How to make an autonomous sewer system yourself. Types and schemes of autonomous sewerage for a private house. Septic tank and local treatment plant

do-it-yourself installation of autonomous sewerage

A sewerage system that is at least important element in the construction and arrangement of new buildings, must be carefully thought out even at initial stage object design. After all, after construction country house or cottage, and even more so, after completing the interior decoration, it will be too late to carry out utility networks, without compromising the decorative and functional qualities of the building.

Disposal of wastewater is necessary if the facility under construction will be used as housing. After all, without a kitchen, bathroom, bath, shower, more than one good modern home is unthinkable. That's why, do-it-yourself autonomous sewer system, made according to own project, will solve many issues regarding the removal of sewage water. Its device is especially relevant if there is no central communication network nearby.

Modern sewerage installations are able to create a design that makes it possible to purify sewage water from organic compounds. The natural decomposition of organic substances occurs everywhere in nature, and the principle of this technology is based on purifying water from contaminants, which in turn enter the soil and serve as a regular fertilizer for the soil.

Autonomous sewerage will provide the owner with complete independence from centralized system communications. In addition, it will not require regular pumping of wastewater using special machines. It’s not for nothing that the installation for such a sewage system is called bio-purification, which means that it can be cleaned using the natural environment, that is, natural microorganisms, without the use of any chemicals.

Autonomous sewerage - diagram.

Without some knowledge about designing such a communication system, perform autonomous sewerage It won’t work for a country house.

Errors made in the circuit can lead not only to the appearance of a disgusting odor or the accumulation of moisture, but also to breakdown of the entire installation.

Therefore, the tips listed below must be taken into account when designing your own sewer system.

Diagram of an autonomous system at a summer cottage

The soil where the waste disposal area will be located is important. Only in non-acidic and loose soil do many microorganisms live that can naturally process waste into organic matter. Soils are heavy and clayey – empty, that is, not saturated with beneficial bacteria and organisms.
Before designing, you should know; at what depth does groundwater flow in the area? It is also necessary to find out the depth of soil freezing. This is important because sewer pipes will need to be laid to such a depth.
The place for draining wastewater must be located at a sufficient distance from the neighboring site, from its own buildings. If there is a well or pond on the site, then waste should not be drained near them.
The cesspool should be constructed using concrete rings or bricks, which will provide it with excellent sealing.
Care should be taken when installing sewer pipes and other outlet devices - only these correct installation is able to create a high-quality waste disposal system.
The size of the family living in a particular house cannot be ignored; because the capacity sewer system must be carried out taking it into account.
A well for water filtration is necessary in the case of highly located groundwater.

Elements for the design of this system.

The entire autonomous sewer system is divided into two parts, depending on the location - outer part and internal.

The subsystem, which is located indoors, must contain such elements as: ventilation system, collectors, siphons for neutralizing excess moisture, outlets, receivers for draining water, risers, pipelines.

The external subsystem includes the following elements: a pipeline, a cleaning structure together with a septic tank, a ditch with a drainage bottom, filters, a structure for biological waste treatment, a pump - if necessary.

Construction of an external sewer system - main points.

Laying sewer pipes

First of all, you should arrange a pit, that is, a place for draining water, and in this home handyman The above tips will help. A septic tank is placed in the pit, and pipes for sewerage are supplied. The rule for laying pipes states that the sewer pipe should have as few sharp turns as possible, since they significantly slow down the speed of passage of water waste and will subsequently cause blockage of the pipeline. It is in such places that waste particles accumulate.

Today, pipes made of polyvinyl chloride and having a diameter of about ten centimeters are widely used for sewerage installations. The peculiarity of PVC pipes is that they do not freeze in winter, of course, provided there is no stagnant water. But, despite this, the depth of their location should be at a level where the soil no longer freezes.

As you know, the peculiarity of any soil is its instability and subsidence, therefore the pipeline should be embedded in sand, which must be well compacted in advance. If this is not done, then the slope of the external sewer pipeline may subsequently change, which will cause a breakdown of the entire autonomous sewer system. In addition to sand, the pipeline can be laid on crushed stone ballast or sand that has a coarse granular structure. Do not use under any circumstances clay soil or black soil. Laying pipes on boards or stones is also not recommended.

septic tank in winter

It would seem that a solid base should serve as an excellent support for the pipe, but this is not the case; the pressure of the soil located on top of the pipe will lead to its deformation.

Septic tank in winter.

Operating a septic tank in the cold season has its own characteristics; To prevent freezing, insulation alone is not enough; It is imperative to arrange heating of the sewer system or carefully insulate it with insulation. In addition, the septic tank is a tasty morsel for rats and mice, so the distribution of poison against rodents is also necessary.

To prevent freezing from occurring, place a cable connected to an electrical power supply under the pipes that are located on the street, capable of maintaining optimal temperature automatically.

Installation of an internal autonomous sewerage subsystem.

Most The best way mounting autonomous sewerage- this is its design at the initial stage of construction of a cottage or country house wooden house. Then, following the tips below, the owner of a new home will be able to get a functional communication system.

To prevent blockages in pipelines, there is no need to throw bags, rags, or large debris into the toilet or sink. Animal fat is also a cause of clogged sewer pipes, as it tends to accumulate on the walls. Therefore, it is not recommended to pour water containing animal fat residues into the sewer. And here hot water capable of dissolving body fat and remove them from the pipeline. Therefore, you should pour very hot water into the sink from time to time.

Sewerage "Topaz".

An autonomous sewerage system called “Topaz” has already proven itself in Russia. construction market, as a functional system for water purification. For the production of pipes, polypropylene is used here, which is of very high quality. synthetic material, is characterized by good strength, thermal conductivity, as well as light weight and installation. Septic tank "Topaz" is a system made of environmentally friendly pure materials. Let's watch the installation video:

Such an autonomous system is capable of high-quality purification of water, which is quite suitable for watering garden plants. Coping well with water purification, Topaz consumes very little electrical energy, so it is the most economical sewer system among similar designs.

Owners country houses or cottages that use this sewer system do not require the help of sewage equipment. In addition to the above advantages, the following can also be highlighted - the system does not make much noise, is relatively easy to install, and is compact.

WATER DISCHARGE AND TREATMENT SYSTEM

Setting up an autonomous sewer system on a site is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. The main thing is to think through and organize an effective and reliable system drainage and wastewater treatment.

Connection country house access to a centralized sewer network is not often possible. So the installation of an autonomous sewer system becomes not only important, but also necessary.

It is necessary to think over the organization of collection and disposal of wastewater from the bathroom, bathroom, kitchen at the initial stage of construction when marking the area for the foundation. In this case, it will subsequently be possible to avoid unwanted redevelopment, additional labor-intensive work and financial costs.

On a note

When designing an autonomous sewage system, you must try to ensure that the maximum amount of dirty wastewater is discharged outside the house by gravity. In this case, you will not need to connect possible options

Wastewater is removed from the house different ways. If a central sewerage system is not available, you can install a drainless septic tank (the wastewater is not treated, but settled and removed by sewage trucks).

More advanced options - septic tanks for post-treatment in the ground and stations deep cleaning, allowing you not to remove waste, but to dispose of it right here on the site. The final choice will be influenced by a number of factors: the number of people living in the house, the operating mode of the sewer system, the size and topography of the territory, the groundwater level, and the type of soil on the site. As a result, it may turn out that the most modern option, for one reason or another, is impossible or does not make sense, and it will be necessary to consider the most simple systems waste disposal.

Installation of a cesspool outside the house:

1 – groundwater;

2 – gravel backfill;

3 – soil;

4 – cesspool made of a concrete ring;

5 – wastewater supply

cesspool

The easiest way to solve the problem is to install a regular cesspool. It is a storage tank into which dirty waste is discharged. As the pit fills, its contents are pumped out and transported off site. The advantages of the design are its simplicity and low cost, it can be installed on almost any soil (except for areas with a high groundwater level - above 2.5 m).

For a modern, comfortable country house, this method of waste disposal is not suitable: the process of cleaning the cesspool is accompanied by unpleasant odors, and even in normal operation, the pit is a constant source of them. However, on summer cottages With small summer houses, the cesspool still retains its relevance as an inexpensive option for installing a summer outdoor toilet.

OUR ADVICE
It is important to ensure ventilation of the cesspool. To do this, install a riser from a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm in the storage tank ceiling and extend it 70 mm above ground level.

PIT CONSTRUCTION

The cesspool is equipped in the form of a sealed container (a storage device without a bottom is prohibited).

The depth of the well should not exceed 3 m to make it convenient to collect wastewater using a sewage disposal machine. The drainage supply is usually arranged as high as possible - this allows the entire volume of the container to be used as efficiently as possible. The storage tank walls are constructed from monolithic concrete, full-bodied clay brick or ready-made reinforced concrete rings with internal and external waterproofing with bitumen mastics.

After laying the reinforcement, the bottom is filled with concrete (it is better to buy concrete rings with a ready-made bottom). The storage tank is covered with a lid and thermally insulated. mineral wool or polystyrene foam. To control the filling level of the pit, you can install a float alarm.

SITS WITH YOUR OWN HANDS - VIDEO

Drainless SEPTIC

For those for whom a “pit in the yard” type device is not suitable, there are two options for an autonomous sewer system - an individual treatment system or a drainless septic tank (septic tank). Treatment stations are convenient and environmentally friendly, but they are not always possible to install. The limiting factor may be too small plot, unsuitable ground and water conditions and economic inexpediency (small family, summer cottage, owners often leave home).

All that remains in this case is to install a factory-made storage tank (drainless septic tank). In essence, this is the same cesspool, periodically emptied using a sewage disposal machine, but improved and more convenient. Ready-made solutions compare favorably with concrete-brick “homemade” solutions due to their absolute tightness and low weight.

Advantages of a drainless septic tank

· Energy independence, you can leave for an indefinite period.
· Chemicals can be used to clean drains.
· It is important to control the filling of the septic tank and call a sewage disposal truck on time.

Manufacturing materials

During use, septic tanks are subject to serious mechanical and chemical stress, so they must be durable, sealed, inert to moisture, aggressive chemical environments and biologically active substances. On sale you can find both metal and plastic waste storage tanks made of polyethylene, polypropylene and fiberglass

Metal products are durable, but subject to corrosion. Plastic containers boast a range of valuable properties. They have no welds and are highly durable. Additional stiffening ribs help them resist mechanical loads. The least durable products are made from polypropylene, but they can withstand higher temperatures than their polyethylene counterparts. The most durable (but also the most expensive) are fiberglass tanks.

INSTALLATION

Plastic drives can be installed independently. They are not very resistant to mechanical loads, so it is important to comply with the installation depth requirements. Manufacturers usually indicate what layer of soil can be safely laid on top of the sump. Before filling the container with soil, it is filled with water. The low weight of storage septic tanks is their advantage, since it allows you to do without lifting equipment. But it turns into a disadvantage in areas with high level groundwater. To prevent the sump from floating up with the rising water in the spring, it is attached to an anchored reinforced concrete slab.

A slab with an inspection hatch is also laid on top.

CHOOSE VOLUME

On sale you can find plastic tanks with a volume of 1 to 70 m3 or more. Small containers can be connected to each other to obtain the required volume.

The volume of the tank should allow wastewater to accumulate for 10-14 days. It is believed that one person consumes approximately 200 liters per day. For a family of 4 people, a tank of 8 m3 (200 l x 4 people x 10 days) is suitable. If the house is not used constantly, but only come for the weekend, the volume can be reduced to 2 m3. When purchasing a tank, it is useful to focus on the capacity of the local sewage disposal truck in order to avoid extra costs to empty the sump.

If it is difficult for a sewage disposal truck to enter the site, use a quick coupling, which is installed in the fence on the road side and connected to the septic tank with a pipe laid in the ground.

Finished tanks are equipped with an inspection hatch

SUBTLES OF OPERATION

When operating a drainless septic tank, it is important to prevent it from overflowing.

If wastewater floods the inlet of the tank, unpleasant odors will spread around - neither a sealed hatch nor ventilation will help. In this case, sewage can go through the machine and back into the house, and at low temperatures it can freeze for watering. 1 in the pipe. The contents are removed by a sewer truck; settled water cannot be used even for irrigation. To speed up the conversion of wastewater into sludge, special bacteria can be placed in a container.

WHICH VOC SYSTEM TO CHOOSE

At the same time as deciding where to get water, the summer resident is faced with the problem of where to hide the waste. Because, whatever one may say, without deciding " toilet question“You won’t get a carefree life at the dacha.

The easiest way, of course, is to use a centralized sewer network. But such an opportunity is not always available. Therefore, the only thing left to do is to either chip in with your neighbors and equip a sewage treatment plant for several houses, or lay a sewer system just for yourself. The latter is preferable, since, firstly, you do not depend on anyone and determine the place treatment facilities where it’s more convenient, and secondly, it’s quite possible to do it alone, and it won’t take much time to build. In general, it makes sense to take care of installing a septic tank or a local wastewater treatment system (LOS), even the simplest one.

INSTALLING A SEPTIC WITH YOUR HANDS (TANK) - VIDEO

FROM THE NETWORK

All VOCs are volatile and consume, as a rule, about 100 W of electricity.

Therefore, it is better to install them in areas with centralized energy supply. Otherwise, it is better to opt for a conventional septic tank, where the wastewater will be drained using a special pump or by gravity through pipes for settling and partial fermentation under anaerobic conditions. True, in such a system, wastewater is only 50-65% cleaned. and to remove undissolved fractions you have to regularly call a sewage disposal truck, which, you see, is not very convenient.

VOC UTONOR. SAKO (Finland)

Made from high density polyethylene.

It consists of separate chambers through which wastewater flows, where it is clarified and, through a distribution well and a pipeline system, is released into a specially prepared soil filter for further purification. Then they are removed into the ground.

Has a number of advantages:

It can be used all year round, since due to the fermentation processes taking place inside the chambers, the temperature inside the sump is constantly increased, and it does not freeze.

For year-round operation, it is sufficient to empty the system twice a year.

Bacteria in such a system die almost 100%, phosphorus is neutralized by almost 90%, and the nitrogen content is reduced by 20-30%.

The system is inexpensive, easy to install, but quite effective.

JPR SYSTEM (POLAND)

Cleaning takes place in two stages: first in a septic tank, then in a biofilter, if it is not possible to install filter drainage. Exist various options such systems (from 1 to 60 cubic meters), allowing the installation of treatment plants for both small private cottages and entire villages. The advantages of this system include:

1. Long service life - more than 30 years, since the waste container is made of high-density polyethylene.

2. The use of electrical energy is minimal - the equipment operates due to gravity.

Z. No complex system pipes and additional pumps, which means higher reliability and maintainability.

4. Easy to install and can be installed in any type of soil.

5. The septic tank has a ventilation system that eliminates the occurrence of odors.

6. If you abandon the filter drainage device and use a biofilter, the degree of purification will be 95-98%.

LOS TOPAS (RUSSIA)

Made from polypropylene with a foamed inner layer.

There are five compartments: for accumulation and equalization of wastewater; for aeration; for biological treatment using activated sludge; to accumulate excess activated sludge; sump for clean water. The essence of the system is aerobic cleaning with technological pauses, during which effective removal nitrates and nitrites obtained from the decomposition of ammonium nitrogen compounds. The convenience of this system is that:

Installation can be carried out in any type of soil and any climatic zone.

Provides a very high degree of wastewater treatment - up to 98%.

The appearance of the treatment facilities does not spoil the aesthetics of the summer cottage, since all the pipes run underground, and only a green hatch comes to the surface.

BIOTHAL RUSSIA

This is a cylindrical container made of polypropylene, which is installed directly on the site. There are four zones in which three reactors and a settling tank are located. The house contains an automation unit and a compressor.

The value of this installation is that:

1. It turns waste into income. After passing through it, the wastewater is converted into water for irrigation and other household needs, as well as organic sludge, which, after composting, becomes fertilizer for the garden.

2. Its installation can be done manually, since VOC has dimensions and weight.

3. It can also be used in conditions of rising groundwater, as it is mounted in reinforced concrete rings and rigidly cemented.

4. The system is fully automated and has a very long service life, allowing it to be used by more than one generation of owners of a summer house or country house.

5. During operation, no consumables are used and there are no unpleasant odors.

6. It provides impeccable wastewater treatment - up to 99%.

7. A sewage disposal machine is not required to remove cleaning products.

Important! Cleaning bags of waste excess sludge is necessary no more than 2-3 times a year.

Important! To work in BIOTAL you do not need to fill in or add any consumables.

ROSTOK (RUSSIA)

It is a non-volatile system in which wastewater from the sewer system of a country house undergoes two stages of purification. The first stage takes place in the Rostock septic tank. Thanks to mechanical sedimentation of suspended matter under the influence of gravity, a special overflow system and filtration through synthetic media, wastewater is purified by 90%. Next, the clarified water flows by gravity into the biofilter, where it is further purified to 98%. The post-treatment process is based on the principle of biochemical filtration of water through a load (special bioactive absorbent).

The filter media replacement period is 15-20 years, depending on the intensity of use.

The absence of volatile equipment in the system allows the system to purify wastewater without loss of quality during a power outage. Anaerobic bacteria present in the septic tank do not participate in the process of cleaning wastewater from suspended matter, therefore, a long absence of users (for example, in winter) or the discharge of chemically active substances into the system does not affect the operation of Rostock AK.

SEWAGE SYSTEM DEVICE

1 – VOC

2 – drainage well

3 – compressor

4 – waste water

5 – purified waters

Today, do-it-yourself autonomous sewerage is done using plastic pipes and fittings. In private homes and country houses where there is no centralized sewerage system, installing a local system is the only possible option to experience all the benefits of civilization.

The predominant use of plastic is due to the obvious advantages that this material provides. After all, it is not subject to corrosion and is extremely convenient for installation.

Autonomous sewerage: device and principle of operation

When faced with the need to install a sewer system in a country house for the first time, a number of questions may arise regarding the design and installation of the system. First of all, you need to find out what an autonomous sewage system is.

Autonomous sewerage is the local network water treatment communications, which has an independent pipeline and individual treatment facilities.

The autonomous sewage system includes the following components:

Internal network of plumbing fixtures and pipes.
External piping.
Treatment facilities (septic tank).
Compressor (optional). You can choose more modern modifications of the septic tank that initially use a compressor, or add it to an existing cleaning system.

The principle of operation of an autonomous sewage system is to drain recycled water and waste through in-house pipes to the outside, where they flow through a well-functioning system directly into the septic tank. A three-stage wastewater treatment takes place in the septic tank, and then it is sent for further soil purification in a filter well or soaking trench. To speed up the decomposition process of wastewater, it is recommended to supply oxygen to the septic tank. This result can be achieved by installing a compressor.

The final stage of sewer cleaning is well demonstrated by the following diagram:

If you install a compressor, the flow of oxygen into the internal chambers of the sump promotes the occurrence of aerobic and anaerobic processes for the complete decomposition of organic impurities. Wastewater treatment is carried out according to the following scheme:

Which sewerage system to choose

Exist various ways arrangement of an autonomous sewage system. It may not be so easy to determine which drainage network would be better suited for your home.

Do right choice A detailed classification will help:

The main advantages of septic tanks with mechanical cleaning

The use of wastewater treatment systems using septic tanks is widely used in country houses and summer cottages due to the following advantages:

The septic tank does not require maintenance;
The device operates at any time of the year;
Work breaks are allowed;
Installation does not require electrical connection.

If it is not possible to connect the house to the central sewer system, the only option is an autonomous sewer system in a private house - it is not too difficult to do it yourself, but if necessary, you can attract specialists and special equipment to perform some work. The cost of the project as a whole and the time for its implementation depend on individual characteristics.

Wastewater disposal is one of the determining issues when choosing an autonomous sewage system. The comfort of living largely depends on the correct choice and efficiency of the treatment or storage facility.

To make it easier to compare the possible options, we will briefly list the features, advantages and disadvantages of each of them.

DIY buildings

Sealed cesspool, on the one hand, is a classic, on the other, this classic is increasingly losing ground to more advanced and economical designs due to its main drawback - the need to periodically call a sewer truck to pump out the contents. The services of vacuum cleaners are not only a hassle, but also an inevitable expense. At the same time, during the construction phase, a cesspool is the cheapest option.

Self-built septic tanks depending on the design, they can significantly increase the time intervals between pumping out wastewater or allow you to do without sewage systems altogether, limiting yourself to cleaning the structure once a year or even less often. Undoubtedly, you will have to buy materials for building septic tanks yourself, but from an economic point of view there are certain advantages:

You can use used materials,
the cost of materials is lower than the finished structure,
there is no need to spend money on work (with the rare exception of the necessary use of lifting equipment).

Materials for the manufacture of tanks for self-construction can serve:

concrete rings,
concrete (for poured construction),
brick,
large plastic containers (Eurocubes).

Ready solutions

Ready-made septic tanks can be energy-dependent or autonomous. Requiring and not requiring pumping.

There are two main categories of sewage disposal equipment available on the market.

1. Non-volatile factory septic tanks differ in their operational capabilities and, accordingly, in cost. The more efficiently a septic tank works (performance, degree of purification), the more it costs, however, the higher the level of comfort and the less effort required for maintenance.

The photo shows an autonomous sewage system at the base non-volatile septic tank with post-treatment of wastewater on filtration fields

2. Local treatment stations (LTP) are quite expensive, but more efficient structures with the ability to purify wastewater, removing up to 98-99% of impurities and obtaining water suitable for irrigation. Balanced systems and bioremediation methods used make VOCs safe and easy to use. The main disadvantage of VOCs is the high cost of equipment and the need for electricity consumption.

The most popular models of ready-made treatment structures are:

Tank,
Unilos,
Tver,
Topas.

For independent device treatment plant may be useful to you if you decide to choose this material.

And about the construction of a brick septic tank.

How to install a septic tank Tank, as well as about its structure, we described on this page

System design

An autonomous sewage system in a private house will work flawlessly only if during its construction all the nuances of operation are taken into account as much as possible, including:

average daily volume of water consumption (the volume of the tank must be at least three daily norms),
number of drain points,
terrain (it is better to place a treatment or storage facility at the lowest point),
groundwater level (the design of the tank and its operation must exclude the possibility of contamination),
location of key objects on the site (there are sanitary standards that determine the minimum permissible distances to sources of drinking water, windows and doors of a residential building, fruit trees and vegetable gardens, highways, etc.).

When you design an autonomous sewer system with your own hands, the diagram includes:

external communications and treatment facility,
internal pipelines and equipment,
ventilation system.

To ensure that the developed system fully complies with operating conditions and does not experience overloads, the following items are included in the project:

number of residents (including a separately calculated number of possible seasonally visiting relatives in the house),
the possible number of short-term guests visiting the house at the same time,
number of water intake points and their type (equipping them with one or another equipment),
layout of the site (optimally if a diagram is attached indicating the linear dimensions, area, location of the house, outbuildings, sources of drinking water).

Installation of sewer system

In order to understand how to make an autonomous sewer system in a private house, you can consider the entire complex of work, dividing it into separate blocks.

External communications

An external pipeline is a line from a residential building to a wastewater collection or treatment site. The ideal option would be a straight line from one point to another, made with necessary slope However, it is not always possible to lay the highway in exactly this way.

In addition, it is possible to insert additional outlets into this main line (drains from a shower room, bathhouse, etc.). All bends and tappings pose a potential risk for blockages, since changes in flow speed can cause solids to become trapped on the pipe walls.

Due to this Certain rules must be followed:

To avoid sudden changes in the direction of movement of drains, which can cause blockages, oblique crosses and tees, as well as bends with angles of 15, 30 and 45 degrees, are used for installation.
All places of direction changes and insertions are supplemented with inspection wells.

One more important point is selection of pipes for outdoor system . It is possible to use products from:

plastic,
cast iron

Plastic pipes PVC for external sewerage must be orange color, and for the inner one - gray

When choosing, not only the cost, but also the characteristics of the pipes are taken into account.

If there is drainage from a dishwasher and washing machine down the drain, it is better not to use polymer materials, sensitive to high temperature at least at the beginning of the highway, where the drains have not yet cooled down.
In areas laid under paths, sidewalks and, especially, under the road, only the strongest cast iron pipes are used for vehicles to enter the area.

There are other nuances that should be taken into account when deciding how to install an autonomous sewer system in a private house.

Too high or too low a flow rate can cause blockages, so it is important to ensure that stable slope 2%(2 cm of level decrease for each meter of length).
External communications are laid in trenches, the depth of which should be greater than the depth of soil freezing in a given region).
Communications require mandatory thermal insulation if it is not possible to lay them below the soil freezing level. When laying in a non-freezing layer, you can do without additional protection
For the longevity of the system, all pipes except plastic ones must also be protected from moisture.
Except inspection wells in difficult places of the system, similar structures are installed along the entire length at the rate of 1 well per 10-15 meters of the main line.

Internal system

Do-it-yourself internal autonomous sewerage in a private house is made from polypropylene or PVC pipes. In this case, the temperature of the effluent and the susceptibility of the material must also be taken into account.

The diameter of the pipes is selected depending on the volume and type of waste at each point. For washbasins, outlets with a diameter of 50 mm are sufficient, and for toilets and general collectors - 110 mm. The amount of slope required for the flow of waste without delays and the formation of traffic jams depends on the diameter of the main: for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm it is 3% (3 cm for each meter of length), and for pipes with a diameter of 110 mm – 2% (2 cm).

To prevent backflow if a blockage occurs it is recommended to install check valves (for each branch separately or common to the collector pipeline). When installing internal sewer systems also water seals are used or, capable of preventing unpleasant odors from the sewer from entering the room.

The most important element of the sewer system is the connection point between its internal and external components, the so-called outlet from the house, which is the transition of the intra-house collector with the main line transporting wastewater to the septic tank.

If the sewerage system is installed in an already built house, it is possible to install the outlet above the ground surface. In this case, high-quality thermal insulation will be required to prevent freezing.
Release through the foundation below the soil freezing level reduces the risk and is preferable. The possibility of drilling a hole for laying a pipe after the construction of a building is determined individually. It is best to arrange such an exit at the construction stage.
The exhaust pipe must pass through the wall with the installation of a sleeve, which protects the exhaust pipe from damage and deformation. As a rule, the sleeve is a piece of pipe with a larger diameter (10-15 cm), which allows the exhaust pipe to be laid in it and protrudes 10 cm beyond the foundation on both sides.
When drilling a hole and installing a sleeve, it is important to take into account the need to slope the communications towards the septic tank. The position of the sleeve can determine the magnitude of this slope.

Ventilation of the sewer system

How the autonomous sewage system of a private house works largely depends on efficiency. The latter is designed to normalize the pressure in the pipelines, which changes when water is drained, and also to remove gases from the system. The presence of ventilation also allows you to extend the life of the system, eliminating the possibility.

In addition, the timely flow of air into the rarefaction zone that occurs when water is drained eliminates the possibility of its capture from siphons, which is usually accompanied by unpleasant sounds. Classic solution is with its free end leading to the roof.

During construction, certain requirements and features should be taken into account.

The vent pipe should be located on the roof higher than the others (smoke pipe, house ventilation).
Distance from fan pipe the horizontal distance to the nearest window or balcony must be at least 4 m.
The optimal diameter of the fan pipe is 110 mm (the same as the diameter of the internal riser). On the one hand, it provides the necessary traction, on the other hand, with such a value, partial narrowing of the passage due to the formation of ice in frosty weather is not critical for the system.

The installation of an autonomous sewer system in a private house is increasingly supplemented, which can replace general ventilation or work together with it. Diaphragm or rod designs respond to changes in pressure. Depending on the model, the valves can operate only for inlet or for inlet and outlet of air. Valves can be installed on a common pipeline or on branches of individual plumbing structures. It is often advisable to install such a device only on the outlet washing machine, since it is she who drains water with a certain pressure, thereby sharply changing the pressure in the pipeline.

It’s rare that a suburban village or partnership, even near Moscow, can boast of having a main water supply and sewerage system; in general, the owners of suburban real estate have to acquire their own amenities. And so as not to poison with waste from your own life activity environment, including the aquifer, wastewater treatment systems have long outgrown the simplest cesspools, turning into more advanced designs.

There are a lot of different treatment plants and stations on sale for treating wastewater from mechanical impurities, but despite all their effectiveness, their significant drawback is their considerable cost. Therefore, for many private owners the best option become homemade devices, enjoying deserved popularity among FORUMHOUSE craftsmen. Let's consider what a septic tank is, existing sanitary standards, parameters for choosing systems and the most popular varieties.

Septic tank operation diagram
How to choose a septic tank
Construction of a septic tank made of concrete rings
Features of monolithic reinforced concrete septic tanks
Plastic septic tanks from Eurocubes

Septic tank operation diagram

A septic tank is one of the elements of a complex autonomous (individual) domestic wastewater treatment system designed for collecting, settling and purifying wastewater. Accumulation and sedimentation occurs in a sealed container (when there are several chambers) or containers; from the settling tanks, the wastewater flows into a filtration well or onto soil filtration fields (underground, aboveground). The law prohibits the discharge of even settled and treated wastewater from a septic tank onto open areas of land. The system necessarily includes inspection/cleaning wells and ventilation risers, the vent riser is brought to the roof level to prevent the possibility of characteristic odors. Septic tanks are periodically cleared of sediment by a sewage disposal machine; if the volume of the septic tank is correctly selected, this procedure, even if you live permanently in the house, is required no more than once a year, or even several years.

Sanitary and building codes and standards governing the location, design and construction of septic tanks

Until recently, the main regulatory documents concerning septic tanks and biological protection stations were SNiPs and SanPiNs developed at the end of the last century and the beginning of this one:

SNiP No. 2.04.03-85 (recommendatory), SP 32.13330.2012 (current standard) - parameters for the organization of external sewer networks and structures.
SNiP 2.04.04-84 and SNiP 2.04.01-85 - parameters for organizing internal and external water supply (outside the city, water supply is most often from a well and a well, and some provisions intersect with the rules for organizing septic tanks).
SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00 – protection of surface waters.
SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03 – septic tanks are classified as environmentally hazardous objects; this set of rules regulates the creation of protective zones around them.

Adopted last year new standard organization of autonomous sewerage with septic tanks and soil (underground) filtration of wastewater - STO NOSTROY 2.17.176-2015. Now this is the main document that contains the design and installation rules, as well as the requirements for the results of the work.

The following rules apply for the location of treatment facilities relative to other objects on the site:

There is 5 meters between the septic tank and the house.
Between the septic tank and the water intake (well, borehole) - at least 20 meters, if there is no connection between the aquifer layer and the filter field through soil with high filtering capacity, from 50 to 80 meters if the segment has loamy, sandy or sandy loam soils.
Between the septic tank and the side of the road - 5 meters.
Between the septic tank and the border of the site - 4 meters.
Between the septic tank and trees - 3 meters (1 meter to bushes).
Between the septic tank and the reservoir with running water(stream, river) – 10 meters.
Between the septic tank and a body of standing water (lake, pond) - 30 meters.
There is 5 meters between the septic tank and the underground gas main.

The main operating characteristic of a septic tank, on which its performance, the efficiency of wastewater treatment and the frequency of pumping will depend, is volume. It is calculated based on the number of household members, daily consumption rates and the capacity of the structure. By sanitary standards one person consumes 200 liters (0.2 mᶟ) per day. Throughput is the capacity of sedimentation tanks with a three-day reserve, plus a small increase for bottom sediments. To operate normally, a septic tank for a family of four requires a volume of 2.7 mᶟ (0.2x4x3+0.3=2.7). The volume of all chambers is calculated, but from the bottom to the level of the overflow pipes. To be on the safe side, you should add on the salvo drop or the arrival of relatives and make the volume a little more than the calculated one, as the super-moderator of our portal’s forum advises.

Vadim (spb) Super moderator FORUMHOUSE

Three cubes are enough for four people.

Options for choosing a septic tank

If the location of individual treatment facilities is regulated by standards, and the volume is selected depending on the amount of wastewater, then what type of septic tank will be, the design of the system and the method of organizing soil filtration depends, first of all, on the groundwater level (GWL) and the throughput (filtering) capacity of the soil. At low groundwater levels, almost any composite or monolithic structure is allowed. But if the soil has weak throughput ( clay soils), then it is necessary to increase the area of the filtration field, the length of the filtration tunnel or the layer of drainage cushion under the filtration well.

If the groundwater level is high, then it is permissible to use only monolithic septic tanks (reinforced concrete, plastic containers) with several chambers and an additional sealed storage. From the storage tank, through a float drainage pump, the settled wastewater will flow to embankment field filtration (cassette and tunnel infiltrators are used). Underground filtration directly from the septic tank in a situation with close occurrence of perched water is unacceptable.

Ladomir Moderator FORUMHOUSE

It is necessary that the distance from the bottom of the filter structure to groundwater is at least a meter.

Popular types of homemade septic tanks

Among the participants of our portal, three types of homemade products are most in demand:

From concrete rings;
Monolithic reinforced concrete;
Plastic (from Eurocubes).

Construction of a septic tank made of concrete rings

When the State Water Inspectorate allows, the majority of forum members prefer concrete rings, from which two sealed chambers and a filtration well are usually assembled, connected to each other by overflow pipes. To get the most impermeable structure possible, choose rings with a groove connection; they are not only more resistant to possible ground movements, but it is also easier to achieve the tightness of such a seam. Use external and internal waterproofing with bitumen primers or solutions based on CPS with the addition of liquid glass. There are two options for the arrangement of cameras - sequential and combined.

In the first, settling tanks are placed one after another, and the FCs are placed at a short distance, each with its own neck and inspection cap. The optimal design for a septic tank of this type was developed by one of the participants with the nickname MatrasMSA with the help of a moderator Ladomira.

MatrasMSA User FORUMHOUSE

The plot is 40x60 meters with a slope, a bathhouse/guest house is currently being built, three people live on weekend visits and sometimes guests, in the future there will be a house for permanent residence. The groundwater level is low, it is problematic to get to the water, the well is 88 meters deep, according to neighbors, the soil is loam. I am planning a septic tank like this: the first and second wells are three rings each (1.5 m in diameter) with a concrete bottom, the third well is the same, but the bottom is on the ground.

During the discussion, the following typical recommendations for the device were given.

Ladomir

A straight tee is placed on the pipe entering the septic tank, the lower part is buried 15-30 cm into the drains, similarly on the outlet pipe.
The outlet from the septic tank is 5-10 cm lower than the entrance to it, measured along the lower pipe tray.
The overflow between the chambers is done at a depth of 0.4 m from the height of the drain column in the septic tank.
The height of the drains into the septic tank is the distance from the bottom to the bottom tray of the pipe coming out of the septic tank.
The branch pipe entering the filter well does not need to be equipped with a tee; it is routed in such a way that the wastewater flows into the center of the FC.
Under the filter well, gravel/crushed stone is added, 0.3-0.5 m thick, and sprinkled on the sides, in a layer of up to 0.2 m.

The combined septic tank (designed by A. Egoryshev) is compact due to the arrangement of sedimentation tanks and FC in a triangle and is suitable for small areas. All wells are closed with blind covers, in which inspection holes are cut out, a common neck (service well) is installed on top, and the fan riser is discharged through the cover of the service well. To prevent differences between settling tanks, the bottom of the pit is filled with concrete slab with a hole for the FC, a drainage pad (filter cassette) made of ASG, 10 cm thick, is poured under the slab onto a double layer of geotextile.

On our portal this scheme was proposed by a craftsman with the nickname s_e_s_h, having laid out the design and a similar construction process back in 2009, it is “alive” to this day, which proves the relevance of systems of a similar operating principle.

s_e_s_h User FORUMHOUSE

The requirements for the septic tank, taking into account the standards and needs of the family, were as follows:

Good treatment of domestic wastewater at the outlet of the septic tank.
A volume sufficient for permanent residence in a house of 3-4 people (bath, shower, 3 sinks, washing and dishwasher, 2 toilets).
Winter operation.
Robust design with the possibility of easy maintenance of the septic tank itself and underwater communications.
Neat and discreet final appearance.
Minimum possible cash costs.

As a result, it was invented economical design without compromising functionality.

However, both options are suitable only for areas with a low groundwater level; with a high groundwater level, no matter how you isolate the wells, there is a danger of them being flooded with high water and polluting the area with wastewater.

Work of a reinforced concrete septic tank

Monolithic reinforced concrete septic tanks can be used at any level, only the location of the filtration structures will differ. It is difficult to resolve difficulties when digging a pit, but it is possible.

researcher User FORUMHOUSE

To make it faster, the pit is dug with a tractor, on one side it is dug with a bucket that is wider and half a meter deeper than the bottom of the main pit for the septic tank (it seems like a pit), and a regular drainage pump is installed there. All the water from the main pit quietly migrates into the pit and is pumped out from there by a pump and poured out 25-30 meters away. For the duration of work in the pit, pouring and treating hardened concrete with water repellents, this solution is just enough.

Otherwise, the process is standard - formwork, reinforcement cage, pouring with the addition of modifiers to the solution, waterproofing (internal and external). Monolithic structure at low GWL selected by a portal participant Rybnik.

Rybnik User FORUMHOUSE

From the foundation to the rotary well (PW) - 1.4 m, the PW itself has dimensions of 1x1 m, from the PW to the septic tank there is a trench, 7.5 m long, 40 cm wide and 1 m deep. The pipe will enter the septic tank at a depth of 85 cm from surface (taking into account a slope of 2 cm per 1 meter). A second pipe (from the house) will also enter the septic tank. Next, a pipe of clarified water comes out of the septic tank, which will run 23 m along the fence and enter a filter well measuring 1.5x1.5x4 m.

For the reinforcement frame, rods with a diameter of 8 mm were used, restraints (frogs) were bent from them, cement M500 (intended, among other things, for concreting underwater structures in a fresh environment), a special additive that reduces the permeability of concrete, was used for pouring. Sheets used as formwork flat slate. Details of the process and a step-by-step photo report are in the topic