What rights are Russian men infringed upon by law?
1. Military registration applies to all males
Federal Law "On Military Duty and Military Service":
... to submit to the military commissariat annually, before October 1, lists of male citizens who have reached the age of 15 years, and male citizens who have reached the age of 16 years, and before November 1 - lists of male citizens who are subject to initial military registration in the next year
Article 8, part 2;
Call for military service subject to:
a) male citizens aged 18 to 27 years, registered with the military or not, but required to be registered with the military and not in the reserve (hereinafter referred to as citizens not in the reserve)
Article 22, part 1.
Note. Not all examples of gender language in this Federal Law are considered. Besides:
- women who have a military specialty, i.e. legally liable for military service, in fact they are not persecuted by the repressive apparatus;
- employment in a number of specialties requires men to undergo military service, while at the same time there is no similar requirement for women.
As evidence of the unconstitutional, criminal nature of military service for Russian men, we provide excerpts from the Constitution Russian Federation:
1) Article 2. Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is the duty of the state;
2) Article 6, part 2. Every citizen of the Russian Federation has on its territory all rights and freedoms and bears equal responsibilities provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
3) Article 7. The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and the free development of people;
4) Article 19, part 1. Everyone is equal before the law and the court;
5) Article 19, part 2. The state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, as well as other circumstances. Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the basis of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation is prohibited;
6) Article 19, part 3. Men and women have equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their implementation;
7) Article 20, part 1. Everyone has the right to life;
8) Article 21, part 1. Personal dignity is protected by the state. Nothing can be a reason for belittling him;
9) Article 22, part 1. Everyone has the right to freedom and personal security;
10) Article 27, part 1. Everyone who is legally present on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to move freely, choose their place of stay and residence;
11) Article 30, part 2. No one can be forced to join or remain in any association;
12) Article 37, part 2. Forced labor is prohibited;
13) Article 55, part 2. In the Russian Federation, laws should not be issued that abolish or diminish the rights and freedoms of man and citizen;
14) Article 59, part 1. Defense of the Fatherland is the duty and responsibility of a citizen (“citizen”, but not “male citizen”, note) of the Russian Federation.
Referring to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, military conscription in Russia can also be characterized as an illegitimate system of measures:
1) Article 1. All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and must act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood;
2) Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, class or other status. Moreover, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, legal or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether that territory is independent, trust, non-self-governing or otherwise limited in its sovereignty;
3) Article 3. Every person has the right to life, liberty and personal security;
4) Article 4. No one should be kept in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade are prohibited in all their forms;
5) Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
6) Article 7. All people are equal before the law and are entitled, without any distinction, to equal protection of the law. All persons have the right to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination;
7) Article 13, part 1. Every person has the right to move freely and choose his place of residence within each state;
8) Article 20, part 2. No one can be forced to join any association.
2. The retirement age and required length of service for men are 5 years longer than for women.
Federal Law "On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation":
Men who have reached the age of 60 and women who have reached the age of 55 have the right to an old-age pension.
Article 7, part 1;
Persons (with the exception of persons who have reached the age of 80 or are disabled people of group I) who have worked for at least 15 calendar years in the Far North and have an insurance record of at least 25 years for men or at least 20 years for women, who do not have disabled dependents family members, the fixed basic amount of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension is set at 3,843 rubles per month
Article 14, part 7;
Persons (with the exception of persons who have reached the age of 80 or are disabled people of group I) who have worked for at least 20 calendar years in areas equated to the regions of the Far North and have an insurance record of at least 25 years for men or at least 20 years for women, who do not have dependent disabled family members, the fixed basic amount of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension is set in the amount of 3,330 rubles 60 kopecks per month
Article 14, part 11;
The fixed basic amount of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension established for citizens (clause 2 of this article) for each full year insurance period exceeding 30 years for men and 25 years for women, on the day of assignment of the insurance part of an old-age labor pension for the first time, and for citizens entitled to early assignment of an old-age labor pension in accordance with Articles 27 - 28 of this Federal Law, on the day of reaching the age provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 7 of this Federal Law increases by 6 percent
Article 14, part 17.
Note. Moreover, women on average live more than 10 years longer than men. Specified retirement ages for men and women are also found in other laws; Further, the editors will not cite all articles containing the wording “women over 55 years old” and “men over 60 years old.”
3. Only men can be sentenced to death penalty
The death penalty is not imposed on women, as well as persons who committed crimes under the age of eighteen, and men who have reached the age of sixty-five at the time of sentencing.
Article 59, part 2.
4. Only men can be sentenced to life imprisonment
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:
Life imprisonment is not imposed on women, as well as persons who committed crimes under the age of eighteen, and men who have reached the age of sixty-five at the time of sentencing.
Article 57, part 2.
5. Only men can be sentenced to serve their sentences in strict and special regime colonies
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:
Serving of imprisonment is assigned:
...
b) men sentenced to imprisonment for committing serious crimes who have not previously served imprisonment, as well as women sentenced to imprisonment for committing serious and especially serious crimes, including any type of recidivism - in general regime correctional colonies;
c) men sentenced to imprisonment for committing especially serious crimes who have not previously served imprisonment, as well as in case of relapse or dangerous relapse of crimes, if the convicted person has previously served imprisonment - in high-security correctional colonies;
d) men sentenced to life imprisonment, as well as in cases of particularly dangerous recidivism - in special regime correctional colonies
Article 58, part 1;
... for men sentenced to imprisonment for committing especially serious crimes for a term of more than five years, as well as in the event of a particularly dangerous recidivism of crimes, serving part of the sentence may be imposed in prison, while the court counts the time the convict is held in custody before entering into legal custody the effect of a conviction while serving a sentence in prison
Article 58, part 2.
4. In general regime correctional colonies, convicted men, except those listed in parts five, six and seven of this article, as well as convicted women, serve their sentences.
5. Men who were sentenced to imprisonment for the first time for committing particularly serious crimes serve their sentences in high-security correctional colonies; in case of relapse of crimes and dangerous relapse of crimes, if the convicted person has previously served imprisonment.
6. In special regime correctional colonies, convicted men with particularly dangerous recidivism of crimes, sentenced to life imprisonment, as well as convicts for whom the death penalty by way of pardon has been replaced by imprisonment for a certain term or life imprisonment serve their sentences.
7. Those sentenced to imprisonment for a term of more than five years for committing especially serious crimes, in case of especially dangerous recidivism of crimes, as well as those convicted who are malicious violators of the established procedure for serving their sentences and transferred from correctional colonies serve their sentences in prisons.
Article 74;
c) from correctional colonies of general, strict and special regimes to prison for a term of not more than three years, with the remainder of the sentence being served in a correctional colony of the type of regime from which they were sent to prison. Convicts sentenced to life imprisonment, convicts for whom the death penalty has been commuted to life imprisonment by way of pardon, as well as convicted women are not subject to transfer to prison.
Article 78, part 2, paragraph 4;
1. Prisons contain men sentenced to imprisonment for a term of over five years with a portion of the sentence served in prison...
2. General and strict regimes are established in prisons
Article 130.
6. Male prisoners have more restrictions than female prisoners.
Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation:
Convicted women and juvenile convicts are sent to serve their sentences at the location of the relevant correctional institutions
Article 73, part 3;
Those sentenced to imprisonment are allowed to receive parcels, packages and parcels:
a) women and persons kept in educational colonies - without limiting the number;
b) for men - in the amount established by Articles 121, 123, 125 and 131 of this Code
Article 90, part 1;
The standard living space per person sentenced to imprisonment in correctional colonies cannot be less than two square meters, in prisons - two and a half square meters, in colonies intended for serving sentences for convicted women - three square meters...
Article 99, part 1;
For violation of the established procedure for serving a sentence, the following penalties may be applied to those sentenced to imprisonment:
...
d) transfer of convicted men who are malicious violators of the established
procedure for serving sentences held in general and strict correctional colonies
regimes, in cell-type premises, and in special regime correctional colonies - in solitary
cameras for up to six months;
e) transfer of convicted men who are persistent violators of the established procedure for serving their sentences to single cell-type premises for a period of up to one year;
f) transfer of convicted women who are persistent violators of the established procedure for serving their sentences to cell-type premises for a period of up to three months
Article 115, part 1;
Convicted women may be allowed to live outside the correctional colony together with their family or children in rented or their own living space
Article 121, part 3;
In the absence of penalties for violations of the established procedure for serving a sentence and a conscientious attitude to work and study, convicts may be transferred from ordinary conditions of serving a sentence to lighter ones:
a) convicted men serving imprisonment for the first time, as well as all categories of convicted women - after serving three months of their sentence under normal conditions
Article 132, part 4.
7. Men do not have the right to defer or cancel certain criminal penalties in the case of the presence of young children and in other cases when similar concessions are given to women
Mandatory work not prescribed... to pregnant women, women with children under three years of age...
Article 49, part 4;
Correctional labor is not assigned... to pregnant women, women with children under three years of age...
Article 50, part 5;
Forced labor is not assigned... to pregnant women, women with children under three years of age, women who have reached the age of fifty-five, men who have reached the age of sixty...
Article 53.1, part 7;
Arrest is not imposed... on pregnant women and women with children under the age of fourteen
Article 54, part 2;
For a convicted pregnant woman, a woman who has a child under the age of fourteen, a man who has a child under the age of fourteen and is a single parent... the court may defer the actual serving of the sentence until the child reaches the age of fourteen
Article 82.
Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation:
Convicted women with children under three years of age in the children's home of a correctional institution, and convicted women released from work due to pregnancy and childbirth, as well as convicts who are disabled people of group I, are not sent to a punishment cell, cell-type premises and single cell-type premises. are being translated
Article 117, part 7.
8. Men do not have the right to have rape recognized as rape.
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:
1. Rape, that is, sexual intercourse with the use of violence or with the threat of its use against the victim or other persons, or taking advantage of the helpless state of the victim, is punishable by imprisonment for a term of three to six years.
2. Rape:
...
b) accompanied by a threat of murder or infliction of grievous bodily harm, as well as committed with particular cruelty towards the victim or other persons;
c) resulting in infection of the victim with a venereal disease - is punishable by imprisonment for a term of four to ten years, with or without restriction of freedom for a term of up to two years.
3. Rape:
a) a minor;
b) resulting through negligence in causing grievous harm to the health of the victim, infecting her with HIV infection or other grave consequences, - shall be punishable by imprisonment for a term of eight to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to twenty years. and with restriction of freedom for up to two years.
4. Rape:
a) negligently caused the death of the victim;
b) a victim who has not reached fourteen years of age - is punishable by imprisonment for a term of twelve to twenty years, with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to twenty years, and with restriction of freedom for a term of up to two years.
Article 131.
Note. Articles 132 and 133 still allow that men can also be victims of violent acts of a sexual nature, however, in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in some incomprehensible way, rape and violent acts of a sexual nature become concepts that are by no means synonymous - if you think about it, such an interpretation openly demonstrates the following attitude public awareness of sexual violence: “The rape of a woman is a more serious crime than the rape of a man.”
9. Men do not have the right to a free DNA paternity test and adequate functioning of the competent authorities in solving the problem of establishing paternity
This implies not only the lack of free services for determining genetic paternity in medical institutions, but also Article 110 of the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation (distribution of legal costs between persons participating in the case) and Article 98 of the Civil Procedural Code of the Russian Federation (distribution of legal costs between the parties).
Family Code of the Russian Federation:
The request of a person registered as the father of a child on the basis of paragraph 2 of Article 51 of this Code to challenge paternity cannot be satisfied if at the time of recording this person knew that he was not in fact the father of the child
Article 52.
Note. To answer the question “What to do with children?” the editors can only agree that the children are not at fault, but the editors are completely objective, declaring that the deceived man is not obliged to bear responsibility for them.
10. Women are given advantages in matters related to alimony, which leads to known practices carried out by unscrupulous female individuals
1. Spouses are obliged to financially support each other.
2. In the event of refusal of such support and the absence of an agreement between the spouses on the payment of alimony, the following have the right to demand the provision of alimony in court from the other spouse who has the necessary means for this:
...
wife during pregnancy and for three years from the date of birth of their common child"
Article 89;
The following have the right to demand alimony in court from a former spouse who has the necessary means for this: the ex-wife during pregnancy and for three years from the date of birth of their common child
Article 90, part 1.
11. Men do not have the right to renounce paternity and divorce before childbirth or early stages pregnancy of a woman, if women have the sole right to make a decision about abortion or childbirth without regard to the opinion of their spouse
Family Code of the Russian Federation:
The husband does not have the right to initiate proceedings for divorce without the consent of his wife during his wife’s pregnancy and within a year after the birth of the child.
Article 17.
Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation":
Each woman independently decides the issue of motherhood. Artificial termination of pregnancy is carried out at the request of the woman with informed voluntary consent
Article 56, part 1.
Note. The editors support the position that a woman can decide to terminate a pregnancy, but the editors believe that the final word on the issue of whether a male partner has obligations accompanying the status of a parent should remain with the male partner himself (within the same time frame as an abortion). ), since pregnancy can be the result of deception, blackmail and threats from a woman.
12. Labor standards for men are higher than for women, and women are allowed to work less
SP 2.2.2.1327-03 " Hygienic requirements to the organization of technological processes, production equipment and working tools":
The maximum permissible weight of weights lifted and moved manually for women when alternating with other work no more than 2 times per hour should not exceed 10 kg, and lifting and moving heavy objects constantly during a work shift - 7 kg. When moving loads on trolleys or in containers, the applied force should not exceed 10 kg.
Article 10, part 1;
In teams consisting of men and women, physical activity for women should be 40% less than for men
Article 10, part 2.
According to Appendix 3, for men the maximum allowable weight is 30 kg (for women - 10), for optimal - up to 15 kg (for women - up to 5).
Labor Code of the Russian Federation:
A hiring test is not established for:
...
pregnant women and women with children under the age of one and a half years
Article 70;
Women working in rural areas may be granted, upon their written request, one additional day off per month.
Article 262;
For women working in the Far North and equivalent areas, a collective agreement or employment contract A 36-hour work week is established...
Article 320.
13. Sports standards for men are higher than for women
As an example, we can cite the standards of the GTO (Ready for Labor and Defense), a physical education and sports complex introduced back in the Soviet years.
Note. The editors believe that standards should not be equal between men and women, but must be set on a purely individual basis, taking into account weight, muscle mass and the health characteristics of the individual.
To summarize. The above legislative acts are a blatant example of violation of the rights and freedoms prescribed in the Constitution. More severe penalties and stricter standards for men cannot be justified:
- the fact that on average men are approximately 1.2 times stronger than women physically and several times more often than women commit serious and especially serious crimes: the average does not say anything about a specific person and is not an objective basis for his limitations in rights and opportunities;
- the “special social role” of women, usually associated with motherhood, which Russian courts so often refer to when rejecting lawsuits demanding that certain actions of certain people be recognized as discrimination legal entities. Laws forcing motherhood have not been adopted in Russia, therefore, “protecting the reproductive health of women” who have not given birth or are not planning to give birth does not justify itself.
First edition.
A typical manager’s reasoning: “It’s unlikely that a reasonable person would argue that a young woman with a small child is not a very reliable worker. What kind of boss would act to the detriment of production? Many young women, when employed, have to sign a humiliating contract containing a clause stating that they will not go to work in the coming years. maternity leave, otherwise they face certain sanctions.
But is there any way out of this situation? There are women who give birth to children (and more than one!) and successfully build a career. For example, in Sweden, a woman who gives birth is given a year's leave with 90% pay, and after returning to work, she is given a state nanny. It is no wonder that over 80% of Swedish women with children under five years of age work. Many companies make accommodations for employees with small children, for example, by providing them with flexible work hours or setting up kindergartens on their premises. Such attention from the employer is rewarded handsomely!
Of course, it is much better for the baby to be raised by a mother rather than a nanny. But what about your career? In most cases, it is between the ages of 20 and 30 that a woman works most productively and can fully put into practice the knowledge gained at university! During this period of time, a stable professional platform is laid, from which it will subsequently take off. spaceship success.
Of course, graduates of higher education educational institutions Both sexes have equal opportunities, but women who have given birth to a child, as a rule, miss time and begin to stall professionally. As it was said in Lewis Carroll's fairy tale “Alice Through the Looking Glass”: “You have to run very fast to stay in place. And if you want to move forward, you will have to run even faster.” What can we say about a woman who came to work after a long break? No wonder Peter Lawrence argued that “a woman needs to be twice as good to achieve half as much as a man.” Although, when looking at modern business women, one involuntarily comes to the conclusion, following Lawrence’s thesis, that these women are at least four times better than men (no offense to men...) Many talented women create strong competition for modern men. When Alexander Pochinok was appointed minister, the vacated position was offered to Svetlana Orlova, having appreciated her excellent business qualities. Although an equally competent and professional man, Georgy Boos, was vying for this place...
So, is it possible to put an equal sign between workers of both sexes? We have already found one difference: a woman can give birth, a man cannot, and we also discussed the impact this fact has on work activity. With sufficiently similar mental abilities Of course, there are instinctive differences in the behavior of both sexes. We can conclude that at work, men and women are equal in terms of their importance and relatively equal in the right to realize potential opportunities, but this does not mean that they are absolutely identical!
Have you noticed that men are prone to greater risks (the biggest of which is changing jobs) than women? After all, a significant part of these “flyers” are men. Again, on a subconscious level, they are looking for companies where they will earn more and be able to achieve a higher social position, which they literally strive for genetically. Dissatisfaction with work, salary, and management is also more common among men. The propensity to take risks in entrepreneurial activity is, again, mainly a male prerogative. Representatives of the stronger sex believe that the more they risk, the more they can get. Unfortunately, this is not always justified. But men are sure that those who do not take risks do not drink the winner’s champagne.
Time moves forward, the age of information progress involves the work not of muscles, but first of all of the intellect. And such deeply instinctive behavior of a man as a ruler and master in the work process is no longer relevant. Men learn a lot from women in their work, and women from men. Everything got mixed up, so to speak, on the labor market. High-level production workers who know foreign languages who own special technologies and have positive experience previous work, regardless of gender. This trend is visible even in our country, with successful women being promoted to leadership positions. It no longer surprises anyone that a woman is running for president.
Yet successful leader We often associate it with a man and many work processes are built according to the male type. All these are relics of the past. A woman trying to walk career ladder quickly and efficiently, it is worth paying attention to this. If the company where she plans to work is dominated by a male hierarchy, then she would be better off looking for something in a more feminine area. Although this fact does not confuse many self-confident women, but on the contrary, mobilizes them.
I would like to end with the opinion of the same male general director, whose statement we cited at the very beginning: “Everyone chooses what is more important to him: if you need conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability, and communication skills, it is better to hire a woman. If such qualities as mobility, creativity, the ability to communicate with technology, strength, and finally, are needed, of course, a man is preferable.”
Based on materials from Lady.zontik.ru
% of the unemployed looked for work on their own without the assistance of employment services (in April 2011 - 63%). At the same time, men were less likely to contact employment services in search of work than women. Among unemployed men, the share of those looking for work with the help of employment services in April 2012 was amounted to 28.9%, among unemployed women - 35.6%. When looking for a job, the most preferable option is to turn to the help of friends, relatives and acquaintances - more than half of the unemployed use it.
Thus, there are no significant gender differences in the scale of unemployment. But for women, a longer period of searching for work is typical. Among them, there is a higher proportion of those who are in a state of long-term unemployment.
A lower rate of exit from unemployment for women is associated with worse employment opportunities and less competitiveness in the labor market, which is a reflection, among other things, of the discriminatory practices of Russian employers. At the same time, a longer search period also reflects the more passive behavior of women, their less active search for work, and the presence of less incentives for them to find employment.
In general, Russia remains very high level women's economic activity. This is facilitated by the fact that the constant work of women is still necessary to ensure family budget. For most households, one working spouse cannot provide the required level of consumption and well-being. In addition, the high level of women's employment is supported by established social traditions and a high level of education. Women's participation in income-generating activities is a socially acceptable norm of behavior. Women continue to have ample employment opportunities and access to jobs.
The vast majority of Russian women are working or looking for work (90%). The vast majority of working women (96.3%) are in the paid labor force. Only 3.7% of them are self-employed, and just 0.9% are employers themselves.
Limited employment opportunities, a lack of available jobs and discriminatory actions by employers force women, in search of work and income, to take entrepreneurial initiative and look for self-employment opportunities.
The areas of women's entrepreneurship are light industry, folk crafts and crafts, production and processing of agricultural products, trade and purchasing activities, consumer services, catering, advisory and educational activities, ethnoscience, cosmetology services, etc.
Moreover, in big business, a woman is an exception. On average and small they are about 30%. Government programs in this area have been repeatedly proclaimed, but none of them have been implemented. Women's businesses survive in very, very difficult conditions, thanks to women's initiative and ability to socially adapt.
The economic activity of women, unlike men, is negatively affected by the number of children. This result is easily explained, because it is women who bear the main burden of raising children. For women, the level of education has a stronger (than for men) positive impact on the level of economic activity. This means that for women, education brings greater returns in terms of improved labor market positions. For men, health characteristics make a greater contribution to changes in the level of economic activity. Trends in the impact of health on labor force participation are similar for both men and women, but men's labor force participation rates decline more strongly when health scores are very poor.
It can be concluded that although unemployment affects men and women equally, the consequences are different for them. Female unemployment, due to its long-term nature, is one of the mechanisms for pushing women out of the labor market. Unemployed women turn out to be a more problematic group, since job loss for them is associated with a lower likelihood of exiting unemployment compared to men.
2. Areas of employment for men and women
Gender segregation is manifested in the asymmetrical distribution of men and women in various structures: sectoral, professional and official.
Rice. 1. Employment of men and women in various fields activities (2011)
In general, we can conclude that the main area of women's employment is the service sector. Almost 60% of women are employed in it, while the share of this sector in male employment is less than 30%.
The highest concentration of women is observed in such sectors as healthcare, social security, education (in this sector women make up about 4/5), culture and art, finance, credit, insurance. The level of unskilled workers among women is 52.5% of the level of all unskilled workers.
Today, several studies have been carried out on women's professional orientation. According to one of them, four types are quite clearly distinguished among Russian women:
“career women” - those who want to grow professionally and work
full time work day. They turned out to be 5.3% among married people and 5.8% among not
married women;
“professionally oriented women” who want to make a career, but prefer to work part-time. They turned out to be 26.1% and 48%, respectively;
“working mothers” - those who do not want to make a career and choose
part-time mode. Of these it turned out 35.3% and 38.5% among married
and unmarried women;
“housewives” - those who do not want to make a career and prefer
not to work at all - 33.3% and 7.7%, respectively.
Today, the Russian employment sector is dominated by persistent stereotypical ideas about women and men as workers.
According to these stereotypes, men at work are better able to lead, are more resilient, have more high performance labor, think more about work and are more devoted to it, are more inventive and technically savvy, although at the same time they are more prone to alcoholism and absenteeism. At the same time, women are characterized by accuracy, higher efficiency, higher responsibility and discipline, but at the same time they think more about home than about work, are less likely to agree to an inconvenient work schedule and, most importantly, young women are not reliable and convenient as employees, because at any time they can go on maternity leave, take parental leave or sick leave to care for a sick child.
Such stereotypical perception of all men and women is the basis for the unequal treatment of working men and women by employers, and, consequently, the basis for the formation of discrimination in the world of work.
Employers perceive women as a less useful workforce, because women have to combine work activities with family responsibilities, so they can be expected to be less professionally zealous and strive for excellence. career growth etc. In turn, women, knowing that they are treated as less preferred workers, do not even try to compete with men, and for their employment they choose professions and activities that not only require less labor effort from them, but also allow It is more comfortable to combine household chores with professional employment.
Thus, we can conclude that there is a gender distribution across sectors of employment. There are also more highly qualified specialists among men.
. Earning levels for men and women
Russian legislation establishes the dependence of the amount of wages on the size and quality of the employee’s labor contribution.
Table 3
Average accrued wage men and women by surveyed species economic activity(2011)
|
2011 (RUB) |
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|
|
||||
|
Mining |
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|
Manufacturing industries |
||||
|
Construction |
||||
|
Hotels and restaurants |
||||
|
Transport and communications |
||||
|
Education |
||||
|
Activities for organizing recreation and entertainment, culture and sports |
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Table 4
Ratio of women's wages to men's wages for surveyed types of economic activity (2011)
|
Total for surveyed types of economic activity |
|
|
Mining |
|
|
Manufacturing industries |
|
|
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water |
|
|
Construction |
|
|
Wholesale and retail; repair of vehicles, motorcycles, household products and personal items |
|
|
Hotels and restaurants |
|
|
Transport and communications |
|
|
Real estate transactions, rental and provision of services |
|
|
Scientific research and development |
|
|
Education |
|
|
Health and social service provision |
On average, women's wages are lower than men's (see Tables 3 and 4), which is due to the lower official status of women, wage differentiation by industry, the concentration of women in traditional sectors of the economy in relatively low-paid jobs, and continued gender segregation in labor, belonging to a certain form of property, with social and physical burdens borne by a family woman, etc.
At the same time, there are industries and professions characterized by high wages, where women traditionally predominate (banks, real estate trade, advertising, small business, etc.), but in which recently, due to the financial crisis in the economy ( and in the Russian crisis it also has its own characteristics and problems) there is a tendency for them to be replaced by men.
4. Employment of men and women in the family
The different positions of men and women in the labor market and in the economic sphere are based on differences in time distribution structures. Despite the high level of labor activity of women, in the 21st century, an unwritten “social contract” is still in force, which enshrines the distribution of roles in the family and in the labor market. Historically, for a long time, it has been the case that women have the main responsibility for running the household and caring for children, while the responsibility of men is to be the breadwinner of the family and earn an income. This leads to the fact that, especially given the high level of female employment in Russia, men’s time is more distributed between work and leisure, and for women between work, leisure and household activities.
Issues of family life, organization of joint work and women's employment attract the attention of many researchers. So, sociologists have determined that all household chores take a woman 4-5 hours every day.
To organize a normal family life, it is necessary to perform the following work: preparing breakfasts, lunches, dinners, storing food for future use (canning, salting, drying vegetables, fruits, mushrooms); purchasing food in stores, cleaning the apartment, washing and ironing clothes, caring for children, accompanying them to kindergarten, nursery or school, monitoring children’s studies and providing them with the necessary assistance, playing and talking with children, reading and discussing books they have read , visiting school. And how much time do various secondary tasks take, such as repairing clothes and linen, caring for indoor plants, educating children? various types labor (washing dishes, cooking, wet cleaning apartments, laundry). Women do most of the housework.
According to sociological research, a woman works 12-15 hours daily, including work in production and at home, and this amounts to one and a half shifts, not counting participation in public life. With such a load, the woman becomes very tired.
Research shows that almost all women do housework, but among men, one in five are generally exempt from doing housework. At the same time, women's domestic work is longer than men's: the average time spent by women per week on all types of household work is 30.3 hours, while for men it is only 14.0 hours.
The Russian peculiarity of the division of roles and responsibilities between men and women is that despite the high workload of the household, most women today have paid employment.
And the involvement of women in social production often results in serious losses in the reproduction of the main productive force of society - man. Statistics show an inverse correlation between the level of professional employment of women and the birth rate. Moreover, professionally employed women spend significantly less time on childcare than non-working women. The time specially allocated for communication with children by a working mother is practically insignificant (E.I. Martynova, L.T. Shineleva). This trend of declining birth rates manifests itself especially clearly in conditions of social uncertainty, which is typical at the current stage of development of Russian society.
The time spent in paid employment does not differ much between men and women: in 2009, women worked on average 36.5 hours per week in their main jobs, and men - 39.3 hours. At the same time, housekeeping and raising children (especially small ones) are considered a woman’s job, regardless of whether she works or not. This is how women experience “double employment.”
At the same time, the majority of women believe that they are forced to work for financial reasons. After all, on the one hand, the wages of most Russian men do not allow them to provide a tolerable standard of living for their families, so women’s wages become a significant contribution to the family budget (in ordinary Russian family The wife's earnings are usually comparable to the husband's earnings).
On the other hand, some Russian women today do not have, or have almost no, such support from their husbands: excessive alcohol consumption and drug addiction are predominantly a “male” problem, and male irresponsibility is a fairly typical phenomenon.
Conclusion
In Russia, the distribution of roles and responsibilities between men and women remains extremely traditional. The majority of Russians, both men and women, are confident that raising children and doing housework is more suitable for women, and making money is more suitable for men.
In words, many modern men and women agree that housework in a family should be divided equally between husband and wife. But in reality, raising children and doing housework falls primarily on women's shoulders.
Today, Russian women retain their full presence in the labor market: among all employees they make up 49%, and men, respectively, 51%. Russian labor legislation does not contain discriminatory provisions against women. However, many unresolved gender issues remain in the world of work.
In our country, discrimination in hiring is one of the most common types of discrimination that can occur at any stage of the hiring procedure, from advertising about the availability of a vacancy, selection of candidates to the final stage - registration of an employee for work.
Discrimination against women in hiring often begins at the moment when the employer only advertises the availability of a vacancy at his enterprise.
Many employers strive to hire only women who are free from family responsibilities. At the same time, many private business owners sincerely do not understand why at “their” enterprise they cannot hire workers the way they want. Therefore, when applying for a job, a fairly typical situation is when an employer asks a woman looking for a job questions regarding her marital status, the number of children, their age, the woman’s intention to have more children in the near future, etc. (men are not asked such questions).
Many such advertisements placed in the media directly indicate not only the gender of the desired employee, but sometimes his or her age, and sometimes the preferred appearance of the future employee (the latter requirement is made only when the employer wants to hire a woman).
Unfortunately, the discriminatory nature of job advertisements does not end only with illegal requirements regarding the gender, age and appearance of the applicant. An in-depth analysis of all submitted advertisements shows that, on average, vacancies intended “for women” offer significantly lower wages than the average for “male” vacancies.
Despite their higher level of education, women's wages lag significantly behind men's (women receive on average only 64% of men's wages).
This is explained by significant gender segregation (sectoral, professional and vertical). Women work in lower-paying industries and occupy lower positions on the career ladder (on average).
There is a fairly tolerant attitude towards this among Russians. Both the government and the population are inclined to view this difference not as a problem caused by discrimination against women in the world of work, but as a natural consequence of women’s greater natural predisposition to housekeeping and raising children.
According to Art. 4 of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), temporary measures aimed at accelerating the establishment of de facto equality between men and women are not considered discriminatory, but these measures must not entail the maintenance of unequal or differentiated standards; these measures should be withdrawn when the goals of equality of opportunity and equal treatment have been achieved,
Hence, “special measures aimed at protecting maternity are not considered discriminatory.”
Thus, I believe that in the course of the study, we found the answer to the question: “Equal rights of men and women in various spheres of society: Myth or reality?” Men and women in Russian society do not have equal rights. And only in some cases these unequal measures are forced and aimed at protecting motherhood and childhood.”
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One law for some, another for others
Along with equality between men and women, the Russian Constitution guarantees equality of all before the law and the courts; including regardless of gender. True, Russian criminal legislation stipulates that a woman cannot be sentenced to death or life imprisonment. More lenient conditions are provided for women; Ladies are not kept in strict or special regime colonies or in prisons. The maximum that awaits a criminal in the Russian Federation is a general regime colony. Similar norms, enshrined in the penal code of our country, authorize a number of other advantages for female prisoners. In particular, for violating the established procedure for serving a sentence, persistent male offenders are transferred to cell-type premises for up to one year. And for malicious female offenders - only for three months.
The Russian Federation is by no means a leader in male discrimination in criminal law. In prosperous Sweden, criminal liability arises not for prostitution, but for using the services of “priestesses of love.” It is not the prostitute who pays the fine and goes to prison, but her client. Local laws state: “A person who, by means of compensation, induces another person to engage in casual sexual intercourse ... may be subject to a fine or to imprisonment for a term of up to six months on the charge of purchasing sexual services.”
In many countries around the world, under criminal law, only men are still convicted of rape. Including Russia. According to the Russian Criminal Code, it is permissible to prosecute a woman only for “violent acts of a sexual nature.” Also, the criminal code practically does not protect men from false accusations of rape. False accusations, with very rare exceptions, go unpunished. And primarily in those countries where they most like to blather about “equality.”
On the “impartiality” of criminal justice
Gender equality is not respected in criminal justice either. For the same crimes, courts give women lighter sentences than men. Anna Shavenkova, while driving while drunk, hit two people. Despite the fact that one of these girls died and the other remained disabled, Shavenkova successfully avoided imprisonment.
Businessman Sergei Timin was hacked to death by his wife Tatyana with an ax. The court left the woman free and gave her a suspended sentence.
The double morality of the judicial system is especially noticeable when a man and woman commit a crime together. Like in the case of the Grechyushkin family of child killers, where the husband was given life imprisonment, and the wife was only sixteen years old.
No less high-profile trial of two Russian nationalists - Nikita Tikhonov and Evgenia Khasis. The couple killed lawyer Stanislav Markelov and journalist Anastasia Baburova. He gets life imprisonment. She was sixteen years.
Alexander Sorokin and Irina Zavatskaya “amused themselves” with robbery attacks on prostitutes. They beat up the prostitutes and took away their cash. Sorokin received eleven years, Zavatskaya - nine.
In the state of victorious feminism - the United States of America - ladies similarly enjoy leniency in the courts. Moreover, women receive symbolic sentences even for the most serious crimes. While men get long sentences for minor offenses. American human rights activist Richard Doyle specializing in the violation of male rights, Save The Males cites many examples of unequal treatment of male and female offenders on the North American continent.
American actress Claudine Longet in her youth killed her boyfriend, athlete Vladimir Sabich. He found himself a new girlfriend and the enraged artist, out of jealousy, shot him with a pistol. The court sentenced Longe to one month in prison. The man who only fished in violation of local legislation received the same amount.
A man and a woman committed hooligan acts together. The police arrived and only arrested the man.
A husband and wife were convicted of selling their 12-year-old daughter. The man has a real prison sentence. For a woman - conditionally.
The Central Intelligence Agency became famous throughout the world for its brutal treatment of prisoners in secret prisons. In particular, at Abu Ghraib, the man Charles Greiner and the woman Lindy England “tried” especially. But they were not given the same sentence. Greiner was sentenced to ten years and England to three years.
In the era of “equality”, a man is punished for a crime committed by a woman. The woman, Alba Ingrid Scarpeli, repeatedly committed violence against her son, and the boy's father, Alan Lee Holmes, simply stood on the sidelines and watched. Scarpeli was sentenced to eighteen months of community service, and Holmes was sentenced to eight years in prison.
Female pedophile Pamela Deal-Moore abused a 13-year-old boy. Her punishment is a suspended sentence of five years. A man who raped a 13-year-old girl in the United States, depending on the state, receives thirty, fifty, or one hundred years.
Another American pedophile, Debra Lafave, also escaped prison for sexual abuse of boys. The pervert’s lawyer said that his client is “too beautiful to go to prison”...
“Society has lost its sense of proportion. A woman can kill a man and receive a less severe punishment than a man who does not pay child support or urinates on the street,” states about the current situation Richard Doyle.
Double standards in criminal justice have led to an overrepresentation of men in prison. Especially characteristic of the Russian Federation and the United States of America. The number of convicts per capita in the Russian Federation and the United States is ten times higher than similar European indicators. But if in Russia, thanks to the liberalization of the penitentiary system, there is a gradual reduction in the prison population, then in the citadel of democracy, everything is exactly the opposite. Richard Doyle provides the following information: The United States makes up only 5% of the entire world population. At the same time, 25% of all prisoners in the world are on the North American continent. The number of prisoners in American prisons even exceeds the number of residents in a number of American states. In “the freest and most democratic country in the world,” there are more people behind bars than live in the states of Nevada, Western Virginia, New Mexico, Nebraska, Maine, Idaho, Montana, Delaware, South Dakota, North Dakota and Alaska.
A similar double standard exists when applying the death penalty. Technically, in the United States, both sexes can be sentenced to death; even for a single murder. But in reality, female killers, as a rule, avoid death sentences. And even for several murders. Mr. Doyle describes the stories of two child killers, Andrea Yates and Susan Smith. The first killed five children, and the second two. And both women did not receive death sentences, but escaped with prison. Although a man would be sentenced to death for such crimes.
We would like to defend our homeland...
The state does not sanction maternal confinement. A girl is not obligated to become a mother and has the right to decide whether to give birth or not. Likewise, women are not encouraged to sit in the kitchen. Ladies have the right to freely control their destiny and live the way they want. Men do not have such a right. Since every young man, upon reaching the age of 18, regardless of his desire, is obliged to devote a year of his life to compulsory service in the Armed Forces.
Military conscription is very restrictive constitutional rights men. The right to life is “pushed aside” by the regulations, obliging the military personnel to sacrifice their lives. The right to respect for human dignity is ignored by forced medical examinations in military commissariats. The soldier is deprived of the right to freedom of movement and choice of place of residence. The ban on forced labor does not apply to conscripts.
For external security, a number of states use professional Armed Forces. The most powerful army in the world, the American one, is formed on a voluntary basis. The Japanese army is also recruited for hire. Germany also refused the conscription. The UK's external defense is provided entirely by professionals. In fact, conscription exists not to protect the state, but as a provider of free work force for general needs. If the conscription is cancelled, then who will build dachas for our “valiant” military leaders?
Welfare state for the elite
The Russian Constitution promises citizens social rights. Article 7, paragraph 2 states: “In the Russian Federation, the labor and health of people is protected, a guaranteed minimum size wages are provided governmental support family, motherhood, paternity, and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens, a system of social services is being developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees are being established...”
In reality, the state is social only in relation to the female population. We are guarded women Health, by creating a wide network of gynecological clinics throughout the country. But andrology, a branch of medicine that deals with male problems, is just as studiously ignored by the state. There is not an abundance of andrological consultations necessary for the protection of men's health in Russia. Which is one of the reasons for the huge gap in life expectancy between the weak and strong half. Women in Russia live longer than men by an average of 12-14 years and retire earlier. According to the federal law on pensions, the retirement age for the fair half of the Russian Federation is 55 years old, and for the strong half it is 60.
In some countries, male discrimination in pension legislation is being leveled out. In the UK, where women retired at 60 and men at 65, it is proposed to set the same age for everyone. And in countries such as Germany, Norway and Japan, men and women retire together.
The state protects women’s labor no less carefully, limiting its use to a special list that includes the sectors of the economy that are most harmful to life and health. In addition, labor legislation also provides benefits for women working in unfavorable conditions: “For women working in the Far North and equivalent areas, a collective agreement or employment contract establishes a 36-hour working week, if a shorter working week is not provided for them federal laws. At the same time, wages are paid in the same amount as for a full working week.”
The situation with support for paternity looks especially cynical, since all state activities are aimed only at supporting motherhood. The government regularly holds meetings on this topic; Elena Mizulina, who heads the affairs of family, women and children, is conveniently located in the Duma. The apotheosis of this policy was the creation of maternity capital, which a woman receives for her second child and can be used, among other things, to increase her future pension. The state does not pay any paternal capital to a man for his second offspring.
Fathers are also discriminated against during divorce. Because when a marriage is dissolved, the child almost automatically remains with the woman. And a man has very little chance of gaining custody of his offspring. In addition, the state obliges the payment of alimony, but does not oblige the recipient to count whether it was actually spent on the child.
Anyone interested in discrimination against men can read about it in my book “Gender Racism.” From there you will also learn that military service is by no means a constitutional obligation of men. A young man who has reached the age of 18 should know that he has every right not to serve in the army. The “gaps” that allow one not to be a slave of the state are spelled out in the Constitution itself. Read and don't go to serve!
As if you don’t know that women are fighting for privileges, if that. The law is already on their side for the most part; it forgives almost everything. Not a single female will admit it, she will throw tons of pre-prepared templates with excuses - but the point and fact is that these are all excuses in order to show herself as a “nitaka”, but in reality it’s not easy like this and even more such! In general, even schoolchildren understand that they are fighting for privileges, advantages, benefits, and many even in order to really oppress men - and do you know why femme women are passionate about this? Because this is the revelation of the truth, and if you put your foot on the gas, and get even more involved in all this exposure and oppression, then wow, there will be a war and a storm, much like in the same group with the meme about condoms, to which such a name as “skin” was attached , the fems, of course, saw themselves there in this term, so they burned out, and blazed at it for several more weeks / months - it’s just true that the uterus hurts the eyes, and how fems insult and oppress men in their sexist groups, it’s immediately “no big deal” , because it’s true and there’s nothing like that here” - this is the logic of these femmes. True, many men gave up on this, but do you know why? Because they are not like that, and yet they just didn’t call them “faggots... rapists, sp...baki, pedophiles, bastards, chmyrs,” in their opinion they can insult and slander men, but men and boys there are none - however, as a rule, girls, minors, and sometimes women who are lost in time and have screwed up their minds behind garages suffer from this. By the way, A I don’t welcome laziness and heels at all, I don’t even consider them people. And yes, almost all of these femmes who were passionate about this were members of sexist pablos, and those femmes who laughed wildly at these sexist memes in relation to men, like races, were also blazing up on that post about condescendants - the guys and I just broke into the accounts of these There are more than a hundred monsters, and we were simply shocked..... by these leading ladies and arrogant, impudent scoundrels.
Don’t forget that we have different organisms, and we will not be able to compare, this is already a biological fact - even if you think so, a woman cannot become physically equal like a man, also in some areas and vice versa.
And the fact that women are crying that they are prohibited from more than a hundred professions, but you were not interested in these professions? Specifically, you, the indignant one, will work there? Or are you just shouting from rumors, from spirits, about something you don’t know about?
These professions require hard, physical work, which not even all men can do, not to mention boys, especially with the current generation - very quickly modern boys are exhausted from all this, so what can we talk about girls? In the best case, all the gates will be opened for them (for you girls), but you (the girls) will not go there, in the worst case, you will be killed there or other people will suffer through your fault, just because someone’s heart has stopped or their hands have gone numb. I don’t see the point in this, since you can find many alternatives to well-paid jobs, and for this you don’t have to screw some girl/woman in a mine. Nowadays, even sitting at the computer, you can chop some good money, and at the same time you don’t have to strain your little hands too much.
As I understand it, women or young ladies simply dream of working in specialties: - related to hard work in difficult conditions, as a cupola maker, a casting beater, a metal pourer, a metal and alloy smelter, etc. engage in welding: - involving manual labor or with harsh conditions and work with harmful chemicals in various fields of heavy and mining industry. - Mining work, such as driller, blaster, miner, rigger, drilling rig operator, drifter, various mining work, in including oil and gas, coal and ore processing work, - some geological exploration and geodetic work, such as an installer of geodetic signs and an electrician, - drilling work, metallurgical and blast furnace work, coke production, chemical production, especially for the production and processing of hazardous substances , for example, mercury, fluorine, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur. - hazardous industries, such as the production of varnishes and paints, chemical fibers and chemicals, medical and biological preparations and materials, antibiotics, production of tires, rubber compounds. In fact, women are prohibited from professions associated with heavy manual labor, harmful and dangerous jobs. It turns out that they took care of women so that they would not be draft horses and they are dissatisfied. And the most interesting thing is that they don’t say what exactly is prohibited, and one gets the impression that they banned something important, monetary and easy to do. I suggest feminists organize a flash mob and apply for employment at some coal mine as miners or, for example, to carry sleepers on a railway. And work for a couple of years
