also be expressed by adverbs more, more, less, less, sometimes combined with an adverb of measure and degree: a little, a little and so on. For example: The score will probably take a hundred pages, or even a little more (Cui. Letter to P.I. Jurgenson, May 14, 1903). Vanya worked at Spirka’s for three weeks, earning a ruble a day, or even more (Makarenko. Flags on the towers). But it’s still early, ten o’clock, or even less (Chekhov. Bishop).
Homogeneous members of a sentence can be expressed by specific subject nouns, verbs, adverbs, and in all these cases the second member of the gradational series is a word that is more significant in its significance: This Faina is up to something... Go to Samosadka, or even to Klyuchevskaya (Mamin-Sibiryak. Three ends). The spirit of the young revolution lived and seethed within us. And in the evenings, and even at night, the streets froze from our recitations and songs (Klenov. Search for Love).
Parts of a gradation series may, in turn, include several homogeneous members. In this case, homogeneous members are connected either without the help of unions, or by unions. For example: They walked..., carrying in front of them on their chests, like babies, their machine guns, held by one hand, strained, swollen, or even bandaged after being wounded (Fadeev. Young Guard). This is where the volunteer speaker comes into play. He climbs onto a grate, onto a stone pillar, or even onto the roof of a car and speaks, gesticulating furiously (T. Gaidar. From Havana on the phone).
The gradation series can be constructed as if along a descending line, i.e. the last homogeneous member seems to be less significant compared to other homogeneous members. This lesser significance is emphasized by the adverb Just, For example: The peasants are bearded, mustacheless and ancient, in their hands are krinkas, buckets, tues filled with butter, or even just bundles (Shishkov. With a knapsack).
Union or even connects not only homogeneous members, but also sentences. Sentences joined by conjunction or even contain a fact more significant than that about which we're talking about in the first sentence. The significance of this fact is emphasized by the adverbs at all, completely. For example: There are old women in the houses. Or even the gates are completely locked (Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus'). If you fill your head with all sorts of nonsense, I know that you will stay for the second year, or even be completely expelled (Serafimovich. Seryozha).
Some gradational conjunctions in their structure and morphological composition resemble subordinating conjunctions. However, the nature of the relations, the structure of the sentences in which they are used, indicates that this is not subordinating conjunctions. Yes, union not only that connects homogeneous members of a sentence, and is also a means of communication in a complex sentence. It is used in expressive-emotional book and colloquial speech. Features of sentences with a union not only that is the connection between the members of the sentence or parts of the sentence connected by this conjunction, also with the previous context.
In the first part, joined by the conjunction not only that, the thought expressed in the previous context is repeated, in the second part it is intensified, i.e. the effect of the second part is similar to the first, but in its significance and intensity it is stronger. At the same time, the action of the first part seems to be taken for granted. Relations between members of a sentence connected by a union not only that, resemble relations with the union not only but, however, sentences with a conjunction not only that more expressive. For example: The people in the office still don’t know that they gave a ride to a random fellow traveler, and, not only did they give them a ride, they probably saved them from freezing (Soloukhin. A loaf of sourdough bread).
The second part of the gradation series, reinforcing the previous homogeneous member, may have intensifying particles even, also. They make the second homogeneous term even more significant. For example: - And it’s right that I’m a fat stump! Not only is he a stump, he’s also a fool! (Yu. German. The cause you serve). Dmitry mechanically turned the cup upside down (he had never seen Sevres porcelain) and read “Dulevo” written on the cup in blue letters. Not only did I read it, but I also raised my questioning eyes to Elizaveta Zakharovna (Soloukhin. Mother-stepmother).
The second homogeneous member in the gradation series not only strengthens the first, but in a number of cases, seems to be opposed to it. Then the second homogeneous member is joined by unions but. For example: (I.P. Pavlov): If both reflexes are reinforced by food, then both of them last, and not only do they last, but they even increase (“Pavlov’s Wednesdays,” October 2, 1935). One works as a senior researcher at the Gipronickel Institute, and the other, not only works as a researcher at the Physics and Technology Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, but also writes stories and publishes them in magazines (Literaturnaya Gazeta, May 9, 1964) . Similar relationships are observed in cases where the union not only that connects homogeneous sentences. For example: In the workshop they easily proved to me that Yuri Mikhailovich - empty place. Not only does he have no special education, but he is also a useless practitioner ("Pravda", November 11, 1966). He, of course, was confused and gaping. Not only did he climb into someone else’s compartment at night, but now he couldn’t remember where he put his trousers (A. Gaidar. Chuk and Gek).
Unions except that; Besides that, subordinating conjunctions, reminiscent in form, also connect both homogeneous members of the sentence and sentences. In the part connected by these unions, the first homogeneous member of the sentence or the first sentence is limited. The second homogeneous member of the sentence or the second sentence seems more significant compared to the first. The significance of the limitation lies in lexical meaning unions. Unions except that; Besides that are identical in this meaning, but differ in the scope of use. Union except that widely used in a wide variety of speech styles, conjunction Besides that more related to book styles. Wed: Some people doubted it. But skeptics, in addition to playing a negative role, sometimes give in to enthusiasm and sharpen thoughts (Izvestia, June 15, 1964). I think that each of our schools, in addition to being a single type of Soviet school, should have its own face and be proud of this face (Makarenko. My pedagogical views).
Unions except that; Besides that connect homogeneous sentences in which the logical subject is the same, but it is expressed either by the same word in both sentences (most often by a personal pronoun), or by different words: a noun and a pronoun. Thus, in these sentences with different sides characterizes the same person or object, and the action of the second sentence seems stronger, more intense, more significant. For example: - Of course, this is a rough calculation, but quite sufficient to assess the prospects. In addition to the fact that you produce steel yourself, you import a lot of metal in the form of various machinery and rolled steel from abroad (Emelyanov. About time, about comrades, about yourself). In addition to the fact that Roth was personally outraged by Muravyov, he wanted to distinguish himself, he wanted to be the first to catch the criminals (O. Forsh. Firstborn of Freedom).
Thus, the nature of the relationships expressed by unions not only that; except that; Besides that, indicates that these unions are associated with the expression of gradational relations.
